What to do with an electric current. Electric shock: causes, signs and consequences

Saving the life of a person who is under voltage, in most cases, depends on how quickly the victim will be released from live parts, and how quickly and skillfully assistance will be provided to him.

Main ways to stop the effects of electric current on the victim are (Fig. 1):

• site shutdown electrical circuit or equipment (knife switch or other switching device);
• pulling the victim by the clothes; removing the wire from the body;
• breakage or cutting of wires (dry board, stick, bar, ax, shovel with a wooden handle, etc. on both sides of the victim).

If it is impossible to stop the effect of the current on the victim by these methods, the protective devices (fuses, circuit breakers) should be triggered by an intentional short circuit on the line, throwing any uninsulated places on it. metal objects or by grounding the phases of the electrical installation, while protecting yourself from touching wires or other metal objects.

If it is impossible to quickly turn off the electrical installation, measures should be taken to free (separate) the victim from the live parts that he touches. To do this, you need to put on rubber gloves on your hands (wrap your hands with a dry rag if they are not available), isolate yourself from the ground with a rubber mat (dry board, several layers of tarpaulin), take the victim by the clothes and release them from current-carrying parts.

Rice. 1. Methods of release from the action of electric current: a - pulling by the clothes; b - removing the wire from the body; a - cutting wires

If the victim is strongly squeezing the wires or tires with his hands, unclench the victim's hands, bending each finger individually. When separating the victim from an electrical installation with a voltage above 1 kV, be sure to use dielectric gloves, boots, rods, flares.

If the victim has become energized while working at height (he may fall if the current is turned off), measures should be taken to prevent him from falling or to make the fall safe.

The victim should be released carefully so that, firstly, not to inflict additional injuries on him, and, secondly, not to get under stress himself. In any case, when you first touch the victim, you must protect yourself from possible electric shock (using regular or improvised protective equipment), since the actual source of damage may not always be detected, or there may be several of them and not all of them will be disabled.

If the defeat occurred as a result of a wire falling on a person, it is possible to free him from the current by discarding the wire with an operational bar or dry stick, board. It should be remembered that in electrical installations with voltages above 1 kV, it is imperative to use dielectric gloves and boots.

On the human body depends on the strength of the current passing through it. A current of 0.05 A passing through the human body is dangerous for his life. Touching current-carrying parts can cause burns to the body at the point of contact and even paralysis of the respiratory organs and heart.

The degree of damage depends on the electrical resistance of the human body, which in normal condition equals several tens of thousands of ohms. Depending on the moisture content of the skin, the temperature of the skin, the size of the surface of contact with current-carrying parts, the electrical resistance of the human body varies from 500 ohms to 0.5 megohms. Therefore, a voltage of even 40 V is considered life-threatening.

If the time of exposure to an electric current on a person is less than 0.1 s, then the body can withstand a current of several amperes. Longer exposure to current can lead to death. For alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz), a safe value is a current of 0.01 A. A current of 0.015 A causes pain in a person. A current of 0.05 A is already considered life-threatening, and a current of 0.1 A leads to death. Direct electric current is safe up to 0.05 A. Current, the frequency of which is higher than 150-200 kHz, is less dangerous for the body than industrial frequency current.

First aid after the release of the victim from the action of the current

First aid measures after the release of the victim from the action of the current depend on his condition. If the victim breathes and is conscious, then he should be laid in a comfortable position, unfasten his clothes and cover, ensuring complete rest until the doctor arrives. At the same time, even if a person feels satisfactory, he should not be allowed to get up, since after an electric shock, the possibility of a subsequent deterioration in the person's condition is not ruled out.

When a person is unconscious, but his breathing and pulse are stable, you should let him smell the ammonia, rub it with cologne, sprinkle his face with water and ensure peace until the doctor arrives. Local injuries should be treated and covered with a bandage, as with burns.

If the victim breathes poorly or does not breathe at all, then artificial respiration (12-15 breaths per minute) and indirect heart massage (4-5 pressures in the sternum with a force of 50 kg for an adult) should immediately begin. They should be carried out until spontaneous breathing and pulse appear. After the victim regains consciousness, he must be given plenty of water (water, tea, compote); should not be given alcoholic drinks and coffee. The patient should be warmly covered.

To revive the victim from the current, burying him in the ground, is strictly prohibited.

The main source of energy in modern world is an electric current. The main voltage in the electrical network of residential premises is 220 V. This is a sufficiently high voltage at which, when the circuit is closed with the human body, a sufficiently strong current can pass through it. Significant electrification has led to a fairly frequent defeat of the human body by electricity.

On average, there is one fatality in 100,000 cases of electric shock, which is associated with very high voltage and current strength, as well as incorrect or untimely provision emergency care to the victim.

Features of electrical injury

Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor (metals are the best conductor for electric current). The human body is 80% water with compounds dissolved in it, therefore it is a fairly good conductor. There are several factors and features that affect the severity of electrical injury (up to death), these include:

• At a higher voltage, a more significant current flows through the human body, which leads to a pronounced damage to cells and tissues along its route.
• Lower skin resistance in the area where the electrical wire touches (wet skin or clothing) results in more severe electrical injury.
• Very dangerous is the path of propagation of electric current through the heart (touching both hands to the wires) or the brain (touching the wire to the head and other parts of the body).
• The general condition of the human body at the time of injury.
• The duration of exposure to electric current - the longer, the more pronounced will be the damage to the cells and tissues of the body.

Significant impact on the severity of electrical injury has a general condition of the body. So in the presence of alcohol intoxication at the time of the defeat, the risk of death after an electric shock significantly increases.

The mechanism of development of electrical injury

There are several damaging effects of electric current on the human body:

• A significant violation of the frequency and rhythm of heart contractions up to the development of its fibrillation (chaotic contraction of myocardial muscle fibers without effective blood flow) and cardiac arrest (asystole).
• Violation of the functional activity of the structures of the central nervous system - damage to the vasomotor and respiratory center with collapse of blood vessels and respiratory arrest, in which a lethal outcome is possible. Impact on the structures of the central and peripheral systems is always accompanied by involuntary contractions of the striated skeletal muscles.
• A skin burn in the area of ​​contact with an electric current source can have a different area and depth of tissue damage, depending on the voltage and current strength. Also in case of injury electric arc(arc formation occurs between a very high voltage source and the human body due to air ionization) a severe burn can develop.

These lesions are of varying intensity. When exposed to low voltage, they are insignificant and pass without a trace.

Symptoms

Manifestations after exposure to electric current depend on its strength and voltage. In severe lesions, at the time of exposure to electricity, an involuntary contraction of the muscles of the body occurs, which leads to the development of characteristic convulsions. Then a violation of consciousness (confusion, its absence), breathing (up to a complete stop) can develop. A pronounced decrease in the level of systemic arterial pressure is also determined, the pulse on the main arteries (in particular, it is determined on the radial artery by pressing it against the bone in the wrist area) may not be determined. In the area where the skin touches the source of electric current, a burn usually develops in the form of a characteristic red spot (hyperemia), followed by the formation of blisters (bulls) filled with liquid. At high voltage, the burn can be significant with charring of the skin.

There are cases of electric shock with a voltage of the order of several tens of thousands of volts, in which the severity of the burn was so great that almost the entire surface of the skin was charred. In such cases, even the timely and correct provision of medical emergency care does not guarantee a favorable prognosis.

Urgent care

The algorithm for providing emergency first aid includes a number of activities:

The very first action should be to de-energize the electrical circuit, then after assessing the general condition
victim and rendering (if necessary) resuscitation measures, it is imperative to call an ambulance.

In some cases, there is a period of “imaginary well-being” with an improvement in the condition of the victim, however, over a short period of time, late life-threatening complications in the form of pulmonary and cerebral edema may develop, so the person should be under medical supervision.

Through the correct implementation of measures in relation to the provision of emergency care, the likelihood of a fatal outcome can be minimized.

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If a person received an electric shock, then he should be given emergency first aid in case of electric shock according to a special algorithm. Appliances, which people use at home, may be faulty and lead to trouble. When first aid for electric shock is performed correctly, it is possible to resuscitate the patient before the arrival of doctors.

What is electric shock

The impact of current on a person leads to pathological disorders in the body and death. Household electrical injuries and lightning strikes have different sources occurrence and require right approach to treatment. They often get damaged due to non-compliance with safety rules, in case of violation of the wiring insulation. Electrical injury due to natural atmospheric phenomena is rare.

In specialized premises at the enterprise, there must be an instruction on electrical safety with the order of first nursing care in case of electric shock to an employee with pictures and diagrams.

signs

If the victim lost consciousness without witnesses, then the cause of the condition can be determined by the main signs of electric shock:

1. Nearby are bare electrical wires.
2. There are wounds from the inlet.
3. Pulse and breathing are intermittent.
4. The skin, lips have a bluish tint.

The negative effect of electricity is manifested in the disruption of the functioning of internal organs. Due to the electric shock, tissue heating and contraction of all muscle groups occur. The electric arc leaves marks at the entrance and exit, hitting the deep layers of the skin. The input is the place of contact with the cable. The consequences are:

• dizziness;
• spasm of the vocal cords;
• myocardial infarction;
• convulsions;
• heart failure;
• loss of consciousness.

Actions in case of electric shock

For a person, voltage up to 50 V is safe, and at high humidity even 12 V poses a threat to life indoors, so at home you need to provide first aid in time. Actions in case of electric shock to a person:

1. Pull out the damaged device from the network, bite the wire with pliers, chop it with an ax without touching it. You can use dry rubber gloves, a cloth, a wooden object.
2. If it is not possible to de-energize the source of damage, you need to pull a person several meters beyond the edge of the clothing. You can not touch his skin with bare hands.
3. Assess the emotional and physical state of the patient. Electric shock causes severe shock, accompanied by hallucinations.

First aid for electric shock

The brain and heart suffer the most, there is a rhythm disturbance that leads to a cessation of breathing, so it is important to start providing assistance in case of electric shock in the first minutes after the incident. The actions of a person who is close to the affected current, depending on the degree of the patient's condition and the complexity of his injuries, are carried out in the following sequence:

1. If consciousness is present, it must be placed on hard surface, ensure peace, lubricate the skin around the burns with iodine 5% or potassium permanganate, apply a clean, dry bandage over the burns. It is necessary to give an analgesic drug Analgin or Aspirin, a few (25-30) drops of valerian diluted in water.
2. If a person is fainting, but the pulse is felt in the region of the carotid artery, then first aid for electrical injury is performed before the doctors arrive. It is necessary to release from squeezing clothing, bring to consciousness ammonia, warm up.
3. During loss of consciousness and clinical death, it is necessary to resuscitate by performing chest compressions and artificial respiration mouth to mouth or mouth to nose if the muscles of the mouth are spasmodic.

Here is a brief description of the first measures in case of electric shock. Indirect massage of the heart muscle is carried out alternately with the inhalation of air. The head is thrown back, the mouth is freed from foreign objects. An individual nozzle is placed on the lips for the procedure, the nose is clamped and 5 strong breaths are taken. Then 10 pushes are carried out with straight hands laid on top of each other in the area of ​​the solar plexus.

First aid for electric shock

After the arrival of specialists, an additional assessment of the patient's condition is carried out on this moment and quality of pre-medical manipulation. If the first honey. help with electric shock did not work - actions continue using special means. Instead of artificial respiration, a portable ventilator is connected through which oxygen is supplied.

Resuscitation in case of electric shock

When resuscitation in case of electric shock has no results after 4-5 minutes, an intracardiac, intravenous or intramuscular injection of adrenaline 0.1%, a solution of strofanthin 0.05% mixed with 20 ml of glucose 40% will help enhance the effect. If consciousness is restored, then the person is laid on his side and the nurse gives him anti-shock, painkillers, which ensure the normal functioning of the heart. In this state, when first aid is provided in case of electric shock, he is ready for transportation to the hospital.

Video: first aid for electric shock

IN THE EVENT OF ELECTRIC SHOCK.

Electrical injury - the impact on the human body of an electric current that causes a general and local change in the body.

Causes:* electricity;

* struck by lightning.

The development of science and technology from the first steps of mankind and today helps him to master the forces of nature, contributes to an increase in the standard of living. However, with the development of human technical means and scientific achievements their use increases the danger to human life and health.

The danger of electric shock occupies a special place, since a person does not have any sense organs with which he could determine at a distance the presence of current in industrial and domestic conditions.

Electric shock occurs:

1. Due to the insufficient and sometimes unsatisfactory quality of product designs, wiring and networks, untimely testing, repair and replacement of those that have become unusable.
2. Failure to comply with the Electrical Installation Rules during design and installation, to the detriment of electrical safety.
3. Careless handling of electrical receivers, sometimes due to ignorance, and more often due to violation of the Safety Rules, hasty, ill-considered actions.
4. Accessibility of electrical devices to unauthorized persons.

The human body is capable of conducting electricity. The electrical resistance of the human body when a current passes through it consists of:

• internal resistance, which can also have small values ​​- about 1000 ohms (and lower);
• resistance at the current input and output, i.e. two skin resistances;

The main resistance is created by the upper stratum corneum of the skin. When not damaged, i.e. without scratches and cracks, dry skin, the human body, thanks to the upper stratum corneum of the skin, has a resistance of several thousand and even tens of thousands of ohms, but even with a relatively small voltage of electric current, the upper stratum corneum of the skin can be pierced and its protective property disappears. Wet and sweaty skin, the presence of scratches and other damage to the stratum corneum significantly reduces protective properties skin. In this case, only the internal resistance of the human body remains.

The resistance to the passage of current through the human body also depends on the size of the touch surface and its nature (full coverage or an occasional short-term touch).

The resistance of the human body is not a constant value and depends on the age, gender, state of health, the nature of the work performed, on the duration of the current on the human body.

The amount of current passing through the human body depends not only on the resistance of the body, but also on the resistance of the entire electrical circuit into which the person enters.

Electric current passing through the human body has on it:

• thermal;
• biological;
• electrochemical effect.

Thermal impact is manifested not only in the feeling of heating of the affected organs, but also in thermal burns, usually 3-4 degrees.

The biological effect is observed in contraction, paralysis of muscles and in a change in the mental state of a person.

The electrochemical effect is manifested in the fact that under the influence of an electric current, the neutral molecules that make up the human body break up into active particles, in the form of cathodes and anodes, that is, positively and negatively charged particles.

The action of electric current can be local and general.

Local (local) include:

* electrometallization of the skin as a result of the introduction of particles of molten metal and conductors;

* electrical spots or signs of current in the form of seals on the surface of the skin of a reddish or yellowish hue at the points of contact of the body with an electrical conductor under voltage;

* exposure to ultraviolet radiation during short circuits on the organs of vision;

1. Damage due to contact with parts of electrical installations or housings of electrical receivers that are energized as a result of damage to electrical insulation;
2. Lesions caused by the so-called "step voltage defeat", i.e. the potential difference that occurs on the surface of the earth, near the places of damage to electrical insulation or places of short circuit of current-carrying parts to the ground;
3. Injuries caused by energization during repair work on disconnected electrical equipment due to erroneous inclusion of it in the electrical network.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that a feature of electrical injury is that electric shocks are more often fatal than other accidents, as well as the fact that the case, which ended relatively well, can affect the health of the victim in the future and lead him to disability. Therefore, any electric shock is considered life-threatening, and the victim in case of any electrical injury must be taken to a medical facility.

In a number of cases of electric shock, the so-called "imaginary death" can occur - a state when there is no breathing and no signs of heart function, but when, for some time after the defeat, the activity of the lungs and heart can be restored by accepting revival. The most important thing in such cases is the immediate application of revitalization methods. A delay of several minutes can lead to the death of the victim. The failure of resuscitation in many cases was the result of belated or incorrect application of the resuscitation method, as well as its premature termination.

Based on the adopted regulations and norms, there are three production zones of separation according to the danger of electric shock to personnel, as well as collective measures for the protection of personnel.

Industrial premises and zones:

1. Premises or areas without increased danger (where normal humidity, air temperature is not lower than 30 ° C, non-conductive floors, no conductive line and there is no possibility of simultaneous contact with electrical installations and grounded metal structures);
2. Premises with increased danger (where there is one of the factors: air temperature long time more than 30 ° C, humidity more than 75%, the presence of current conductors, the possibility of simultaneous contact with the housings of electrical installations and grounded metal structures);
3. Especially dangerous premises and zones (the presence of a chemically active environment that destroys the insulation of current-carrying parts, especially damp premises, where the humidity is equal to or more than 100%, the presence of two or more factors at the same time that characterize premises with increased danger).

Depending on the class of electrical installations for voltage (up to 1000 V and over 1000 V and on the class of the room for the danger of electric shock to personnel, certain means of protecting personnel from electric current are selected:

* inaccessibility of open current-carrying parts, overhead power lines sagging above ground level less than 6 meters, if it became necessary to place open current-carrying parts in the room, then at a distance of at least 4.5 m from the floor level;

* mechanical protections and blockings;

* Lowering the voltage to 42V during work, use electric lamps up to 12V to illuminate the workplace;

* Insulation of current-carrying parts with a resistance of at least 0.5 mΩ, and its reliability should be checked 2 times a year;

* short circuit of non-current-carrying parts of electrical installations to the ground.

Thus, subject to all conditions and taking into account various factors of importance, electric shocks can occur only under a combination of particularly unfavorable conditions and circumstances, the probability of which is small, and careful handling electrical devices always required.

The severity of the lesion depends on the voltage and current strength, the duration of contact, the amount of current resistance, which decreases if the skin is wet or the person is standing on damp ground. The severity of the lesion can vary from local without pronounced general phenomena to extensive deep burns with tissue charring or instant death from cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Urgent care:

1. Stop the electric current: unplug the faulty electrical appliance from the mains, break the wire, unscrew the plugs using dry sticks and other electrically insulating objects to protect yourself from injury. Use rubber, dry wool or cotton gloves for personal protection.
2. In the absence of signs of life, perform resuscitation measures: chest compressions and mechanical ventilation.
3. In the absence of consciousness, bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the nose, inject 2 ml of a 2% cordiamine solution or 1 ml of a 20% caffeine solution subcutaneously.
4. In the absence of signs of gross disorders of consciousness and breathing, provide physical and mental rest: preparations of valerian, motherwort, warm tea, warm the victim.
5. Apply an antiseptic dressing to the burn area.
6. Transport the casualty to the hospital on a stretcher with the head turned to the side to prevent vomiting.
7. Take the victim to the intensive care unit.

We are surrounded everywhere electrical devices, and therefore, unfortunately, situations when you can get an electrical injury are not uncommon. The consequences of electric shock can be very dangerous for the health and even life of the victim, so it is very important to know how first aid is provided in case of electric shock.

Among all other injuries, injuries resulting from electric shock are among the most dangerous. The degree of danger of such injuries depends on defeat forces, which in turn depends on the power of the electric charge, on the time the charge affects the victim, on the nature of the electric current, as well as on the state of the victim himself and the places of his contact with the source of electric current.

For the human body minimally sensitive is the impact of an electric current with a force of 1-1.5 mA in the case of alternating current (frequency 50 Hz) or 5-7 mA - if the current is direct. The minimum current strength, under the influence of which a person can no longer independently remove limbs from the current source, is 10-15 mA for alternating current and 50-80 mA for direct current. Conditionally fatal to humans is the threshold of 300 mA for direct current and 100 mA for alternating current - when an electric current of such a force is applied to the body for more than 0.5 s, fibrillation of the heart muscles occurs in almost 100% of cases.

Electric shock can lead to burns of I-IV degrees of severity, malfunctions of the heart muscle, and malfunctions of the nervous system. If you do not provide first aid to the victim of electric shock in time, then the outcome can even be fatal. What are the rules for providing first aid for electrical injuries?

First aid rules for electric shock

First aid for electric shock is always provided only after the impact of the damaging factor on the victim has been eliminated. This means that before providing assistance, it is necessary to turn off the source of electric current or stop the contact of the victim with the current-carrying parts of the electrical appliance.

At the same time, it is important that the rescuer himself does not end up in the place of the victim, so he must secure yourself against electric shock, for example, with rubber gloves and rubber-soled shoes. In no case should you touch the victim with your bare hands if he is still in contact with a source of electric current.

After you managed to drag the victim away from the current source or turn off the current supply to the electrical appliance, you need to call ambulance . Even if the victim does not have visible injuries, it may turn out that the electric shock gave the so-called delayed complications, so an examination of the victim by specialists is mandatory.

First aid for electric shock depends on the condition of the victim.

You can quickly assess the clinical condition of the victim in 15-20 seconds according to the following signs:

Clear, disturbed or absent consciousness;

Pink, pale or bluish lips;

Normal or dilated pupils;

Normal, disturbed or absent breathing;

Good, bad or absent pulse.

After assessing the condition of the victim, it is necessary to choose the correct algorithm for providing first aid. If there is no breathing and pulse, the pupils are dilated, and the lips and skin have a bluish tint, then this indicates the onset of clinical death, you should immediately start resuscitation: do artificial respiration and chest compressions.

If the victim has breathing and pulse, but they are disturbed, consciousness is absent, then it is necessary to take measures to provide first aid in case of fainting. If the victim has thermal burns of I-IV degrees of severity, then you need to act in accordance with the rules for providing first aid for burns.

When providing first aid in case of electric shock, a high response rate, a clear sequence of actions and a clear mind are important. It is best to call others for help when a victim is found from the current in order to distribute the responsibilities for his rescue among several people: someone should call an ambulance, someone should help move the victim, rid him of tight clothing, someone should start artificial breathing and external cardiac massage, if required.

The health and life of the victim depends on the coherence and speed of the actions of the rescuers, therefore, when providing first aid, you should try not to panic. First aid should be provided until the arrival of the ambulance or until the victim is taken to the nearest medical institution. Doctors must be informed about all the assistance provided to the victim so that they can correctly assess his current condition.

Section: POWER SUPPLY AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY.

Subsection: First aid in case of accidents.

Part: Providing first aid in case of electric shock.

Saving the life of a person struck by an electric current largely depends on the speed and correctness of the actions of the persons assisting him. First aid should begin to be provided immediately, if possible at the scene, while simultaneously calling for medical assistance.

REMEMBER: Never refuse to help a victim who has stopped breathing and heartbeat. Only a doctor has the right to ascertain death.

First aid to the victim of electric current is provided in two stages: the release of the victim from the action of the current and the provision of first medical aid to him.

The release of the victim from the action of the current. If a person affected by current comes into contact with live parts, it is necessary to quickly release him from the action of the current, while taking precautions so that he himself does not come into contact with live parts or the body of the victim, as well as under the voltage of the step.

It is best to turn off the installation, and if this is not possible, it is necessary (in installations up to 1000 V) to cut the wires with an ax with a wooden handle or bite them with a tool with insulated handles. To disable the line, you can call it short circuit by throwing a bare wire. The victim can be pulled away from the current-carrying part by grasping his clothes if it is dry and lags behind the body. At the same time, one should not touch the body of the victim, his shoes, damp clothes, etc. If it is necessary to touch the body of the victim, the aiding person must isolate his hands by wearing dielectric gloves.

In the absence of dielectric gloves, wrap your hands with a scarf, put a hat on your hands, etc. Instead of isolating your hands, you can isolate yourself from the ground by wearing rubber overshoes on your feet, or by standing on a rubber mat, board, etc. If the victim squeezes the wires very strongly with his hands, put on dielectric gloves and unclench his hands, bending each finger individually. If the victim is at a height, turning off the unit may cause him to fall. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to ensure safety in case of a possible fall of the victim.
At voltages above 1000 V, put on dielectric gloves, boots and, acting with an insulating rod, pull the wire or the victim from the wire by 8 meters.

Determining the condition of the victim.

To determine the condition of the victim, it is necessary to lay him on his back and check for consciousness; if unconscious, check for breathing and pulse. The presence of breathing in the victim is determined by eye on the rise and fall of the chest. The pulse is checked at the radial artery, approximately at the base of the thumb. If the pulse is not detected on the radial artery, you should check it on the carotid artery on the neck on the right and left sides of the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage - Adam's apple. The absence of blood circulation in the body can also be judged by the state of the eye pupil, which expands a minute after the heart stops. Checking the condition of the victim should be carried out quickly within no more than 15-20 seconds.

First pre-medical health care the victim is immediately, after his release from the action of the current, here, at the scene.

The sequence of actions for providing first aid at the scene of an accident:

If there is no consciousness and there is no pulse on the carotid artery, proceed to resuscitation;

If there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse on the carotid artery - turn on the stomach and clean the oral cavity;

In case of heavy bleeding - apply a tourniquet (scarlet blood flows out of the wound in a gushing stream, a roller of flowing blood has formed over the wound, a large bloody stain on clothes or a pool of blood near the victim);

In the presence of wounds - apply bandages;

If there are signs of fractures of the bones of the limbs, apply transport tires.

In case of sudden death of a person:

Make sure that there is no pulse on the carotid artery;

Release the chest from clothing and unfasten the waist belt;

Cover the xiphoid process with two fingers;

Strike with a fist on the sternum;

Start performing a resuscitation complex (indirect heart massage - place your palm on your chest so that thumb sent to the lifeguard.

The depth of pushing through the chest is at least 3-4 cm. The frequency of pressing is 50-100 times per minute; artificial respiration - pinch the victim's nose, grab the chin, tilt the victim's head back and exhale as much as possible into his mouth, two "breaths" of artificial respiration are done after 30 pressures on the sternum)

It is necessary to carry out resuscitation of the victim either before the appearance of spontaneous breathing and independent cardiac activity, or until the arrival medical workers or until signs of biological death appear.

Signs indicating the biological death of the victim:

Drying of the cornea of ​​the eye;

Deformation of the pupil with careful compression of the eyeball with fingers;

The appearance of dead spots.

Signs indicating sudden (clinical) death of the victim:

Lack of consciousness;

To the victim in a state of coma (no consciousness, but there is a pulse):

Bring the hand closest to you to the victim behind his head;

Turn the victim with his chest to his knees;

Clean the oral cavity with your fingers and press on the root of the tongue;

Lay on the stomach and apply cold to the head.

In case of bleeding, the artery must be pressed:

On the extremities - above the place of bleeding;

On the neck and head - below the wound or in the wound.

The tourniquet with dangerous bleeding changes after an hour after application and then every 30 minutes. The tourniquet applied to the thigh is removed only by order of the medical worker.

The procedure for providing first aid to the victim with bleeding from the forearm:

Press the brachial artery against the humerus above the wound;

Seat the victim and put his wounded hand on his shoulder;

Apply a tourniquet on the raised arm and make sure that there is no pulse on the radial artery (if the limb turns blue, quickly remove the tourniquet and apply it again);

Apply a sterile dressing to the wound (do not wash the wound with water and pour alcohol or any other solutions into the wound);

Attach a note about the time of application of the tourniquet and once again check the pulse. Secure the hand with a scarf.

The procedure for providing first aid to a victim with a chest injury:

To seat the victim and to press a palm to a wound, to close air access to it;

Apply a plaster or adhesive tape;

In case of loss of consciousness, give him a "half-sitting" position and monitor the state of the pulse and breathing.

The procedure for providing first aid to a victim with a wound to the abdomen:

Raise your knees and unfasten your waist belt;

Cover the contents of the wound with a clean cloth. Ensure peace in the position "lying on your back";

Attach a napkin that completely covers the edges of the wound with adhesive tape;

Put cold on the stomach.

Protection against harmful substances at work.

Harmful chemicals

The rapid development of the chemical industry and the chemicalization of everything National economy led to a significant expansion of the production and use in industry of various chemicals; the range of these substances has also expanded significantly: many new chemical compounds have been obtained, such as monomers and polymers, dyes and solvents, fertilizers and pesticides, combustible substances, etc. Many of these substances are not indifferent to the body and, getting into the air. workplaces, directly on workers or inside their bodies, they may adversely affect the health or normal functioning of the body.

Such chemicals are called harmful. The latter, depending on the nature of their action, are divided into irritating substances, toxic (or poisons), sensitizing (or allergens), carcinogenic and others. Many of them have several harmful properties at the same time, and above all, to some extent toxic, therefore the concept of " harmful substances" is often identified with "toxic substances", "poisons" regardless of the presence of other properties in them.

Poisoning and diseases resulting from exposure to harmful substances in the process of performing work at work are called occupational poisoning and diseases.

Causes and sources of release of harmful substances

Harmful substances in industry can be part of the raw materials, final, by-products or intermediate products of a particular production. They can be of three types: solid, liquid and gaseous. Formation of dust of these substances, vapors and gases is possible.

Toxic dusts are formed due to the same reasons as ordinary dusts described in the previous section (grinding, combustion, evaporation followed by condensation), and are released into the air through open openings, leaks in dusty equipment or when they are poured in an open way.

Liquid harmful substances most often seep through leaks in equipment, communications, splash when they are openly drained from one container to another. At the same time, they can get directly on the skin of workers and have a corresponding adverse effect, and in addition, pollute the surrounding outer surfaces of equipment and fences, which become open sources of their evaporation.

With such pollution, large surfaces evaporation of harmful substances, which leads to rapid saturation of the air with vapors and the formation of high concentrations. The most common causes of leakage of liquids from equipment and communications are corroding gaskets in flange connections, loose taps and valves, insufficiently sealed glands, metal corrosion, etc.

If liquid substances are in open containers, evaporation also occurs from their surface and the resulting vapors are introduced into the air of working premises; the larger the open surface of the liquid, the more it evaporates.

In the case when a liquid partially fills a closed container, the resulting vapors saturate the empty space of this container to the limit, creating very high concentrations in it. If there are leaks in this container, concentrated vapors can enter the workshop atmosphere and pollute it. The vapor output increases if the container is under pressure.

Massive vapor emissions also occur at the time of filling the container with liquid, when the liquid is being poured. displaces accumulated concentrated vapors from the tank, which enter the shop through the open part or leaks (if the closed tank is not equipped with a special air outlet outside the shop). The release of vapors from closed containers with harmful liquids occurs when opening lids or hatches to monitor the progress of the process, mixing or loading additional materials, sampling, etc.

If gaseous harmful substances are used as raw materials or obtained as finished or intermediate products, they, as a rule, are released into the air of working premises only through accidental leaks in communications and equipment (since if they are present in the apparatus, the latter cannot open even for a short time ).

As mentioned in the previous section, gases can settle on the surface of dust particles and be carried away with them over certain distances. In such cases, places of dust release can become at the same time places of gas release.

The source of the release of harmful substances of all three types (aerosol, vapor and gas) are often various heating devices: dryers, heating, roasting and melting furnaces, etc. Harmful substances in them are formed as a result of combustion and thermal decomposition of certain products. Their release into the air occurs through the working openings of these furnaces and dryers, leaks in their masonry (burnouts) and from the heated material removed from them (molten slag or metal, dried products or fired material, etc.).

A frequent cause of massive emissions of harmful substances is the repair or cleaning of equipment and communications containing toxic substances, with their opening, and even more so, dismantling.

Some vaporous and gaseous substances, released into the air and polluting it, are sorbed (absorbed) by individual building materials, such as wood, plaster, brick, etc. Over time, such building materials are saturated with these substances and under certain conditions (temperature changes, etc.) ) themselves become sources of their release into the air - desorption; therefore, sometimes even with the complete elimination of all other sources of harmful emissions, their elevated concentrations in the air can remain for a long time.

Ways of entry and distribution of harmful substances in the body

The main routes of entry of harmful substances into the body are the respiratory tract, the digestive tract and the skin.

Their receipt is of the greatest importance. through the respiratory organs. Toxic dusts, vapors and gases released into the indoor air are inhaled by workers and penetrate into the lungs. Through the branched surface of the bronchioles and alveoli, they are absorbed into the blood. Inhaled poisons have an adverse effect almost throughout the entire period of work in a polluted atmosphere, and sometimes even at the end of work, since their absorption is still ongoing. Poisons that have entered the blood through the respiratory organs are carried throughout the body, as a result of which their toxic effect can affect a wide variety of organs and tissues.

Harmful substances enter the digestive organs by swallowing toxic dusts that have settled on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, or by bringing them there with contaminated hands.

Poisons that enter the digestive tract are absorbed through the mucous membranes into the blood along its entire length. Most absorption occurs in the stomach and intestines. Poisons that enter through the digestive organs are sent by blood to the liver, where some of them are retained and partially neutralized, because the liver is a barrier to substances entering through the digestive tract. Only after passing through this barrier, poisons enter the general bloodstream and are carried by them throughout the body.

Toxic substances that have the ability to dissolve or dissolve in fats and lipoids can penetrate the skin if the latter is contaminated with these substances, and sometimes if they are present in the air (to a lesser extent). Poisons that have penetrated the skin immediately enter the general bloodstream and are carried throughout the body.

Poisons that have entered the body in one way or another can be relatively evenly distributed throughout all organs and tissues, exerting a toxic effect on them. Some of them accumulate mainly in certain tissues and organs: in the liver, bones, etc. Such places of predominant accumulation of toxic substances are called depots in the body.

Many substances are characterized by certain types of tissues and organs where they are deposited. The delay of poisons in the depot can be both short-term and longer - up to several days and weeks. Gradually leaving the depot into the general circulation, they can also have a certain, as a rule, mild toxic effect. Some unusual phenomena (alcohol intake, specific food, illness, injury, etc.) can cause more rapid removal of poisons from the depot, as a result of which their toxic effect is more pronounced.

The excretion of poisons from the body occurs mainly through the kidneys and intestines; the most volatile substances are also excreted through the lungs with exhaled air.

HARMFUL CHEMICALS. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES

Physical and chemical properties of harmful substances

The physical and chemical properties of harmful substances in the form of dust are as follows. the same as ordinary dust.

If solid but soluble harmful substances are used in production in the form of solutions, their physicochemical properties will be similar to those of liquid substances in many respects.

When harmful substances enter the skin and mucous membranes, the greatest hygienic value of the physical and chemical properties is the surface tension of the liquid or solution, the consistency of the substance, the chemical affinity for fats and lipoids covering the skin, as well as the ability to dissolve fats and lipoids.

Substances of liquid consistency and liquids with low surface tension, when in contact with the skin or mucous membranes, wet them well and contaminate a larger area, and, conversely, liquids with high surface tension, thick consistency (oily) and solids Once on the skin, they often remain on it in the form of droplets (if they are not rubbed) or dust particles (solids), contacting the skin in a limited area. Thus, substances with a low surface tension and a liquid consistency are more dangerous than solid or thick substances with a high surface tension.

Substances that are similar in their chemical composition to fats and lipoids, when they get on the skin, dissolve relatively quickly in fats and lipoids of the skin and together with them pass through the skin into the body (through its pores, ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands). Many liquids have the ability to dissolve fats and lipoids themselves, and due to this they also penetrate the skin relatively quickly. Consequently, substances with these properties are more dangerous than others with opposite physical and chemical properties (other things being equal).

In relation to pollution with harmful vapors or gases of the air environment, the volatility of a substance, the elasticity of its vapors, the boiling point, specific gravity, chemical composition.

The volatility of a substance is the ability to evaporate a certain amount of it per unit time at a given temperature. The volatility of all substances is compared with the volatility of ether under the same conditions, taken as a unit. Substances with low volatility saturate the air more slowly than substances with high volatility, which can evaporate relatively quickly, creating high concentrations of them in the air. Consequently, substances with increased volatility pose a greater danger than those with low volatility. As the temperature of a substance increases, its volatility also increases.

Of great hygienic importance is the elasticity or vapor pressure of a toxic liquid, that is, the limit of saturation of air with it at a certain temperature. This indicator, like air pressure, is expressed in millimeters of mercury. For each liquid, the vapor pressure for certain temperatures is a constant value.

The degree of possible saturation of the air with its vapor depends on this value. The higher the vapor pressure, the greater the saturation and the higher the concentrations that can be created when this liquid evaporates. As the temperature rises, the vapor pressure also increases. This property is especially important to take into account during prolonged evaporation of toxic substances, when vapors are released until the air is completely saturated with them, which is often observed in closed, poorly ventilated rooms.

The boiling point, which is a constant value for each substance, also determines the relative danger of this substance, since volatility depends on it under normal conditions. temperature conditions workshops. It is known that the most intense vaporization, that is, evaporation, occurs during boiling, when the temperature of the liquid rises to this constant value.

However, a gradual increase in the volatility of a liquid occurs as its temperature approaches the boiling point. Therefore, the lower the boiling point of a substance, the smaller the difference between the last and usual temperature of the workshop, the closer the temperature of this substance (if it is not additionally cooled or heated) to its boiling point, therefore, its volatility is also higher. Thus, substances with a low boiling point are more dangerous than high-boiling ones.

The specific gravity of a substance is one of the factors that determine the distribution of vapors of this substance in the air. Vapors of substances with a specific gravity less than the specific gravity of air under the same temperature conditions rise to the upper zone, therefore, passing through a relatively thick layer of air (when vapor is released in the lower zone), they quickly mix with it, polluting large spaces and creating the highest concentrations in the upper zone (if there is no mechanical or natural exhaust from there).

When the specific gravity of substances is greater than the specific gravity of air, the released vapors accumulate mainly in the lower zone, creating the highest concentrations there. However, it should be noted that this last regularity is often violated when heat releases take place or the vapors themselves are released in a heated form. In these cases, despite the large specific gravity, convection currents of heated air draw vapor into the upper zone and also pollute the air. All these regularities must be taken into account when placing workplaces on different levels workshops and equipment exhaust ventilation.

Some of the above physical properties of substances are significantly affected by the state of the environment, and above all meteorological conditions. Thus, for example, an increase in air mobility enhances the evaporation of liquids, an increase in temperature increases the elasticity of vapors and increases evaporation, the rarefaction of air also contributes to the latter.

The most significant hygienic value is the chemical composition of harmful substances. The chemical composition of a substance determines its main toxic properties: different substances in their chemical composition have different toxic effects on the body, both in nature and strength. Strictly defined and consistent relationship between chemical composition substance and its toxic properties has not been established, however, some connection between them can still be established.

So, in particular, substances of the same chemical group, as a rule, are largely similar in terms of the nature of their toxicity (benzene and its homologues, a group of chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.). This sometimes makes it possible, by the similarity of the chemical composition, to roughly judge the nature of the toxic effect of some new substance. Within separate groups similar in chemical composition of substances, a certain pattern was also revealed in the change in the degree of their toxicity, and sometimes in the change in the nature of the toxic effect.

For example, in the same group of chlorinated or other halogenated hydrocarbons, as the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by halides increases, the degree of toxicity of substances increases (tetrachloroethane is more toxic than dichloroethane, and the latter is more toxic than ethyl chloride); addition of nitro or amino groups to aromatic hydrocarbons(benzene, toluene, xylene) instead of a hydrogen atom give them completely different toxic properties.

Some interrelationships between the chemical composition of substances and their toxic properties have been identified, which made it possible to approach an approximate assessment of the degree of toxicity of new substances based on their chemical composition.

HARMFUL CHEMICALS. ACTION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES ON THE ORGANISM

The effect of harmful substances on the body

Harmful substances can have local and general effects on the body. Local action most often manifests itself in the form of irritation or chemical burns of the place of direct contact with the poison; usually this is the skin or mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It is a consequence of the chemical action of an irritating or toxic substance on living cells of the skin and mucous membranes. In a mild form, it manifests itself in the form of redness of the skin or mucous membranes, sometimes in their swelling, itching or burning sensation; in more severe cases, the painful phenomena are more pronounced, and the change in the skin or mucous membranes can be up to their ulceration.

The general effect of the poison occurs when it penetrates into the blood and spreads throughout the body. Some poisons have a specific, that is, selective effect on certain organs and systems (blood, liver, nervous tissue, etc.). In these cases, penetrating the body in any way, the poison affects only a certain organ or system. Most poisons have a general toxic effect or an effect simultaneously on several organs or systems,

The toxic effect of poisons can manifest itself in the form of acute or chronic poisoning - intoxication.

Acute poisoning occurs as a result of a relatively short exposure to significant amounts of a harmful substance (high concentrations) and is characterized, as a rule, by the rapid development of painful phenomena - symptoms of intoxication.

There are several stages in the development of acute poisoning. The initial period of intoxication - prodromal - is characterized, as a rule, by some non-specific phenomena, sometimes even weakly.

Measures to prevent occupational poisoning and diseases should be aimed primarily at the maximum elimination of harmful substances from production by replacing them with non-toxic or at least less toxic products. It is also necessary to eliminate or minimize toxic impurities in chemical products, for which it is advisable to indicate the limits of possible impurities in the approved standards for these products, that is, to carry out their hygienic standardization.

When there are several types of raw materials or technological processes for obtaining the same product, preference should be given to those materials that contain fewer toxic substances or the substances present have the least toxicity, as well as those processes that do not emit toxic substances or the latter have the least toxicity. toxicity.

Particular attention should be paid to the use in the production of new chemicals, the toxic properties of which have not yet been studied. Highly toxic substances may also be among such substances, therefore, if appropriate precautions are not taken, the possibility of occupational poisoning cannot be ruled out. To avoid this, all newly developed technological processes and newly obtained chemicals should be simultaneously studied from a hygienic standpoint: assess the risk of hazardous emissions and the toxicity of new substances. All innovations and envisaged preventive measures must be coordinated with the local sanitary authorities without fail.

Technological processes with the use or possibility of formation of toxic substances should be as continuous as possible in order to eliminate or minimize the release of harmful substances at intermediate stages of the technological process. For the same purpose, it is necessary to use the most sealed technological equipment and communications, which may contain toxic substances. Particular attention should be paid to maintaining tightness in flange connections (use gaskets resistant to this substance), in closing hatches and other working openings, stuffing box seals, samplers.

If leakage or knocking out of vapors and gases from the equipment is detected, urgent measures must be taken to eliminate the existing leaks in the equipment or communications. For loading raw materials as well as unloading finished products or by-products containing toxic substances, hermetic feeders or closed pipelines should be used so that these operations are carried out without opening the equipment or communications.

The air displaced during the loading of containers with toxic substances must be removed by special pipelines (air vents) outside the workshop (as a rule, to the upper zone), and in some cases, when particularly toxic substances are displaced, it must be pre-cleaned from harmful substances or neutralized, disposed of, etc. Further.

It is advisable to maintain the technological mode of operation of equipment containing toxic substances in such a way that it does not contribute to increased emissions of harmful substances. The greatest effect in this regard is the maintenance of a certain vacuum in the apparatuses and communications, in which, even in the event of a leak, air from the workshop will be sucked into these apparatuses and communications and prevent the release of toxic substances from them. It is especially important to maintain a vacuum in equipment and apparatus that have permanently open or non-hermetically closed working openings (furnaces, dryers, etc.).

At the same time, practice shows that in those cases where, according to the conditions of technology, it is required to maintain especially high pressure inside the apparatus and in communications, knocking out of such apparatus and communications is either not observed at all, or it is very insignificant. This is due to the fact that with significant leaks and knocking out high pressure falls sharply and disrupts the technological process, that is, it is impossible to work without proper tightness.

Technological processes associated with the possibility of harmful emissions should be mechanized and automated as much as possible, with remote control. This will eliminate the danger of direct contact of workers with toxic substances (contamination of the skin, overalls) and remove jobs from the most dangerous area of ​​the main technological equipment.

Timely preventive maintenance and cleaning of equipment and communications are of significant hygienic importance.

Cleaning of technological equipment containing toxic substances should be carried out mainly without opening and dismantling it, or at least with a minimum opening in terms of volume and time (by blowing, washing, cleaning through stuffing box seals, etc.). Repair of such equipment should be carried out on special stands isolated from the general room, equipped with enhanced exhaust ventilation. Before dismantling the equipment, both for its delivery to the repair stand and for on-site repairs, it is necessary to empty it completely of the contents, then blow it well or rinse it until the residues of toxic substances are completely removed.

If it is impossible to completely eliminate the release of harmful substances into the air, it is necessary to use sanitary engineering measures and, in particular, ventilation. The most appropriate and giving a greater hygienic effect is local exhaust ventilation, which removes harmful substances directly from the source of their release and prevents them from spreading around the room. In order to increase the efficiency of local exhaust ventilation, it is necessary to cover the sources of harmful emissions as much as possible and extract from under these shelters.

Experience shows that in order to prevent the knocking out of harmful substances, it is necessary that the hood provides air leakage through open openings or leaks in this shelter at least 0.2 m / s; with extremely and especially dangerous and highly volatile substances, for greater guarantee, the minimum suction speed is increased to 1 m / s, and sometimes more.

General exchange ventilation is used in cases where there are scattered sources of harmful emissions that are practically difficult to fully equip with local exhausts, or when local exhaust ventilation for some reason does not provide complete capture and removal of emitted harmful substances. It is usually equipped in the form of suction from areas of maximum accumulation of harmful substances with compensation for the removed air by the influx of outside air, which is usually supplied to the working area. This type of ventilation is designed to dilute the hazards released into the air of working premises to safe concentrations.

To combat toxic dust, in addition to the general technological and sanitary measures outlined, the anti-dust measures described in the previous section are also used.

HARMFUL CHEMICALS. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND DISEASES

Prevention of occupational poisoning and diseases

The layout of industrial buildings in which harmful emissions are possible, their architectural and construction design and the placement of technological and sanitary equipment should, first of all, ensure the predominant supply of fresh air both naturally and artificially to the main workplaces, service areas. To do this, it is advisable to place such production facilities in low-span buildings with opening doors. window openings for natural intake of outside air into the workshop and with the location of service areas and stationary workplaces mainly near the outer walls.

In cases of possible release of especially toxic substances, workplaces are located in closed consoles or isolated control corridors, and sometimes the most dangerous equipment in terms of gas emissions is placed in isolated cabins. In order to exclude the danger of a combined effect of several toxic substances on workers, it is necessary to isolate production sites with various hazards from each other as much as possible, as well as from sites where there are no harmful emissions at all. At the same time, the distribution of the inflow and exhaust of ventilation air should provide for a stable backwater in clean or less polluted rooms with harmful emissions and vacuum in more gassed ones.

For interior cladding floors, walls and other surfaces of working premises should be selected such Construction Materials and coatings that would not absorb airborne toxic vapors or gases and would not be permeable to liquid toxic substances. In relation to many toxic substances, oil and perchlorovinyl paints, glazed and metlakh tiles, linoleum and plastic coatings, reinforced concrete, etc. have such properties.

The above are only general principles for improving working conditions when working with harmful substances; depending on the hazard class of the latter, their use in each specific case may be different, and in some of them a number of additional or special Measures are recommended.

So, for example, sanitary design standards for industrial enterprises (SN 245 - 71) when working with hazardous substances of hazard classes 1 and 2 require that process equipment that can emit these substances be placed in isolated cabins with remote control from consoles or operator zones. In the presence of "substances of the 4th hazard class, it is allowed to suck air into adjacent rooms and even partially recirculate it, if the concentration of these substances: does not exceed 30% of the MPC; in the presence of substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes, air recirculation is prohibited even during off-hours and blocking is provided local exhaust ventilation with the operation of technological equipment.

All of the above measures are mainly aimed at preventing air pollution of working premises with toxic substances. The criterion for the effectiveness of these measures is the reduction of concentrations of toxic substances in the air of working premises to their maximum permissible values ​​(MAC) and below. For each substance, these values ​​are different and depend on their toxic and physico-chemical properties. Their establishment is based on the principle that a toxic substance at the level of its maximum permissible concentration should not have any adverse effect on workers, detected modern methods diagnostics, with an unlimited period of contact with him. In this case, a certain safety factor is usually provided, which increases for more toxic substances.

To control the state of the air environment, organize measures to eliminate identified hygienic deficiencies and, if necessary, provide first aid in case of poisoning at large chemical, metallurgical and other enterprises, special gas rescue stations have been created.

For a number of harmful substances, especially hazard classes 1 and 2, for last years automatic gas analyzers were developed and began to be used, which can be interlocked with a recording device that records concentrations throughout the entire shift, day, etc., as well as with a sound and light signal that notifies of exceeding the MPC, with the inclusion of emergency ventilation.

In cases where it is necessary to carry out any work at concentrations of toxic substances that exceed their maximum permissible values, such as: liquidation of accidents, repair and dismantling of equipment, etc., it is necessary to use personal protective equipment.

To protect the skin of the hands, rubber or polyethylene gloves are usually used. Sleeves and aprons are made from the same materials to prevent the wetness of overalls with toxic liquids. In some cases, the skin of the hands can be protected from toxic liquids with special protective ointments and pastes with which hands are lubricated before work (pastes of HIOT, Selyssky, various talkers, etc.), as well as the so-called biological gloves. The latter are thin layer film formed during the drying of highly volatile non-irritating special compounds such as collodion. The eyes are protected from splashes and dust of irritating and toxic substances with the help of special goggles with a tight-fitting soft frame to the face.

If potent substances get on the skin or mucous membranes of the eyes, oral cavity, they must be immediately washed off with water, and sometimes (if caustic alkali or strong acids get in) and neutralized by additional wiping with a neutralizing solution (for example, acid - weak alkali, and alkali - weak acid).

If the skin is contaminated with hard-to-wash or coloring substances, they cannot be washed off with various solvents used in industry, since most of them are in. It has toxic substances in its composition, so they themselves can irritate the skin or even penetrate through it, causing a general toxic effect. For this purpose, special detergents should be used, such as Rakhmanov's paste, etc. At the end of the shift, workers should take a warm shower and change into clean home clothes; in the presence of especially toxic and impregnating clothing substances, everything should be changed up to underwear.

In those industries where, after carrying out and strict observance of all preventive measures nevertheless, there remains a certain danger of possible exposure to toxic substances, workers are provided with benefits and compensations that are provided for by the norms, depending on the nature of production.

When entering a job where there is a risk of contact with toxic substances, workers undergo a preliminary medical examination, and when working with substances of chronic action - a periodic medical examination.

CONTROL OF THE CONTENT OF HARMFUL CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE AIR OF THE WORKING AREAHARMFUL FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT OF CHEMICAL ORIGIN.

The requirements laid down in the document “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions", establish the procedure for monitoring the content of harmful chemicals and aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action in the air working area.

The management determines the choice of places (points) for sampling the air of the working area, the frequency of their sampling, the procedure for evaluating the measurement results.

To determine the presence of harmful substances in the air of the working area, express and indicator methods are used. The express method is based on fast chemical reactions with a change in the color of the filler in transparent glass tubes.

The indicator method for determining the most dangerous substances in the air uses the property of some chemical reagents to instantly change color under the influence of even negligible concentrations of only certain chemicals or chemical compounds.

To control the concentration of harmful substances in the workplace, the method of sampling in the breathing zone is used. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is carried out using chromatographs or gas analyzers. The actual values ​​of the concentration of harmful substances are compared with the MPC standards.

PROTECTION AGAINST THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES HARMFUL FACTORS OF THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT OF CHEMICAL ORIGIN.

The main measure of protection against the harmful effects of chemicals on workers in conditions of possible contamination of the working area is the systematic control of the content of these substances in the working environment. In the event that the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area exceeds the MPC, special organizational and technical measures are taken to prevent poisoning.

Organizational measures include mandatory application individual funds protection (special protective clothing, footwear, gloves, helmets, gas masks and respirators, goggles, protective face shields, neutralizing pastes and ointments for protecting and cleaning the skin). For example, persons employed in work with leaded gasoline should be provided with PVC aprons, gloves, and rubber boots. To work with timber treated with antiseptics, workers without overalls and protective equipment (tarpaulin jackets, trousers, rubber boots, mittens) are not allowed.

With the peculiarities of the professional activity of employees, when there are no technical and organizational possibilities to reduce the concentration of harmful and hazardous chemicals in the air of the working area to a safe level, working conditions are assessed according to the criteria given by the “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions.

Classes of working conditions are established depending on the type of harmful substance of a chemical nature and the multiplicity of exceeding its MPC in the air of the working area. For employees who are constantly in the zone of release of toxic substances, protection measures have been established by limiting the time spent in a dangerous or harmful environment (shortened working hours, breaks in work, additional leave, reduced length of service for retirement).

The government has approved a list of harmful and dangerous substances, when working with which preliminary and periodic medical examinations of employees are mandatory. The frequency (terms) of examinations in medical institutions has also been established.

Technical measures include: sealing of equipment and communications, automatic control of the air environment, natural and artificial ventilation, alarms, remote control, installation of safety signs.

Special tanks are used to transport chemically harmful liquid substances. Technological processes for loading hazardous substances, their discharge or squeezing out of tanks, as well as washing and steaming tanks are carried out in ways that exclude contact of workers with harmful substances.

For transportation to the place of loading and in the process of loading bulk materials, conveyors and elevators should be used; for dusty powder materials (cement, lime, etc.) - pneumatic transport or conveyors with the use of dedusting devices. For liquid hazardous substances - pipelines that exclude the leakage of these substances.

In emergency situations, a person may be exposed to short-term, but with a significant excess of MPC, exposure to harmful and hazardous chemicals. There is no need to talk about permissible concentrations in places of emergency work. The protection of workers is carried out by the mandatory use of personal protective equipment and the rationing of the permissible work time in the accident zone.

HARMFUL BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND THEIR SOURCES HARMFUL BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT.

Harmful biological factors: pathogens, living cells and spores are the causative agents of infectious diseases that can cause infection in humans or animals.

One of the main sources of harmful biological factors in railway transport is the sanitation zones of wagons after the transportation of sick livestock. The economic and commercial ties of our country with foreign countries have made this problem quite serious. Periodically, cargoes began to arrive from regions with an unfavorable epidemiological and epizootic (presence of mass livestock diseases) situation.

In this case, both the animals themselves and products of animal origin (leather, furs, etc.) can be a harmful factor. For workers who have contact with pathogens of infectious diseases, working conditions can be assigned to class 3.3.

Biological harmful substances of plant origin are also transported by rail.

CONTROL PREVENTION MEASURES HARMFUL BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT.

Organizational measures to prevent infection during loading, unloading, sorting, customs inspection and transportation of biologically dangerous goods include: regulations and rules for the transportation of infectious substances by rail, supervision of the transportation of sanitary and epidemiologically significant goods, development of emergency maps, regulation of the work of border sanitary control points, organization of disinfection and washing stations for the disinfection of wagons, packaging and cargo.

Organizational measures to protect workers include hygienic regulation and the use of personal protective equipment.

MPCs of microorganisms in the air of the working area are regulated by the document “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions. Classes of working conditions are established depending on the content of the biological factor in the air of the working area.

The criterion is the multiplicity of exceeding the MPC (in the absence of technical and organizational opportunities to reduce their content in the air of the working area).

The use of personal protective equipment includes the use of special protective clothing, shoes, gloves, headgear; for respiratory protection - gas masks and respirators; for eye protection - goggles.

Technical measures to protect workers include: equipment and preparations for disinfection, disinsection (destruction harmful insects and ticks using chemical and biological means), deratization (extermination of rodents that are sources or carriers of infectious diseases, such as plague), protective devices, automatic control of the air environment, the use of natural and artificial ventilation, alarms, remote control, safety signs.