Passive house = zero house. Requirements and technologies

What is a "zero energy people's eco-house"?

An eco-house in the West is a dwelling that corresponds to the "sustainable development" of civilization, i.e. such development, in which non-renewable sources of energy and substances are practically not used, on the one hand, and no harm is done to nature and human health, on the other. In the USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan and other countries, comfortable houses with low and even “zero” energy consumption, without sewer networks, have been operated for decades. For more than 10 years in Stockholm, a comfortable house with a swimming pool and a huge winter garden, which does not have not only sewerage, heat and electricity supply, but also water supply. True, it is impossible to call such an eco-house “folk” - it costs too much. ISOMAX has already built several thousand houses in Poland, Finland, Germany with systems solar heating and storage and ensured that zero-energy houses cost no more than stone houses.

The "People's eco-house", which we are developing, will have a cost of about $90/sq.m, and only locally available environmentally friendly materials are used in its construction natural materials and energy-saving construction technologies.

Why so cheap?

Because the technologies transferred to us from the USA, Sweden and Germany are cheap, accessible and use the cheapest natural materials - pressed straw or clay-straw mixture. “Well, again, the adobe, and we thought that ...” - the reader will say to himself and will be wrong. The technology does not involve the use of adobe (80% clay, 10% straw and 10% organic matter), but straw moistened with clay solution (90% straw and 10% clay). This "wet" technology summarizes the four-century German experience of "framing" (frame) construction in natural and climatic conditions similar to Belarusian ones. The adobe is almost four times heavier, it is not a heat insulator and is unacceptable in the conditions of Belarus - it is too humid here.

The essence of the technology is simple: wooden frame(20 cubic meters of wood per 200 square meters of housing on two levels), which is filled with a clay-straw mixture using the sliding formwork method, and completely (pediments and inter-rafter space too). This takes less than a month, after which the roof is covered and the house dries (3-12 months depending on weather conditions). After that, the house is plastered and finished, depending on the taste and capabilities of the owner. By the way, walls with a thickness of 40-45 cm have the same heat-insulating ability as brick thick 0.7 m, and a number of other advantages: they easily "breathe" (not to be confused with infiltration), solve the problem of radon, do not emit harmful substances associated with heat treatment, etc. Such houses are in Germany 3-4 centuries and after their "death" do not create problems with the disposal of construction waste. Energy for the construction of such houses is spent thousands of times less compared to brick houses and operating costs for heating are less. Qualification is needed only for the construction of the frame and finishing works. The disadvantages of the technology are the high labor intensity and long construction time associated with drying the self-supporting wall filler.

These shortcomings are devoid of another, more efficient industrial "dry" technology, which is very popular now in the USA, and uses the same principles. It consists in using pressed straw blocks (immediately after the baler from the field) as the main structural wall material, followed by plastering, that is, the blocks can be laid on the mortar or used as a self-supporting filler frame walls(dry technology of "stitched mats"). It should be recalled that US building standards are tougher than ours in many respects. and this technology is fully certified in the USA. For example, in terms of fire resistance, it fully meets the requirements, and in terms of thermal conductivity it is 3 times better. outdoor and interior decoration walls in such houses does not differ from the usual in the United States. Such a house can be built in a week and finished right away, which was demonstrated in August this year by the Belarusian branch of the International Academy of Ecology and Solar Energy International from the USA in the village of Zanaroch. The wall of such a house with a thickness of 60 cm has a heat transfer resistance of at least 10. Such houses stand for 100 or more years. For example, now in the United States people live in houses made of pressed straw, built in the last century.

What about fire resistance?

According to international standards DIN 4102 and DIN 18951(21/51), clay-straw mixtures are non-combustible materials up to 5% clay content, provided that the mineral binder (clay) is evenly distributed throughout the volume. This is easy to explain: clays contain a large number of potassium compounds, which are flame retardants. According to international standards, plastered walls built using the “straw-bale” technology can be classified as class F45, i.e. fire resistance for at least 45 minutes. straw blocks placed on cement mortar with subsequent plastering, have an even higher class, up to F120.

What communications does an eco-house need?

In fact, only roads and electricity are needed (if you can’t afford expensive solar panels with electric storage systems). And the sewer? Of course, you need it, but not like ours. Ours, firstly, is very expensive, and secondly, it does not solve the problem of household waste disposal (for example, the problem of sewage sludge), but only transfers it from one place to another, and most importantly, it is not a locally closed cycle system. With individual development, this is like a “heating main in reverse”, and it does no less harm than our notorious heating mains. At the same time, the American “Ministry of Health” has long certified and allowed the use even in cities of very cheap local biological systems for the disposal of domestic wastewater, which operate on the principle of a “closed cycle” and do not create problems either in winter (up to -50С) or in summer (up to + 50C), allowing you to enjoy all the benefits of civilization under two conditions: you cannot pour concentrated poisons into the toilet and throw biologically non-degradable objects: plastic, some types of paper, etc. The biotreatment area is about 200 square meters, and looks like a normal Orchard and vegetable garden; the estimated operating time for a family of 8 people is about 100 years, and the yield on these two acres is unusually high. You can use special compost toilets developed in Sweden and the USA and use the compost as a cheap organic fertilizer.

The heating (and air conditioning) of an eco-house usually contains a main and auxiliary system in addition to passive solar, which is practically not used in our country. The main one usually consists of a solar thermal collector and a heat accumulator that stores heat according to daily and seasonal cycles. Designs vary: Sweden and Norway prefer solid-state batteries under the home; in the USA and Germany - liquid inside the house (for 200 sq.m of living space - about 15 tons of water). Typically, such systems are not cheap, but they can be made very cheap using local materials and components: for example, a heat collector for the roof of an eco-house designed by MAE BO costs only $50/kW installed capacity and is not afraid of frost. A ventilation heat recovery system is mandatory.

Auxiliary heating system is usually a fireplace or a small slow-burning stove. ISOMAX uses as an auxiliary or "emergency" electric floor heating system using night electricity with a power of 2 W/sq.m of living space.

Zero houses

• Lumber room

Energy-saving houses are becoming more and more popular in the world. The construction of such houses is not only a tribute to modern fashion, a desire to stand out, to build something unusual, ultra-modern. The growing popularity of “zero houses” is also due to purely economic considerations, the ability to save on utility bills in future. The article considers examples of the construction of energy-saving structures in China.

Buildings with zero balance energies - "zero houses" - are gradually conquering the world. It is believed that such houses can function completely autonomously and generate heat and electricity for their own needs on their own. Such facilities do not depend or almost do not depend on centralized electricity and heating networks. Solar collectors and batteries, wind turbines and bioreactors are integrated into cottages, pavilions, skyscrapers and even stadiums; special ventilation and rainwater collection systems are used, elements of solar architecture and a number of other solutions are used. All this allows you to significantly save on the operation of such buildings, and also makes not only safe, but also comfortable for a person to stay in them.

Examples of “zero houses”

On September 20, 2008, the grand opening of the Energy Technology Center in Ningbo (China) took place on the campus of the Chinese branch of the British University of Nottingham. The building of the Center was designed by the Italian company Mario Cucinella Architects. During the design, the principles of the "zero house" were used, which make it possible to fully use the natural possibilities for thermal regulation and lighting of the building.

The building of the Center accommodates auditoriums and offices, a small exhibition hall, as well as several laboratories: stands for testing facades, a thermal laboratory for testing construction materials, climatic chamber and wind tunnel, modeling laboratory solar lighting. total area the building is 1300 sq.m and is provided with energy from photovoltaic batteries combined into a solar farm, as well as windmills. The building is equipped with batteries that are able to provide the entire structure with electricity for two weeks.

The correct distribution of air and light flows, depending on the height and position of the sun above the horizon, is ensured by the special architecture of the structure. The building has five above ground and one underground floor. All of them are interconnected by a wide shaft leading to the roof. This element allows the reflected rays of the sun to penetrate deeper, reducing the need for electric lighting, and also sets the path for air currents. The Center spends only 7-8 kWh per 1 sq.m/year on its own cooling.

Another example of a “zero” building in the PRC is an energy-saving building built for Xinhua University in Beijing. The building is designed to minimize heating and cooling costs. On the one hand, the canopy roof creates a shadow in hot sunny weather, on the other hand, it generates electricity with the help of solar panels installed here.

The largest "zero" building in China should be the 300-meter "Pearl River Tower" (Pearl River Tower) in Guangzhou, designed by US company Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The 300-meter, 69-story “Pearl River Tower” is conceived as a zero-energy building, meaning it will not consume electricity from the external grid. The tower will have a special double glazing of the southern facade (with ventilation between the panes), which helps to reduce the heating of the building.

The Building will be equipped with automatic blinds that turn on desired angle as the Sun travels across the sky, as well as opening in cloudy weather to increase natural light offices. All this will reduce the cost of air conditioning.

Solar panels will generate electricity, the excess of which is stored in special batteries. In addition to photovoltaic panels, solar thermal collectors are also installed here, which heat water for the inhabitants of the skyscraper.

The Americans also planned for the Pearl River a rainwater collection system and a system for treating and recirculating industrial water (used, for example, to flush toilets), which should minimize the building's need for an external source of moisture.

The smooth curves of the walls of the skyscraper are designed to direct the wind through the building through 2 technical floors, where wind turbines for the production of electricity. At the same time, the building is specially designed for the prevailing winds.

In the cooling system of the building, which will operate in a hot and humid climate, the architects have applied a number of innovations to minimize the cost of maintaining the building's microclimate.

These are passive dehumidifiers of ventilation air (ventilation channels run in the floors of the building), and an air cooling system in offices with high efficiency. Unlike common centralized air conditioning systems, it is based on the circulation of refrigerant through numerous branched channels that also penetrate the floors on all floors.

Individual residential building with zero energy consumption
This catalog presents projects on the topic "Individual residential building with zero
energy consumption for Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region”, performed by bachelors
architecture at the department of architectural design.

Technical task "Individual residential building with zero energy consumption for Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region" was compiled by the Department of Architectural Design of NNGASU, approved by the rector of NNGASU and agreed by the Department of Urban Development of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. The assignment provided for the development of a space-planning solution in compliance with the following requirements:

1. Plot area = 1000 m3 = 10 acres
2. Floors - 3 floors (basement, 1st floor, attic)
3. Number of family members - 3-4 people
4. The total area of ​​a residential building is 80-100 m2
5. Provide a garage for 1 car
6. Walls and partitions - glued beams, calibrated logs, wooden panels

The project must use innovations in the field of energy saving: new wooden structures, original system snow plows, a unique wind turbine, modern systems ventilation.

Wooden residential building in the aspect of energy saving.
The Passive House is the world's leading standard in energy efficient construction. Energy saving reaches 80% compared to conventional new buildings. The Passive House concept was developed in 1988 by Professor Bo Adamson at the University of Lund, Sweden. The idea is to create a building that could maintain comfortable conditions for a person for an arbitrarily long time without supplying energy from outside. This is an example of a closed system that does not require third-party intervention for its existence, which is based on the following principles:

• Reduced heat loss (achieved due to the minimum area outer surface building; the use of special materials for the load-bearing and enclosing structures of the building, finishing materials with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, LEDs as lighting devices).
• Use of alternative energy sources, LEDs as lighting fixtures, timers - to save energy.

In the projects of bachelors of architecture of NNGASU, in addition to the relevant space-planning solutions, a number of innovative approaches are used:

• New wooden structures
• Snow plow system
• Unique wind turbine
• Modern ventilation systems, etc.

The design and architectural features of a low-rise energy-efficient building require the installation of a pitched or flat roof with a minimum slope for runoff atmospheric waters. The roof, as you know, serves as an accumulator of snow precipitation and, therefore, creating large loads on the bearing elements and the roof itself. Existing method removal of snow cover from the roofs of buildings using electrical cables requires high costs electricity. In this regard, a less energy-intensive method was developed at the level of working sketches, the essence of which is as follows. Perforated pipelines with a diameter of 25-30 mm are fixed on the roof surface parallel to the long side of the building. The pipelines are connected to an incentive device, which is used as a compressor with a power of 2-3 kW or gas bottle with neutral nitrogen gas. Compressed air or gas is fed into the pipeline at a pressure of 0.5-1.0 atm. Snow removal occurs within 15-20 seconds.

It is supposed to place a wind generator inside the ventilated roof on the heat and sound insulating floor vertical type. The roof of the building is made in the form of load-bearing vertical partitions (probably made of polycarbonate), which are placed in the plan in the radial direction at an acute angle to the diametrical axes of the coating. In the plane of the roof can be placed solar water heater from steel pipes, painted black, or - solar panels. Vertical partitions in the plan form channels of variable cross section, which allow increasing the speed and pressure of air in the central zone of the roof by more than 2.5 times and, accordingly, increasing the angular velocity of the wind generator. Thus, the house, thanks to its constructive and architectural features, allows you to simultaneously capture, enhance and concentrate both horizontal and vertical air flows. At ultra-high wind speeds, windows in the roof overhangs open automatically. As a result of using this solution, the building starts generating electricity at a wind speed of 1.5-2.0 m/s. The number of days in a year with such a wind speed is 75-80% for the Nizhny Novgorod region. When the wind speed is less than 1.5m/s, when the building does not generate energy, it automatically turns on backup source energy is an electric generator. At night, excess electricity is supplied to central system power supply.

To reduce heat loss in projects, supply and exhaust system ventilation with heat recovery. The main difference between the system and the standard ones is that the air enters the building not through the ventilation inlet, but from an underground air duct. In the same way he comes out. The basic principle of operation is that the underground air duct is equipped with a heat exchanger (ground heat exchanger), which preheats the air. The heated stream gives up its heat to the cold one and regulates the overall temperature. This allows up to 90% efficiency improvement ventilation system operating taking into account the generation of internal heat. The latter is produced in significant quantities, for example, from computers, the heat of people, lighting and various electrical appliances.

The concept of student-designed individual wooden houses for Nizhny Novgorod demonstrates A complex approach to cost-effectiveness, high quality and safe construction.

The presented model of the house can be transformed. Depending on the size of the family and the needs of the people, there may be individual home, a two-family house, there is also the possibility of blocking modules. The idea is to create a building that can maintain comfortable living conditions without supplying energy from outside. The residential building is made of wood using energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. The house is supplied with heat "passively", i.e. only with the use of internal heat sources obtained by generating wind and solar energy and processing biological waste.

Individual residential building designed for Nizhny Novgorod. It embodies innovations in the field of energy efficient design and construction: a unique wind turbine, a modern ventilation system, a snow removal system, new wooden structures and others. The house is designed for a family of 4 people. the planning decision of the house was made in accordance with the orientation of the house to the cardinal points: a living room, a kitchen-dining room, children's rooms are facing south and have large glazed planes, a vestibule, a garage, a wardrobe and a loggia on the second floor go to the north.

The residential building is located in a previously designed quarter of Nizhny Novgorod, reserved for individual development. Designed for a family of four, has three bedrooms and a garage for two cars. A single volume of the common area of ​​the ground floor (living room and kitchen-dining room) "flows" into the street space through a spacious south-facing terrace. The north side is protected from negative impact a buffer zone in the form of a staircase enclosed between a glass wall and a load-bearing warm wall.

Development and reconstruction projects of a residential area

1. Development project of the quarter within the boundaries of Artelnaya, Agronomicheskaya, Savrasov and Artelny proezd streets (Zamiatina N.E.)
2. The project for the reconstruction of the quarter within the boundaries of Artelnaya, Artelny proezd, Agronomicheskaya, Savrasova streets (Filyushkin I.)

In exceptional cases, as a backup, the ventilation system is equipped with low-power heaters or air conditioners that provide minimal adjustment of temperature conditions.

Similar technologies were implemented in the construction of an "eco-village" near Helsinki in Finland. It is an ecologically clean area of ​​rural type with an area of ​​1132 hectares.

During the construction, modern systems for the utilization and recovery of heat were applied, such as the use of return water heating systems for floor heating, heat recovery of exhaust air, systems natural ventilation with deflectors new design, the use of solar collectors in hot water systems, automation of life support systems, the use of effective thermal insulation in building envelopes. The audit showed that the energy consumption in the ecovillage houses does not exceed 15 kWh/m3 per year.

In Europe, a similar approach has long been used not only for residential buildings, but also for industrial or office buildings. Denmark, Germany, Finland have developed special target government programs to bring all objects of regular development to a conditionally passive level, corresponding to 30 kWh/m3 per year. For example, this is how the office building of the ROCKWOOL Research Center in Denmark was built. The project was awarded the Office of the Year 2000 title, and the facility was recognized as one of the most energy efficient in the world. The modern concept of building houses requires not only the application energy saving technologies.

It also implies the minimization of environmental pollution by various wastes, harmful substances, energy radiation and fields. Ideally, an energy-passive house should be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with environment, which corresponds to such a path of development of civilization, in which, on the one hand, non-renewable sources of energy and materials are practically not used, and on the other hand, nature and human health are not harmed.

Examples of built houses with low energy consumption

In Oklahoma, USA, Ideal Homes has built the first zero-energy home that could become the reference design for mass-produced buildings of this kind. The cost of the cottage is less than two hundred thousand dollars. It does not consume external energy and generates as much energy in a year as it consumes. In that one-story house There are three bedrooms and two bathrooms, as well as a cellar and a garage. The facility is connected to the city's power grid, although during periods of decline in loads, an autonomous power supply system at home allows you to generate more energy than it consumes. as own autonomous sources solar panels are used for electricity.

The company that implemented the project, when building a house, uses HVAC air purification systems, vinyl windows, as well as high-quality insulating materials. Under the foundation, special heating systems are placed to help maintain a constant temperature in the home. One of the owners of the company confidently predicts that in the future whole blocks of such dwellings will be built, which will be surrounded by green spaces. Wastewater from these houses will flow into special reservoirs, where they will be cleaned and then used to irrigate trees. The irrigation system will also be powered by solar panels.

In the USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan and other countries, comfortable houses with low and zero energy consumption have long been built, having not only autonomous power supply, but also closed systems disposal of household waste. A comfortable house with a swimming pool and a large winter garden has been successfully operated in Stockholm for more than 20 years; this house has not only no sewage system, but also no running water. In Poland, Finland, Germany, several thousand houses have been built with solar heating and heat storage systems, in the construction of which new Construction Materials, equipped with technological systems of heat supply and waste disposal. The cost of these houses is comparable to the cost of ordinary houses.

The technology of building houses with low or zero heat consumption is applicable for any climatic zones.

Washington DC hosts The Solar Decathlon, a biennial eco-design and eco-architecture competition among universities that represent the most energy-efficient "solar" homes. In 2005, Cornish students took second place for their thoughtfulness and perfection of detail. This inspired the students to open their own energy-passive eco-house business.

To date, there is an experience of successful sales of eco-houses, the company of former students Independence Energy Homes receives more and more orders, thanks to the main advantage - efficiency. As a result of the use of modern energy-saving technologies, it was possible to create a house that, according to the owners of the company, has the best quality characteristics among similar projects. Autonomous system electricity and heat supply consists of photovoltaic panels and solar heaters that are mounted on the roof. Thanks to this, a house of about 90 m2 produces much more energy than it consumes roof panels generate 6000 W of electricity per day, which is more than enough for small house, whose energy consumption is minimal. Loss reduction achieved through careful thermal insulation, effective systems heating, cooling and water supply, controlled by electronics.

Structurally insulated panels filled with expanded polystyrene are used as thermal insulation, which provide a high coefficient of thermal resistance.

A design feature of a serial energy-passive house of an American company is the location engineering systems in the middle of the house.

The heat carrier of the heating system is heated under the influence of solar radiation, and vacuum tube solar heaters used by engineers in the project have a high efficiency even with scattered light in cloudy weather. Hot coolant enters the heating system of the house and supplies hot water for household needs. Used water from washing machine, drains from the sink and shower and collected rainwater are filtered and stored in a tank under the building and then used to water the plants on the site. The developers didn't stop there. The house provides the possibility of charging from solar panels, even an electric car.

Prospects in Russia

Today, most buildings in Russia have low energy efficiency, yielding to the standard European parameters for the construction of ordinary houses, not to mention energy-passive ones. Oddly enough, but in warmer Germany, much more stringent standards for thermal insulation of premises are applied. So, for example, the specific annual heat consumption for an ordinary German house is no more than 300 kWh/m3 per year, while in Russia it is 400-600 kWh/m3 per year.
At the same time, it is obvious that passive houses are much more relevant in our harsh conditions than in the relatively mild climate of most Western countries. European countries. Currently, slowly but surely, the situation is beginning to change towards the need to improve the energy efficiency of construction projects.

The prevailing prejudice about the high cost of building such houses is still a deterrent. Calculations show that the cost of construction square meter energy efficient home only 8-10% more than the average for a conventional building. Obviously, these additional costs are insignificant compared to the further impressive energy savings. Several experimental buildings have already been built in Moscow using passive house technology.

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Energy passive houses are becoming more affordable every year, with every new discovery in this area. Similar structures are already appearing in our country. Such houses are not afraid of interruptions in electricity or heating, as well as winter weather, because in any weather in an energy-passive house it will be dry and warm.

An energy efficient home is a building main feature which is low power consumption and almost complete energy independence.

Zero house or passive house energy efficient building, the energy consumption of which is about 10% of specific energy per unit volume consumed by most modern buildings. Minor heating is required only during periods of negative temperatures. Ideally, a passive house is an independent energy system requiring no maintenance costs at all. comfortable temperature air and water.

The main principle of designing an energy-efficient home is to use all the possibilities of heat conservation. In such a house there is no need to use traditional heating, ventilation, air conditioning, water supply systems. Heating of the zero house is carried out thanks to the heat emitted by the people living in it, household appliances And alternative sources energy, hot water supply - through renewable energy installations, such as heat pumps, solar panels and thermal vortex installations.

In addition, zero houses are very comfortable and environmentally friendly for humans. To date, such facilities are the most convenient and modern types buildings. They automatically support optimum temperature, humidity and air purity, which makes life in such houses a pleasure. Given that people spend about 60% of their time indoors, the importance of such facilities to maintain High Quality life is hard to overestimate. The microclimate of such a building contributes to the extension of human life.

The heat loss of the zero house is close to zero. Under the same conditions, an ordinary house "heats" the street. Zero houses use an air conditioning system with heat recovery, which minimizes heating costs. Thanks to special system ventilation, the air enters the house at a temperature close to the internal temperature of the house and does not require additional heating / cooling.

Solar panels or collectors can be installed on the roof of the zero house, allowing you to receive and store energy to generate electricity and heat. The design of the house uses elements of solar architecture - maximum glazing on the south side and minimum on the north.

The development of energy-efficient buildings goes back to the historical culture of the northern peoples, who sought to build their homes in such a way that they efficiently retain heat and consume fewer resources. A classic example technology to improve energy efficiency at home is a Russian stove, characterized by thick walls that retain heat well, and equipped with a chimney with complex design labyrinths.

In 1973-1979, the Econo-House complex was built in Otaniemi, Finland. In the building, in addition to a complex space-planning solution, taking into account the peculiarities of the location and climate, a special ventilation system was used, in which the air was heated by solar radiation, the heat of which was accumulated by special double-glazed windows and blinds.

Also in general scheme building heat exchange, providing energy efficiency, were included solar collectors and geothermal installation. The shape of the roof slopes of the building took into account the latitude of the construction site and the angles of incidence of sunlight at different times of the year.

the largest autonomous home in the world can become the "Pearl River Tower" in Guangzhou. It is being built by the American company Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The tower will have 69 floors with a total "height" of 300 m. As a real "zero" house should be, it will not be connected to external sources electricity.

A characteristic feature of this building is the presence of double glazing with ventilation between two layers of glass. Similar design will reduce the cost of air conditioning. In addition, it will have automatic blinds that will independently change the opening angle depending on the position of the sun.

The building will also have a good solar power plant, the energy from which will be spent not only on lighting, but also on water heating. The tower will collect rain water and purify it, providing yourself with at least process water for sewerage and other needs. There will also be wind turbines in the tower to generate electricity.

By 2006, more than 6,000 passive houses had been built around the world, office buildings, shops, schools, kindergartens. Most of them are in Europe.

In a number of European countries (Denmark, Germany, Finland, etc.), special targeted state programs have been developed to bring all objects of regular development to a conditionally passive level (ultra-low consumption houses - up to 30 kWh / m³ per year).