Centralized and decentralized heat supply systems. Central heating and district heating

The main purpose of any heat supply system is to provide consumers necessary quantity heat of the required quality (i.e., a coolant of the required parameters).

Depending on the location of the heat source in relation to consumers, heat supply systems are divided into decentralized and centralized.

In de centralized systems ah, the heat source and heat sinks of consumers are either combined in one unit, or placed so close that heat transfer from the source to heat sinks can be carried out practically without an intermediate link - a heat network.

Decentralized heating systems are divided into individual and local.

In individual systems, the heat supply of each room (section of the workshop, room, apartment) is provided from a separate source. Such systems, in particular, include stove and apartment heating. In local systems, heat is supplied to each building from a separate heat source, usually from a local or individual boiler house. This system, in particular, includes the so-called central heating of buildings.

In district heating systems, the heat source and heat sinks of consumers are located separately, often at a considerable distance, so heat from the source to consumers is transferred through heating networks.

Depending on the degree of centralization, district heating systems can be divided into the following four groups:

• group- heat supply from one source of a group of buildings;
• regional- heat supply from one source to several groups of buildings (district);
• urban- heat supply from one source of several districts;
• intercity- heat supply from one source of several cities.

The district heating process consists of three consecutive operations:

1. coolant preparation;
2. coolant transportation;
3. use of a heat carrier.

The preparation of the coolant is carried out in special so-called heat treatment plants at CHPPs, as well as in city, district, group (quarterly) or industrial boiler houses. The coolant is transported through heating networks. The coolant is used in heat receivers of consumers. The complex of installations designed for the preparation, transportation and use of the heat carrier constitutes the district heating system. As a rule, two coolants are used for heat transport: water and steam. To meet the seasonal load and the load of hot water supply, water is usually used as a heat carrier, for industrial process load - steam.

To transfer heat over distances measured by many tens and even hundreds of kilometers (100-150 km or more), heat transport systems in a chemically bound state can be used.

The centralized heat supply system consists of the following main elements: a heat source, heat networks and local consumption systems - heating, ventilation and hot water supply systems.

For district heating, two types of heat sources are used: combined heat and power plants (CHP) and district boiler houses (RK).

The combined heat and power generation is carried out at the CHPP, which provides a significant reduction in unit costs fuel for electricity generation. At the same time, the heat of the working fluid - water vapor - is used to generate electricity during the expansion of steam in turbines, and then the remaining heat of the exhaust steam is used to heat water in heat exchangers that make up the heating equipment of the CHP. Hot water is used for heating. Thus, in a CHP plant, high-potential heat is used to generate electricity, and low-potential heat, for low potential, is used for heat supply. This is the energy meaning of combined heat and power generation. With their separate generation, electricity is obtained at condensing stations (CPP), and heat is obtained in boiler houses. A deep vacuum is maintained in the condensers of steam turbines at CPP, which corresponds to low temperatures(15-200C), and no cooling water is used. As a result, additional fuel is consumed for heat supply. Therefore, separate generation is economically less profitable than combined.

The advantages of cogeneration and district heating are most pronounced when heat loads are concentrated, which is typical for modern developing cities.

Another source of heat supply is the RC. The thermal power of modern RK is 150-200 Gcal/h. Such a concentration of heat loads allows the use of large units, modern technical equipment of boiler houses, which ensures high efficiency fuel use.

Domestic heating is based on district CHPPs common use and at industrial CHPPs as part of enterprises, from which heat is supplied both to industrial enterprises and to nearby cities and towns. To meet the heating, ventilation and household loads of residential and public buildings, as well as industrial enterprises mainly hot water is used. Application hot water as a heat carrier, it allows using the heat of the low-pressure exhaust steam for heat supply, which increases the efficiency of heat supply due to an increase in specific output electrical energy based on heat demand.

Modern centralized heat supply systems are a complex complex, including heat sources, heat networks with pumping stations and heating points and subscriber inputs equipped with automatic control systems. To ensure the reliable functioning of such systems, their hierarchical construction is necessary, in which the entire system is divided into a number of levels, each of which has its own task, decreasing in value from the top level to the bottom. The upper level is made up of heat sources, the next level is main heating networks with RTP, the lower one is distribution networks with subscriber inputs of consumers. Heat sources supply hot water of a given temperature to the heating networks and set pressure, ensure the circulation of water in the system and maintaining the proper hydrodynamic and static pressure in it. They have special water treatment plants, where chemical cleaning and water deaeration. The main heat carrier flows are transported through the main heat networks to heat consumption nodes. In the RTP, the coolant is distributed among the districts and an autonomous hydraulic and thermal regime is maintained in the networks of the districts. Individual consumers should not be connected to the main heating networks, so as not to violate the hierarchy of the system construction.

The development of district heating contributes to the solution of many important economic and social problems, such as increasing the thermal and overall efficiency of energy production, ensuring economical and high-quality electricity and heat supply to housing and communal and industrial complexes, reducing labor costs in the thermal economy, improving the environmental situation in cities and industrial areas.

heat supply piezometric temperature

With the beginning of the new heating season, the press, as usual, flares up a discussion: what is preferable for our vast and cold country - traditional central heating networks or newfangled individual boiler houses? It would seem that solid economic calculations, extensive experience accumulated Western countries, several successful Russian trials and the general trend in the development of the long-suffering domestic housing and communal services. But, developing concepts and giving peremptory recommendations, aren't we getting too carried away? Is the centralized heating system so outdated and lagging behind today's realities, and are there any possibilities and ways to make it more efficient? Let's try to understand this difficult issue.
Turning to history, one can see that successful attempts to organize central heating of urban areas were made as early as the 19th century. They were caused both by an urgent need and technical progress. Everything is reasonable: it is easier to maintain one large heating boiler, make one chimney, bring fuel, etc. As soon as they appeared Electricity of the net and reliable pumps powerful enough to pump significant volumes of hot water, large district heating networks have also sprung up.
For many reasons, both objective and subjective, the widespread development of centralized heating systems in the Soviet Union began in the 1920s. objective reasons economic and technical arguments became, and subjective - the desire for collectivism, even in such a purely everyday area. The development of heating networks was associated with the implementation of the GOELRO plan, which is still considered an outstanding engineering and economic project of our time. Work on laying communications was not interrupted even during the Great Patriotic War.
As a result of these titanic efforts, by the end of the 20th century. (and at the same time by the decline of the existence of the USSR) in the country there were about 200 thousand km of heating networks, at the very least heating most large, medium and even small cities and towns. All this infrastructure was quite successfully managed, repaired and maintained at a workable level. The reverse side of the unique and rather efficient system in its own way was extremely high heat and energy losses (mainly due to insufficient thermal insulation of pipes and energy-intensive pumping substations). This was not given of great importance- the richest country in energy resources did not consider the cost of heat carriers, and trenches with green grass outgoing steam were a familiar winter landscape throughout Soviet Union.
Everything changed in the early 90s. The giant collapsed and, among other things, the cellar under the ruins and the housing and communal complex, which includes communications district heating. Over the 10 years that have passed since the beginning of the collapse of the state, the networks that were repaired from time to time have practically fallen into disrepair. As a result, since the beginning of the new millennium, Russia has been hit by a number of man-made disasters. Far East, Siberia, Karelia, Rostov-on-Don - the geography of unfrozen heating systems extensive. During the heating season 2003-2004. according to the most conservative estimates, more than 300 thousand people found themselves without heating in the dead of winter. The fatality of the situation is that the number of accidents at heating plants due to burst pipes, failure of extremely worn out and inefficient equipment is growing exponentially. Heat losses on still functioning heat pipelines are up to 60%. It is worth considering that the cost of laying 1 km of a heating main is about $300 thousand, while in order to eliminate the existing critical deterioration of heating networks, more than 120 thousand km of pipelines need to be replaced!
In the current situation, it became clear that in order to get out of this extremely difficult situation systemic solutions will be required, related not only to the direct investment of money in the "spot" repair of heating mains, but also to a radical review of the entire policy regarding housing and communal services in general and district heating in particular. That is why there were projects for the transition of the municipal industry to the systems of individual boiler houses. Indeed, Western experience (Italy, Germany) testified that the organization of such mini-boiler houses reduces heat losses and reduces energy costs. At the same time, however, the fact was ignored that the countries where such heating systems are most developed have a rather mild climate, and such systems are used in houses that have undergone additional (and very expensive!) Re-equipment. While in Russia there is no specific targeted program for the rehabilitation of housing, a massive transition to autonomous sources of heat supply looks at least utopian. However, it must be admitted that in some cases they can become very good decision: for example, when building new areas remote from general urban communications, when large earthworks are impossible, or in the Far North, in permafrost conditions, where the laying of heating plants is undesirable for a number of reasons. But for large cities, autonomous boiler houses are not a real alternative to central heating and, according to experts, their share, under the most promising prospects, will not exceed 10-15% of the total heat consumption.
While in Central Europe the idea of ​​autonomous heat supply is actively lobbied, in the countries of Northern Europe (where the climate is close to ours) district heating on the contrary, it is highly developed. And, interestingly, largely thanks to the Soviet experience.
In large cities such as Helsinki and Copenhagen, the share of district heating approaches 90%. A quite reasonable question may arise: why in Russia heating plants are headache public utilities and the population and a black hole that absorbs money, and in developed European countries- a way to deliver heat cheaply and efficiently to where it is needed?
The answer to this question is complex and involves many aspects. Summarizing, we can say, following the well-known saying: the devil is in the details. And these details are quite simple: using modern equipment, it is possible to ensure that heat losses in the central networks are reduced to a minimum, and since the overhead costs of a large CHP plant in terms of the heated area are lower, the cost of a heat unit is also lower than that of an autonomous point. In addition, a large, well-equipped CHP plant generates less environmental issues than several small ones, giving a total of the same amount of heat. There is another aspect: heating engineers know that only in large installations it is possible to implement the most efficient thermodynamic cycles for cogeneration (co-production of heat and electricity), which is today the most advanced technology. All this led the Scandinavians to opt for district heating. Particularly interesting in this context is the experience of the most energy efficient country in Europe - Denmark.
By the beginning of the 1990s, there was a shift in the interests of the state and society from energy independence issues to social and environmental aspects. At the same time, the priority public policy became the “3E” rule, i.e. maintaining a balance between economic development, energy security and environmental correctness (Economic Development, Energy security, Environmental protection). It must be said that Denmark is probably the only country in the world in which one department is responsible for energy and the environmental situation - the Ministry of Protection environment and energy. In 1990, the Danish parliament adopted the Energy 2000 plan, which proposes to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by 20% by 2005 (compared to 1998 levels). It should be said that this indicator was already achieved by 2000, largely due to a consistent policy aimed at modernizing and enlarging the existing heating networks. Already by the mid-1990s, the share of district heating systems was about 60% of the total heat consumption (up to 90% in large cities). More than 500,000 installations are connected to the district heating system, providing heat to more than 1 million buildings and industrial facilities. At the same time, the consumption of energy resources per 1 m2 only in the decade since the beginning of the reform in 1973 (see the reference in the margins of "The Experience of Denmark") has decreased by 2 times.
The efficiency of Danish district heating networks is due to low losses in pipelines due to the introduction of new materials and technologies: pipes made of polymers (for example, developed by UPONOR), effective thermal insulation and modern pumping equipment. The fact is that, unlike most countries in Denmark, the operation of district heating systems is regulated not by a change in the temperature of the coolant, but by a change in the circulation rate, which automatically adjusts to consumer demand. At the same time, the use of frequency-controlled pumps is widespread, which can significantly reduce energy consumption. This niche is dominated by pump equipment GRUNDFOS concern: its use allows to save up to 50% of the electricity consumed by pumps.
Thanks to the listed set of innovations, the heat losses of the main and distribution pipelines in Denmark amount to only about 4%, while the CHP efficiency reaches 90%. Today, there are 170 thousand buildings left in the country (out of a total of 2.5 million) that are not connected to district heating. Most of them should soon switch to district heating.
In Denmark, it is legislated that local authorities are responsible for the implementation of heat and energy conservation programs and guarantee their environmental and economic correctness. This has led nationwide to almost all new buildings being designed with district heating in mind. District heating systems are ubiquitous in densely built-up areas, with CHP plants using cogeneration making up the majority of energy generating enterprises.
As a result of these reforms, over 30 years Denmark has become the most energy efficient country in Europe, where heat and electricity tariffs not only do not increase, but often decrease. At the same time, the environmental situation in the country as a whole has clearly improved.
This convincing example clearly shows that district heating is by no means a deterrent to the development of housing and communal services. Moreover, district heating has resulted in significant energy and heat savings and improved both the quality of life and the environment.
It can be objected that the Danish experience is not applicable in our troubled country. However, the reform of the communal complex that has begun should help attract investment in this area. economic activity and these infusions must be disposed of as rationally as possible. Moreover, in Russia there is already a positive experience in the reconstruction of central heating, using incl. and the Danish experience in this area. For example, in Izhevsk, a loan from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was used to rehabilitate worn-out heating networks as part of the improvement of public utilities. The project included, among other things, the modernization of several dozen quarterly ITPs and intra-quarter heating and water supply networks. At the same time, a complete replacement of heat exchangers with modern plate models, with an efficiency of about 98%, highly efficient control and pumping equipment. New systems have been installed on upgraded systems. network pumps GRUNDFOS TP series, circulation pumps for heating systems and CRE pumps with frequency-controlled electric drive for hot water systems. I must say that thanks to energy savings, this equipment paid for itself after 2 years of operation, while the system was fully automated. At the same time, heating systems were modernized with the use of modern plastic pre-insulated pipes and effective thermal insulation, which made it possible to reduce heat losses in pipelines by 2-3 times and increase the service life of pipes due to the repeated slowing down of corrosion.
The result was a refurbished, efficient central heating and hot water system, and the loan repayments were not a heavy burden on the budget, as the savings in heat and energy were so significant that they more than offset these costs.
Thus, discussions about the feasibility of modernization and development existing systems central heating or their total replacement with autonomous heating points, rooftop boilers and apartment heating, it is worth distracting from political aspects and paying attention to the experience of developed and successful countries. And he shows that in the complex complex of housing and communal services there are no single solutions for all occasions, and one should not abandon schemes that have long been tested by time and practice, obeying only fashion trends. Foreign experience has shown that with the use of modern equipment and materials, the reconstructed central heating in combination with other technical solutions(including individual heat supply systems) can become the key to the development of new energy saving technologies and updating the entire housing and communal complex.

according to the materials of the Eurostroy magazine.

, hot water supply) and technological needs of consumers. Distinguish between local and district heating. Local heat supply is focused on one or more buildings, centralized - on a residential or industrial area. In Russia and Ukraine, district heating has become the most important (in this regard, the term “Heat supply” is most often used in relation to district heating systems). Its main advantages over local heat supply are a significant reduction in fuel consumption and operating costs (for example, by automating boiler plants and increasing their efficiency); the possibility of using low-grade fuel; reducing the degree of air pollution and improving the sanitary condition of populated areas.

Heat supply classification

Distinguish local and central heat supply. The local heat supply system serves one or more buildings, the centralized system serves a residential or industrial area. District heating has gained the most importance. Its main advantages over local heat supply are a significant reduction in fuel consumption and operating costs (for example, by automating boiler plants and increasing their efficiency); the possibility of using low-grade fuel; reducing the degree of air pollution and improving the sanitary condition of populated areas.

In local heating systems, heat sources are stoves, hot water boilers, water heaters (including solar), etc.

District heating system

The district heating system includes a heat source, heating network and heat-consuming installations connected to the network through heating points. Sources of heat in district heating can be combined heat and power plants (CHP) that carry out combined generation of electrical and thermal energy; boiler plants high power, producing only thermal energy; devices for the utilization of industrial heat waste; installations for the use of heat from geothermal sources. Heat carriers in district heating systems are usually water with a temperature of up to 150 ° C and steam under pressure of 0.7-1.6 MN / m 2 (7-16 atm). Water serves mainly to cover domestic, and steam - technological loads. The choice of temperature and pressure in heat supply systems is determined by the requirements of consumers and economic considerations. With an increase in the distance of heat transportation, an economically justified increase in the parameters of the coolant increases. Distance over which heat is transported modern systems district heating, reaches several tens of kilometers. The cost of reference fuel per unit of heat supplied to the consumer is determined mainly by the efficiency of the heat supply source. The development of heat supply systems is characterized by an increase in the power of the heat source and unit capacities of the installed equipment. Thermal power modern thermal power plants reach 2-4 Tcal/h, district boiler houses 300-500 Gcal/h. In some heating systems, teamwork several heat sources to common heating networks, which increases the reliability, flexibility and efficiency of heat supply.

According to the schemes for connecting heating installations

According to the schemes for connecting heating installations, there are dependent and independent heating systems

In dependent systems, the heat carrier from the heating network enters directly into the heating installations of consumers, in independent- in an intermediate heat exchanger installed in heating point, where it heats the secondary coolant circulating in the consumer's local installation. In not dependent systems consumers' installations are hydraulically isolated from the heating network. Such systems are mainly used in large cities - in order to increase the reliability of heat supply, as well as in cases where the pressure regime in the heat network is unacceptable for heat-consuming installations due to their strength or when the static pressure created by the latter is unacceptable for the heat network ( such are, for example, the heating systems of high-rise buildings).

According to the connection schemes for hot water supply installations

Depending on the scheme of connection of hot water supply installations, there are closed and open heating systems.

AT closed systems hot water supply receives water from the water supply, heated to the required temperature (usually 0 ° C) by water from the heating network in heat exchangers installed in heating points. AT open systems water is supplied directly from the heating network (direct water intake). Water leakage due to leaks in the system, as well as its consumption for water intake, are compensated by additional supply of an appropriate amount of water to the heating network. To prevent corrosion and scale formation on inner surface pipeline, the water supplied to the heating network undergoes water treatment and deaeration. In open systems, the water must also meet the requirements for drinking water. The choice of system is determined mainly by the availability of a sufficient amount of water of drinking quality, its corrosive and scale-forming properties.

A few hundred years ago, the ability to organize central heating would have been appreciated as an innovation unprecedented in terms of comfort. Now it is difficult to imagine all the inconvenience associated with the need to kindle wood and coal hearths in every room in order to keep large buildings warm.

Modern life is hard to imagine without a central heating system.

History and evolution

The oldest heating system was a hearth with an open fire. Such a source of heat, together with fireplaces, stoves and modern infrared heaters applies to devices direct heating, since the energy conversion takes place directly on the heated area.

Before the ancient Greeks and Romans, most cultures relied on local heating systems. Chimneys, originally a simple hole in a pipe, have evolved into chimneys. This made it possible to create XIII century a fireplace is one of the most advanced heating devices using open fire. The first closed ovens around 600 BC replaced the centers in China and from there spread throughout Russia and into Northern Europe.

Central heating was invented in Ancient Greece, and the ancient Romans created hypocausts - the largest and most advanced thermal engineering structures of antiquity.

The essence of such heating systems was the installation of floors with air channels through which hot gases were directed from a furnace located outside the heated premises. Hypocausts disappeared with the Roman Empire, and central heating systems were forgotten for a thousand and a half years.

Below is an entertaining video on how central heating is served in our time:

They returned again at the beginning of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution demanded large buildings for production, and subsequent urbanization caused an unprecedented demand for high-rise residential and administrative buildings. Timeline illustrating evolution internal systems heating looks like this:

1. 1900000 years ago - the beginning of the use of fire by people.
2. 23,000 liters ago - the first proven use of coal as a fuel.
3. 7500-5700 BC e. - the appearance of open hearths in houses.
4. 2500 BC e. - in ancient Greece, the first structures with chimneys in the ground appear.
5. 1st century BC e. - improvement of ancient Greek heating systems to hypocausts.
6. 400s - along with the fall of the Roman Empire, more primitive methods of heating returned.
7. 1400-1500 - Distribution of masonry chimneys in Europe.
8. 1741 - Benjamin Franklin introduced a furnace that was far superior in efficiency to previous ones.
9. 1855 - Russian businessman San Galli invented a heating radiator.
10. 1919 - Alice Parker patents the first district heating system.
11. Late 1940s - Robert S. Webber develops the direct exchange ground source heat pump.
12. 2000s - promotion of smart technologies that allow homeowners to regulate heat remotely using electronic devices.

Coal has been the main source of heat since ancient times.

Modern systems

Central heating differs from local heating in that heat is generated in a separate room or building, and then, together with the heat carrier, is supplied to the heating points. Now such systems have become commonplace. And although the installation itself is one of the most expensive, correct use this is a very economical way of heating with high thermal comfort. Three types of systems can be distinguished by scale and tasks:

1. Individual heating. Serves for one owner in a separate building or for local heating of a small number of premises.
2. Collective heating. Serves several users located, as a rule, in one building.
3. . In this case, a boiler or a group of boilers provides heat energy for several buildings or even entire blocks, settlements or districts.

Useful information about the procedure for switching to individual heating:

Types by coolant

From the end of the 18th century to early XIX Three main methods of heat transfer from the source to consumers were developed and implemented, which, being continuously improved, are now successfully used as the main ones. They can safely be called classic.

It was first proposed in 1745 by William Cook, and in 1784 James Watt equipped his house with such a system.

Further development took place after the start of the production of radiators. Its essence is that when water vapor condenses, a large number of heat. The boiler generates steam, which is supplied through the supply lines to the radiators, in which condensation occurs. Water (condensate) returns to the boiler by gravity or with the help of pumps.

By itself, steam is a good and efficient heat transfer medium. But because the systems require specific hardware and stringent installation requirements, they are not very popular. Basically, steam heating is used when there is a high risk of freezing of water systems or when its use is justified by the presence of already finished production steam (laundries, some factories and plants).

Systems installation steam heating requires strict rules

Water circulation

The most common type. The temperature of the circulating heat carrier in the pipes is up to 100°C (actually 50-80°C). Often integrated with hot water supply. The first systems were implemented by Peter the Great in Russia to heat the Summer Palace. The principle of operation is as follows: the boiler (or heat exchanger) heats the water in the system, distributes it to radiators with the help of a circulation pump, in which the coolant releases heat. Simplified, water heating systems are closed loop, in which, sequentially heating and cooling, water circulates.

In many countries, densely populated areas receive district heating based on hot water. In this case, the circulating water can take away excess heat from large industrial facilities - thermal power plants, combustion plants, chemical and coke plants. As a rule, with such a heat supply scheme, consumers do not have backup methods for heating buildings due to the expected high availability of heat from district heating systems.

In many countries, the most common type of water heating

heated air

Forced air heating uses air as a medium for heat transfer. The basis of this method is a system of air ducts, vents, valves, blowers. The difference with heating with air conditioners is that the air is taken in through the return ducts and returned to the processing center for subsequent heating. The main difference between types of central air heating is how the air is heated. But regardless of the type of heating equipment, any system consists of the following components:

• air filter;
• fan;
• heat exchanger;
• distribution channels;
• controls.

Forced air heating is more common in North America. In Russia and European countries, central heating of circulating hot water.

In our country, central heating with hot water is a traditional type of heating

Heat sources

The use of one or another primary heat source is due to the balance of costs, convenience and efficiency, depends on the climate and the availability of one or another type of fuel. The cost of energy for heating is one of the main costs of running buildings in cold climates. Some heating installations have the ability to change fuel types for economy or for backup reasons.

One of the main components of the district heating system - heating pipes

Furnaces with forced heat exchange

Most North American households use stoves for forced distribution central heating warm air. Inside the furnace (gas, liquid or solid fuel) the flame heats the metal heat exchanger and transfers heat to the air in it. The latter is pushed out of the heat exchanger by means of a fan and then blown into the rooms through the ceiling air ducts.

Modern furnaces are equipped with equipment for the recovery of hot burnt gases from the chimney by returning them to the heat exchanger with the help of a fan. This allows you to save up to 30% of fuel. There are also condensing furnaces that recover most of the heat from unburned gases by cooling water vapor until it condenses.

Boiler equipment

Boilers in cent-treated water systems. The distribution system is arranged in such a way that the heated liquid passes through the line of heating radiators, giving off heat to them, and then, already cooled, flows back into the boiler. As in the case of furnaces, condensing and recovery equipment significantly increases the efficiency of boilers.

Boiler room - essential element district heating systems

Heat pumps

Basically, they are two-way air conditioners. In summer, they work by moving heat from the room to the atmosphere, and in winter - vice versa. There are two common types of heat pumps: air and geothermal. The latter are more efficient - they receive heat from the ground, where even at shallow depths the temperature is more or less constant throughout the year.

Since electricity in heat pumps is used to move heat rather than generate heat, these devices consume significantly less energy than they can deliver. The resulting heat is distributed from a centralized source, most often over ventilation ducts along with hot air. Such heating systems are relevant for regions with a mild climate and are indispensable as they have a neutral effect on nature.

Heat pumps help to deliver heat to remote points of the heating system

Current beginning of XXI century can be described as an era green technologies and rationalization of existing resources.

In this sense, central heating is still relevant. It can offer more environmentally friendly solutions: hydrothermal systems, solar thermal plants, environmentally friendly hydrocarbon gasification complexes.

Cognitive information about arrange heating systems from the inside is presented in the video: