Additional material on the protection of nature. What does "nature conservation" mean?

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NATURE PROTECTION, a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity.

By the 70s. 20th century (since the end of the 16th century, more than 250 species and subspecies of vertebrates have disappeared. Since the beginning of the 80s, on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly (St. 20 are endangered Approximately 1,000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

Approx. 1 billion tons of fuel equivalent, hundreds of million tons of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon (some of them are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste .

There was a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen (see Ozone hole). The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources.

Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes).

On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates. See also Biosphere, World Conservation Union, Greenpeace.

How will it look like:

NATURE PROTECTION, a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity.

By the 70s. 20th century (since the end of the 16th century, more than 250 species and subspecies of vertebrates have disappeared. Since the beginning of the 80s, on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly (St. 20 are endangered Approximately 1,000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

Approx. 1 billion tons of fuel equivalent, hundreds of million tons of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon (some of them are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste .

There was a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen (see Ozone hole). The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources.

Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes).

On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates. See also Biosphere, World Conservation Union, Greenpeace.

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Introduction

1. Modern problems of the ecological state of nature

2. Types of environmental pollution

3. Measures to protect the environment

4. Legal basis for environmental protection

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. Nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited.

The relevance of the topic of environmental protection is very high, especially at the present time, when the acceleration of the industrialization process has led to the emergence and development of new economic methods, which in turn has led to changes in the structure of the landscape. Mineral resources, water reserves, forests, meadows and arable lands began to be used more intensively. Significantly expanded industrial enterprises, the network of communications, grew settlements. Waste from hazardous enterprises, the number of which has increased significantly, contaminates water, air and soil.

The purpose of this work: to identify the most important measures for the protection of nature in the modern world.

According to this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) assess the current problems of the ecological state of nature;

2) highlight the types of environmental pollution;

3) give examples of measures to protect the environment;

4) analyze the legal framework for environmental protection.

The problem of environmental protection is faced not only by highly developed countries, but also by developing, economically weak countries.

1 . Modern problems of the ecological statenature

Nature protection - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.

The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. According to the World Conservation Union for 2008, over the past 500 years, 844 species of animals have completely died out, and 23% of mammals and 16% of birds in the world are under threat of extinction. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 animal species/subspecies disappeared daily, and a plant species disappeared weekly. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, some of them return in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust.

Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen. The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit.

The optimal environment for humans is that natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.

Natural objects and phenomena that a person uses in the labor process are called natural resources. These include atmospheric air, water, soil, minerals, solar radiation, climate, vegetation, wildlife. According to the degree of their depletion, they are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable resources include those resources that are not revived or are renewed hundreds of times slower than they are spent. These include oil, coal, metal ores and most other minerals. The reserves of these resources are limited, their protection is reduced to careful spending.

Renewable natural resources - soil, vegetation, wildlife, as well as mineral salts such as Glauber's and table salts, which are deposited in lakes and sea lagoons. These resources are constantly being restored if the necessary conditions for this are maintained, and the rate of use does not exceed the rate of natural revival. Resources are restored at different rates: animals - in a few years, forests - 60-80 years, and soils that have lost fertility - over several millennia. Exceeding the rate of expenditure over the rate of reproduction leads to the depletion and complete disappearance of the resource.

Inexhaustible resources include water, climate and space. The total water supply on the planet is inexhaustible. They are based on the salty waters of the oceans, but they are still little used. In separate areas, the waters of the seas and oceans are polluted with oil, waste from household and industrial enterprises, and the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from the fields, which worsens the living conditions of marine plants and animals. Fresh water, necessary for humans, is an exhaustible natural resource. The problem of fresh water is exacerbated every year due to the shallowing of rivers and lakes, an increase in water consumption for irrigation and industrial needs, water pollution by industrial and household waste.

Careful use and strict protection of water resources is necessary.

Climatic resources - atmospheric air and wind energy - are inexhaustible, but with the development of industry and transport, the air has become heavily polluted with smoke, dust, exhaust gases. In large cities and industrial centers, air pollution becomes dangerous to human health. The struggle for the purity of the atmosphere has become an important environmental task.

Space resources include solar radiation, the energy of sea tides and tides. They are inexhaustible. However, in cities and industrial centers, solar radiation is greatly reduced due to smoke and dust in the air. This negatively affects people's health.

A brief description of the state of the natural environment in the modern world proves the need to develop and improve measures for nature protection. To do this, it is very important to identify the types of environmental pollution.

2. Types of environmental pollution

Pollution is the introduction of new physical, chemical and biological agents that are not characteristic of it or the excess of their natural level.

Main types of pollution:

- physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive);

- chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals);

- biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic);

- information (information noise, false information, anxiety factors).

Any chemical pollution is the appearance of a chemical in a place not intended for it. Pollution arising from human activity is the main factor in its harmful impact on the natural environment. Chemical pollutants can cause acute poisoning, chronic diseases, and also have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.

Along with pollution of the environment with synthetic substances new to it, great damage to nature and human health can be caused by interference in the natural cycles of substances due to active industrial and agricultural activities, as well as the formation of household waste.

The atmosphere (air environment), hydrosphere (water environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are polluted (Table 1).

Table 1 - Environmental pollution

The low efficiency of most modern industrial technology has led to the formation of a huge amount of waste that is not disposed of in related industries, but is released into the environment. The masses of polluting waste are so great that they pose a danger to living organisms, including humans (Fig. 1).

Rice. one.Air pollutionvarious industries

Although the chemical industry is not the main source of pollution, it is characterized by emissions that are most dangerous for the environment, humans, animals and plants. The term "hazardous waste" is applied to any kind of waste that may harm health or the environment when stored, transported, processed or disposed of. These include toxic substances, flammable wastes, corrosive wastes and other reactive substances.

Depending on the features of mass transfer cycles, the pollutant component can spread to the entire surface of the planet, to a more or less significant territory, or be local. Thus, environmental crises resulting from environmental pollution can be of three types - global, regional and local.

One of the problems of a global nature is the increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of man-made emissions. The most dangerous consequence of this phenomenon may be an increase in air temperature due to the "greenhouse effect". The problem of disruption of the global cycle of carbon mass transfer is already moving from the field of ecology to economic, social and, finally, political spheres.

Pollution on a regional scale includes many industrial and transport wastes. First of all, it concerns sulfur dioxide. It causes the formation of acid rain, affecting plant and animal organisms and causing disease in the population. Technogenic sulfur oxides are distributed unevenly and cause damage to certain areas. Due to the transfer of air masses, they often cross the borders of states and end up in territories remote from industrial centers.

In large cities and industrial centers, the air, along with carbon and sulfur oxides, is often polluted with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emitted by car engines and chimneys. Smog is often observed. Although these pollutions are local in nature, they affect many people who live compactly in such areas. In addition, the environment is damaged.

One of the main environmental pollutants is agricultural production. Significant masses of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are artificially introduced into the system of circulation of chemical elements in the form of mineral fertilizers. Their excess, not assimilated by plants, is actively involved in water migration. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in natural water bodies causes increased growth of aquatic vegetation, overgrowth of water bodies and pollution of them with dead plant residues and decomposition products. In addition, the abnormally high content of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil leads to an increase in the concentration of this element in agricultural food and drinking water. It can cause serious illness in humans.

Water pollutants are also organic waste. Their oxidation consumes an additional amount of oxygen. If the oxygen content is too low, the normal life of most aquatic organisms becomes impossible. Aerobic bacteria that need oxygen also die, and bacteria develop instead that use sulfur compounds for their vital activity. A sign of the appearance of such bacteria is the smell of hydrogen sulfide - one of the products of their vital activity.

Among the many consequences of the economic activity of human society, the process of progressive accumulation of metals in the environment is of particular importance. The most dangerous pollutants include mercury, lead and cadmium, as well as technogenic inputs of manganese, tin, copper, molybdenum, chromium, nickel and cobalt.

Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins, as well as oil. Oil decomposition products are toxic, and the oil film, which isolates water from air, leads to the death of living organisms in water.

In addition to the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances in the soil as a result of human activities, land damage is caused by the burial and dumping of industrial and domestic waste.

The main goal of nature conservation is to support the dynamic balance of natural processes, the conservation of the biological diversity of plants, animals, microorganisms, providing favorable conditions for the life of present and future generations of people, the development of production, science and culture of all peoples inhabiting our planet. The progressive sustainable development of human society is impossible without rational nature management, which is the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources and effective measures for their conservation and restoration.

3. Measures to protect the environment

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.

Since the task of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Environmental protection consists of:

- legal protection formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;

- material incentives for environmental protection activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;

- engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

- natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

- land, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

In the process of long-term use of natural resources, general principles and rules for the rational use and protection of nature were developed.

The first principle boils down to the fact that all natural phenomena have multiple meanings for man and must be evaluated from different points of view. Each phenomenon must be approached taking into account the interests of various branches of production and the preservation of the restorative power of nature itself.

The second principle is the need for strict consideration of local conditions in the use and protection of natural resources. It is called the rule of regionality. This is especially true for the use of water and forest resources.

The third principle, arising from the mutual connection of objects and phenomena in nature, is that the protection of one object means at the same time the protection of other objects closely related to it.

Therefore, nature protection must be comprehensive. It is not the sum of individual natural resources that should be protected, but a natural complex (ecosystem), which includes various components connected by natural links that have developed in the process of long historical development.

The main measures to combat air pollution are: strict control of emissions of harmful substances. It is necessary to replace toxic starting products with non-toxic ones, switch to closed cycles, improve gas cleaning and dust collection methods. Of great importance is the optimization of the location of enterprises to reduce transport emissions, as well as the competent application of economic sanctions.

International cooperation is beginning to play an important role in protecting the environment from chemical pollution. In the 1970s, a decrease in the concentration of O3 was discovered in the ozone layer, which protects our planet from the dangerous effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. In 1974, it was established that ozone is destroyed by the action of atomic chlorine. One of the main sources of chlorine entering the atmosphere are chlorofluoro derivatives of hydrocarbons (freons, freons) used in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners. The destruction of the ozone layer occurs, perhaps, not only under the influence of these substances. However, steps have been taken to reduce their production and use. In 1985, many countries agreed to protect the ozone layer. The exchange of information and joint research into changes in the concentration of atmospheric ozone continue.

Carrying out measures to prevent the ingress of pollutants into water bodies includes the establishment of coastal protective strips and water protection zones, the rejection of poisonous chlorine-containing pesticides, and the reduction of discharges from industrial enterprises through the use of closed cycles. Reducing the risk of oil pollution is possible by improving the reliability of tankers.

To prevent pollution of the Earth's surface, preventive measures are needed - to prevent contamination of soils with industrial and domestic sewage, solid domestic and industrial wastes, and sanitary cleaning of the soil and the territory of populated areas where such violations have been identified.

The best solution to the problem of environmental pollution would be non-waste industries that do not have sewage, gas emissions and solid waste. However, waste-free production today and in the foreseeable future is fundamentally impossible, for its implementation it is necessary to create a cyclic system of matter and energy flows that is uniform for the entire planet. If the loss of matter, at least theoretically, can still be prevented, then the environmental problems of energy will still remain. Thermal pollution cannot be avoided in principle, and so-called clean energy sources, such as wind farms, still damage the environment.

So far, the only way to significantly reduce environmental pollution is low-waste technologies. Currently, low-waste industries are being created, in which emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MAC), and waste does not lead to irreversible changes in nature. The complex processing of raw materials, the combination of several industries, the use of solid waste for the manufacture of building materials are used.

New technologies and materials, environmentally friendly fuels, new energy sources are being created that reduce environmental pollution.

4. Legal basis for environmental protection

The legal basis for nature protection is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international treaties, laws on the protection of nature and the main components of the natural environment, and resolutions of legislative institutions at various levels. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has the highest legal force, direct effect and application throughout the territory of Russia. It enshrined the human right to a healthy environment. Naturally, in order to effectively use it, it is necessary to use the right to reliable information about the state of the environment (Article 42). The rules and principles of nature protection are carried out by people when they are of a legislative nature. Currently, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environment" (December 19, 1991) is in force. Its basis is the recognition of nature and its wealth as "the national treasure of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their socio-economic development and human well-being."

In accordance with the law of 1991, the assessment of the state of the natural environment, including in emergency environmental situations, should be assessed both from the standpoint of public health and the state of natural ecological systems, genetic funds of plants and animals.

The main objectives of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation are "regulation of relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in order to preserve natural resources and the natural human environment, prevent the environmentally harmful impact of economic and other activities, improve and improve the quality of the natural environment, strengthen law and order in the interests of present and future generations of people.

The law formulates environmental requirements for all economic structures. These requirements are addressed to enterprises, organizations, institutions, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, and to individual citizens.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties take precedence over domestic state laws. However, for an international treaty to have legal force in Russia, it must not only be signed by authorized persons, but also ratified (approved) by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other federal legislation. Responsibility for violations in the field of nature protection is provided for in Ch. 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Ch. 8 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, as well as civil liability for certain types of offenses. In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

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The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disturb the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to the further development of the productive forces. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources.

Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of the world and national Red Data Books.

In Russia, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements, and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of his knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and established standards for the quality of the natural environment.

Bibliography

1. Gritsevich I.G., Kokorin A.O., Safonov G.V., Garnak A. Economic development and solving the problem of climate change // Ecological Bulletin of Russia, 2009, No. 3, p. 15-21.

2. Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" No. 2060-1 of December 19, 1991 (as amended by Laws of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2397-1, of June 2, 1993 No. 5076-1).

3. Kargopoltsev V.G., Mitskevich O.A. Water accounting: causes of imbalance and ways to prevent it // Ecological Bulletin of Russia, 2009, no. 4, p. 8-11.

4. Makevnin S.G., Vakulin A.A. Protection of Nature. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.

5. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. Ecology and nature management in Russia. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1995.

6. Man and his environment: Reader//Ed. G.V. Lisichkin and N.N. Chernov. - M.: Mir, 2003.

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1. Principles of nature conservation

2. Alternative nature management (industry, agriculture, energy)

3. Preservation of water and air quality

4. The problem of waste disposal

Bibliography

1. Principles of nature conservation.

Nature protection is a set of state and public activities aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soils, waters and earth's interior.

In the history of the formation of the environmental concept, several successive stages can be distinguished: species and reserved nature protection - resource protection - nature protection - rational use of natural resources - protection of the human habitat - protection of the natural environment. Accordingly, the very concept of environmental protection activities expanded and deepened.

In recent years, the term "protection of the natural environment" has been increasingly used. The term “protection of the biosphere” is very close in content and volume to this concept. Biosphere protection is a system of measures carried out at the national and international levels and aimed at eliminating undesirable anthropogenic and natural influences on functionally interconnected blocks of the biosphere (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, lithosphere and the sphere of organic life), at maintaining its evolutionarily developed organization and ensuring normal functioning.

Nature protection is closely connected with nature management - one of the sections of applied ecology. Nature management is a social production activity aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

Nature management can be rational and irrational. Irrational use does not ensure the preservation of the natural resource potential, leads to the impoverishment and deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, disruption of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems.

Rational nature management means a comprehensive scientifically based use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible conservation of natural resource potential, with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate and self-recovery.

According to Y. Odum, rational nature management has a dual goal:

· To ensure such a state of the environment in which it could satisfy, along with material needs, the demands of aesthetics and recreation;

· To ensure the possibility of continuous harvesting of useful plants, production of animals and various materials by establishing a balanced cycle of use and renewal;

At the current, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is born - environmental safety, which is understood as the state of protection of important environmental interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable natural environment. The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population and rational nature management is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems.

Environmentally sound rational nature management should consist in the maximum possible increase in the limits of existence and functioning and the achievement of high productivity of all links in the trophic chains of natural ecosystems.

Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.

The way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies), are potentially incorrect and will not lead to the necessary results, because compared to the repeated use of a product, waste incineration is an inefficient way to deal with waste. First of all, this is a destructive process, during which both raw materials and energy are consumed. This pollutes both the atmosphere and water. Incinerators emit nitrogen oxides, acid precipitation-producing sulfur, hydrogen oxide, dioxin and furan, which are believed to have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. There are tons of toxic ash left, which is also dangerous for groundwater.

Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them.

The most general principle or rule of environmental protection should be considered: the global initial natural resource potential is continuously depleted in the course of historical development, which requires scientific and technological improvement from mankind aimed at a wider and fuller use of this potential. From this law follows another fundamental principle for the protection of nature and the environment: environmentally-economical, i.e. the more prudent the approach to natural resources and habitat, the less energy and other costs are required. Reproduction of the natural resource potential and efforts to implement it should be comparable with the economic results of the exploitation of nature. Another important environmental rule is that all components of the natural environment - atmospheric air, water, soil - must be preserved not separately, but as a whole, as unified natural ecosystems of the biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, subsoil, the gene pool of plants and animals.

According to the law of the Russian Federation on environmental protection, the main principles of environmental protection are as follows:

Priority of protection of human life and health;

Science-based combination of environmental and economic interests;

Rational and sustainable use of natural resources;

Payment for nature use;

Compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation, the inevitability of liability for its violation;

Publicity in the work of environmental organizations and their close connection with public associations and the population in solving environmental problems;

International cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

Protection of Nature- this is a rational, reasonable use of natural resources, which helps to preserve the pristine diversity of nature and improve the living conditions of the population. For nature protection Earth the world community is taking concrete action.

Effective measures to protect endangered species and natural biocenoses are to increase the number of reserves, expand their territories, create nurseries for the artificial cultivation of endangered species and reintroduce (that is, return) them into nature.

A powerful human impact on ecological systems can lead to sad results that can provoke a whole chain of environmental changes.

The influence of anthropogenic factors on organisms

Most of the organic matter does not decompose immediately, but is stored in the form of wood, soil and water sediments. After being preserved for many millennia, these organic substances turn into fossil fuels (coal, peat and oil).

Every year on Earth, photosynthetic organisms synthesize about 100 billion tons of organic substances. Over the geological period (1 billion years), the predominance of the synthesis of organic substances over the process of their decomposition led to a decrease in the content of CO 2 and an increase in O 2 in the atmosphere.

Meanwhile, since the second half of the XX century. the intensive development of industry and agriculture began to cause a steady increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This phenomenon can cause climate change on the planet.

Conservation of natural resources

In the matter of nature protection, the transition to the use of industrial and agricultural technologies, which make it possible to economically use natural resources, is of great importance. For this you need:

• the most complete use of fossil natural resources;
• recycling of production wastes, use of non-waste technologies;
• obtaining energy from environmentally friendly sources by using the energy of the Sun, wind, ocean kinetic energy, underground energy.

Especially effective is the introduction of non-waste technologies operating in closed cycles, when waste is not emitted into the atmosphere or into water basins, but is reused.

Biodiversity conservation

The protection of existing species of living organisms is also of great importance in biological, ecological and cultural terms. Every living species is a product of centuries of evolution and has its own gene pool. None of the existing species can be considered absolutely beneficial or harmful. Those species that were considered harmful may eventually turn out to be useful. That is why the protection of the gene pool of existing species is of particular importance. Our task is to preserve all living organisms that have come down to us after a long evolutionary process.

Plant and animal species, the number of which has already declined or is endangered, are listed in the Red Book and are protected by law. In order to protect nature, reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations of medicinal plants, reservations, national parks are created and other environmental measures are taken. material from the site

"Man and the Biosphere"

In order to protect nature in 1971, the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (in English "Man and Biosfera" - abbreviated as MAB) was adopted. According to this program, the state of the environment and human impact on the biosphere are studied. The main objectives of the program "Man and the Biosphere" are to predict the consequences of modern human economic activity, to develop methods for the rational use of the riches of the biosphere and measures for its protection.

In countries participating in the MAB program, large biosphere reserves are being created, where changes that occur in ecosystems without human influence are studied (Fig. 80).