Scheme of intersectoral relations of mechanical engineering. Machine-building complex of Russia
20.08.2014 10021 0Goals:Determination of the value and composition of the machine-building complex. Studying the problems of mechanical engineering and ways to solve them.
Equipment:Map "Engineering".
During the classes
I.Organizing time
II.Checking homework
1.Tell about the composition and factors influencing the enterprises of the forest industry.
2.Why are forest industry enterprises located in the north of the European part of Russia?
3.Determine which forest industries are located in the following centers:
a) Koryazhma - (PPM);
b) Segezha - (PPM);
c) Syktyvkar - (PPM);
Moscow -(furniture industry);
e) Kirov -(furniture, match);
f) Ust-Ilimsk - (LPK);
g) Amursk - (PPM).
4.Check the scheme of intersectoral relations of the forest industry:
III.Learning new material
-Over the past 10 years, the output of engineering products has decreased by 6%. Mechanical engineering is the leader of the country's economy. Why? What do the formulas 1:2:4, and 1:0.98: 1. Why does a Japanese plow serve 40 years, and a domestic one 4 years? Do engineering workers need higher education?
So, today we will try to answer these questions and determine what the problems of domestic engineering are.
Lesson plan on the board:
1.Industry value.
2.Composition of mechanical engineering.
3.Problems of mechanical engineering.
4.Prospects for mechanical engineering in Russia.
-Does the country's economy need this industry? What is the importance of mechanical engineering?
Students can remember that many industries need machines. It is necessary to warn students that the word “machine” means not only a car, but also machine tools, tractors, televisions, ships, computers, factory equipment, etc.
-To determine the significance of mechanical engineering, let us find out its composition (account A. p. 141; account A. p. 95). Let's name the industries and products of these industries. (What the students do not know is called by the teacher.)
1.Power engineering produces equipment for power plants: turbines, reactors, transformers, generators, etc.
2.Construction and road engineering manufactures graders, asphalt rollers, etc.
3.Agricultural engineering produces combine harvesters, potato diggers, and hay mowers.
As a result of determining the composition of the industry, students can conclude that not a single branch of the economy can do without engineering products.
-Mechanical engineering is the leader of the economy, is one of the "vanguard three" industries (engineering, electric power and chemical industry), being the leading industry. 40% of all employed in industry work in mechanical engineering.
Consider the conditions that are necessary for mechanical engineering to be a leader in industry. The main condition for the successful development of mechanical engineering can be represented as a formula 1: 2: 4, where 1 is the rate of development of the country's economy, 2 - mechanical engineering should develop 2 times faster for this, and 4 - new and latest branches of engineering (electronics, instrumentation) should develop in
4times faster. For example, in 1990 this ratio was 1:0.98:1.
Therefore, mechanical engineering must solve a number of problems:
1.Low growth rates of mechanical engineering;
2.4/5 of engineering products are armaments;
3.Disproportions have developed in the growth rates of the engineering industries;
4.Low rates of updating of production;
5.Low quality machines;
6.Industry monopoly.
IV.Fixation
- What are the problems facing the domestic engineering industry?(Recession in production, low quality of machinery, old equipment, outdated technologies, low quality of metal, low level of workers' qualifications, high share of defense products and the need for conversion, monopoly of large enterprises.)
- What are the ways to solve the problems of the machine-building complex?(Conversion of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, raising the level of skill of working machine builders, leveling the disproportion in growth ratesengineering industries, creation of newtypes of machines, support for competition among engineering enterprises, etc.)
-What is the composition of the machine-building complex?
- What is a conversion?(Transfer of the defense complex to the production of peaceful products.)
-What is the importance of mechanical engineering?
-What does the formula 1:2:4 mean?
Homework
According to account D: §17. Make a diagram of intersectoral relations of mechanical engineering.
According to account A.: §31 (questions 2, 3,4, 9).
Lesson Objectives:
To reveal the composition and significance of mechanical engineering.
Explain the features of the location of machine-building enterprises.
Formulate the problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering.
Main content:
composition and significance of mechanical engineering. placement factors. Specialization. Cooperation. Placement of individual branches of engineering. Problems and prospects of mechanical engineering.
Workshop. Compilation of characteristics of the machine-building enterprise of the area.
Student actions:
work with the text of § 36, analyze the drawing "Industries of mechanical engineering", the map "Main centers of the automotive industry", characterize the engineering enterprise.
Value component of the lesson:
mechanical engineering is a key branch of the economy.
Checking homework:
1.
Why is the location of full-cycle metallurgical plants determined by proximity to the raw material base (coal and iron ore deposits)?
2.
Choose the correct answer. What iron ore deposits does the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant work on:
a) KMA;
b) Olenegorsk;
c) Kostomuksha?
3.
Choose the correct answer. The production of which metals is the most energy-intensive:
a) zinc;
b) aluminum;
c) copper;
d) titanium
Learning new material:
Considering the importance of mechanical engineering, the teacher notes that this is the leading industry that determines the effectiveness of economic development. He asks students to turn to figure 65 on p. 171 textbooks and make sure that mechanical engineering has a very complex structure. It should be added that in the structure of mechanical engineering there are 19 large industries, more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries.
Despite the development of mechanical engineering, its modern scientific, technical and industrial base does not meet the requirements of the scientific and technological revolution. In particular, there is a large proportion of obsolete equipment that has been in operation in our country for decades, while in Europe it has been in operation for 10-12 years, and in Japan for 6-8 years.
Modern engineering is going through a difficult crisis. It is due to:
- "demand crisis": consumers do not have the funds to purchase or prefer better (and often cheaper) imported products;
- violation of ties for the supply of products;
- high level of production monopolization;
- high resource intensity of production.
Next, the teacher explains what factors influence the location of engineering enterprises. It should be emphasized that, unlike other intersectoral complexes, the location of mechanical engineering is weakly influenced by natural factors, and to a greater extent by economic factors (availability of highly qualified labor resources, stable transport links, specialization and cooperation of production). Students provide examples to support this.
Shaping the concept specialization, the teacher refers to its definition in the textbook (p. 171). To reveal the varying features of this concept, students identify the types of specialization by drawing a diagram.
Introducing the concept , the teacher notes that it means the participation in the production of the finished product of several enterprises that perform a certain technological operation. As an example, he cites the fact that the famous Volga Automobile Plant (VAZ) is connected in cooperation with more than 300 subcontractors, which supply it with over 100 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.
Then the students look at Figure 66 on p. 172 textbooks confirming the teacher's story.
When studying the location of individual branches of engineering, it is necessary to focus on local history material. Pupils find out what mechanical engineering products are produced in their region and what problems are typical for these engineering enterprises. They make up a description and a scheme of relations of one of the machine-building enterprises in their region with other enterprises involved in the production of the finished product (cooperation).
Depending on factors such as material consumption and labor intensity, heavy, general and medium engineering are distinguished, which is clearly demonstrated by the following table.
Table 21
| heavy engineering | General mechanical engineering | Secondary engineering |
| Peculiarities |
||
| Material-intensive with high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity | Average consumption standards for metal, energy, low labor intensity | Low metal consumption, increased labor intensity, energy intensity |
| Examples |
||
| Manufacture of metallurgical, mining equipment, forging and pressing machines, ships, wagons, locomotives | Equipment for forestry, pulp and paper, construction, light industry, food industry | Instrumentation, production of computer equipment |
| Placement factors |
||
| Near metallurgical bases, areas of consumption of finished products | In areas of consumption, taking into account the proximity of the raw material base | Availability of qualified personnel: workers, engineers, designers |
Next, we talk about the problems of mechanical engineering. When discussing them, the teacher refers the students to the text of the paragraph, and they are gradually included in the discussion.
1. At present, a large number of imported cars have appeared on the roads of Russia, which are of good quality, excellent design, and high reliability. Machines of domestic production do not withstand competition with them. At the same time, they are trying to support their manufacturers abroad (despite the wide choice of foreign cars). This is facilitated by advertising, education of patriotism at school, state policy in the automotive industry. How to solve this problem? Suggest options.
2. Mechanical engineering enterprises have significantly reduced the production of household appliances: televisions, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, tape recorders. This is largely due to the fact that the domestic market is filled with competitive, good quality foreign goods. Do you think it is better to focus on foreign technology or develop domestic production?
The creation of a project will help to see the prospects of mechanical engineering (task 9 on p. 175 of the textbook, the heading “It interests me”). When completing this task, students can use the text on p. 174-175 textbook, additional literature, media publications.
Homework: 1) study § 36; 2) answer the questions and complete tasks 1-6, 10 on p. 175 textbooks; 3) complete tasks 9 on p. 49; 18 on p. 52 simulators.
Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy
Lesson: Machine-building complex: composition, significance and technological features
Machine building complex – This is a set of industries that is engaged in the production and repair of various machines and equipment, as well as the production of various metal products and structures.
The machine-building complex is complex in its structure. It includes more than 70 industries, which are usually combined into groups depending on the purpose of the products produced, similar technology and the raw materials used.
Rice. 1. Composition of the machine-building complex
Mechanical engineering includes:
1. Heavy and energy (production of energy, mining and handling equipment, diesel locomotive building, car building, turbine building, nuclear and printing)
2. Machine tool industry. Manufacture of various machine tools.
3. Transport (automotive industry, shipbuilding, aviation and rocket and space industries)
4. Agricultural engineering and tractor building
5. Mechanical engineering for light and food industries
6. Precision engineering (instrument making, electronics, electrical engineering)
Mechanical engineering plays a very important role in the life of the country.
1. It provides equipment for all other complexes in the country
2. The development of all sectors of the economy depends on the level of development of mechanical engineering
3. Here, first of all, all the achievements of scientific and technological progress are introduced
4. It provides the country's defense
5. This is the largest complex in the Russian industry
6. Currently, mechanical engineering and metalworking account for:
7. 20% industrial production,
8. 1/3 employed in industry.
9. There are more than 50 thousand machine-building enterprises, which is approximately 1/3 of all industrial enterprises in Russia.
The technological process in mechanical engineering includes three stages: procurement, machining, assembly.
Rice. 2. Technological process in mechanical engineering
At the same time, the final product consists of a large number of individual parts and components that cannot be produced within the framework of one enterprise. Therefore, specialization and cooperation are widely developed in mechanical engineering.
Specialization – production at the enterprise of any one product, individual parts and parts
Rice. 3. Types of specialization
Specialization happens:
1. subject - production of finished products, (production of cars, aircraft, computers)
2. detail - production of individual parts and parts, (production of automobile engines or metal products (hardware)
3. technological - the production of semi-finished products, the performance of individual operations of the technological cycle, (assembly production)
4. functional - production and provision of services (sale of cars by the manufacturer)
At large machine-building plants, specialization is observed at the level of individual workshops, even such an enterprise does not produce the entire volume of necessary components. Small enterprises are usually highly specialized and their work depends on the work of subcontractors. That is why cooperation is so important.
cooperation – this is the establishment of production links between enterprises jointly participating in the manufacture of final products.
Rice. 4. Cooperation
Cooperation is intra-industry, when enterprises of one industry, one inter-industry complex interact.
Intersectoral, when the production of different industries, different complexes interact.
Machine-building, electrical, tool, hardware plants that supply their products to the car assembly plant are engineering enterprises and cooperation with them is of an intra-industry nature, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, leather, glass factories, textile factories are enterprises of other inter-industry complexes. Cooperation with them is an example of intersectoral cooperation.
During the 1990s, the importance of the machine-building complex in the Russian economy has decreased. A number of enterprises were closed, others reduced production.
The volumes of production of agricultural machinery, machine tools, and many types of precision engineering fell especially sharply.
The main reason for this was the low quality of manufactured products in comparison with imported ones and the break after the collapse of the USSR of production ties with enterprises of the former republics.
At present, the situation has improved somewhat thanks to investments. New factories have been built and are being built, many old enterprises have been reconstructed, new ones have been established and old production ties have been restored.
1. Draw a diagram of the connections of the machine-building complex with other industry complexes. Give examples of the products he supplies to them.
2. Name the machine-building enterprises in your region. What, in your opinion, explains the specialization of machine-building enterprises in your region?
Target for the teacher:
- Introduce students to new terms and concepts.
- To continue the formation of students' ideas and knowledge about the main intersectoral complexes and sectors of the Russian economy.
- To form a student's idea of the machine-building complex, its significance and role in the Russian economy, its place among other intersectoral complexes and sectors of the economy.
- Analyze the relationship of mechanical engineering with other industries and intersectoral complexes.
- To give an idea of the complex sectoral composition of mechanical engineering and the peculiarities of its location on the territory of Russia.
- To form the ability to analyze economic maps and substantiate the principles of placement of various types of machine-building enterprises.
- To identify the features and problems of the machine-building complex of Russia.
Lesson equipment:
- Textbook "Geography of Russia" Grade 9 (authors V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze).
- Atlas "Population and Economy of Russia" Grade 9.
- Schemes "Sectoral composition of the machine-building complex of Russia"
- Table “Engineering. Specialization of economic regions”.
Module plan.
- organizational moments.
- Goal setting - UE-0.
- Introductory conversation (identifying students' knowledge of MSCs) - UE-1 .
- Independent work of a student with a textbook (paragraph 10) - UE-2 - definition of the main task of the MSC.
- Acquaintance with the sectoral composition of MSCs - UE-3 .
- Independent work of a student with a textbook (paragraph 11) - UE-4 – familiarity with the factors of location of machine-building enterprises.
- UE-5 - identifying the features of the placement of MSCs in Russia.
- Group work - UE - 6 - deepening knowledge on the topic.
- Discussion of the performance of work in groups.
- Collective work of students under the guidance of a teacher - UE-7 - acquaintance with the specialization of various economic regions of Russia.
- Self-control - UE - 8 - Verification of learned material.
- Summary of the lesson. Evaluation of the work of the student in the lesson.
Module on the topic "Engineering complex of Russia".
- Determine the importance of the machine-building complex of Russia.
- Determine the main task of the MSC and find ways to solve it.
- To get acquainted with the sectoral composition of the machine-building complex of Russia.
- To get acquainted with the factors of placement of machine-building activities.
- To identify the features of the location of the machine-building complex of Russia.
- Acquaintance with the specialization of various economic regions of Russia.
Target: to determine the importance of the machine-building complex of Russia.
Target: determine the main task of the MSC and find ways to solve it.
- Read the paragraph of textbook number 10.
- Answer the questions:
- What is the main task of MSC in the Russian economy?
- What conditions are necessary for the fulfillment of the main task? - Think! What difficulties in the development of MSCs are characteristic, in your opinion, at the present stage? What is it connected with?
- Write down the answers to the questions in your notebook.
Target: get acquainted with the sectoral composition of the MSC of Russia.
Consider the proposed two schemes "Sectoral composition of MSCs of Russia."
2. Think! On what grounds are the MSC branches subdivided?
3. How should the rates of development of MSCs and the entire national economy be related?
4. What industries within MSCs should develop most dynamically?
Target: to get acquainted with the factors of location of machine-building enterprises.
- Read paragraph 11 of the textbook.
- Answer the questions:
- What factors influence the placement of MSCs on the territory of Russia?
- What is the role of various factors in the placement of individual branches of MSCs? - Make a list of terms related to paragraphs 10, 11. Can you define all the terms? Test yourself.
- Fill in the table using the map of the atlas "Machine-building complex of Russia" page No. 16:
5. What are the features of the location of MSCs on the territory of Russia?
6. Why are there machine-building plants in all regions of Russia?
7. In what part of Russia has mechanical engineering reached its highest level of development? Why?
Target: to identify the features of the placement of MSCs in Russia.
Practical work.
Using the text of paragraph No. 11 of the textbook, the map of the atlas "Machine-building complex", Figure 14 on page 47 of the textbook, independently complete the following tasks:
- What industries are labor-intensive engineering?
- On the map, identify the centers of development of labor-intensive engineering.
- Compare the location of the largest centers of labor-intensive engineering and the population of Russia.
- What industries are metal-intensive engineering?
- On the map, identify the centers for the development of metal-intensive engineering.
- What is the difference between mechanical engineering in the European and Asian parts of Russia?
- What industries are science-intensive engineering?
- Name the areas in which, in your opinion, science-intensive industries will develop, prove the correctness of your answer.
- Compare maps showing the location of the branches of engineering and ferrous metallurgy. draw conclusions about the dependence in the location of these industries. Do they always match?
- Think! Why are the machine tool, electrical and tool industries usually located in areas with skilled workers.
- Write in your notebook a general conclusion about the principles of placement of metal-intensive, labor-intensive and science-intensive industries.
Target: deepen knowledge about MSCs in Russia.
Group work.
Task for group number 1.
- What features of the technological process are typical for heavy engineering?
- On the contour map, mark the centers of heavy engineering:
Yekaterinburg(Uralmash),
Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk(factories of heavy excavators),
Novosibirsk(production of heavy machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, turbogenerators),
Barnaul(production of steam boilers). - Based on map matching ( think about what) determine which factor has a leading influence on the location of heavy engineering plants in these centers.
Keep in mind that in mechanical engineering, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products is on average 1.3-1.5 tons, and the cost of transporting any machine is much higher than the cost of transporting the metal used for its production. - If you had to design the location of heavy machinery plants, what adjustments would you make to the existing location? In this regard, what prospects for the development of heavy engineering could you name?
Task for group number 2.
- On the contour map, mark the following centers of auto construction:
- production of trucks - Bryansk, Ulyanovsk, Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Miass.
- production of passenger cars Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Izhevsk, Tolyatti.
- bus manufacturing Likino, Pavlovo, Kurgan, Krasnodar. - What territorial shifts in the location of automotive manufacturing centers are currently taking place? How can you explain them?
- Compare the location of the production of trucks, cars. What conclusion can you draw from this comparison?
- Almost all large car manufacturing plants are concentrated in the European part of Russia. How can you explain this moment?
Target: get acquainted with the specialization of various economic regions of Russia.
- Examine Figure 15 on page 49 "Specialization and Cooperation in Engineering".
- Try it! Formulate a definition area specialization.
- Consider the table "Engineering. Specialization of economic regions of Russia”.
Table 1.
“Engineering. Specialization of economic regions of Russia”.
| economic region | The most important centers | Branches of specialization | Development factors |
| Northern | Petrozavodsk, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Severodvinsk | Equipment for the pulp and paper industry, skidders, shipbuilding | Customer orientation, metallurgy |
| Northwestern | St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Tikhvin |
Heavy, general, power engineering, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, radio electronics, optics, instrumentation. | High scientific potential, highly qualified personnel, customer orientation, metallurgy |
| Central | Moscow, Yaroslavl. Bryansk, Kaluga, Vladimir, Tula, Murom, Kovrov, Alexandrov |
Automotive industry, electrical engineering and radio electronics, instrument making, aerospace, machine tool building, transport and agricultural engineering defense industry | Profitable EGP, high scientific potential, highly qualified personnel, concentration of the main part of consumers, metallurgy |
| Central Black Earth | Voronezh, Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Tambov, Yelets, Dankov, Michurinsk, Zheleznogorsk | Radio electronics, aircraft building, instrument making, mining engineering, machine tool building, tractor building | Orientation to the consumer (developed agriculture), powerful metallurgy |
| Volgo - Vyatsky | Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Saransk, Cheboksary, Arzamas | Automotive industry, aircraft industry, shipbuilding, electrical engineering and radio electronics, machine tool building, tractor building, defense industry | |
| North Caucasian | Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Taganrog, Vogodonsk, Novocherkassk, Stavropol | Agricultural engineering, energy, transport engineering | Consumer orientation (developed agriculture), labor resources. |
| Volga region | Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Astrakhan, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny, Engels | Automotive, aerospace, transport, agricultural engineering, shipbuilding, electrical engineering. | Profitable EGP, qualified personnel, customer orientation |
| Ural | Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Orsk, Perm, Ufa, Kurgan, Nizhny Tagil, Orenburg | Energy, heavy, transport and chemical engineering, automotive, defense industry | Profitable EGP, qualified personnel, developed metallurgy |
| West Siberian | Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk, Tomsk, Novokuznetsk, Rubtsovsk, Berdsk | Energy, mining, agricultural engineering, machine tool building, radio electronics, defense industry | Orientation to the consumer, high energy supply, developed metallurgy. |
| East Siberian | Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Abakan, Minusinsk | Agricultural and heavy engineering, shipbuilding, car building. | High energy supply |
| Far Eastern | Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amurk | Shipbuilding, machine tool building, agricultural engineering | Consumer Orientation |
4. Compare the data in the table “Engineering. Specialization of economic regions of Russia” with atlas maps.
5. In what areas is the most and least complete composition of MSCs.
6. Try! Identify geographical patterns in the change in the set of specialized industries across Russia.
Target: self-control.
Determine the level of knowledge gained on the topic "Engineering complex of Russia".
- The machine-building complex is a set of industries
A) using a variety of machines;
B) producing a variety of machines;
C) carrying out the repair and design of machines. - For all branches of engineering, an important placement factor is:
A) highly qualified personnel;
B) highways;
B) consumer.
3. Match:
4. Match:
5. Russian machine-building plants are located:
A) in all economic regions;
B) only in the west of the country;
C) mainly in Central Russia.
Evaluation criterion:
- The maximum number of points is -10.
- "5" - 10 points.
- "4" - 8-9 points.
- "3" - 6-7 points.
Homework - solve the problem:
Over the past year, an intermediary merchant engaged in the purchase and sale of cars made business trips to the following CIS cities: Brest, Yekaterinburg, Zaporozhye, Izhevsk, Moscow, Nakhodka, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Togliatti. What operations (purchase or sale) did the merchant carry out in each of the cities? What are the brands of cars that interested him in each city?
Preview:
Preview:
"Machine-building complex"
Lesson Objectives:
Know: definitions of "specialization", "cooperation", features and principles of placement of the machine-building complex
Be able to:
Level 1 - name the composition of the machine-building complex, show the main centers of mechanical engineering on the contour map, work with algorithms and diagrams
Level 2 - analyze the principles of placement of mechanical engineering and draw a conclusion about the placement of a new automobile plant, work independently with a computer
Develop: ability to work with a contour map, an algorithm, clearly and concisely express your thoughts
Equipment: a map of mechanical engineering in Russia, a computer, schemes, an atlas of geography for the 9th grade.
During the classes
1. Significance and composition of the machine-building complex.
Game "TV Commentator": students are given the task to find a specific folder on the computer in the specified location with photographs of objects of various branches of engineering: cars, ships, airplanes, trains, instruments, tractors, combines, turbines, etc. During the slide show, they should name and comment on the engineering industry: automotive, shipbuilding, instrumentation, agricultural engineering, aircraft engineering, railway engineering, mine equipment and power plants. Students define the task of mechanical engineering - providing the national economy with new modern machines.
2. Introduction to the main definitions
Students work with the textbook and with diagrams on cards (Appendix 1 ), define specialization and cooperation.
3. Placement factors.
Work of students with the scheme in the computer. The task is to connect with arrows the industries and the decisive factors in the location of mechanical engineering.
Scheme:
Answer:
shipbuilding - metal-intensive and transport factors, automotive industry - consumer factor and labor resources, railway engineering - metal-intensive and transport factors, electrical engineering - science-intensive, consumer factors and labor resources, agricultural engineering - consumer factor
4. The work of students with a computer and an atlas according to the algorithm.
Assignment: identify cities - machine-building centers (they are indicated on the map by circles under numbers: Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg, Naberezhnye Chelny, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saratov, Togliatti, Volgodonsk, St. Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Izhevsk, Ulyanovsk), write down their names in accordance with the numbers, select the city on the computer by hovering the mouse over the circle, select Fill, Fill color on the toolbar and designate the corresponding industry.
Automotive - red
Energy - blue
Aircraft industry - yellow
Heavy Engineering - Black
Military Industrial Complex - Brown
Agricultural complex - green
5. Performance of students with a leading task.
Theme "Development of mechanical engineering in Russia"
6. Problem situation.
Task: using knowledge of the principles of location, make a forecast where a new modern automobile plant should be built at present.
7. Summing up. Homework.
Can Russian engineering products compete with foreign ones?
The products of Russian engineering in terms of cost and quality are inferior to foreign ones in terms of cost and quality.
Questions in a paragraph
1) What areas stand out for the production of cars?
The automotive industry is mainly developed in the Central, Volga-Vyatka and Volga region economic regions. The largest manufacturers of trucks are KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan) and GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod) plants. The main center for the production of passenger cars is the Volga Automobile Plant (VAZ) in Tolyatti (Samara Region). Large enterprises of the industry are located in Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Izhevsk, Miass
2) Why do you think the automotive industry is not represented in the European North, Siberia and the Far East?
Questions and tasks
The main factors in the location of the automotive industry are labor and consumer.
1. Explain the meaning of the new terms you have learned in the text.
Subject specialization covers enterprises and industries that produce some kind of finished homogeneous product (cars, tractors, machine tools, turbines, etc.).
Detailed specialization is inherent in enterprises and industries that produce individual units or parts of products supplied to subject-specialized enterprises to complete the main type of product.
Cooperation - an organized relationship of specialized enterprises for the production of a product.
Science-intensive engineering (a group of industries for the production of precision machines, mechanisms, devices, tools).
Labor-intensive mechanical engineering - requires a large number of manual personnel there. These are the branches of precision engineering (instrument making, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, aircraft building, etc.)
Metal-intensive engineering - requires large amounts of metal. The most developed sub-sectors include metal-intensive heavy engineering.
2. Make a diagram of the main intersectoral relations in mechanical engineering. Do you think that mechanical engineering uses the products of other industries and sectors of the economy more, or does it supply its products to them first of all?
Mechanical engineering primarily supplies its products to other industries. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception. Mechanical engineering uses products of metallurgy, chemical industry, and light industry.
3. Compare Russia with other countries in terms of car production. What domestic and foreign automotive companies do you know?
In the export of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries, including the USA, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have almost reached their car saturation limit (USA 740 cars per 1,000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered
the most important social and economic task. Currently, up to 1 million people are employed in the automotive industry in Russia, and the share of the automotive industry in the engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation in the industry. Due to excises, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile plants are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.
The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced on independent
enterprises. The largest factories have created numerous branches. Passenger cars of the highest and middle class are produced in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars - in Serpukhov.
Trucks of medium tonnage - produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.
Small tonnage and heavy duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)
4. Do you think that the level of development of mechanical engineering determines the level of development of the country?
The statement is true, since this branch is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and the material and technical re-equipment of all branches of the national economy.