Kievan Rus. The population of Russia at the beginning of the XIII century - Questions of history

The population of Kievan Rus was one of the largest in Europe. In its main cities - Kyiv, Novgorod - several tens of thousands of people lived. These are not small towns by modern standards, but, given the one-story buildings, these cities occupied a large area. The urban population played a crucial role in the political life of the country - all free men participated in the veche.

The political life in the state affected the rural population much less, but the peasants, who remained free, had elective self-government longer than the townspeople.

Historians identify groups of the population of Kievan Rus according to Russkaya Pravda. According to this law, the main population of Russia was made up of free peasants, called "people". Over time, more and more people became smerds - another group of the population of Russia, which included peasants dependent on the prince. Smerd, like an ordinary person, as a result of captivity, debts, etc. could become a servant (later name - serf). Serfs were essentially slaves and were completely disenfranchised. In the 12th century, purchases appeared - incomplete slaves who could redeem themselves from slavery. It is believed that there were still not so many slave slaves in Russia, but it is likely that the slave trade flourished in relations with Byzantium. Russkaya Pravda also singles out the rank and file and outcasts. The first were somewhere at the level of a serf, and the latter were in a state of uncertainty (serfs who gained freedom, people expelled from the community, etc.).

A significant group of the population of Russia were artisans. By the XII century, there were more than 60 specialties. Russia exported not only raw materials, but also fabrics, weapons and other handicrafts. Merchants were also city dwellers. In those days, intercity and international trade meant good military training. Initially, warriors were also good warriors. However, with the development of the state apparatus, they gradually changed their qualifications, becoming officials. Nevertheless, combat training was needed by the combatants, despite the bureaucratic work. Boyars stood out from the squad - the closest to the prince and rich warriors. By the end of Kievan Rus' existence, the boyars had become largely independent vassals; the structure of their possessions as a whole repeated the state structure (their own land, their squad, their serfs, etc.).

Categories of the population their position

The Kyiv prince is the ruling elite of society.

The squad is the administrative apparatus and the main military force of the Old Russian state. Their most important duty was to ensure the collection of tribute from the population.

Elder (boyars) - The closest associates and advisers of the prince, with them the prince first of all "thought" about all matters, solved the most important issues. The prince also appointed boyars as posadniks (represented the power of the Kyiv prince, belonged to the number of the “senior” combatants of the prince, who concentrated both military-administrative and judicial power in his hands, ruled the court). They were in charge of certain branches of the princely economy.

The youngest (youths) - Ordinary soldiers who were the military support of the power of the posadniks.

Clergy - The clergy lived in monasteries, the monks refused worldly pleasures, lived very poorly, in labor and prayer.

Dependent peasants - Slave position. The servants were slaves-prisoners of war, serfs were recruited from the local environment.

Serfs (servants) - These were people who became dependent on the landowner for debts and worked until the debt was repaid. Purchases occupied an intermediate position between serfs and free people. Zakup had the right to redeem himself free, returning the loan.

Purchases - Out of need, they entered into agreements with feudal lords and performed various works according to this series. They often acted as petty administrative agents of their masters.

Ryadovichi - Subjugated tribes who paid tribute.

Smerdy - Prisoners planted on the ground, who carried duties in favor of the prince.

All early medieval authors who wrote about the Slavs noted their extraordinary abundance. But these reviews must be taken in the context of a sharp decline in the Western European population in the early Middle Ages due to wars, epidemics and famine.

Demographic statistics of the 9th - 10th centuries for ancient Russia is extremely conditional. Figures were given from 4 to 10 million people for Eastern Europe as a whole (including for the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland - 2.5 million) [History of the peasantry in Europe. In 2 vols. M., 1985. T. 1. S. 28]. It should be borne in mind that the Old Russian population included more than two dozen non-Slavic peoples, but in percentage terms, the Eastern Slavs undoubtedly prevailed. The density of the population as a whole was low and varied in different parts of the country; the greatest concentration fell on the Dnieper lands.

Demographic growth was hindered by a number of natural and social factors. Wars, famine and disease took, according to researchers, about a third of the population. "The Tale of Bygone Years" preserved the news of no less than three severe hunger strikes in the 11th century. In fact, there were more of them (see http://simbir-archeo.narod.ru/klimat/barash2.htm), and before they happened, probably even more often. After all, even in the Rhine Valley - one of the most developed regions of Europe with a long-established system for the production of material goods - at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, severe hunger strikes resumed at intervals of three to four years. According to Arab writers, famine in the Slavic lands did not arise from drought, but, on the contrary, due to an abundance of rains, which is fully consistent with the climatic features of this period, marked by general warming and humidification.

As for diseases, the main cause of mass death of people, especially children, was rickets and various kinds of infections. The Arab historian al-Bekri left the news that the Slavs especially suffer from erysipelas and hemorrhoids (“there is hardly anyone free from them among them”), but its reliability is doubtful, since there is no strict connection between these diseases and the sanitary and hygienic living conditions of that time does not exist. Among the seasonal diseases among the Eastern Slavs, al-Bekri singled out the winter runny nose. This very banal malaise for our latitudes struck the Arab writer so much that it wrested from him a poetic metaphor. “And when people emit water from their noses,” he writes, “their beards are covered with layers of ice, like glass, so you need to break them until you get warm or come to your home.”

Due to high mortality, the average life span of an Eastern European was 34-39 years, while the average female age was a quarter shorter than that of men, as girls quickly lost their health due to early marriage (between 12 and 15 years). The result of this state of affairs was a small number of children. In the ninth century Each family had an average of one or two children.

In the absence of populous cities, which at a later time weakened the marriage isolation of peasant society, the circle of people in Slavic settlements who entered into a marriage union was very limited, which had a bad effect on heredity. To avoid genetic degeneration, some tribes resorted to bride kidnapping. According to the chronicle, this method of marriage was customary among the Drevlyans, Radimichi, Vyatichi and Northerners.

In general, rather slow demographic growth became noticeable only in the 10th century, when the population density increased markedly, especially in river valleys. Caused by the development of the productive forces, this process, in turn, stimulated their further progress. The increased demand for cereals influenced the transition in agriculture from the plow to the plow in the forest-steppe zone and from the plow to the plow in the forest, with the simultaneous introduction of a two-field system. And the arrival of workers contributed to more extensive clearing in the forests and the plowing of new lands.

With the growth of the population, the ancient Russian landscape also gradually changed. The forests of the Priilmenye region thinned out to a large extent precisely after Slavic settlers were added to the mass of the native Finnish population. And in the Northern Black Sea region, where pine forests were reduced by the Scythians and Sarmatians, with the placement of East Slavic tribes here, the forest border receded even further to the north.

SOME DATES OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS

... from the history of Kievan Rus

d. - The murder of the Kyiv princes Dir and Askold by Oleg and
vknyazhenie in Kyiv.

g. - The conquest of the Drevlyane tribe by Oleg. Recapturing from
Khazar Khaganate of the tribes of northerners, glades, radimichis.

907 - Oleg's campaign against Constantinople. Collection of tribute from Byzantium.

911 - The signing of the first treaty between Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire.

915 - The arrival of the Pechenegs to Russia. Peace of Prince Igor with the Pechenegs.

920 - His campaign against the Pechenegs.

944 - Treaty of Prince Igor with Byzantium on peace, union, trade. The murder of the prince by the Drevlyans after the re-collection of tribute by him.

945 - 946 - Ordering the collection of tribute by Princess Olga after her punishment of the Drevlyans.

955 - The trip of Princess Olga to Constantinople and her secret baptism.

955 - The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by Prince Svyatoslav. The conquest of the Yas and Kasog tribes in the North Caucasus, the conquest of the Taman Peninsula and the foundation of the Tmutarakan Principality.

958 - Conquest by Svyatoslav of 80 cities of the Danube Bulgaria, the defeat of the Pechenegs near Kyiv.

980 - The pagan reform of Prince Vladimir.

981 - War of Prince Vladimir with the Polish king for the cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others.

988 - The campaign of Prince Vladimir against the Greek colony of Khersones (Korsun) after the Byzantine emperor Vasily II violated the military alliance with Kievan Rus. The signing of a peace treaty with Byzantium, the baptism of Vladimir.

988 - 990 - Baptism of Russia.

1016 - The capture of Kyiv by Svyatopolk with the help of the Poles. Flight of Yaroslav to Novgorod.

1018 - 1019 - Yaroslav's war with Svyatopolk. Flight of the latter to the Pechenegs.

1023–1026 - Yaroslav's war with his brother Mstislav Tmutarakansky. The division of the Kyiv principality between the brothers along the Dnieper.

1034 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Yaroslav the Wise, who besieged Kyiv.

1046 - Yaroslav concludes peace with Byzantium after an unsuccessful Byzantine campaign in 1043 by his son Vladimir.

1051 - Appointment of Priest Hilarion by Yaroslav as Metropolitan of Kyiv without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

1068 - Invasion of the Polovtsy in Russia. The defeat of the Russian princes in the battle with the Polovtsy.

1097 - Lyubech congress of Russian princes, their agreement on the ownership of "fatherlands", without encroachment on other people's possessions.

1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes on the issue of a campaign against the Polovtsy. The defeat of the Polovtsians by the princes Svyatopolk II and Vladimir Monomakh.

Around 1113 - Compilation by the monk of Kyiv - the Caves Monastery Nestor "The Tale of Bygone Years".

1136 - Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich was expelled by the Novgorodians, the refusal to obey the Grand Duke of Kyiv and the establishment of a feudal boyar republic in Novgorod.

1147 - The first mention in the annals of Moscow.

…from the history of European countries

843 - Verdun division of the Frankish empire.

868 Danish takeover of north-east England and creation of "Danish law area".

889–898 - The conquest of the Cis-Danubian lowland by the Hungarians-Magyars and the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary.

911 Vikings establish the Norman kingdom in northern France.

962 - Coronation of the German king Otto I by the pope with the imperial crown. Foundation of the German Holy Roman Empire.

966 - The baptism of the first Polish king Mecheslav (Mieszko) and his retinue according to the Western image.

1117 - 1035 - The northern state of Canute of Denmark, which united Sweden, Norway, England, Denmark and Scotland.

1054 Division of the Christian Church into Western-Catholic and Eastern-Orthodox.

1066 – Conquest of England by William of Normandy.

1077 - The journey of the German Emperor Henry IV to Canossa - the residence of Pope Gregory.

1086 - The first census in England.

1090 - 1099 - The first crusade.

1130 Formation of the Norman kingdom of the two Sicilies.

1147 - 1149 - The second crusade.

X - XI centuries - Completion of the formation of feudal relations in European countries, the beginning of the second division of labor.

TABLES, CHARTS, STATISTICAL DATA

IX century - the period of the mass exodus of the inhabitants of the Scandinavian Peninsula

“The name of the Varangians ... was called the Normans, who left Scandinavia for other countries. Such natives began to appear in the 9th century, among the Slavic tribes on the Volkhov and Dnieper, on the Black Sea and in Greece. They traded or were hired for Russian or Byzantine military service, or simply looked for booty and robbed where they could ... in that era, the migration of the Normans from the Scandinavian countries to Central and even Southern Europe was generally very large: they attacked England, France, Spain, even Italy".

Great Kyiv princes and the years of their reign

879 - 912 - Oleg.

912 - 945 - Igor.

945 - 957 - Olga.

957 - 972 - Svyatoslav.

972 - 980 - Yaropolk.

980 - 1015 - St. Vladimir.

1019 - 1054 - Yaroslav the Wise.

1054 - 1078 - Izyaslav I.

1078 - 1093 - Vsevolod I.

1093–1113 – Svyatopolk II

1113 - 1125 - Vladimir Monomakh.

1125 - 1132 - Mstislav I.

1132 - 1139 - Yaropolk II Vladimirovich.

1139 - 1146 - Vsevolod II.

1146 - 1154 - Izyaslav II ..

1154 - 1157 - Yury Dolgoruky.

1157 - 1174 - Andrey Bogolyubsky.

Some Slavic pre-Christian names

The first mention of large cities of Kievan Rus

The time of the arrival of the Slavs to the Middle Russian plain

“The eastern branch of the Slavs came to the Dnieper, probably as early as the 7th century, gradually settling, reached Lake Ilmen and the upper Oka.”

Platonov S.F. Lectures on Russian history. Part I. - M., 1994. - S. 59.

The number of East Slavic tribes and their resettlement

“Historians count 15 such tribes. Each tribe was a collection of clans and then occupied a relatively small isolated area. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the map of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs in the 8th - 9th centuries looked like this: the Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and Volkhov; Krivichi with Polochans - in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Volga, Dnieper; Dregovichi - between Pripyat and Berezina; Vyatichi - on the Oka and the Moscow River; radimichi - on Sezha and Desna; northerners - on the Desna, the Seimas, the Sula and the Northern Donets; Drevlyans - in Pripyat and the Middle Dnieper; meadow - along the middle course of the Dnieper; Bhutan, Volhynians, Dulebs - in Volhynia, along the Bug; Tivertsy, street - in the very south, by the Black Sea and the Danube.

Zaichkin I.A., Pochkaev I.N. Russian history: popular essays (IX - mid-XV century). - M., 1992. S. 10

Organization of public administration in Kievan Rus

“Kievan Rus was an early feudal monarchy. The head of state was the Grand Duke. He had with him a Council (Duma) of the most noble princes and respected elders of the combatants (boyars), who acted as governor, as well as a management apparatus that was in charge of collecting tribute taxes, court cases and collecting fines. In this apparatus, the duties of officials were performed by junior warriors-swordsmen (judicial executors), virniki (collectors of fines), etc. In the lands and cities subject to the Grand Duke, the functions of administration were carried out by the princely governors - the townsmen and their assistants - the thousand, who led the people's militia ("thousand") during the hostilities. Posadnikov were appointed by the prince, the thousandths were elected from noble boyars at the veche.

Zaichkin I.A., Pochkaev I.N.

Decree. S. - S. 26.

Organization of the armed forces

“The princely squad was not numerous: even among the senior princes it was 700-800 people. ... The princely squad was the strongest core and the main core of the army. In the event of the upcoming extensive military operations, the people's militia, made up of the free urban population, was called to arms, and in cases of emergency, rural residents - "smerds" - were also called up for military service.

Pushkarev S.G. Review of Russian history. - M., 1991. - S. 48.

An attempt to create by Prince Vladimir
state religion based on paganism

“Vladimir was the first of the Kyiv princes to look at religion through the eyes of a statesman. Back in 980, having just taken the throne of Kyiv, he made the first pagan reform, a kind of classification of pagan cults. Next to his towers, on a hill, the prince ordered to place wooden idols of six gods: Perun ..., Khors, Dazhd-bog, Stribog, Semargl and Mokosh. On his part, it was an attempt to turn the state religion with the cult of Perun at the head. However, this first religious reform did not satisfy Prince Vladimir.

Zaichkin M.A., Pochkaev I.N. Decree. cit. - S. 46 - 47.

The time of the spread of Christianity in Russia after its baptism in 988

“Christianity established itself in the main in about 100 years. Baptized almost simultaneously with Russia, Sweden and Norway took 250 and 150 years, respectively.

Bushuev S.V., Mironov G.E. History of Russian Goverment. Historical and bibliographic essays. - M., 1991. - S. 92.

The population of Kievan Rus and European countries in the tenth century

The number of craft specialties in Russia

“In the era of Kievan Rus, there is a real flourishing of handicraft production. In the 9th-12th centuries, craftsmen of 40-60 different specialties were known in Russia.

Chuntlov V.T., Krivtsova N.S., Chuntlov A.V., Tyushev V.A. Economic history of the USSR. - M., 1987. S. 17

Evidence about Kyiv at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries

"The Poles, who visited the capital of Russia, left an interesting description of Kyiv ... In the big city, which was the capital of this state, there were more than 400 churches, 8 trading floors and an unusual crowd of people ...".

History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day. Series I. - M., 1966. - C 518.

"Among the cities, the first place was occupied by Kyiv - the mother of Russian cities, with a population of 100 thousand inhabitants during its heyday."

Chuntlov V.T. etc. Decree. op. - P.18.

The growth of the number of Russian cities in the X-XIII centuries

"A comparison of archaeological data and written sources made it possible to determine that at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th century in Russia there were 20-25 urban-type settlements, in the 11th - first half of the 12th century there were about 70, by the middle of the 13th - about 150 feudal cities."

Educational publication "History of the Fatherland" / Ed. Prof. – E.P. Ivanova - Pskov, 1994. -p.22.

Comparative population of European countries
at the turn of the X-XI centuries

“In the 60s of the 10th century, Byzantium was the strongest power. Its population was 20-24 million brave inhabitants, organized on the basis of a centuries-old tradition and ruled from one center - the Constantinople Synclite. ... For comparison ... in 1000: France - 9 million, Italy - 5 million, Sicily - 2 million, Kievan Rus - 5.36 million (in 970 there were less than half of this); Poland, Lithuania, Estonia - 1.6 million; Steppe, from the Don to the Carpathians - 0.48 million; England - in 1086 - 1.7 million.

Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. – M., 1989. S.229–230

The number of military campaigns of Russian princes against Byzantium

Klyuchevsky V.O. Works in 9 T. T.1. Russian history course. Part 1. - M., 1987. - S. 176.

Dates of Byzantine campaigns in V.O. Klyuchevsky:

"860 - the campaign of Prince Askold

907 - the campaign of Prince Oleg

941 and 944 - the campaigns of Prince Igor

971 - the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav

1043 - the campaign of Prince Yaroslav.

There. - S. 176.

Dynastic marriages of Kievan princes

“One of the indicators of the diplomatic achievements of the Old Russian state was dynastic marriages, which related the Kyiv grand ducal house with many courts in Europe. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Russian princesses became French, Hungarian, Norwegian and Danish queens, and Yaroslav's sons - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod - were married to princesses from German, Polish lands, from Byzantium. Vladimir Monomakh enjoyed European fame ... He was the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise and the Swedish princess, the son of the Byzantine princess, the brother-in-law of the German emperor, the nephew of the Hungarian and Danish queens - the daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, the stepson of the Polovtsian princess.

Bushuev S.V., Mironov G.E.

History of Russian Goverment. Historical and bibliographic essays. –p.63.

Chronicles of the formation of the ancient Russian people
from East Slavic tribes

“... the meadow was last mentioned in the annals under 944, the Drevlyans under 990, the Slovenians - under 1018, the Krivichi - under 1127, the Dregovichi - under 1183, the Vyatichi, who lived longer than others without princes - under 1197."

Zaichkin I.A. Pochkaev I.N. Decree. op. - P. 12.

HISTORICAL SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS

Russian truth
Brief edition

(Text according to the Academic List

Translated by B.B. Kafengauz)

Pravda Roskaya (Law Russian)

If the husband kills the husband, then the brother takes revenge for the murder of the brother, the son for the father, or the nephew from the side of the brother, or the nephew from the side of the sister; if no one takes revenge, then 40 hryvnias are charged for the murdered. If the killed is a Rusyn, Gridin, a merchant, a hacker, a swordsman, or an outcast, or a Slovene, then pay 40 hryvnias for him.

If a person comes to court, beaten to the point of blood or bruised, then there is no need to look for a witness, but if there are no signs of beatings on him, then he must bring a witness. If he can't bring it, then it's over. If the victim cannot avenge himself, then let him take 3 hryvnias from the guilty person and, in addition, the payment to the doctor.

If someone hits someone with a stick, pole, hand, bowl, horn or sword, then he pays 12 hryvnias; if the victim does not catch up with him and does not take revenge, then the guilty person pays a fine, and this is the end of the matter.

If he strikes with a sword without taking it out of its scabbard, or with a sword hilt, then he pays a 12 hryvnia fine.

But if someone hits someone on the hand, and the hand falls off or withers away, then pay 40 hryvnias.

If he hits the arm or leg with a sword and cuts off the arm, or it begins to dry, or the leg remains intact, but begins to limp, then let his children take revenge or 40 hryvnias be exacted from the guilty person.

If someone cuts off any finger, then he pays a fine of 3 hryvnias.

And whoever pulls out his mustache or beard pays 12 hryvnia.

If someone draws a sword, but does not strike, he pays a hryvnia.

If the husband pushes the husband away from himself or towards himself, then he must pay 3 hryvnias if he brings two witnesses to the court. At the same time, Varangian 1 or Kolbyag 2 does not bring witnesses, but he himself goes to the oath.

If the servant fled and hides with the Varangian or the kolbyag and he does not return him within three days, then the master, having identified him on the third day, can take away the servant, and 3 hryvnia fines are collected from the concealer.

If someone rides someone else's horse without asking, let him pay 3 hryvnias.

If someone steals someone else's horse, weapon or clothes and the owner recognizes the missing in his world, then he takes his own, and the thief pays a fine of 3 hryvnia.

If someone recognizes his missing thing from someone, then you can’t take it away, and don’t say “this is mine”, but tell him this: “go to the vault, indicate where you got it.” If he does not go, let him present the guarantor in that he will appear at vault 3 no later than 5 days.

If anywhere there is a lawsuit against someone for the payment of a loan, then he should go to trial with 12 witnesses. And if it turns out that the debtor maliciously did not give his money, as it should have been according to the condition, then 3 hryvnias of fine will be collected from him.

If the master recognizes his missing servant and wants to take it away, then lead him to the one from whom he was bought, and let him lead to the previous seller, and when they reach the third, then tell him: “give me your servant, and you look for his money in front of a witness."

If a serf hits a free husband and runs away to his master's mansions and he does not betray him, then the master can keep him, but must pay 12 hryvnias for him, and then let the victim beat the serf where he is found.

And if someone breaks a spear, a shield or spoils clothes and the owner wants to keep it, then he receives a surcharge in money for damage, but if the owner refuses the broken thing, then let him be paid how much he gave when buying it.

If the fireman 5 is killed intentionally, but without mercenary intentions, then 80 hryvnias are collected from the killer, and people are not obliged to help the killer in paying them; also pay 80 hryvnia for the murder of the prince's entrance.

And if the fireman is killed in a robbery way intentionally and for the purpose of robbery, and people do not look for the murderer, then the verv 7 where the murdered person was found pays the vir 6.

If they kill the fireman at the cage 8, at the horse or the herd, or during the theft of the cow, then they will kill the fireman like a dog; the same law when killing a tiun 9 .

And for the murder of a princely tiun, 80 hryvnias are charged from the killer.

And for the senior groom in the herd also 80 hryvnia, decided Izyalav, when the Dorogobuzh people killed his groom.

For a princely village headman 10 or a caretaker for field work, pay 12 hryvnias.

And for the princely ryadovich 11 5 hryvnia.

And for a murdered smerd 12 or a serf 5 hryvnia.

If a slave-nurse or nurses is killed, then pay 12 hryvnias.

And for a princely horse with a spot, 3 hryvnias are charged, and for a stink horse, 2 hryvnias; for a mare to pay 60 rezan, for an ox hryvnia, for a cow 40 rezan, for a three-year-old 15 kunas, for a one-year-old cattle half a hryvnia, for a calf 5 rezan, for a lamb and a ram for a leg.

And if someone else's slave or slave is taken away, then pay a fine of 12 hryvnia.

If a husband comes in blood or bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness.

And if a horse or an ox is stolen, or there is a theft from a cage, then the thief pays a hryvnia and 30 cuts if he was alone; if there were 10 thieves, then each of them pays 3 hryvnias and 30 rezan.

If they burn the princely board or steal bees, then pay 3 hryvnias.

For unauthorized torture of a smerd, without a princely command, pay a fine of 3 hryvnias. For the torture of a fireman, tiun or swordsman 13 pay 12 hryvnia.

And if they plow up the field boundary or cut down the boundary post, then pay a 12 hryvnia fine.

And whoever steals a rook, pay the owner 30 cuts for the rook and 60 cuts of fine to the prince.

And for a pigeon and a chicken 9 kunas. And for a duck, goose, crane or swan, pay 30 cuts to the owner and 60 cuts of fine to the prince.

And if they steal someone else's dog, hawk or falcon, then pay a 3 hryvnia fine.

If they kill a thief in their own yard or near a cage, or at a barn, then they are not responsible for this as for murder, but if the thief was held until dawn, then bring him to the prince's court for trial. But if the thief is killed, and people saw him tied up, then you have to pay for him.

If hay is stolen, then pay 9 kunas, for firewood also 9 kunas.

If they steal a sheep, a goat or a pig, and there were 10 thieves, then at least they stole one sheep, let everyone pay 60 reza fines. And whoever brought the thief gets 10 cuts.

With a fine of 3 hryvnias, in addition, the swordsman must pay 15 kunas, for the tithe - 15 kunas, and the prince - 3 hryvnias. With a fine of 12 hryvnia, the one who brought the guilty person receives 70 hryvnia from him, and pay 2 hryvnia as a tithe, and 10 hryvnia to the prince.

And here is the charter for collecting vir: virnik 14 to take 7 buckets of malt for a week, in addition, a lamb or half a carcass of meat, or 2 nogata in money, and on Wednesday cut and three cheeses, on Friday the same amount; as much bread and millet as they can eat, and on modest days give 2 chickens a day. Let him put 4 horses, and give them food as much as they can eat. A virnik take 16 hryvnia, 10 rezan and 12 ropes (small monetary units), and at the entrance to the district hryvnia. During the fast, give him a fish or 7 rezan. All this will amount to 15 kunas a week, and they will give as much bread as they can eat while the virniki collect the vira. Such is the charter of Yaroslav.

And this is the payment for bridgemen 15: when the bridge is built, then let them take a foot at the end of their work and from each abutment of the bridge a foot, the same amount when repairing a dilapidated bridge, at least with a few boards, 3, 4 or 5.

"Pravda Russian", part I, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1940, - S. 397-400;

"Pravda Russian", part II, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947, - S. 15-238.

With ancienttimesbeforeourdays. The material is presented in chronological order, ...