Heat kilocalorie. Units of measurement of energy, power and their correct use

This article is the seventh publication of the "Myths of Housing and Public Utilities" cycle dedicated to debunking. Myths and false theories, widespread in the housing and communal services of Russia, contribute to the growth of social tension, the development of "" between consumers and public utilities, which leads to extremely negative consequences in the housing industry. Articles of the cycle are recommended, first of all, for consumers of housing and communal services (HCS), however, HCS specialists may find something useful in them. In addition, the dissemination of publications of the cycle "Myths of housing and communal services" among consumers of housing and communal services can contribute to more deep understanding housing and communal services by residents apartment buildings, which leads to the development of constructive interaction between consumers and utility service providers. A complete list of articles in the Myths of Housing and Public Utilities series is available

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This article discusses a somewhat unusual question, which, nevertheless, as practice shows, worries a rather significant part of utility consumers, namely: why is the unit for measuring the consumption standard for heating utility services "Gcal / sq. Meter"? Misunderstanding of this issue led to the advancement of an unfounded hypothesis that the alleged unit of measurement of the norm of heat energy consumption for heating was chosen incorrectly. The assumption under consideration leads to the emergence of some myths and false theories of the housing sector, which are refuted in this publication. Additionally, the article provides explanations of what is a public heating service and how this service is technically provided.

The essence of false theory

It should be noted right away that the incorrect assumptions analyzed in the publication are relevant for cases where there are no heating meters - that is, for those situations when it is used in the calculations.

Clearly formulate the false theories that follow from the hypothesis of wrong choice units of measurement of the norm of heating consumption, it is difficult. The consequences of such a hypothesis are, for example, the statements:
⁃ « The volume of the heat carrier is measured in cubic meters, heat energy in gigacalories, which means that the standard for heating consumption should be in Gcal / cubic meter!»;
⁃ « The heating utility is consumed to heat the space of the apartment, and that space is measured in cubic meters, not square meters! The use of area in calculations is illegal, volume must be used!»;
⁃ « Fuel for cooking hot water, used for heating, can be measured either in units of volume (cubic meter) or in units of weight (kg), but not in units of area (square meter). Norms are calculated illegally, incorrectly!»;
⁃ « It is absolutely incomprehensible in relation to what area the standard is calculated - to the battery area, to the cross-sectional area of ​​​​the supply pipeline, to the area land plot on which the house stands, to the area of ​​the walls of this house or, perhaps, to the area of ​​its roof. It is only clear that it is impossible to use the area of ​​\u200b\u200brooms in calculations, since in high-rise building the rooms are located one above the other, and in fact their area is used in the calculations many times - about as many times as there are floors in the house».

Various conclusions can follow from the above statements, some of which boil down to the phrase “ Everything is wrong, I will not pay”, and the part, in addition to the same phrase, also contains some logical arguments, among which the following can be distinguished:
1) since the denominator of the unit of measurement of the standard indicates a lower degree of magnitude (square) than it should be (cube), that is, the applied denominator is less than the one to be applied, then the value of the standard, according to the rules of mathematics, is overestimated (the smaller the denominator of the fraction, the more value the fraction itself);
2) an incorrectly chosen unit of measurement of the standard involves additional mathematical operations before substituting in formulas 2, 2(1), 2(2), 2(3) of Annex 2 of the Rules for the provision of public services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.05.2011 N354 (hereinafter referred to as Rules 354) of the values ​​​​NT (standard for the consumption of utility services for heating) and TT (tariff for thermal energy).

As such preliminary transformations, actions that do not stand up to criticism are proposed, for example * :
⁃ The value of NT is equal to the square of the standard approved by the subject of the Russian Federation, since the denominator of the unit of measurement indicates " square meter";
⁃ The value of TT is equal to the product of the tariff by the standard, that is, TT is not a tariff for heat, but a certain unit cost heat energy consumed for heating one square meter;
⁃ Other transformations, the logic of which could not be comprehended at all, even when trying to apply the most incredible and fantastic schemes, calculations, theories.

Since an apartment building consists of a combination of residential and non-residential premises and places common use(common property), while common property on the right of common ownership belongs to the owners of individual premises of the house, the entire volume of heat energy entering the house is consumed by the owners of the premises of such a house. Consequently, the payment for heat energy consumed for heating should be made by the owners of the MKD premises. And here the question arises - how to distribute the cost of the entire volume of heat energy consumed by an apartment building among the owners of the premises of this MKD?

Guided by quite logical conclusions that the consumption of heat energy in each specific room depends on the size of such a room, the Government of the Russian Federation established the procedure for distributing the volume of heat energy consumed by the entire house among the premises of such a house in proportion to the area of ​​these premises. This is envisaged as Rule 354 (distribution of readings of a common house heating meter in proportion to the shares of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises of specific owners in total area all premises of the house in the property), and Rule 306 when setting the standard for heating consumption.

Paragraph 18 of Annex 1 to Rule 306 states:
« 18. The standard for consumption of utility services for heating in residential and non-residential premises (Gcal per 1 sq.m of the total area of ​​​​all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building or residential building per month) is determined by the following formula (formula 18):

where:
- the amount of heat energy consumed in one heating period by apartment buildings that are not equipped with collective (common house) heat energy meters, or residential buildings, not equipped with individual heat energy meters (Gcal), determined by formula 19;
- the total area of ​​​​all residential and non-residential premises in apartment buildings or the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bresidential buildings (sq.m);
- a period equal to the duration heating period(amount calendar months, including incomplete, in the heating period)».

Thus, it is the above formula that determines that the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating is measured precisely in Gcal / sq. Meter, which, among other things, is directly established by subparagraph “e” of paragraph 7 of Rule 306:
« 7. When choosing a unit of measure for utility consumption standards, the following indicators are used:
e) with regard to heating:
in living quarters - Gcal per 1 sq. meter the total area of ​​all rooms in an apartment building or residential building».

Based on the foregoing, the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating is equal to the amount of heat energy consumed in an apartment building per 1 square meter area of ​​premises owned per month of the heating period (when choosing a payment method, it is applied evenly throughout the year).

Calculation examples

As indicated, we will give an example of calculation by the correct method and by the methods offered by false theorists. To calculate the cost of heating, we will accept the following conditions:

Let the standard for heating consumption be approved in the amount of 0.022 Gcal/sq.m., the tariff for heat energy be approved in the amount of 2500 rubles/Gcal., let's assume that the area of ​​the i-th room is 50 sq.m. To simplify the calculation, we will accept the conditions that payment for heating is carried out, and there is no heating in the house technical possibility installation of a common house heat energy meter for heating.

In this case, the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual heat energy meter and the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in i-th residential or non-residential premises in an apartment building that is not equipped with a collective (common house) heat energy meter, when paying during the heating period, it is determined by formula 2:

Pi = Si× NT× tt,

where:
Si is the total area of ​​the i-th premise (residential or non-residential) in an apartment building or the total area of ​​a residential building;
NT is the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating;
TT is the tariff for thermal energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The following calculation is correct (and universally applicable) for the example under consideration:
Si = 50 square meters
NT = 0.022 Gcal/sq.m
TT = 2500 RUB/Gcal

Pi = Si × NT × TT = 50 × 0.022 × 2500 = 2750 rubles

Let's check the calculation by dimensions:
"square meter"× "Gcal/sq.meter"× × "RUB/Gcal" = ("Gcal" in the first multiplier and "Gcal" in the denominator of the second multiplier are reduced) = "RUB."

The dimensions are the same, the cost of the Pi heating service is measured in rubles. The result of the calculation: 2750 rubles.

Now let's calculate according to the methods proposed by false theorists:

1) The value of NT is equal to the square of the standard approved by the subject of the Russian Federation:
Si = 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / square meter × 0.022 Gcal / square meter \u003d 0.000484 (Gcal / square meter)²
TT = 2500 RUB/Gcal

Pi = Si x NT x TT = 50 x 0.000484 x 2500 = 60.5

As can be seen from the presented calculation, the cost of heating turned out to be equal to 60 rubles 50 kopecks. The attractiveness of this method lies precisely in the fact that the cost of heating is not 2750 rubles, but only 60 rubles 50 kopecks. How correct is this method and how accurate is the calculation result obtained from its application? To answer this question, it is necessary to carry out some transformations acceptable by mathematics, namely: we will calculate not in gigacalories, but in megacalories, respectively converting all the quantities used in the calculations:

Si = 50 square meters
NT \u003d 22 Mcal / square meter × 22 Mcal / square meter \u003d 484 (Mcal / square meter)²
TT \u003d 2.5 rubles / Mcal

Pi = Si x NT x TT = 50 x 484 x 2.500 = 60500

And what will we get as a result? The cost of heating is already 60,500 rubles! We note right away that in the case of applying the correct method, mathematical transformations should not affect the result in any way:
(Si = 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / square meter \u003d 22 Mcal / square meter
TT = 2500 RUB/Gcal = 2.5 RUB/Mcal

Pi = Si× NT× TT=50× 22 × 2.5 = 2750 rubles)

And if, in the method proposed by false theorists, the calculation is carried out not even in megacalories, but in calories, then:

Si = 50 square meters
NT = 22,000,000 cal/m2 × 22,000,000 cal/m2 = 484,000,000,000,000 (cal/m2)²
TT = 0.0000025 RUB/cal

Pi = Si × NT × TT = 50 × 484,000,000,000,000 × 0.0000025 = 60,500,000,000

That is, heating a room with an area of ​​50 square meters costs 60.5 billion rubles a month!

In fact, of course, the considered method is incorrect, the results of its application do not correspond to reality. Additionally, we will check the calculation by dimensions:

"square meter"× "Gcal/sq.meter"× "Gcal/sq.meter"× “ruble/Gcal” = (“sq.m.” in the first multiplier and “sq.m.” in the denominator of the second multiplier are reduced) = “Gcal”× "Gcal/sq.meter"× "Rub/Gcal" = ("Gcal" in the first multiplier and "Gcal" in the denominator of the third multiplier are reduced) = "Gcal/sq.meter"× "rub."

As you can see, the dimension "rub." as a result, it does not work, which confirms the incorrectness of the proposed calculation.

2) The value of TT is equal to the product of the tariff approved by the subject of the Russian Federation and the consumption standard:
Si = 50 square meters
NT = 0.022 Gcal/sq.m
TT = 2500 rubles / Gcal × 0.022 Gcal / sq. meter = 550 rubles / sq. meter

Pi = Si x NT x TT = 50 x 0.022 x 550 = 60.5

The calculation by this method gives exactly the same result as the first considered incorrect method. You can refute the second method applied in the same way as the first one: convert gigacalories to mega- (or kilo-) calories and check the calculation by dimensions.

findings

The myth of the wrong choice Gcal/sq.meter» has been refuted as a unit of measure for the consumption standard for heating utility services. Moreover, the logic and validity of the use of just such a unit of measurement has been proved. The incorrectness of the methods proposed by the false theorists has been proved, their calculations have been refuted by the elementary rules of mathematics.

It should be noted that the vast majority of false theories and myths of the housing sector aim to prove that the amount of fees charged to owners for payment is overstated - it is this circumstance that contributes to the “survivability” of such theories, their spread and the growth of their supporters. The desire of consumers of any services to minimize their costs is quite reasonable, however, attempts to use false theories and myths do not lead to any savings, but are aimed only at introducing into the minds of consumers the idea that they are being deceived, unreasonably charged from them cash. Obviously, the courts and supervisory authorities authorized to deal with conflict situations between performers and consumers of public services will not be guided by false theories and myths, therefore, there can be no savings and no other positive consequences for either the consumers themselves or for other participants in housing relations.

COUNTING THERMAL ENERGY!

When you start to understand the issue of calculating thermal energy, it seems so complicated, you assume that only an academician can understand these calculations, and then with a specialization in housing and communal services (probably, this does not happen). But when you get used to the terms and get used to the essence of this issue, everything clears up and becomes less scary.

There is an opinion that in the post-Soviet space we, as always, differ from the rest of the planet and instead of counting thermal energy in joules (J), we consider it in long-standing non-systemic units of measurement calories, or rather, in units of measurement of thermal energy derived from calories - gigacalories ( Gcal). It's essentially the same thing, only with an extra nine zeros (109 calories).

Due to the fact that in various fields activity is taken as the reference water temperature different temperature, there are several different definitions of calories in joules (J).
1 calm = 4.1868 J (1 J ≈ 0.2388459 kcal) International calorie, 1956.
1 cal = 4.184 J (1 J = 0.23901 cal) Thermochemical calorie.
1 cal15 = 4.18580 J (1 J = 0.23890 cal15) Calorie at 15°C.

The unit Joule (J) is a unit of energy in the CI system.
It is defined as the work of a force of one Newton at a distance of 1 meter, it follows that 1 J = 1 N * m = 1 kg * m ** 2 / sec ** 2. In turn, this is connected with the definition of the unit of mass in kilograms (kg), length in meters (m) and time in seconds (sec) in the CI system.
One J = 0.239 calories, one GJ = 0.239 Gcal, and one gigacalorie = 4.186 GJ.

Today, as is known to a greater extent, the beautiful half of humanity, it is customary to measure in calories energy value(calorie content) of food - Kcal. The whole world has long forgotten about the use of Gcal for evaluation in thermal power engineering, heating systems, utilities, and we persistently continue to count in this way.

But be that as it may, another derived unit of measurement Gcal / hour (gigacalorie per hour) appears from here. It then characterizes the amount of thermal energy used or produced by one or another equipment or coolant in one hour. Gcal / hour as a value is equivalent to thermal power, but we do not need this yet.

For a better understanding of the issue, let's take a look at some more units of measurement and do simple arithmetic calculations.

Once again, so, to consolidate understanding. One Calorie is equal to 1 calorie, one Kilocalorie is equal to 1000 calories, one Megacalorie is equal to 1,000,000 calories, one Gigacalorie is equal to 1,000,000,000 (1×109 calories)

One calorie releases the amount of heat that is needed to heat one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere (pressure will also be omitted for now, although this is the constant value of all formulas and its standard atmospheric pressure value is 101.325 kPa).

Now we can assume that Gigacalorie per square meter of the total area of ​​the room is the amount of heat energy consumption for heating the room. And as confirmation of what has been said, this unit of measurement was provided for in the "Rules for the provision of public services for use in calculations."

In other words, one gigacalorie (Gcal) heats one thousand cubic meters of water per degree Celsius, or about 16.7 cubic meters of water per 60 degrees Celsius (1000/60=16.666667).

This information can be useful when evaluating the performance of hot water meters (HWP).

Heat meters keep their records in the unit of measurement Gcal or, rarely, in megajoules. It is known that power generating companies use Gcal in their calculations.

Each fuel during combustion has its own heat transfer indicators on a certain amount of of this fuel, the so-called calorific values ​​of solid and liquid fuels are measured in Kcal/kg. If you are interested, look on the net, but as an example, I’ll say that the calculations use conventional fuel, the calorific value of which is equal to 7 Gcal per 1 ton of fuel, and for natural gas- 8.4 Gcal per 1 thousand cubic meters of gas.

If you have learned all these meanings, we can try to check the energy company or our neighbors heat terrorists without leaving the apartment!

How to check everyone without leaving the apartment?

According to the source of this information, if you can make all these calculations correctly, then based on your numbers, you will be able to check the energy company and file a claim with your operating organization or condominiums, demanding recalculation.

Let's try to do this using the data received on the forum at the site address: gro-za.pp.ua/forum/index.php?topic=4436.0

So, a few more numbers for "assimilation":

Kilowatt hour. It is used mainly in the calculations for electricity (in electricity meters). Derived from the unit of power, which is called the Watt (W) and is equal to the energy of 1 J used for 1 second.

For example, a 60 W electric light bulb consumes 60 Wg = 0.060 kWh of energy for 1 hour. Or in joules and kilocalories: 1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 860.4 kilocalories = 0.8604 megacalories; 1 gigacalorie = 1162.25 KWh = 1.16225 MWh (megawatt hours); 1 MWh = 0.8604 Gcal. The unit of power Watt is used in assessing the heat transfer of heating devices (heat radiators).

So how can this information be used to the benefit of the district heating consumer?

To do this, we need to assimilate some more data. Suggested below reference Information on heat transfer of two types of radiators.
If your type of radiator is not among these two, you are out of luck, which means that if you are "lucky" you will find detailed information about your type of radiator on the net or in some manuals.

SO, THE FIRST TYPE OF RADIATOR. Rated heat output aluminum radiator type Calidor of the Italian company Fondital (according to EN 442-2) is Q=194 W at Dt=(Trad-Tpov)=60 degrees Celsius, where Trad is the average water temperature in the radiator, Tpov is the air temperature in the room. Trad is equal to the difference in water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the radiator. With a single-pipe coolant supply, this difference is practically equal to the inlet temperature. For other values, Dt is the heat transfer value, which is taken with the correction factor K = ((Dt / 60)) ^ n, de ^ - exponentiation operation, n = 1.35.

Example: radiator temperature 45 degrees, air temperature 20 degrees. Then K \u003d ((45-20) / 60) ^ 1.35 \u003d 0.3067, and Q \u003d 194 x 0.3067 \u003d 59.5 W - three times less than the nominal value!

SECOND TYPE OF RADIATOR. The most common heating radiator is cast iron MS-140M4 500-0.9. The reference books indicate the power of thermal radiation for cast iron section MS-140 in the amount of 160-180 W at a coolant temperature of 90°C. But, this heat transfer is achievable only under ideal (laboratory) conditions, which in real life out of reach. Because the radiation power depends significantly on temperature, so the real heat transfer of the cast iron section at 60°C will be no more than 80 W, and at 45°C - about 40 W. The flow of heated water from the house system to cast iron battery happens randomly. In order for the average temperature of the entire radiator to be 60°C, it is necessary to ensure the supply of water with a temperature of at least 75°C, then water with a temperature of about 45°C will go into the “return”. Calculate how powerful a heat exchanger should be in order to heat a ton of water to a temperature level of 75 ° C. It must be taken into account that ten degrees is spent in thick metal pipes that lead to the house. So elevator unit(heat exchanger) should give 85...90°C and work on the edge of the possible. Provide temperature cast iron radiator 90°C water (not steam) heating systems are impossible and unsafe - you can get burned at 70°C.
In addition, it should be noted that the curtains on the radiator lead to a decrease in heat transfer by 10–18%, the area of ​​the cast-iron radiator, the coating oil paint gives a decrease in heat transfer by 13%, and coating with zinc white increases heat transfer by 2.5%.

Having data on the actual temperature of the heat carrier at the inlets of apartment heating radiators, data on the heat transfer (in Watts) of one section of the heat radiator at a nominal temperature, you calculate the actual heat transfer at the actual temperature of the heat carrier. Multiply the obtained data by the number of seconds of time during which the results of measurements / calculations took place. Get the amount of heat energy in Joules. Convert to gigacalories.

After that, you make a conclusion who owes whom and how much. If you are indebted, file a claim with the balance holder of the house with a request for recalculation.

EXAMPLE:
Let one section of the CH radiator actually deliver 30 watts. Let the area of ​​the apartment be 84 sq.m. According to the above recommendation, you should have 1 section per 1 sq.m, that is, everything you need is 84 sections, or 6 radiators, 14 sections each. The power of one radiator is 30x14 = 420 W = 0.42 kW. During the day, one radiator will give 0.42x24 = 10.08 kWh of heat energy, and 6 radiators - respectively 10.08x6 = 60.48 kWh. For a month we will get 60.48x30 \u003d 1814.4 kWh. We translate into gigacalories: (1814.4 / 1000) = 1.8144 Mvtg. x 0.8604 = 1.56 Gcal. The heated season lasts 6 months, of which more or less full heating is needed for 5 months, because in the first half of April the weather is already warm. And the second half of October is also frost-free. Thus, with the marked parameters, you will get 1.56 x 5 \u003d 7.8 Gcal. instead of the standard 0.147 Gcal/sq.m x 84 sq.m = 12.348 Gcal. That is, you received only 100% x 7.8 / 12.348 = 63% of the standard volume of heat energy, and 37% are extra accrued funds for central heating.

I hope everyone understands everything, and if it is not clear, then it's not my fault!

Be that as it may, I think that we are already ready for the main section of our conversation.

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1 kilocalorie (IT) per hour [kcal/h] = 0.001163 kilowatt [kW]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pumping horsepower horsepower (German) int. thermal unit (IT) per hour Brit. thermal unit (IT) per minute Brit. thermal unit (IT) per second Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour ton of refrigeration kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per second kilocalorie (thm) per hour kilocalorie (thm) per minute kilocalorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second calorie (thm) per hour calorie (thm) per minute calorie (thm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton-meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

Thermal efficiency and fuel economy

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of force F on the body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring the power, you can understand how much and how fast the work is done.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts are also used horsepower. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began to improve it. In order to prove that his improvements made the steam engine more productive, he compared its power with the performance of horses, since horses were used by people for a long time. years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse can do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally, observing the work of draft horses at the mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity, as increasing power increases the amount of work done per unit of time. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Even though watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and it's clearer to many buyers when a car's engine power is listed in those units.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a power rating. Some lamps limit the power of the bulbs that can be used in them, for example, no more than 60 watts. This is because higher wattage bulbs generate a lot of heat and the bulb holder can be damaged. And the lamp itself at a high temperature in the lamp will not last long. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps generally operate at lower wattage at the same brightness and if used in luminaires designed for incandescent lamps there are no wattage problems.

The greater the power of the electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the appliance. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamps. The greater the luminous flux of the lamp, the brighter its light looks. For people, it is high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, therefore, in recent times alternatives to incandescent lamps are becoming increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 40 watts
• compact Fluorescent Lamp: 9-13 watts
• LED lamp: 4-9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent lamp: 60 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 13-15 watts
• LED lamp: 10-15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent lamp: 100 watts
• Compact fluorescent lamp: 23-30 watts
• LED lamp: 16-20 watts

From these examples, it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least electricity and are more economical than incandescent lamps. At the time of this writing (2013) the price LED lamps many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are about to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may differ depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same when the appliance is in operation. Below are the approximate capacities of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
• Washing machines and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
• Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
• Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

It is possible to evaluate work using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball has traveled, and the time that force has been applied. There are sites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters the height, weight, duration of the exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person with a height of 170 centimeters and a weight of 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the amount of power a muscle is working during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from engineering to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. To measure the power of cars, several main types of dynamometers are used. In order to determine the power of the engine using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the wheel of the car. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures the power of the engine under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for this purpose is isokinetic. Usually this is a sports simulator with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure the strength and power of the whole body or individual muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to give signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. Physical activity during some exercises, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many factors. environment such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise scheme, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

What is Gcal? Gcal - gigacalorie, that is, a measuring unit in which it is calculated thermal energy. You can calculate Gcal on your own, but having previously studied some information about thermal energy. Consider in the article general information about the calculations, as well as the formula for calculating Gcal.

What is Gcal?

A calorie is a certain amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water to 1 degree. This condition is met under atmospheric pressure conditions. For calculations of thermal energy, a large value is used - Gcal. A gigacalorie corresponds to 1 billion calories. This value has been used since 1995 in accordance with the document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy.

In Russia, the average value of consumption per 1 sq.m. is 0.9342 Gcal per month. In each region, this value may vary up or down depending on weather conditions.

What is a gigacalorie if it is converted into ordinary values?

1. 1 Gigacalorie equals 1162.2 kilowatt-hours.
2. In order to heat 1 thousand tons of water to a temperature of +1 degree, 1 gigacalorie is required.

Gcal in apartment buildings

In apartment buildings, gigacalories are used in thermal calculations. If you know the exact amount of heat that remains in the house, then you can calculate the bill for paying for heating. For example, if a house-wide or individual heat appliance is not installed in the house, then for centralized heating You will have to pay based on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room. In the event that a heat meter is installed, then wiring is implied horizontal type either serial or collector. In this embodiment, two risers are made in the apartment for the supply and return pipes, and the system inside the apartment is determined by the residents. Such schemes are used in new houses. That is why residents can independently regulate the consumption of thermal energy, making a choice between comfort and economy.

Adjustment is made in the following way:

1. Due to the throttling of heating batteries, the patency of the heating device is limited, therefore, the temperature in it decreases, and the consumption of thermal energy decreases.
2. Installation of a common thermostat on the return pipe. In this case, the cost working fluid is determined by the temperature in the apartment and if it increases, then the flow decreases, and if it decreases, then the flow increases.

Gcal in private houses

If we talk about Gcal in a private house, then residents are primarily interested in the cost of heat energy for each type of fuel. Therefore, consider some prices for 1 Gcal for various types of fuel:

• - 3300 rubles;
• Liquefied gas - 520 rubles;
• Coal - 550 rubles;
• Pellets - 1800 rubles;
• Diesel fuel - 3270 rubles;
• Electricity - 4300 rubles.

The price may vary depending on the region, and it is also worth considering that the cost of fuel increases periodically.

General information about Gcal calculations

To calculate Gcal, it is necessary to make special calculations, the procedure for which is established by special regulations. The calculation is carried out by utilities, which can explain to you the procedure for calculating Gcal, as well as decipher any incomprehensible points.

If you have an individual device installed, you will be able to avoid any problems and overpayments. It is enough for you to monthly take readings from the counter and multiply the resulting number by the tariff. The amount received must be paid for the use of heating.

Heat meters

1. The temperature of the liquid at the inlet and outlet of a certain section of the pipeline.
2. The flow rate of fluid that moves through heating devices.

Consumption can be determined using heat meters. Heat meters can be of two types:

1. Wing counters. Such devices are used to account for thermal energy, as well as the consumption of hot water. The difference between such meters and metering devices cold water- the material from which the impeller is made. In such devices, it is most resistant to exposure high temperatures. The principle of operation is similar for two devices:

• The rotation of the impeller is transmitted to the accounting device;
• The impeller begins to rotate due to the movement of the working fluid;
• The transfer is made without direct interaction, but with the help of a permanent magnet.

Such devices have simple design, but their threshold is low. And also they have reliable protection from misrepresentations. With the help of an anti-magnetic screen, the impeller is prevented from braking by an external magnetic field.

1. Devices with a recorder of differences. Such meters operate according to Bernoulli's law, which states that the speed of a liquid or gas flow is inversely proportional to its static movement. If the pressure is recorded by two sensors, it is easy to determine the flow in real time. The counter implies electronics in the design device. Almost all models provide information on the flow and temperature of the working fluid, as well as determine the consumption of thermal energy. You can set the operation manually using a PC. You can connect the device to a PC through the port.

Many residents are wondering how to calculate the amount of Gcal for heating in open system heating, in which selection for hot water is possible. Pressure sensors are installed on the return pipe and the supply pipe at the same time. The difference that will be in the flow rate of the working fluid will show the amount warm water, which was spent for household needs.

Formula for calculating Gcal for heating

If you do not have an individual device, then you must use the following formula for calculating heat for heating: Q \u003d V * (T1 - T2) / 1000, where:

1. Q is the total amount of heat energy.
2. V is the volume of hot water consumption. It is measured in tons or cubic meters.
3. T1 is the hot water temperature and is measured in degrees Celsius. In such a calculation, it is better to take into account such a temperature that will be characteristic of a particular working pressure. This indicator is called enthalpy. If there is no necessary sensor, then take the temperature that will be similar to the enthalpy. Usually average this temperature is in the range of 60-65 degrees Celsius.
4. T2 is the cold water temperature and is measured in degrees Celsius. It is known to get to the pipeline with cold water is not simple, therefore such values ​​are determined constant values. They, in turn, depend on the climatic conditions outside the house. For example, in the cold season, this value can be 5 degrees, and in the warm season, when there is no heating, it can reach 15 degrees.
5. 1000 is the ratio by which you can get the answer in gigacalories. This value will be more accurate than in regular calories.

Closed heating system Gigacalories are calculated in a different way. In order to calculate Gcal in closed system heating, you must use the following formula: Q \u003d ((V1 * (T1 - T)) - (V2 * (T2 - T))) / 1000, where:

1. Q - the former volume of thermal energy;
2. V1 is the flow rate parameter of the heat carrier in the supply pipe. The heat source can be steam or ordinary water.
3. V2 - volume of water flow in the outlet pipe;
4. T1 - temperature in the heat carrier supply pipe;
5. T2 - temperature at the outlet of the pipe;
6. T - cold water temperature.

The calculation of thermal energy for heating according to this formula depends on two parameters: the first shows the heat that enters the system, and the second is the heat parameter when the heat carrier is removed through the return pipe.

Other methods of calculating Gcal for heating

1. Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T2 - T)) / 1000.
2. Q = ((V2 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T1 - T)) / 1000.

All values ​​in these formulas are the same as in the previous formula. Based on the above calculations, we can conclude that you can calculate Gcal for heating yourself. But you should seek advice from special companies that are responsible for supplying heat to the house, since their work and calculation system may differ from these formulas and consist of a different set of measures.

If you decide to make the "Warm floor" system in your private house, then the principle of calculating heating will be completely different. The calculation will be much more complicated, since not only the features of the heating circuit should be taken into account, but also the values ​​​​of the electrical network from which the floor is heated. The companies that are responsible for overseeing underfloor heating installation work will be different.

Many residents have difficulty converting kilocalories to kilowatts. This is due to the many benefits of measuring units in the international system, which is called "Ci". When converting kilocalories to kilowatts, a factor of 850 should be used. That is, 1 kW equals 850 kcal. Such a calculation is much simpler than others, since it is not difficult to find out the required amount of gigacalories. 1 gigacalorie = 1 million calories.

During the calculation, it should be remembered that any modern appliances have a small error. For the most part, they are acceptable. But you need to calculate the error yourself. For example, this can be done using the following formula: R = (V1 - V2) / (V1 + V2) * 100, where:

1. R is the error of a common house heating device.
2. V1 and V2 are the previously indicated parameters of the water flow in the system.
3. 100 is a coefficient that is responsible for converting the resulting value into a percentage.
   In accordance with operational standards, the maximum error that can be - 2%. In general, this figure does not exceed 1%.

Results of calculations of Gcal for heating

If you correctly calculated the consumption of Gcal of thermal energy, then you can not worry about overpayments for public utilities. If you use the above formulas, then we can conclude that when heating a residential building with an area of ​​​​up to 200 sq.m. you will need to spend about 3 Gcal for 1 month. Considering that heating season in many regions of the country lasts about 6 months, then you can calculate the approximate consumption of thermal energy. To do this, we multiply 3 Gcal by 6 months and get 18 Gcal.

Based on the information indicated above, we can conclude that all calculations on the consumption of thermal energy in a particular house can be done independently without the help of special organizations. But it is worth remembering that all data must be calculated exactly according to special mathematical formulas. In addition, all procedures must be coordinated with special bodies that control such actions. If you are not sure that you can do the calculation yourself, you can use the services of professional specialists who are engaged in such work and have materials available that describe in detail the entire process and photos of samples of the heating system, as well as their connection diagrams.

Most of all, in the frosty winter months, all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by residents of apartment buildings, who themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.

What is a calorie

Supporters healthy eating or those who are closely monitoring their weight, are familiar with such a thing as a calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise the person will begin to recover.

Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used for space heating.

As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "cal", or in English cal.

In the metric system, the equivalent of a calorie is the joule. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.

The value of calories for human life

In addition to developing various diets for weight loss, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such concepts as “calorie content” are common - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.

In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the number of cubic meters of gas consumed (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be used for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.

Gigacalorie - what is it and how many calories are in it?

As is clear from the definition, the size of 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used to calculate large quantities, especially in the energy sector. Instead, such a concept as gigacalorie is used. This is a value equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written as an abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.

In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 cal. Thus, we can consider that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.

It is worth bearing in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is written simply as "cal". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal is 1,000,000 cal, although in reality we are talking about 1,000,000 Kcal.

Hecacalorie and Gigacalorie

In the energy sector, in most cases, Gcal is used as a unit of measurement, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).

In this regard, the abbreviation "Gcal" is deciphered by some people as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.

Gigacalorie and gigacalorie/hour: what is the difference

In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, receipts sometimes contain such an abbreviation as “Gcal / hour”. What does it mean and how is it different from the usual gigacalories?

This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.

While simply a gigacalorie is a measurement of heat consumed over an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frame will be indicated in this category.

The reduction Gcal / m 3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter substances.

Gigacalorie formula

Having considered the definition of the value under study, it is worth finally finding out how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat the room during the heating season.

For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are a lot of online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the number of gigacalories consumed.

However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formulas for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:

Thermal energy (Gcal / h) \u003d (M 1 x (T 1 -T xv)) - (M 2 x (T 2 -T xv)) / 1000, where:

• M 1 is the mass of the heat transfer substance that is supplied through the pipeline. Measured in tons.
• M 2 is the mass of the heat-transfer substance returning through the pipeline.
• T 1 - the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipe, measured in Celsius.
• T 2 - the temperature of the coolant in the return.
• T xv is the temperature of the cold source (water). Usually equal to five because it is minimum temperature water in the pipeline.

Why housing and communal services overestimate the amount of energy spent when paying for heating

When making your own calculations, you should pay attention to the fact that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the norms for the consumption of thermal energy. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is erroneous. Indeed, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes maintenance, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that during the transport of hot liquid through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat losses occur.

In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the heating pipes must be at least +55 °C. And if we take into account that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 °C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, in order to compensate for heat losses, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.

Convert Gcal to kWh

Thermal energy can be measured in various units, however, in the official documentation from the housing and communal services, it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.

The easiest way to do this is when the ratios of these quantities are known. For example, consider watts (W), which measures the energy output of most boilers or heaters.

Before considering the conversion to this Gcal value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, kW (1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts) is more commonly used.

In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but it is used to calculate the amount of electricity consumed / produced. In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.

How to do it? In order not to suffer with formulas, it is worth remembering the “magic” number 1163. That is how many kilowatts of energy you need to spend per hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.

For example, let's convert to kWh 0.05 Gcal required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 °C. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 \u003d 58.15 kW / h. These calculations will be of particular help to those who are thinking about changing gas heating to more environmentally friendly and economical electric.

If we are talking about huge volumes, you can convert not to kilowatts, but to megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result obtained in kilowatts by a thousand.

Translation to Gcal

Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal are contained in one kWh.

When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.

The correctness of this can be checked if we take the data from the previous example.

So, it was calculated in it that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite a slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.

As in the previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts into gigacalories.

How is it done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the “magic” number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, it turns out 0.86. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to carry out the transfer.

By the way, a slight inconsistency in the answers is due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, for more accurate calculations, it is worth using it. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.