Incandescent lamp in our time. The principle of operation and the device of an electric incandescent lamp

An incandescent light bulb is an object familiar to everyone. Electricity and artificial light have long been an integral part of reality for us. But few people think about how the very first and familiar incandescent lamp appeared.

Our article will tell you what an incandescent lamp is, how it works and how it appeared in Russia and around the world.

What is

Incandescent lamp - electric option a light source, the main part of which is a refractory conductor, which plays the role of a heating body. The conductor is placed in a glass flask, which inside is pumped with an inert gas or completely devoid of air. Passing through refractory conductor type electricity, this lamp can emit luminous flux.

The glow of an incandescent lamp

The principle of operation is based on the fact that when an electric current flows through the filament body, this element begins to glow, heating the tungsten filament. As a result, the filament begins to emit radiation of the electromagnetic-thermal type (Planck's law). To create a glow, the temperature of the glow must be a couple of thousand degrees. As the temperature decreases, the glow spectrum will become more and more red.
All the disadvantages of an incandescent lamp lie in the incandescent temperature. The better the luminous flux is needed, the higher the temperature required. At the same time, the tungsten filament is characterized by a filament limit, above which this light source permanently fails.
Note! The temperature limit of heating for incandescent lamps is 3410 ° C.

Design features

Since the incandescent lamp is considered the very first light source, it is quite natural that its design should be quite simple. Especially when compared with current light sources, which are gradually pushing it out of the market.
In an incandescent lamp, the leading elements are:

• lamp bulb;
• glow body;
• current leads.

Note! The first such lamp had just such a structure.

Incandescent lamp design

To date, several variants of incandescent lamps have been developed, but such a structure is typical for the simplest and very first models.
In a standard incandescent bulb, in addition to the elements described above, there is a fuse, which is a link. It is made of ferronickel alloy. It is welded into the gap of one of the two current leads of the product. The link is located in the leg of the current lead. It is necessary in order to prevent the destruction of the glass bulb during the breakthrough of the filament. This is due to the fact that when a tungsten filament breaks through, an electric arc is created. It can melt the remnants of the thread. And its fragments can damage the glass flask and cause a fire.
The fuse destroys the electric arc. Such a ferronickel link is placed in a cavity where the pressure is equal to atmospheric. In this situation, the arc goes out.
Such a structure and principle of operation provided the incandescent lamp with wide distribution around the world, but because of their high power consumption and short service life, it is now used much less frequently. This is due to the fact that more modern and efficient light sources have appeared.

Discovery history

Researchers from Russia and other countries of the world made their contribution to the creation of the incandescent lamp in the form in which it is known today.

Alexander Lodygin

Until the moment when the inventor Alexander Lodygin from Russia began to work on the development of incandescent lamps, some important events should be noted in its history:

• in 1809, the famous inventor Delarue from England created his first incandescent lamp equipped with a platinum spiral;
• almost 30 years later, in 1938, the Belgian inventor Jobar developed a carbon model of an incandescent lamp;
• Inventor Heinrich Goebel from Germany in 1854 already presented the first version of a working light source.

The German-style light bulb had a charred bamboo filament that was placed in an evacuated vessel. Over the next five years, Heinrich Goebel continued his developments and eventually came to the first prototype of a working incandescent light bulb.

First practical light bulb

Joseph Wilson Swan, the famous physicist and chemist from England, in 1860 showed the world his first successes in the development of a light source and was rewarded with a patent for his results. But some of the difficulties that arose with the creation of a vacuum showed the inefficient and not long-term operation of the Swan lamp.
In Russia, as noted above, Alexander Lodygin was engaged in research in the field of efficient light sources. In Russia, he was able to achieve a glow in a glass vessel of a carbon rod, from which the air had previously been pumped out. In Russia, the history of the discovery of the incandescent light bulb began in 1872. It was in this year that Alexander Lodygin succeeded in his experiments with a carbon rod. Two years later, in Russia, he receives a patent under the number 1619, which was issued to him for a filament type of lamp. He replaced the thread with a rod of coal, which was in a vacuum flask.
Exactly one year later, V. F. Didrikhson significantly improved the appearance of the incandescent lamp created in Russia by Lodygin. The improvement consisted in replacing the carbon rod with several hairs.

Note! In a situation where one of them burned out, there was automatic switch on another.

Joseph Wilson Swan, who continued his attempts to improve the already existing model of the light source, receives a patent for light bulbs. Here as heating element carbon fibre. But here it was located already in a rarefied atmosphere of oxygen. Such an atmosphere made it possible to obtain very bright light.

Contribution of Thomas Edison

In the 1970s, an inventor from America, Thomas Edison, joined the inventive race to create a working model of an incandescent lamp.

Thomas Edison

He conducted research on the use of filaments made from variety of materials. Edison in 1879 receives a patent for a light bulb equipped with a platinum filament. But a year later, he returns to the already proven carbon fiber and creates a light source with a lifespan of 40 hours.

Note! Simultaneously with the work on creating an efficient light source, Thomas Edison created a rotary type of household switch.

Despite the fact that Edison bulbs work only 40 hours, they began to actively squeeze out of the market old version gas lighting.

The results of the work of Alexander Lodygin

While Thomas Edison was conducting his experiments on the other side of the world, Alexander Lodygin continued to do similar research in Russia. In the 90s of the 19th century, he invented several types of light bulbs at once, the threads of which were made of refractory metals.

Note! It was Lodygin who first decided to use a tungsten filament as an incandescent body.

Bulb Lodygin

In addition to tungsten, he also proposed using filaments made of molybdenum, as well as twisting them into a spiral. Lodygin placed such threads of his in flasks, from which all the air was pumped out. As a result of such actions, the threads were protected from oxygen oxidation, which made the service life of the products much longer.
The first type of commercial light bulb produced in America contained a tungsten filament and was made according to Lodygin's patent.
It is also worth noting that Lodygin developed gas-filled lamps containing carbon filaments and filled with nitrogen.
Thus, the authorship of the first incandescent light bulb sent into serial production belongs to the Russian researcher Alexander Lodygin.

Features of the Lodygin light bulb

Modern incandescent lamps, which are direct descendants of Alexander Lodygin's model, are characterized by:

• excellent luminous flux;
• excellent color reproduction;

Incandescent lamp color rendering

• low rate of convection and heat conduction;
• filament filament temperature - 3400 K;
• at maximum level filament temperature indicator coefficient for efficiency is 15%.

Besides given type The light source during its operation consumes a lot of electricity, compared to other modern light bulbs. Due to the design features, such lamps can operate for approximately 1000 hours.
But, despite the fact that according to many evaluation criteria this product inferior to more advanced modern light sources, it, due to its cheapness, still remains relevant.

Conclusion

Inventors from different countries. But only the Russian scientist Alexander Lodygin was able to create the most best option which we, in fact, continue to use to this day.

Installation Secrets spotlights in a stretch ceiling: how difficult is it?

Incandescent lamps are the most widespread among artificial light sources. Wherever there is an electric current, a transformation of its energy into light can be found, and incandescent lamps are almost always used for this. Let's figure out how and what heats up in them, and what they are.

The features of a particular lamp can be found by examining the index stamped on its metal base.

The index uses the following alphanumeric designations:

• B - Bispiral, argon filling
• BK - Bispiral, krypton filling
• B - Vacuum
• G - Gas-filled, argon filling
• DS, DSh - Decorative lamps
• RN - various purposes
• A - Lampshade
• B - Twisted form
• D - Decorative form
• E - C screw base
• E27 - Plinth version
• Z - Mirror
• ZK - Concentrated light distribution of a mirror lamp
• ЗШ - Wide light distribution
• 215-230V - Recommended voltage scale
• 75 W - Electric power consumption

Types of incandescent lamps and their functional purpose

1. Incandescent lamps general purpose

According to their functional purpose, the most common are general purpose incandescent lamps (LON). All LON produced in Russia must comply with the requirements of GOST 2239-79. They are used for outdoor and indoor, as well as for decorative lighting, in household and industrial networks with a voltage of 127 and 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz.

LONs have a relatively short life, on average, about 1000 hours, and low efficiency - they convert only 5% of electricity into light, and the rest is released as heat.

A feature of low-power (up to 25 W) LON is the carbon filament used in them as a filament. This outdated technology was used in the first "" and was preserved only here.

Seismic-resistant lamps, also included in the LON group, are structurally capable of withstanding a seismic shock with a duration of up to 50 ms.

2. Projector incandescent lamps

Incandescent projector lamps are much more powerful than other types and are designed for directional lighting or giving light signals over long distances. According to GOST, they are divided into three groups: film projection lamps (GOST 4019-74), for general-purpose spotlights (GOST 7874-76) and beacon lamps (GOST 16301-80).

The use of three-wire wiring in home network provides high level fire safety and reduce the risks to human life. In solving the issue - - it is enough to follow the elementary rules and installation scheme.

To equip the electrical networks of residential premises with safety equipment, it is necessary to make a choice between installing an RCD or a difavtomat. Can help with this. You can install a difavtomat in several ways, which you can read about.

The filament body in projector lamps is longer and at the same time located more compactly, to enhance the overall brightness and subsequent focusing of the light flux. The task of focusing is solved by special focusing plinths provided in some models, or optical lenses in the designs of searchlights and lighthouses.

The maximum power of projector lamps produced in Russia today is 10 kW.

3. Incandescent mirror lamps

Mirrored incandescent lamps are distinguished by a special bulb design and a reflective aluminum layer. The light-conducting part of the bulb is made of frosted glass, which softens the light and smooths out contrasting shadows from objects. Such lamps are marked with indices indicating the type of light flux: ZK (concentrated light distribution), ZS (medium light distribution) or ZSh (wide light distribution).

This group also includes neodymium lamps, the difference of which is the addition of neodymium oxide to the formula of the composition from which the glass bulb is blown. Due to this, part of the yellow spectrum is absorbed, and the color temperature shifts to the region of brighter white radiation. This allows the use of neodymium lamps in interior lighting for greater brightness and maintaining shades in the interior. The letter "H" has been added to the index of neodymium lamps.

The scope of mirror lamps is huge: shop windows, stage lighting, greenhouses, greenhouses, livestock farms, lighting medical offices and much more.


4. Halogen incandescent lamps

Before you determine which incandescent lamp you need, you should study the features and markings of existing types. With all their diversity, you need to accurately understand the purpose of the selected lamp and how and where it will be used. If the characteristics of the lamp do not correspond to the tasks for which it was purchased, it can not only lead to unnecessary costs, but also lead to emergencies up to power failure and fire.

An entertaining video characterizing the work of three types of light bulbs

Today it is difficult to imagine the life of people without electric lamp. This rather simple device is used for lighting various premises and streets. There are a large number of types of light bulbs, differing in the power of the glow and the principle of operation. Recently, more and more users are paying attention to energy-saving devices, but an ordinary incandescent lamp is in no hurry to lose ground.

Operating principle

The principle of operation of an incandescent lamp is quite simple., as well as the design of this device. An electric current passes through a refractory conductor and heats it up to a high temperature. It should be noted that the heating temperature depends on the voltage supplied to the device. According to Planck's law, a heated conductor is capable of generating electromagnetic waves.

The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength of the emitted radiation. Waves of the visible spectrum appear when the conductor is heated to several thousand degrees on the Kelvin scale. If the spiral of an electric bulb is heated to 5000 K, then it will glow with a neutral light (similar to what the Sun emits). As the temperature decreases, the color of the glow will begin to change first to yellow and then to red.

In lamps, the predominant part of the energy is transformed into heat, and only a small amount of it is converted into a luminous flux. It should also be remembered that the human organs of vision are able to perceive only a certain range of light waves. To increase the illumination of the room, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the spiral. However, this is possible only up to a certain indicator, which is limited by the properties of the conductor material.

Thus, Maximum temperature light bulb is 3410 degrees on the Celsius scale. Further heating of tungsten will lead to deformation and melting of the material. However, even this temperature can only be reached under certain environmental conditions. If tungsten comes into contact with oxygen, it turns into an oxide. When air is pumped out of the bulb, it will be possible to create a lamp with a maximum power of 25 watts. More powerful devices contain inert gases in the flask.

Design features

Although the lamps differ in design, they have three common elements - terminals, a conductor and a glass bulb. Some special purpose devices may not have a plinth due to the use of a different type of holder. Also, sometimes a ferronickel fuse is built into the light bulbs. Most often, it is mounted in the leg, so after the failure of the conductor, the bulb does not collapse.

When the filament breaks, an electric arc appears, which melts the remaining material. The substance in the molten state falls on the glass container and may break its integrity. The fuse is able to prevent the process of melting the spiral. However, this technology is not widely used due to low efficiency.

If we talk about what the light bulb consists of, then it is necessary to note the main structural elements. These include:

• a flask made of glass;
• radiating conductor;
• electrodes;
• plinth;
• gas environment;
• radiating conductor holders.

Flask and gaseous environment

Thanks to the glass container, the filament is protected from the oxidation process that occurs when the material of the radiating conductor interacts with oxygen. The first electric incandescent lamps were produced with a vacuum bulb. Now only devices are produced using this technology. low power. For the production of more powerful devices, a nitrogen-argon mixture or argon alone is most often used. Also, the flasks of some lamps may contain xenon or krypton. The thermal radiation index of the filament material depends on the molar mass of the gas.

A separate group are halogen bulbs, in the glass container of which the gas of the halogen group is pumped. When heated, the material of the radiating conductor evaporates and reacts with these gases. The substance obtained during the chemical process quickly splits under the influence of high temperature and returns to the filament. As a result, not only the efficiency of the device increases, but also its service life increases.

Radiating conductor

The shape of the filament can be any and depends on the specifics of the device. Most often, in a conventional light bulb, the conductor has round section, but you can also find tape. It should be noted that even charcoal was used in the first lamps, capable of heating up to a temperature of 3559 degrees Celsius. However, in modern appliances The main material of the filament is tungsten.

Also, this element can be made of an alloy of osmium with tungsten. The choice of the type of spiral is not accidental, since its dimensions depend on it. In modern lamps, double-coils and even tri-coils can be used. They are obtained by re-twisting. This allows you to increase the efficiency of the device due to the reduction of heat dissipation.

Lamp base

This element is standardized and has certain form and dimensions. As a result, you can easily replace the light bulb after it fails. . Today, devices with an E14 base are most often used., E27, and also E40. The decoding of this marking is extremely simple - the numbers after the letter E indicate the outer diameter of the element.

Since there are now a large number of types of lamps, some of them differ in the design of the base. For example, there are devices that are held in the cartridge due to friction. It should also be noted that the base in the incandescent lamp device performs the following functions:

• connects several elements;
• represents one of the contacts;
• allows you to securely mount the device in the cartridge.

Advantages and disadvantages

All technical devices have not only advantages but also disadvantages. Incandescent light bulbs are no exception.

Positive traits

One of the main advantages of these devices is the simplicity of design, which makes the cost of the product low. Now you can easily purchase a device of the desired power and dimensions. An equally important advantage of classic light bulbs is the luminescence spectrum of their radiating element. Since it is as close as possible to sunlight, it cannot adversely affect the organs of vision.

A heated filament has thermal inertia, so the light emitted by it is practically devoid of pulsation. This distinguishes ordinary incandescent bulbs from other types of products (for example, fluorescent lamps). In the manufacture of these devices are not used harmful substances owing to which special technologies are not required for their disposal.

Negative Properties

One of the main disadvantages of devices can be considered the dependence on the indicator of the supply voltage. If it increases and exceeds the allowable limits, then the spiral wears out quickly. When the voltage drops, the luminous flux emitted by the device also decreases.

In addition, it should be remembered that the radiating element is designed to operate over a long period of time. The cold coil resistance index is significantly lower compared to the operating mode.

Because of this, at the moment of switching on, a strong surge of current occurs, which leads to the evaporation of the material of the filament. Thus, the service life of the device depends on the number of inclusions.

However, this disadvantage can be overcome using special devices. soft start- dimmers. Also, with their help, you can adjust the luminous flux in a fairly wide range.

The most serious disadvantage of incandescent lamps is their low efficiency. Most of the electricity is converted into heat, which is dissipated in environment. Now increasingly used LED bulbs allowing you to save on electricity.

There is a lot of talk and unfounded disputes around this issue. Who invented the incandescent lamp? Some claim that this is Lodygin, others that Edison. But everything is much more complicated, let's look at the chronology of historical events.

There are many methods for converting electrical energy into light. These include lamps of the arc principle of operation, gas discharge and those where the source of the glow is a heating filament. In fact, an incandescent light bulb can also be considered an artificial source of lighting, since the effect of a heated conductor through which current passes is used for its operation. A metal spiral or carbon filament most often acts as an incandescent element. In addition to the conductor, the light bulb design includes a bulb, a current lead, a fuse and a base. However, we already know all this. But not so long ago there was a time when several scientists were simultaneously developing in the field of artificial light sources and fought for the title of the inventor of the light bulb.

Timeline of invention

Reading the entire article below, it is very convenient to look at this table:

If you want to really understand, then we strongly recommend reading the article in its entirety.

The first transformations of energy into light

In the 18th century, a significant discovery occurred that marked the beginning of a huge series of inventions. An electrical current has been detected. At the turn of the next century, the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani invented a method for obtaining electric current from chemical substances- volt column or galvanic cell. Already in 1802, the physicist Vasily Petrov discovered an electric arc and suggested using it as a lighting device. After 4 years, the royal society saw Humphrey Davy's electric lamp, it illuminated the room due to sparks between the coal rods. The first arc lamps were too bright and expensive, making them unsuitable for daily use.

Incandescent lamp: prototypes

The first development of lighting lamps with incandescent elements began in the middle of the 19th century. Yes, in 1838 Belgian inventor Jobar presented a project for an incandescent lamp with a carbon core. Although the operating time of this device did not exceed half an hour, it was evidence of technological progress in this area. AT 1840 th year, Warren de la Rue, an English astronomer, produced a light bulb with a platinum spiral, the first lamp in the history of electrical engineering with an incandescent element in the form of a spiral. The inventor passed an electric current through a vacuum tube with a coil of platinum wire placed in it. As a result of heating, platinum emitted a bright glow, and the almost complete absence of air made it possible to use the device in any temperature conditions. Due to the high cost of platinum for commercial purposes, it was illogical to use such a lamp, even taking into account its efficiency. However, in the future, it was the sample of this light bulb that began to be considered the ancestor of other incandescent lamps. Warren de la Rue decades later (in 1860 -x) began to actively study the phenomenon of gas-discharge glow under the influence of current.

AT 1841 Frederick de Moleyn, an Englishman, patented lamps, which were flasks with a platinum filament filled with carbon. However, the tests carried out by him in 1844 with respect to conductors were not crowned with success. This was due to the rapid melting of the platinum thread. In 1845, another scientist, King, replaced platinum incandescent elements with carbon sticks and received a patent for his invention. In the same years overseas, in the USA, John Starr patented a light bulb with a vacuum sphere and a carbon burner.

AT 1854 Heinrich Goebel, a German watchmaker, invented a device that is considered the prototype of modern light bulbs. He demonstrated it at an electrical exhibition in the United States. It was a vacuum incandescent lamp, which was really suitable for use in the most various conditions. Heinrich suggested using a bamboo thread that had been charred as a light source. Instead of a flask, the scientist took simple bottles of toilet water. The vacuum in them was created by adding and pouring mercury from the flask. The disadvantage of the invention was excessive fragility and operating time of only a few hours. During the years of active research life, Goebel could not meet the due recognition in society, but at the age of 75 he was called the inventor of the first practical incandescent lamp based on carbon filament. By the way, it was Goebel who first used lighting fixtures for advertising purposes: he drove around New York on a cart decorated with light bulbs. A spyglass was installed on a wheelchair that attracted attention from afar, through which the scientist allowed, for a fee, to look at the starry sky.

First results

The most effective results in the field of obtaining a vacuum light bulb were achieved by the famous chemist and physicist from England - Joseph Swan (Swan). AT 1860 In the year he received a patent for his invention, although the lamp did not work for very long. This was due to the use of carbon paper - it quickly turned into crumbs after burning.

In the mid 70s. In the 19th century, in parallel with Swan, a Russian scientist also patented several inventions. The outstanding scientist and engineer Alexander Lodygin invented in 1874 a filament lamp that used a carbon rod for heating. To the study experiments lighting fixtures he started in 1872, while in St. Petersburg. As a result, thanks to the banker Kozlov, a society for the operation of light bulbs with coal was founded. For his invention, the scientist received an award at the Academy of Sciences. These lamps immediately began to be used for street lighting and the Admiralty building.

Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin

Lodygin was also the first to come up with the idea of ​​using tungsten or molybdenum filaments twisted into a spiral. To 1890 -m yrs. Lodygin had on his hands several varieties of lamps with incandescent filaments made of different metals. He suggested pumping air out of the light bulb so that the oxidation process would be slower, which means that the lamp life would be longer. The first commercial lamp with a spiral tungsten filament in America was subsequently produced according to Lodygin's patent. He even invented gas light bulbs filled with carbon filament and nitrogen.

Lodygin's idea 1875 year was improved by another Russian mechanic-inventor Vasily Didrikhson. He made coals by charring wood cylinders in graphite crucibles. It was he who was the first to manage to pump out air and installed more than one thread in a light bulb so that a replacement would occur when it burned out. Such a lamp was produced under the direction of Kon, and a large linen store and underwater caissons began to illuminate it during the construction of a bridge in St. Petersburg. In 1876, the lamp was improved by Nikolai Pavlovich Bulygin. The scientist glowed only one end of the coal, which constantly moved forward in the process of burning. However, the device was complex and expensive.

AT 1875-76 gg. electrical engineer Pavel Yablochkov, creating an electric candle, discovered that kaolin (a kind of white clay) conducts electricity well under the influence of high temperature. He invented a kaolin light bulb with an incandescent filament made of the appropriate material. Distinctive feature This lamp is the fact that for its operation it was not necessary to place a kaolin thread in a vacuum flask - it remained operational when in contact with air. The creation of the light bulb was preceded by long work scientist over arc lamps in Paris. Once Yablochkov visited a local cafe and, watching the arrangement of cutlery by the waiter, he came up with a new idea. He decided to place carbon electrodes parallel to each other, and not horizontally. True, there was a danger that not only the arc would burn out, but also the conductive clamps. The dilemma was solved by adding an insulator that gradually burned out after the electrodes. This insulator became white clay. In order for the light bulb to light up, a jumper made of coal was placed between the electrodes, and uneven combustion of the electrodes themselves was minimized by using an alternator.

Yablochkov demonstrated his invention at a technology exhibition in London in 1876 year. A year later, one of the French, Deneyruz, established a joint-stock company for the study of Yablochkov's lighting technologies. The scientist himself had little faith in the future of the incandescent lamp, but Yablochkov's electric candles were very popular. Success was ensured not only by a low price, but also by a burning time of 1.5 hours. Thanks to this invention, lanterns with candle replacement appeared, and the streets began to be illuminated much better. True, the disadvantage of such candles was the presence of only a variable stream of light. A little later, a physicist from Germany, Walter Nernst, developed a light bulb of the same principle, but made the incandescent filament from magnesia. The lamp was lit only after the filament was heated, for which matches were used first, and then electric heaters.

Fight for patents

By the end of the 1870s. my research activities began the outstanding engineer and inventor Thomas Edison, who lived in the United States. In the process of creating a lamp, he tried different metals for filaments. Initially, the scientist believed that the solution to the problem of electric light bulbs could be due to their automatic shutdown when high temperatures Oh. But this idea didn't work, because constantly turning off the cold lamp only resulted in a flickering radiation that was not constant. There is a version that in the late 70s. Lieutenant of the Russian fleet Khotinsky brought several Lodygin incandescent bulbs and showed them to Edison, which influenced his further developments.

Not dwelling on his achievements in England, Joseph Swan, already known at that time in scientific circles, patented a lamp with carbon fiber in 1878. It was placed in a rarefied atmosphere with oxygen, so the light came out very bright. A year later, electric lighting appeared in most houses in England.

Thomas Alva Edison

Meanwhile, Thomas Edison hired Francis Upton to work in his laboratory. Together with him, materials began to be tested more accurately, and attention was focused on the shortcomings of previous patents. In 1879, Edison patented a light bulb with a platinum base, and a year later the scientist created a lamp with carbon fiber and uninterrupted operation for 40 hours. During his work, the American conducted 1.5 thousand tests and was also able to create a rotary switch household type. In principle, Thomas Edison did not make any new changes to Lodygin's electric light bulb. It was just that a large proportion of the air was pumped out of his glass sphere with a carbon thread. More importantly, an American scientist developed a supersystem for a light bulb, invented a screw base, cartridge and fuses, and subsequently organized mass production.

New light sources were able to displace gas, and the invention itself was called the Edison-Swan lamp for some time. In 1880, Thomas established the most accurate vacuum value, which created the most stable airless space. Air was evacuated from the bulb using a mercury pump.

By the end of 1880 bamboo fibers bulbs could burn for about 600 hours. This material from Japan was recognized as the best organic type carbon component. Since bamboo threads were quite expensive, Edison suggested making them from cotton fibers processed in special ways. The first companies to build large electrical systems were founded in New York in 1882. During this period, Edison even sued Swan for copyright infringement. But in the end, scientists created a joint company called Edison-Swan United, which quickly grew into the world leader in the production of electric light bulbs.

During his life, Thomas Edison was able to obtain 1093 patents. Among his famous inventions: phonograph, kinetoscope, telephone transmitter. Once he was asked if it was not a shame to be wrong 2,000 times before creating a light bulb. The scientist replied: "I was not mistaken, but I discovered 1,999 ways how not to make a light bulb."

Metal filaments

At the end of the 1890s New light bulbs are coming in. So, Walter Nernst proposed to make incandescent filaments from a special alloy, which included oxides of magnesium, yttrium, thorium and zirconium. In the Auer lamp (Karl Auer von Welsbach, Republic of Austria), an osmium filament acted as a light emitter, and in a Bolton and Feuerlein lamp, a tantalum filament. Alexander Lodygin in 1890 patented an incandescent lamp, where a fast-heating tungsten filament was used (several refractory metals were used, but it was tungsten that, according to research results, had best performance). It is noteworthy that 16 years later he sold all rights to his revolutionary invention to the industrial giant General Electric, a company founded by the great Thomas Edison.

However, in the history of electrical engineering, two patents for a tungsten lamp are known - in 1904, a duet of scientists Sandor Yust and Franjo Hanaman registered an invention similar to Lodygin's. A year later, Austria-Hungary began mass production of these lamps. Later, General Electric began to produce light bulbs with inert gases. A scientist from this organization, Irving Langmuir, in 1909 managed to modernize Lodygin's invention by adding argon to it in order to extend the life and increase the light output.

In 1910, William Coolidge improved the industrial production of tungsten filaments, after which the production of lamps began not only with an incandescent element in the form of a spiral, but also in the form of a zigzag, double and triple spiral.

Further inventions

• Since the creation of the first lighting electrical appliances, the properties of gas-discharge lamps have been constantly studied, but until the beginning of the 20th century, scientists showed little interest in them. An example is the fact that the first primitive prototypes of mercury lamps were constructed in Great Britain as early as the 1860s, but it was not until 1901 that Peter Hewitt invented the mercury lamp. low pressure. Five years later, analogues went into production high pressure. And in 1911, Georges Claudy, a chemical engineer from France, showed the world a neon light bulb, which immediately became the center of attention of all advertisers.
• In the 1920-40s. sodium, fluorescent and xenon lamps were invented. Some of them began to be mass-produced even for household use. To date, about 2 thousand varieties of light sources are known.
• In the USSR, the phrase "Ilyich's light bulb" became the colloquial name for an incandescent lamp. It was this idiom that became native to peasants and collective farmers during the era of universal electrification. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin visited one of the villages to launch a power plant, and then it appeared popular expression. However, initially this expression was used to denote a plan for electrification Agriculture, towns and villages. Ilyich's lamp was a cartridge, freely suspended by a wire from the ceiling and hanging down without a ceiling. The design of the cartridge also included a switch, and the wiring was laid in an open way along the walls.
• LED lamps were developed in the 60s. for industrial purposes. They had little power and could not illuminate the area properly. However, today it is this direction that is considered the most promising.
• In 1983, compact fluorescent light bulbs appeared. Their invention was especially important in the context of the need to save electricity. In addition, they do not require additional starting equipment and fit standard incandescent lamp sockets.
• Not so long ago, two companies from America at once created fluorescent lamps for consumers with the ability to purify the air and remove unpleasant odors. Their surface is covered with titanium dioxide, which, when irradiated, starts a photocatalytic reaction.

Video how incandescent lamps are made in old factories.

Incandescent lamps cannot contain air, nitrogen, or any other gases other than inert ones (argon, krypton, xenon). The fact is that the temperature of the spiral is more than 2000 degrees Celsius. At these temperatures, tungsten will react with ANY gases, except inert ones. But filling light bulbs with helium or neon is too expensive, so the cheapest argon is mainly used. Krypton and xenon are more expensive, but I don’t know what advantage they give, nevertheless they are also used. When water gets on the switched on (and therefore hot) light bulb, the glass simply cracks, but no "explosion" of the light bulb occurs.

About halogen lamps You are absolutely wrong. Yes, halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine. As for the ununseptium, you were a bit hasty. Yes, of course, if it can be obtained, then it will undoubtedly refer to halogens. But it has not yet been received, and therefore does not have its own name, only serial number(the number of protons in the nucleus).

0 0

A light bulb is a small but very useful item. Creation video attached.

By definition, an incandescent lamp is an electrical light source where the filament body, which is usually a refractory conductor, is located inside a bulb, evacuated or filled with an inert gas, and heated to a high temperature with the help of an electric current that is passed through it. As a result, visible light is emitted. For the filament, a tungsten-based alloy is used.

General purpose incandescent lamp (230 V, 60 W, 720 lm, base E27, overall height approx. 110 mm

The principle of operation of an incandescent lamp

Well, everything is very simple here. An electric current passes through the incandescent body and heats it up. The filament emits electromagnetic heat radiation, which is in accordance with Planck's law. Its function has a maximum depending on temperature. If the temperature rises, then the maximum shifts towards shorter wavelengths. To...

0 0

Incandescent light bulb

The variety of light sources is quite large, but the incandescent lamp has found the greatest distribution and application. The question arises: "Why exactly did she get such huge popularity and is found at every step?" However, we see other lamps, and if there are alternatives to it, then there will be disadvantages.

In order to evaluate all the advantages and disadvantages, it is necessary to consider the structure of the light source.

Incandescent light bulb consists of:

The variety of flask shapes in most cases is explained by the aesthetic appearance, and sometimes by the possibility convenient installation. The function of the bulb is to protect the filament from atmospheric precipitation.

Initially, when electrical sources light had just begun to be made, then a vacuum was created in the glass bulb of the lamp. Now this technology is used only for low power (up to 25 W), and light sources of higher power are filled with an inert gas (argon, nitrogen, krypton) ....

0 0

The filament in the lamps is heated to high temperatures, which are close to the melting point of tungsten (3422°C). Tungsten, as well as coal, which was used in the first lamps, with room temperature they do not differ in chemical activity, however, a hot tungsten spiral (as well as a carbon filament) burns out in air in a few seconds. This can be easily verified by trying to turn on the incandescent lamp with the bulb removed.

So that the tungsten filament (spiral) does not burn out, it must be isolated from the action of air. The first lamps were vacuum, i.e. air was evacuated from their flasks. Chemists are well aware that glass vessels that work under vacuum can cause a lot of trouble. Minor damage to the glass or mechanical stress inside glass - and such a vessel can explode.

Modern lamps are filled with argon or a mixture of krypton and xenon. This is beneficial not only in terms of safety, but also to extend the life of the lamp. Main...

0 0

When did the first incandescent light bulb appear?

In 1809, the Englishman Delarue builds the first incandescent lamp (with a platinum spiral). In 1838, the Belgian Jobar invents the charcoal incandescent lamp. In 1854, the German Heinrich Göbel developed the first "modern" lamp - charred bamboo thread in an evacuated vessel. In the next 5 years, he developed what many call the first practical lamp. In 1860, the English chemist and physicist Joseph Wilson Swan demonstrated the first results and received a patent, but difficulties in obtaining a vacuum led to the fact that Swan's lamp did not work long and inefficiently.

First American commercial tungsten filament lamp.

On July 11, 1874, Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin received a patent number 1619 for a filament lamp. As a filament, he used a carbon rod placed in an evacuated vessel.

In 1875, V. F. Didrikhson improved Lodygin's lamp by pumping ...

0 0

I do not advise, you will not be able to pull it out on your own.

Remember the story about how a taxi driver took a man to the hospital who, on a dare, put an electric light bulb in his mouth, but could not put it back out? The intrigued taxi driver decided to check this story for himself, saying, "how is it, if it enters, then it must exit." And... also went to the doctor. What's the matter?..
EXAMINATION. For the experiment, we bought a standard 60 W light bulb. The “Sloboda” correspondent Dmitry Buzin volunteered to check the anecdote “about the light bulb” on himself: he could not believe that it was impossible to get the light bulb out of his mouth. But... Dmitry still couldn't get it! According to doctors, it is impossible to do this because of a spasm of the muscles of the jaws. Opening the mouth to the maximum width is possible only if the mouth is closed first. If the mouth is already open (for example, two-thirds when the light bulb is in the mouth), the muscles are too tense to open the mouth even more. Only doctors can pull out the light bulb - either with the help of a special ...

0 0

Modern lighting technology is impossible without inert gases. In most types and designs of various light sources, their presence is detected. In some lamps, the noble gases create an inert protective environment. In others, under the influence of electrical discharges, a beautiful colored glow is produced.

When passing electrical discharges in the layers of various noble gases, a glow of different colors occurs. The hue of the glow depends on the properties of the gas itself and on the additional conditions applied to it.

Argon.
It is mainly used in mixtures with other gases. Today, argon is in great demand in lighting engineering. Modern economic, energy-saving or, as they are also called, compact fluorescent lamps filled with a mixture of argon and mercury. The production of such lamps is gaining momentum. Due to their economy, they are becoming more in demand among the population. So for now, that's enough most of industrially produced argon is used...

0 0

The light device most familiar to us is ordinary light bulb incandescent. It is a source of illumination, consisting of a glass bulb, an incandescent body, electrodes, a base and an insulator.

They are simple, reliable, and can be purchased at a very low price. Despite the popularity of incandescent lamps, they have several disadvantages. The efficiency of such a device is about 2%, low light output within 20 Lm / W and a short, about 1000 hours, service life.

Principle of operation

When connected to electrical network An incandescent lamp converts electrical energy into light energy by heating the filament. Made of refractory tungsten or its alloys, the filament is in a glass bulb filled with an inert gas or vacuum (for low-power lamps up to 25 W).

The device of the light bulb "Ilyich"

The flask serves to protect against exposure external factors, and an inert gas (krypton, nitrogen, xenon, argon and their mixtures) does not allow tungsten ...

0 0

Definition
An incandescent lamp is a light source that converts the energy of an electric current passing through the lamp spiral into heat and light. According to the physical nature, two types of radiation are distinguished: thermal and luminescent.
Thermal radiation is the light emitted
when heating the body. The glow of electric incandescent lamps is based on the use of thermal radiation.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of incandescent lamps:
when turned on, they light up almost instantly;
are of small size;
their cost is low.

The main disadvantages of incandescent lamps:
lamps have blinding brightness, which negatively affects human vision, therefore, they require the use of appropriate fittings that limit glare;
have a short service life (about 1000 hours);
life time...

0 0

10

Halogen lamps, depending on the level of mains voltage, are divided into two types: mains voltage 220-230 V and low-voltage - 12 V or 24 V.

The first group includes a large number of types that differ in power, size, base and purpose. Most often they are used in industry and outdoor lighting. But among them there are lamps for “home” use with a conventional E27 or E14 screw base with a power of up to 250 watts. They perfectly replace conventional incandescent lamps. They compare favorably with an almost twofold increase in service life and luminous flux. The main difference from conventional incandescent lamps is that halogen lamps have higher operating temperatures, so you should be guided by the rule: if the cartridge is rated for 150 W, then the power of the "halogen" should not exceed 100 watts.

There are also many types in the low-voltage group, but they have one thing in common - a step-down transformer is required to connect to the network, usually 12 V. V ...

0 0

11

Incandescent lamps are the most widespread among artificial light sources. Wherever there is an electric current, a transformation of its energy into light can be found, and incandescent lamps are almost always used for this. Let's figure out how and what heats up in them, and what they are.

Principle of operation and design features

General principle The action of an incandescent lamp consists in the strong heating of the filament body by a stream of charged particles. To emit the spectrum visible to the human eye, the temperature of a luminous object must reach 570 ...

0 0

12

Modern views lamps that are used to illuminate residential, office, household premises today impress with their diversity. They differ from each other not only in the power of lighting, but also in the principle of operation, as a result - in a variety of shades of light, durability and the amount of electricity consumed.

Accordingly, there are types of lighting lamps that consume a small amount of electricity and at the same time emit bright lighting and a minimum of heat - these lamps are classified as energy-saving lamps, their types are also diverse in design.

New generation types of electric lamps are those that are resistant to voltage drops in the network and have large quantity operating hours and on/off cycles, which, combined with low energy consumption, makes them significantly different from traditional incandescent lamps.

However, modern lighting lamps are not limited to this, they have not only ...

0 0