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Overview of modern heating appliances for home heating: electric, gas and water systems. Household heating appliances of various types

The heating system uses heating appliances, which serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
Production and installation: mechanical strength products and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
Sanitary and hygienic: low surface temperature, small horizontal surface area, easy to clean surfaces.
Thermotechnical: maximum heat transfer to the room and controllability of heat transfer.

Instrument classification

The following indicators are distinguished in the classification of heating devices:

- the value of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
- the material used in the manufacture (metal, non-metal and combined);
- method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiation and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

ceiling emitters;
sectional cast iron radiators;
tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

floor heating panels;
sectional and panel radiators;
smooth tube devices.

Convection devices include:

panel radiators;
ribbed tubes;
plate convectors;
tubular convectors.

Consider the most applicable types of heaters.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

high efficiency;
light weight;
ease of installation of radiators;
efficient operation of the heating element.

disadvantages

1. not suitable for use in old heating systems, as salts heavy metals destroy the protective polymer film of the aluminum surface.
2. long-term operation leads to the unusability of the cast structure, to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure of radiators from 6 to 16 bar. Note that the greatest loads can withstand the radiators, which were cast under pressure.

Bimetal Models

Advantages

light weight;
high efficiency;
the possibility of prompt installation;
heat large areas
withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

disadvantages

have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. The material aluminum conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating appliances

Advantages

not subject to corrosion;
transfer heat well;
withstand high pressure;
it is possible to add sections;
the quality of the heat carrier does not matter.

disadvantages

significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
brittleness of thin cast iron.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier (water) reaches 130°C. Cast iron heaters serve for a long time, about 40 years. Heat transfer performance is not affected by mineral deposits inside the sections.

There is a wide variety cast iron radiators: single-channel, double-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country, the economical version of cast iron appliances has received the greatest use.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

increased heat transfer;
low pressure;
easy cleaning;
simple installation of radiators;
small weight compared to cast iron.

disadvantages

high pressure;
metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

The steel radiator of the present time heats up better than cast iron.

Steel heaters have built-in thermostats that provide constant temperature control. The design of the device has thin walls and responds quickly enough to the thermostat. Inconspicuous brackets allow you to mount the radiator on the floor or wall.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to the central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

high heat transfer;
mechanical strength;
aesthetic look for interiors.

disadvantages

high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in interior design because they decorate the room.

Due to corrosion, conventional steel radiators are currently not produced. If the steel is subjected to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

Radiator made of galvanized steel is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand a pressure of 12 bar. Radiator of this type often installed in multi-storey residential buildings or organizations.

Heating appliances of convector type

Convector type device

Advantages

small inertia;
small mass.

disadvantages

low heat transfer;
high demands on the coolant.

Convector-type appliances quickly heat the room. They have several manufacturing options: in the form of a plinth, in the form of a wall block and in the form of a bench. There are also floor convectors.

This heater uses copper tube. A coolant moves through it. The tube is used as an air stimulator (hot air goes up and cold air goes down). The process of air change takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector type heaters are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near the window prevents the incoming cold air.

Heating appliances can be connected to a centralized system, as they are designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Towel dryers

Advantages

variety of shapes and colors;
high pressure indicators (16 bar).

disadvantages

may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Towel dryers are electric, water and combined. Electric ones are not as economical as water ones, but allow buyers not to depend on the availability of water supply. Combined heated towel rails must not be used if there is no water in the system.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, it is necessary to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

overall dimensions of the device;
power (per 10 m2 of area 1 kW);
working pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
acidic characteristics of water as a heat carrier (this heat carrier is not suitable for aluminum radiators).

After clarifying the main parameters, you can proceed to the choice of heating devices according to aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.

Types of heaters in the heating system

Types of heating devices: aluminum, sectional, bimetallic, cast iron, steel panel and tubular radiators, convective type devices and heated towel rails.

Water heating devices. What to choose?

If ten years ago Russian consumers had access to almost nothing but cast-iron radiators, now we have a wide selection of different heating appliances. However, starting only from the appearance when choosing them, you can create considerable problems for yourself. You should be aware that the operating conditions of heating devices in Russia (single-pipe heating system, the presence of water hammer) do not always meet the operating requirements of many imported radiators. Therefore, the main criterion for choosing a device should be its maximum adaptation to specific operating conditions. You should be aware of the limitations that sales consultants will not always inform you about.

Cast iron sectional radiators.

This type of heating appliances is installed in most old Russian houses. Classic example such a radiator is the domestic model MS-140, which has an operating pressure of 9 atm, a test pressure of 15 atm.

What are the advantages of cast iron radiators? They are resistant to corrosion and not very picky about polluted water, which is very important when used in city houses with central heating.

Corrosion resistance is very important in conditions where the water from the heating system is drained for the summer, and it turns out that the radiator for these "dry" months is left to rust, which is typical for district heating most Russian cities. The large diameter of the passage hole and the low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation.

The disadvantages of cast iron radiators are obvious. Firstly, cast iron is heavy, which complicates installation, transportation, etc. Secondly, cast iron radiators have a high thermal inertia, which makes it difficult to adjust the temperature in the room. Thirdly, most of them are far from a work of art, often they do not fit into the interior (with the exception of some stylized imported models).

And the last significant drawback is the difficulty of removing dust that accumulates between sections.

Up to 70% of the heat from cast iron radiators is transferred into the room through radiation and only 30% through convection.

Aluminum sectional radiators.

In recent years, aluminum radiators have won a significant part of the Russian market from cast iron ones. Due to what did this happen? First of all, due to high heat transfer and lightness - the weight of one section without water is only about 1 kg, which greatly facilitates transportation and installation. Often the choice in favor of aluminum radiators (which, of course, are made not from pure aluminum, but from an alloy) is made due to their attractive design.

Aluminum radiators are less inertial than cast iron radiators, and therefore quickly respond to changes in temperature control parameters.

The most common models with a center distance of 500 and 350 mm, but many companies also offer non-standard options- 400, 600, 700, 800 mm, etc. The length of the aluminum radiator determines its power. By “assembling” the device from separate sections, it is possible to accurately select the parameters necessary for heating a particular room.

There are two options for aluminum radiators:

- cast (each section is cast as a single piece, to which the bottom parts are welded);

- produced by extrusion. In this case, each section consists of several elements mechanically connected to each other.

Working pressure of aluminum radiators various manufacturers differs quite significantly. We can conditionally distinguish two types of aluminum sectional radiators:

- standard "European", designed for a working pressure of about 6 atm, but it should be borne in mind that it is good for use only in cottages and other autonomous systems heating;

- "reinforced" - a radiator with a working pressure of at least 12 atm.

The most significant drawback of aluminum radiators is their corrosion dependence, which increases when other metals are present in the heating system, which leads to the formation of galvanic couples. Nevertheless, if you take into account all the requirements and follow the recommendations for the operation of these radiators when designing and installing a heating system, then they will serve you faithfully for many years.

Bimetallic sectional radiators.

Bimetallic radiators are structurally made of an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves. Their performance properties are better than those of aluminum. Due to the strength of steel, they withstand greater pressure (the working pressure for many of them is 20-30 atm or more) and allow you to slightly reduce the requirements for the quality of the coolant, which are very significant for ordinary aluminum ones. On the other hand, they took their main advantages from aluminum radiators - good heat dissipation and modern design.

Roughly speaking, a bimetallic radiator is steel frame filled with aluminium. The coolant in them almost does not come into contact with aluminum. It moves along steel tubes, which in turn transfer heat aluminum panels, and they heat the surrounding air. Outwardly, such radiators are very similar to aluminum ones.

Bimetal devices are suitable for urban central heating systems, but like any other metal pipes, they are gradually overgrown with sludge deposits. In addition, as for all radiators in which the coolant comes into contact with steel, it is harmful for the "bimetal" increased content oxygen, which promotes corrosion.

Steel panel radiators.

Steel panel radiators are one of the most commonly used in individual heating systems (for example, in country houses). They are distinguished by a small thermal inertia, which means that it is easier to control the temperature in the room with their help. The working pressure of most models of steel panel radiators is 9 atm. Thanks to the broadest model range you can choose the optimal panel radiator for almost any room. The standard height of these heaters is 300, 350, 400, 500, 600 and 900 mm (there are also lower ones - 250 mm), width - from 400 to 3000 mm, depth - from 46 to 165 mm. The range of panel radiators of each of the leading manufacturers consists of several hundred models of different depths, widths and heights.

The name of this type of heater gives a fairly accurate idea of their appearance. This is a rectangular panel in the vast majority of cases white color. Structurally, a panel radiator consists of two steel sheets welded together (usually 1.25 mm thick) with vertical channels, in the cavity of which the coolant circulates. To increase the heated surface, and, as a result, heat transfer, steel U-shaped ribs are welded to the back side of the panel.

If we talk about the shortcomings, then, like all steel products, they corrode when in contact with water, are sensitive to hydraulic shocks and are designed for low pressure. Steel radiators can be used in individual systems, and their installation in city houses is highly undesirable!

There are three types of panel radiators: bottom, side and universal connection. Radiators with a bottom connection can be fitted with a thermostatic valve, on which a thermostat can be installed to maintain the set temperature in the room. As a rule, the cost of radiators with a bottom connection is higher than those with a side connection.

Typically, manufacturers of panel radiators include brackets (brackets) for mounting the radiator on the wall in the scope of supply. But if placement on the wall is undesirable for some reason, then you can purchase special legs for installing the device on the floor.

Panel radiators are perhaps the most common type of heating devices in most civilized countries.

Steel tubular radiators.

Radiators of this type are among the most beautiful. Due to the relatively small volume of coolant, they quickly respond to all commands of thermostats. The working pressure of tubular radiators is quite high (usually 6-15 atm). Their advantages include the fact that, unlike most other heaters, they are very easy to wipe and wash.

Disadvantages - in the absence of an internal protective coating, they are susceptible to corrosion and high price, limiting the distribution of this type of heating devices in Russia.

Convectors (plate heaters).

Steel convectors quickly became popular in modern Russian city houses. This is not surprising - thanks to their simple design, they are easy to manufacture and quite cheap. Structurally, this is one or more pipes with metal "ribs-plates" put on them. Convectors are considered highly reliable devices, since there is practically nothing to break. There are no joints in them, respectively, they will not flow. Convectors can be both with a protective decorative casing, and without it. The first option is more aesthetic. In devices of this type, almost all heat is transferred by convection. By placing the convector under the window, you can effectively cut off the cold air penetrating into the room. The thermal inertia of such heaters is low, which ensures fast regulation. Usually they are designed for a fairly high operating pressure (about 15 atm).

It seems that such a mass of advantages should allow the simplest convectors to displace all other heating devices from the market. Why isn't this happening?

One of the reasons is the uneven heating of the premises, especially when high ceilings. As you know, convectors practically do not radiate heat into the room. They help move warm air up, under the ceiling. In addition, when using convectors, some of the dust is carried away from the floor by air currents. Also, it should be borne in mind that the heat transfer of convectors is low, respectively, their efficiency in systems with a low coolant temperature is low.

In addition to the simplest, cheapest and not very efficient convectors, there are options with good design and high heat output. These devices are made not only from steel, but also from copper, or copper in combination with aluminum. Models of convectors built into the floor are produced.

Water heating devices

Water heating devices. What to choose? If ten years ago Russian consumers had access to almost nothing but cast-iron radiators, now we have

Devices and equipment for water heating system

Equipment for the water heating system includes a heat generator, heaters and heat pipes. Modern appliances hot water heaters efficiently heat the room and at the same time save energy. True, water heating systems require a longer and complex installation, and pipes and radiators "steal" part of the room, but so far they are the most preferred.

AT recent times wall-mounted gas boilers began to be installed in houses. They contain a pump, a safety valve, an expansion membrane tank, Remote Control. Such boilers are both single- and double-circuit. The former only heat the house, the latter also supply hot water.

Types of water heating devices: heat generator and boilers

A heat generator (hot water boiler) is one of the devices of a water heating system, which is a unit that, in the process of burning fuel, heats the coolant. The layout of modern hot water boilers is the same: a heat exchanger is placed inside the metal case, the differences are only in the design of the case.

The material for the body of the heat generator is steel or cast iron. The cast-iron boiler is not subject to rust, but it weighs quite a lot, which makes it difficult to transport and install. In addition, such a device is afraid of sharp temperature contrasts, unlike a steel boiler, which does not suffer from temperature changes. The service life of a cast-iron boiler is 50-60 years, a steel boiler is no more than 15 years, after which it will need to be repaired and worn parts replaced.

The heat exchanger for water heating equipment is also made of steel or cast iron, sometimes copper ( latest material the best), but more importantly, is there a protective coating on its inner walls. If so, then soot will not settle on it, which will increase heat transfer and save fuel.

Gas and liquid fuel boilers are united by the fact that they operate in automatic mode throughout the heating season, do not need special care and have a high efficiency of 96%.

A liquid fuel boiler can operate exclusively on high-quality fuel. According to Russian standards, the market sells summer (marking "L"), winter (marking "3") and arctic (marking "A") diesel fuel. The air temperature during operation must be at least -5; not lower than -30 and not lower than 50 °С, respectively.

Liquid fuel (diesel oil) is the most expensive. However, it will have to be stored, for which it will be necessary to equip a room or platform for containers immersed in the ground (in this case, it will be necessary to put up with an unpleasant smell). When diesel fuel is burned, sulfur compounds are formed that settle on the walls of the boiler (steel boilers are more susceptible to this, therefore, as a rule, cast iron is used to make the boiler, but the weight of the unit increases significantly).

At present, gas is a relatively cheap fuel. It provides more usable heat than other fuels. In addition, it is more environmentally friendly; almost completely burns out, leaving no soot in the firebox; does not require storage; easily metered with a gas meter. For a metal boiler body, gas is more practical because it does not suffer from corrosion and, therefore, is more durable.

Solid fuel boilers (operating on coal, wood) will require time and effort for maintenance, since you will have to load fuel into them (it will still need to be harvested and stored somewhere), remove ash, clean out soot, and the efficiency of this type of heat generator does not exceed 65 %. There are, however, considerable advantages, in particular, a solid fuel boiler is multifunctional (it can be combined with a stove); durable (up to 20 years); easy to repair, as it often involves replacing a burned-out part; cheap.

The operation of an electric water boiler is expensive, although there is an opportunity to save money, since the equipment is equipped with a convenient temperature control system, allows you to use the economy mode, etc. However, you need to be sure that there will be no interruptions in the power supply (although this can be overcome - you can install an emergency power supply). To heat a house up to 150 m2, the boiler must have a power of up to 16 kW, for a house of 200-300 m2-24-32 kW.

Combined boilers for water heating

It is clear that a heat generator operating on one type of fuel, such as gas, is preferable. But different situations are possible, the way out of which will be the purchase of a combined boiler in which a replaceable burner is installed that can operate on both gas and diesel fuel.

However, this type of water heating devices has its own nuances, in particular:

such a heat generator will cost a little more than a boiler designed for one type of fuel;
its efficiency is about 10-20% lower than that of a gas or liquid fuel boiler;
since the boiler is a large-sized unit, a separate room will have to be allocated for it;
some of its components (fuel pump, blower fan, etc.) are powered by electrical network. Prolonged power outages in winter can result in a pipeline rupture. For such situations, you need to buy a powerful electric generator.

The heating boiler must have a certain power, and it must exceed the heat loss of the house by about 15-20%, which still need to be able to calculate. For reinsurance, you can buy a more powerful unit (the price of the equipment also depends on this parameter), but then it is possible that part of its heat output will not be used, i.e., in fact, the money will be wasted. If you buy a less powerful boiler, you can freeze all winter, even if it works at full capacity. Thus, it is better to seek the advice of a specialist.

In models of boilers of previous generations, a decrease in power entailed a decrease in efficiency. Modern equipment is equipped with several power levels, thanks to which it is possible to reduce the heat output of the unit and the amount of fuel, and this will not result in heat loss. The latest invention is hot water boilers with modeling heads, in which the stepless power reduction does not affect the efficiency of the equipment.

Heating can be combined with a hot water supply system, for which it is enough to install a double-circuit hot water boiler. They are of various types - flowing, accumulative or in combination with a boiler.

To transfer heat from the coolant to the air, heating devices are used, without which the efficiency of the water heating system would be extremely low. Due to the special design of heating devices, it is possible to extract the maximum amount of heat from the coolant.

Parameters of water heating equipment

Heating appliances of water heating systems are classified according to such parameters as:

heat transfer method. According to this criterion, convective (convectors and finned tubes), radiation (ceiling radiators) and convective-radiation (sectional, panel, smooth-tube) heating devices are distinguished. Convectors in a casing and sectional radiators have the maximum heat transfer, the minimum is smooth-tube devices and convectors without a casing (here it is appropriate to note that for 100; the heat transfer of a sectional radiator with a depth of 140 mm, made of cast iron, is taken);
type of heating surface, which can be smooth and ribbed;
the value of thermal inertia. There are heaters with high inertia (sectional radiators) and low inertia (convectors); S material from which the device is made. It can be metal, ceramics, plastic, a combination of different materials;
instrument height. On this basis, high heaters (more than 65 cm), medium (from 40 to 65 cm), low (from 20 to 40 cm) and plinth (up to 20 cm) are made.

Elements of the water heating system: fittings and expansion tank

To be able to regulate the operation of a water heating system, various shut-off and control valves are used, which include:

heat generator piping fittings, which include a pressure gauge, an air vent, a safety valve, pressure and flow sensors, a hydraulic separator, make-up units and air removers;
radiator fittings, the function of which is to regulate the flow of coolant entering the heater and its heat transfer.

For this purpose, adjusting, shut-off and drain valves, thermostats, air vents, bottom fittings, side injection unit: pipeline fittings are used.

Another important element of the water heating system is the expansion tank. The need for its inclusion in the system is dictated by the property of water to increase in volume when heated and return to its original volume when cooled. The part that balances this expansion is the expansion tank, or damper.

Its functions include the following:

contain the excess coolant formed when its temperature rises;
compensate for the lack of water when cooling or a small leak;
collect air that is released from hot water and that enters the heating system with cold water.

Among the damper disadvantages, the following are known: the probability of losing useful heat, which can be given off through the walls of the tank when it is installed outdoors; bulkiness. The damper is open and closed. The first is rectangular or cylindrical. A place for him is allotted in the attic, i.e. in the very top point heating systems. A closed damper is installed in the boiler room, leading to the return line in front of the circulation pump.

Heating devices of water heating systems and their types

Types of water heating devices: heat generator, heating appliances and heat pipes | Online magazine about the construction site "Build a House!" - only reliable information.

A brief overview of modern heating systems for residential buildings and public buildings

The right choice, competent design and high-quality installation of the heating system is the key to warmth and comfort in the house during the entire heating season. Heating must be of high quality, reliable, safe, economical. To choose the right heating system, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, features of installation and operation of heating devices. It is also important to consider the availability and cost of fuel.

Types of modern heating systems

A heating system is a complex of elements used to heat a room: a heat source, pipelines, heating devices. Heat is transferred with the help of a coolant - a liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.

Heating systems for buildings must be selected so as to achieve the maximum quality heating while maintaining a comfortable humidity for a person. Depending on the type of coolant, the following systems are distinguished:

Heating devices of the heating system are:

As a heat source can be used:

coal;
firewood;
electricity;
briquettes - peat or wood;
energy from the sun or other alternative sources.

air heating

The air is heated directly from the heat source without the use of an intermediate liquid or gaseous heat carrier. The systems are used to heat private houses of a small area (up to 100 sq.m.). Installation of heating of this type is possible both during the construction of a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. A boiler, heating element or heating element serves as a heat source. gas-burner. The peculiarity of the system lies in the fact that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, since the internal air in the room is heated and the fresh air coming from outside. Air streams enter through a special intake grille, are filtered, heated in a heat exchanger, after which they pass through the air ducts and are distributed in the room.

Adjustment of temperature and degree of ventilation is carried out by means of thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to pre-set a program of temperature changes depending on the time of day. The systems also operate in air conditioning mode. In this case, the air flows are directed through the coolers. If there is no need for space heating or cooling, the system works as a ventilation system.

Installation air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, due to which fuel savings are at least 15%.

The system does not freeze, quickly responds to temperature changes and warms up the premises. Thanks to filters, the air enters the premises already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and contributes to the creation of optimal conditions to maintain the health of people living in the house.

The lack of air heating is overdrying of the air, burning out oxygen. The problem is easily solved by installing a special humidifier. The system can be upgraded to save money and create a more comfortable microclimate. So, the recuperator heats the incoming air, due to the output to the outside. This reduces the energy consumption for its heating.

Additional purification and disinfection of air is possible. To do this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic fine filters and ultraviolet lamps are installed.

Water heating

This is a closed heating system, it uses water or antifreeze as a coolant. Water is supplied through pipes from the heat source to the heating radiators. In centralized systems, the temperature is controlled by heating point, and in individual - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (cranes).

Types of water systems

Depending on the type of connection of heating devices, the systems are divided into:

According to the method of wiring, they distinguish:

In single-pipe systems, the connection of heating devices is in series. To compensate for the loss of heat that occurs during the successive passage of water from one radiator to another, heating devices are used with different surface heat transfer. For example, cast iron batteries with large quantity sections. In two-pipe, a parallel connection scheme is used, which allows you to install the same radiators.

The hydraulic mode can be constant and variable. In bifilar systems, heating devices are connected in series, as in single-pipe systems, but the heat transfer conditions for radiators are the same as in two-pipe systems. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.

Advantages and disadvantages

Water heating is widespread due to the availability of the coolant. Another advantage is the ability to equip the heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to relying only on own forces. However, if the budget allows not to save, it is better to entrust the design and installation of heating to specialists.

This will save you from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages - freezing of the system when turned off, long time space heating. Special requirements apply to the coolant. Water in the systems must be free of impurities, with a minimum salt content.

To heat the coolant, a boiler of any type can be used: on solid, liquid fuel, gas or electricity. Most often, gas boilers are used, which involves connecting to the main. If this is not possible, then solid fuel boilers are usually installed. They are more economical than electric or liquid fuel designs.

Note! Experts recommend choosing a boiler based on a power of 1 kW per 10 sq.m. These figures are indicative. If the ceiling height is more than 3 m, in the house big windows, there are additional consumers or the premises are not well insulated, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.

Steam heating

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", the use of steam systems is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the insecurity of this type of space heating. Heaters heat up to almost 100°C, which can cause burns.

Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge, during operation there are difficulties with the regulation of heat transfer, noise is possible when the system is filled with steam. For today steam heating limited use: in production and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, thermal points. Its advantages are relative cheapness, low inertia, compactness of heating elements, high heat transfer, no heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the middle of the twentieth century, later it was replaced by water heating. However, in enterprises where steam is used for industrial needs, it is still widely used for space heating.

Electric heating

This is the most reliable and easiest type of heating in operation. If the area of the house is not more than 100 m, electricity is a good option, but heating a larger area is not economically viable.

Electric heating can be used as an additional in case of a shutdown or repair of the main system. Also this good decision for country houses in which the owners live only occasionally. Electric fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters are used as additional heat sources.

As heating devices, convectors, electric fireplaces, electric boilers, power cables warm floor. Each type has its own limitations. So, convectors heat the rooms unevenly. Electric fireplaces are more suitable as decorative element, and the operation of electric boilers requires significant energy costs. The underfloor heating is mounted with advance consideration of the furniture arrangement plan, because when it is moved, the power cable may be damaged.

Innovative heating systems

Separately, mention should be made of innovative heating systems, which are becoming increasingly popular. The most common:

infrared floors

These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to their efficiency and greater economy than conventional electric heating. Warm floors are powered by the mains, they are installed in a screed or tile adhesive. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit infrared waves that pass through the floor covering, heat up the bodies of people and objects, which in turn heats up the air.

Self-adjusting carbon mats and foils can be mounted under furniture legs without fear of damage. "Smart" floors regulate the temperature due to the special property of the heating elements: when overheated, the distance between the particles increases, the resistance increases - and the temperature decreases. Energy costs are relatively low. When the infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per linear meter, after warming up it decreases to 87 watts. Temperature control is provided by thermostats, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.

Heat pumps

These are devices for transferring thermal energy from a source to a coolant. In itself, the idea of a heat pump system is not new; it was proposed by Lord Kelvin back in 1852.

How it works: A geothermal heat pump takes heat from the environment and transfers it to the heating system. The systems can also work to cool buildings.

There are pumps with open and closed cycle. In the first case, the installations take water from the underground stream, transfer it to the heating system, take heat energy and return it to the place of intake. In the second, a coolant is pumped through special pipes in the reservoir, which transfers / takes heat from the water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, earth, air.

The advantage of the systems is that they can be installed in houses that are not connected to the gas supply. Heat pumps complex and expensive to install, but allow you to save on energy costs during operation.

Solar collectors

Solar installations are systems for collecting solar thermal energy and transferring it to a coolant

Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a heat carrier. The design provides for additional electric heaters, which are switched on if the efficiency solar installation decreases. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. An absorber with a transparent coating and thermal insulation is installed in the flat ones. In vacuum, this coating is multilayer, in hermetically sealed collectors a vacuum is created. This allows you to heat the coolant up to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations can only heat it up to 200 degrees. The advantages of the installations include ease of installation, low weight, and potentially high efficiency.

However, there is one “but”: the efficiency of the solar collector depends too much on the temperature difference.

Our compatriots still most often prefer water heating. Usually, doubts arise only about which specific heat source to choose, how best to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. But still ready recipes, suitable for absolutely everyone, does not exist. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons, take into account the features of the building for which the system is selected. If in doubt, a specialist should be consulted.

Types of heating systems: an overview of traditional and innovative heating methods

Modern building heating systems. Which heating systems are better: traditional or innovative. What to consider when choosing a heating system and

One of the main elements of water heating systems - a heater - is designed to transfer heat from heat carriers to a heated room.

To maintain the required room temperature, it is required that at each moment of time the heat loss of the room Qp be covered by the heat transfer of the heater Qpp and pipes Qtp.

The scheme of heat transfer of the heater Qpr and pipes to compensate for the heat losses of the room Qp and Qdop during heat transfer Qt from the side of the water coolant is shown in fig. 24.

Rice. 24. Scheme of heat transfer of a heater located at the outer fence of the building

The heat Qt supplied by the coolant for heating this room should be greater than the heat loss Qp by the amount of additional heat loss Qadd caused by increased heating building structures building.

Qt \u003d Qp + Qadd

The heating device is characterized by the area of the heating surface Fpr, m2, calculated to ensure the required heat transfer of the device.

According to the predominant method of heat transfer, heating devices are divided into radiation (ceiling radiators), convective-radiation (devices with a smooth outer surface) and convective (convectors with a ribbed surface).

When heating rooms with ceiling radiators (Fig. 25), heating is carried out mainly due to radiant heat exchange between heating radiators (heating panels) and the surface of the building structures of the room.

Rice. 25. Suspended metal heating panel: a - with a flat screen; b - with a wave-shaped screen; 1 - heating pipes; 2 - visor; 3 - flat screen; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - wavy screen

The radiation from the heated panel, falling on the surface of fences and objects, is partially absorbed, partially reflected. In this case, the so-called secondary radiation arises, which is also eventually absorbed by the objects and enclosures of the room.

Radiant heat transfer raises the temperature inner surface fences compared to the temperature during convective heating, and the surface temperature of the internal fences in most cases exceeds the temperature of the air in the room.

With panel radiant heating, due to the increase in the temperature of the surfaces in the room, an environment favorable for humans is created. It is known that a person's well-being improves significantly with an increase in the proportion of convective heat transfer in the total heat transfer of his body and a decrease in radiation to cold surfaces (radiative cooling). This is exactly what is provided with radiant heating, when the heat transfer of a person by radiation decreases due to an increase in the temperature of the surface of the fences.

With panel radiant heating, it is possible to lower the normal (normative for convective heating) air temperature in the room (on average by 1-3 ° C), and therefore the convective heat transfer of a person increases even more. It also improves a person's well-being. It has been established that under normal conditions, people's well-being is ensured at an indoor air temperature of 17.4 ° C with wall heating panels and at 19.3 ° C with convective heating. Hence, it is possible to reduce the consumption of thermal energy for space heating.

Among the disadvantages of the panel-radiant heating system, it should be noted:

Some additional increase in heat loss through external fences in those places where heating elements are embedded in them; -

The need for special fittings for individual control of heat transfer of concrete panels;

Significant thermal inertia of these panels.

Devices with a smooth outer surface are sectional radiators, panel radiators, smooth-tube devices.

Devices with a ribbed heating surface - convectors, ribbed tubes (Fig. 26).

Rice. 26. Schemes of heating devices of various types (cross section): a - sectional radiator; b - steel panel radiator; c - smooth-tube device of three pipes; g - convector with a casing; D - a device of two finned tubes: 1 - channel for the coolant; 2 - plate; 3 - rib

According to the material from which heating devices are made, metal, combined and non-metallic devices are distinguished. Metal appliances are mainly made of gray cast iron and steel (sheet steel and steel pipes). Also apply copper pipes, sheet and cast aluminum and other metals.

AT combined appliances they use a heat-conducting material (concrete, ceramics, etc.), in which steel or cast-iron heating elements (panel radiators) or finned metal pipes are embedded, and a non-metallic (for example, asbestos-comeption) casing (convectors).

Non-metallic appliances include concrete panel radiators with embedded plastic or glass pipes or with voids, as well as ceramic, plastic and other radiators.

By height, all heaters are divided into high (more than 650 mm high), medium (more than 400 to 650 mm), low (more than 200 to 400 mm) and plinth (up to 200 mm).

According to the magnitude of thermal inertia, devices of small and large inertia can be distinguished. Low-inertia devices have a small mass and contain a small amount of water. Such devices based on metal pipes small sections (for example, convectors) quickly change heat transfer to the room when adjusting the amount of coolant admitted into the device. Devices with a large thermal inertia - massive, containing a significant amount of water (for example, concrete or sectional radiators), heat transfer is changed slowly.

For heating appliances, in addition to economic, architectural and construction, sanitary and hygienic and production and installation requirements, thermal engineering requirements are also added. The device is required to transfer from the coolant through a unit area to the room of the largest heat flow. To fulfill this requirement, the device must have an increased value of the heat transfer coefficient Kpr, in comparison with the value of one of the types of sectional radiators, which is taken as a standard (cast iron radiator type H-136).

In table. 20 shows thermal performance and conventional signs mark other indicators of devices. The plus sign indicates positive indicators of the devices, the minus sign - negative ones. Two pluses indicate indicators that determine the main advantage of any type of device.

Table 20

Design of heating devices

A sectional radiator is a device of a convective-radiation type, consisting of separate columnar elements - sections with round or elliptical channels. Such a radiator emits about 25% of the total heat flux transmitted from the coolant into the room with radiation (the remaining 75% - by convection) and is called a "radiator" only by tradition.

Radiator sections are cast from gray cast iron, they can be combined into devices of various sizes. Sections are connected on nipples with gaskets made of cardboard, rubber or paronite.

Various designs of one-, two-, and multi-column sections of various heights are known, but the most common are two-column sections (Fig. 27) of medium (installation height hm = 500 mm) radiators.

Rice. 27. Two-column radiator section: hp - full height; hm - mounting height (construction); b - building depth

The production of cast-iron radiators is laborious, installation is difficult due to the bulkiness and significant mass of the assembled devices. Radiators cannot be considered to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements, since cleaning the intersection space from dust is difficult. These devices have significant thermal inertia. Finally, it should be noted that their appearance does not correspond to the interior of the premises in buildings. modern architecture. These disadvantages of radiators make it necessary to replace them with lighter and less metal-intensive devices. Despite this, cast-iron radiators are the most common heating device at present.

At present, the industry produces cast-iron sectional radiators with a construction depth of 90 mm and 140 mm (type "Moscow" - abbreviated as M, type I Standard - MS and others). On fig. 28 shows the designs of manufactured cast-iron radiators.

Rice. 28. Cast iron radiators: a - M-140-AO (M-140-AO-300); b - M-140; c - RD-90

All cast iron radiators are designed for operating pressure up to 6 kgf/cm2. Measurements of the heating surface of heating devices are a physical indicator - square meter heating surfaces and thermotechnical indicator - equivalent square meter (ekm2). An equivalent square meter is the area of a heating device that gives off 435 kcal of heat in 1 hour with a difference in the average temperature of the coolant and air of 64.5 ° C and a water flow rate in this device of 17.4 kg / h according to the flow pattern of the coolant from top to bottom.

Technical characteristics of radiators are given in table. 21.
Heating surface of cast iron radiators and finned tubes
Table 21

Continuation of the table. 21

Steel panel radiators consist of two stamped sheets forming horizontal manifolds connected by vertical columns (column form) or horizontal channels connected in parallel and in series (serpentine form). The coil can be made from a steel pipe and welded to a single profiled steel sheet; such a device is called sheet-tube.

Rice. 29. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 30. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 31. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 32. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 33. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 34. Schemes of channels for the coolant in panel radiators: a - columnar; b - two-way coil, c - four-way coil

Steel panel radiators differ from cast iron ones in their lower mass and thermal inertia. With a decrease in weight by about 2.5 times, the heat transfer rate is no worse than that of cast-iron radiators. Their appearance satisfies architectural and construction requirements, steel panels are easy to clean from dust.

Steel panel radiators have a relatively small heating surface area, which is why sometimes it is necessary to install panel radiators in pairs (in two rows at a distance of 40 mm).

In table. 22 shows the characteristics of manufactured steel stamped radiator panels.

Table 22

Continuation of the table. 22

Concrete panel radiators (heating panels) (Fig. 35) can have concreted heating elements of a serpentine or register shape made of steel pipes with a diameter of 15-20 mm, as well as concrete, glass or plastic channels of various configurations.

Rice. 35. Concrete heating panel

Concrete panels have a heat transfer coefficient close to those of other devices with a smooth surface, as well as a high thermal stress of the metal. Devices, especially combined type, meet strict sanitary-hygienic, architectural and construction and other requirements. The disadvantages of combined concrete panels include the difficulty of repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat supply to the premises. The disadvantages of attachment-type devices are increased costs manual labor during their manufacture and installation, reducing the usable floor area of the room. Heat losses through additionally heated external fences of buildings also increase.

A smooth-tube device is called a device made of several steel pipes connected together, forming channels for a coil or register-shaped coolant (Fig. 36).

Rice. 36. Forms of connecting steel pipes to smooth-tube heaters: a - serpentine form; b - register form: 1 - thread; 2 - column

In the coil, the pipes are connected in series in the direction of movement of the coolant, which increases the speed of its movement and the hydraulic resistance of the device. When the pipes are connected in parallel in the register, the coolant flow is divided, the speed of its movement and the hydraulic resistance of the device decreases.

The devices are welded from pipes DN = 32-100 mm, located from each other at a distance of 50 mm greater than their diameter, which reduces mutual exposure and, accordingly, increases heat transfer to the room. Smooth-tube appliances have the highest heat transfer coefficient, their dust-collecting surface is small and they are easy to clean.

At the same time, smooth-tube devices are heavy and bulky, take up a lot of space, increase the consumption of steel in heating systems, and have an unattractive appearance. They are used in rare cases when other types of devices cannot be used (for example, for heating greenhouses).

Characteristics of smooth-tube registers are given in table. 23.

Table 23

The convector is a convective type device, consisting of two elements - a finned heater and a casing (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Schemes of convectors: a - with a casing; b - without casing: 1 - heating element; 2 - casing; 3 - air valve; 4 - pipe fins

The casing decorates the heater and increases heat transfer due to the increase in air mobility at the surface of the heater. A convector with a casing transfers up to 90-95% of the total heat flux into the room by convection (Table 24).

Table 24

A device in which the functions of the casing are performed by the fins of the heater is called a convector without a casing. The heater is made of steel, cast iron, aluminum and other metals, the casing is made of sheet materials(steel, asbestos cement, etc.)

Convectors have a relatively low heat transfer coefficient. However, they are widely used. This is due to the ease of manufacture, installation and operation, as well as low metal consumption.

Main specifications convectors are given in table. 25.

Table 25

Continuation of the table. 25

Note: 1. When installing KP skirting convectors in multiple rows, a correction for the heating surface is introduced depending on the number of rows vertically and horizontally: with a two-row vertical installation 0.97, a three-row installation - 0.94, a four-row installation - 0.91; for two rows horizontally, the correction is 0.97. 2. The indicators of the end and passage models of convectors are the same. Passage convectors have an index A (for example, Hn-5A, H-7A).

A finned tube is a convective-type device, which is a flanged cast-iron pipe, the outer surface of which is covered with jointly cast thin ribs (Fig. 33).

Square outer surface ribbed tube is many times larger than the surface area of a smooth tube of the same diameter and length. This gives the heater a particularly compact design. In addition, the reduced surface temperature of the fins when using a high-temperature coolant, the relative ease of manufacture and low cost determine the use of this thermally inefficient, heavy device. The disadvantages of finned tubes also include an outdated appearance, low mechanical strength of the ribs and the difficulty of cleaning from dust. Ribbed tubes are usually used in auxiliary premises(boiler rooms, warehouses, garages, etc.). The industry produces round ribbed cast iron pipes 1-2m long. They are installed horizontally in several tiers and connected according to the serpentine scheme with bolts using "kalachi" - flanged cast-iron double taps and counterflanges.

For a comparative thermal performance of the main heating devices in table. 25 shows the relative heat transfer of devices 1.0 m long under equal thermal and hydraulic conditions when using water as a heat carrier (heat transfer of a cast-iron sectional radiator 140 mm deep is taken as 100%).

As you can see, sectional radiators and convectors with a casing are distinguished by high heat transfer per 1.0 m of length; convectors without a casing and especially single smooth pipes have the lowest heat transfer.

Relative heat output of heaters with a length of 1.0 m Table 26

Selection and placement of heating devices

When choosing the type and type of heating device, the purpose, architectural layout and features of the thermal regime of the room, the place and duration of stay of people, the type of heating system, the technical, economic and sanitary and hygienic indicators of the device are taken into account.

Rice. 38. Cast iron ribbed tube with round ribs: 1 - channel for the coolant; 2 - ribs; 3 - flange

To create a favorable thermal regime, devices are chosen that provide uniform heating of the premises.

Metal heaters are installed mainly under the light openings, and under the windows the length of the device is desirable not less than 50-75% of the length of the opening, under the shop windows and stained-glass windows the devices are placed along their entire length. When placing devices under windows (Fig. 39a), the vertical axes of the device and the window opening must match (a deviation of not more than 50 mm is allowed).

Devices located at the outer fences contribute to an increase in the temperature of the inner surface in the lower part of the outer wall and window, which reduces the radiation cooling of people. Rising currents of warm air created by devices, prevent (if there are no window sills blocking appliances) from the ingress of cooled air into working area(Fig. 40a). In southern regions with a short warm winter, as well as during a short stay of people, heating devices can be installed near the inner walls of the premises (Fig. 39b). This reduces the number of risers and the length of heat pipelines and increases the heat transfer of devices (by about 7-9%), but there is an unfavorable movement of air with a low temperature near the floor of the room (Fig. 40c).

Rice. 39. Placement of heating devices in rooms (plans): a - under the windows; b - at the inner walls; p - heater

Rice. 40. Schemes of air circulation in rooms (sections) at different locations of heating devices: a - under windows without a window sill; b - under the windows with a window sill c - y inner wall; p - heater

Rice. 41. Location under the window of the heater room: a - long and low (preferably); b - high and short (undesirable)

Vertical heating devices are installed as close as possible to the floor of the premises. With a significant rise of the device above the floor level, the air near the floor surface may be supercooled, since the circulation flows of heated air, closing at the level of the device, do not capture and do not warm up the lower part of the room in this case.

The lower and longer the heater (Fig. 41a), the more even the temperature of the room and the better the entire volume of air warms up. A tall and short device (Fig. 41b) causes an active rise of a jet of warm air, which leads to overheating of the upper zone of the room and the lowering of cooled air on both sides of such a device into the working area.

The ability of a tall heater to cause an active upward flow of warm air can be used to heat rooms of increased height.

Vertical metal appliances, as a rule, are placed openly against the wall. However, it is possible to install them under window sills, in wall niches, with special fencing and decoration. On fig. 42 shows several methods for installing heaters in rooms.

Rice. 42. Accommodation heating appliances- in a decorative cabinet; b - in a deep niche; c - in a special shelter; g - behind the shield; d - in two tiers

Sheltering the device with a decorative cabinet having two slots up to 100 mm high (Fig. 42a) reduces the heat transfer of the device by 12% compared to its open installation against a blank wall. To transfer a given heat flux to the room, the area of the heating surface of such a device must be increased by 12%. Placing the device in a deep open niche (Fig. 42b) or one above the other in two tiers (Fig. 42e) reduces heat transfer by 5%. It is possible, however, concealed installation devices, in which the heat transfer does not change (Fig. 42c) or even increases by 10% (Fig. 42d). In these cases, it is not required to increase the area of the heating surface of the device or even reduce it.

Calculation of the area, size and number of heating devices

The area of the heat-releasing surface of the heating device is determined depending on the type of device adopted, its location in the room and the connection scheme to the pipes. In residential premises, the number of devices, and therefore the necessary heat transfer of each device, is usually determined by the number window openings. AT corner rooms add another device placed in a blank end wall.

The task of the calculation is, first of all, to determine the area of the external heating surface of the device, which, under the calculated conditions, provides the necessary heat flow from the coolant to the room. Then, according to the catalog of devices, based on the estimated area, the nearest trade size of the device is selected (the number of sections or the brand of the radiator (the length of the convector or finned tube). The number of sections of cast-iron radiators is determined by the formula: N=Fpb4/f1b3;

where f1 is the area of one section, m2; type of radiator accepted for indoor installation; b4 - correction factor, taking into account the way the radiator is installed in the room; b3 is a correction factor that takes into account the number of sections in one radiator and is calculated by the formula: b3=0.97+0.06/Fp;

where Fp is the calculated area of the heater, m2.

In the heating system, heating devices are used, which serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
Production and installation: mechanical strength of the product and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
Sanitary and hygienic: low surface temperature, small horizontal surface area, easy to clean surfaces.
Thermotechnical: maximum heat transfer to the room and controllability of heat transfer.

Instrument classification

The following indicators are distinguished in the classification of heating devices:

- the value of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
- the material used in the manufacture (metal, non-metal and combined);
— method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiation and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

ceiling emitters;
sectional cast iron radiators;
tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

floor heating panels;
sectional and panel radiators;
smooth tube devices.

Convection devices include:

panel radiators;
ribbed tubes;
plate convectors;
tubular convectors.

Consider the most applicable types of heaters.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

high efficiency;
light weight;
ease of installation of radiators;
efficient operation of the heating element.

disadvantages

1. not suitable for use in old heating systems, as heavy metal salts destroy the protective polymer film of the aluminum surface.
2. long-term operation leads to the unusability of the cast structure, to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure of radiators from 6 to 16 bar. Note that the greatest loads can withstand the radiators, which were cast under pressure.

Bimetal Models

Advantages

light weight;
high efficiency;
the possibility of prompt installation;
heat large areas
withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

disadvantages

have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. The material aluminum conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating appliances

Advantages

not subject to corrosion;
transfer heat well;
withstand high pressure;
it is possible to add sections;
the quality of the heat carrier does not matter.

disadvantages

significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
brittleness of thin cast iron.

There is a wide variety of cast iron radiators: single-channel, two-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country, the economical version of cast iron appliances has received the greatest use.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

increased heat transfer;
low pressure;
easy cleaning;
simple installation of radiators;
small weight compared to cast iron.

disadvantages

high pressure;
metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

The steel radiator of the present time heats up better than cast iron.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to the central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

high heat transfer;
mechanical strength;
aesthetic look for interiors.

disadvantages

high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in interior design because they decorate the room.

Due to corrosion, conventional steel radiators are currently not produced. If the steel is subjected to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

Radiator made of galvanized steel is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand a pressure of 12 bar. A radiator of this type is often installed in multi-storey residential buildings or organizations.

Heating appliances of convector type

Advantages

small inertia;
small mass.

disadvantages

low heat transfer;
high demands on the coolant.

This heater uses a copper tube. A coolant moves through it. The tube is used as an air stimulator (hot air goes up and cold air goes down). The process of air change takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector type heaters are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near the window prevents the incoming cold air.

Heating appliances can be connected to a centralized system, as they are designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Towel dryers

Advantages

variety of shapes and colors;
high pressure indicators (16 bar).

disadvantages

may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, it is necessary to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

overall dimensions of the device;
power (per 10 m2 of area 1 kW);
working pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
acidic characteristics of water as a heat carrier (this heat carrier is not suitable for aluminum radiators).

After clarifying the main parameters, you can proceed to the choice of heating devices according to aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.

Greetings to everyone who reads this article. Winter is coming, which means that sales of electric heating devices will increase sharply in stores. No one needs to explain what this is connected with, it just got cold and that's it ... If you also need to buy some kind of device for heating a residential or industrial premises, then this article will be helpful to you. I have previously written articles about and, so I will not touch on them in this article. I will start my story with the most popular, in my opinion, electric heaters - oil coolers!

Oil coolers - the principle of operation and choice.

From the name it is clear that inside such radiators are filled with special oil, which is heated with a heating element. In addition, each oil cooler has a thermostat to set the desired temperature for you. Like any other, an oil radiator heats the room to a greater extent due to thermal radiation. His

When choosing a radiator in a store, you need to examine its appearance - it should please the eye, that is, there should not be any cracks, paint chips, traces of oil, etc. If you see any of this, then ask the seller to change the product for you. We will talk about the choice of power below.

Oil cooler power selection.

The choice of oil cooler power is done as follows:

If you plan to use an oil cooler as a supplement to the main heating, then a device that produces 70-100 watts of power per 1 square meter of room area is suitable for you.
If you need to use an oil radiator as the main heating, then you need a device with a power density of 150-200 W per square meter.

Setting the comfortable room temperature.

In order to adjust the oil cooler to a comfortable temperature for you, you need to do the following:

Turn on the oil cooler at full power by turning the thermostat knob to the leftmost position.
After the temperature becomes comfortable, you need to slowly turn the thermostat knob to the left until it clicks.

After that, the oil cooler will maintain this temperature in the room.

Basic precautions for an oil cooler.

Listed below are the most important precautions when using an oil cooler:

Electric convector - the principle of operation and selection rules.

This type of electrical heating appliances heats the room using natural or forced convection (if there is a built-in fan). There is no oil inside them, and the air in the room is heated directly by heating elements. In electric convectors, special heating elements with fins are used. This is necessary to increase the heat transfer area. The rest of the structure of the convector is similar to the structure of the oil cooler. They also have a thermostat for setting the temperature, protection against tipping over and overheating. Electric convectors are often used to organize a "country" electric heating. At the same time, they are hung under the windows, like water heating radiators (see below):

Advantages and disadvantages of an electric convector.

The main advantage of an electric convector over an oil cooler is its rapid heating. The heat from the convector begins to be felt almost immediately after turning it on. Added to this is the possibility of wall mounting, which helps to save space. And the disadvantage, in my opinion, is the small inertia of the electric convector, that is, after turning off the supply voltage, it quickly cools down.

Selecting the power of the electric convector.

The choice of power for such devices is no different from the choice of power for an oil cooler, so I will not repeat myself.

Basic precautions for the electric convector.

The following are the most important precautions when using an electric convector, they are also no different from those described above for an oil cooler, but repetition is the mother of learning:

Do not cover the appliance and dry things on it - this can cause overheating and failure. There is a risk of fire and fire.
Place the appliance at least one meter away from furniture, bedding and other flammable items.
Protect small children from contact with the switched on device, in order to avoid burns.
Do not plug in the appliance with a damaged power cord and do not change it yourself.
Do not leave the device running unattended for a long time.

Fan heaters - the principle of operation and choice.

A fan heater is the cheapest electric heating device. Their prices start at 300 rubles for the simplest floor models. Inside such simple devices is located nichrome spiral and fan. Powerful fan heaters are called heat guns, to read about them follow the link.

Their main disadvantage is that they quickly burn out oxygen from the air and it becomes stuffy in the room. For this reason, they can only be used for short-term heating, and they are not suitable for heating. They heat the air quickly, but they do not differ in reliability (especially cheap ones). The power of such devices does not exceed 2 kW. More "advanced" are wall-mounted fan heaters, we will talk about them below.

Wall fan heaters.

From the name it is obvious that they are hung on the wall, but they differ from the previous ones not only in this. Their main difference is the heating element. Wall fan heaters use a ceramic heating element, which is more durable and less fire hazard than a nichrome coil. Another plus is that the remote remote control and several modes of operation:

Fan mode.
Partial power mode.
Full power mode.
Air flow control mode.
Timer operation of the fan heater.

A wall-mounted fan heater is installed at a height of 1.8 meters from the floor and there should be no obstacles within a radius of 1 meter from it.

Fan heaters for the bathroom.

Heat is needed not only in living rooms, but also in the bathroom. There are special fan heaters for bathrooms. They are most often made wall-mounted and must be installed at a certain distance from the bathtub, sink and shower. Such devices are made with a higher class of electrical protection and can work without consequences in wet rooms. Often, bathroom heaters are equipped with a heated towel rail (see picture below):

Summary of the article.

There are many different electric heaters in our stores, prices and functionality fluctuate widely. The main thing to remember when using them is the rules fire safety. They are described in detail in any passport for an oil cooler, electric convector or fan heater. So read carefully and everything will be fine! That's all, don't forget to comment on the article and use the social media buttons!

The heating system includes several key components: boilers, radiators, pipes, control and safety devices. Together they should be effective system heat transfer from the heated coolant to the air in the room. This function is performed by heating devices of heating systems: gas, electric. What is their peculiarity and how to choose the optimal model for a particular heat supply?

Purpose of heating devices

In the vast majority of cases, the heating of the air in the premises of the house occurs due to the transfer of heat from the surface of the heating elements - radiators, batteries. They may differ in design, have various design and a method for raising the surface temperature. So, Kermi steel heating appliances are designed to complete the water system.

However, despite all the variety of types, there are several key features these heating elements. All types of heating devices of the heating system can be classified according to the following criteria:

Used coolant– hot water, electric or gas heating element;
Production material: steel, cast iron, aluminum or bimetal construction;
Performance: rated power, dimensions, installation method and the ability to adjust the intensity of heating.

The choice of a particular type directly depends on the specific heat supply scheme. Bimetallic heating devices are installed for the water system. In rare cases - when using hot steam as a coolant. Incorrect choice can significantly reduce the efficiency of heating. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the design features and technical qualities that devices for space heating possess.

Regardless of the type of radiator or any other heating device, it must be in harmony with the overall interior of the room. It is important to pay attention to the design of the structure.

Types of devices for water heating

The largest range of heating devices have water heating systems. This is due to the high efficiency of such heat supply schemes, as well as optimal maintenance costs.

All heating appliances for this type of house have a similar design. Inside there are channels through which the coolant flows. Heat from it is transferred to the surface of the radiator (batteries) and then by natural convection to the air in the room.

The main difference that characterizes convector heating devices is the material of manufacture. It is he who largely determines the design of the heating element. There are currently 4 types of radiators:

cast iron;
Aluminum and bimetallic;
Steel.

Each of them has a number of functional and operational features. They are selected depending on the calculated indicators - each type of heater for water heating systems must correspond to the characteristics of the heat supply.

An important factor is the type of coolant used. For many bimetallic heating devices, the use of antifreeze is prohibited.

Cast iron batteries

These are one of the first heating components that were used in heating systems. The choice of manufacturing material is due to the relative cheapness, and most importantly, the high heat capacity of cast iron.

This type of heating device for the heating system is currently not very popular. The reason for this is the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity. However, to create a classic interior in a room, designer cast-iron radiators are often used.

It should also be borne in mind that it would be impractical to consider them as convector heating devices. The design does not provide additional plates that contribute to better circulation of air masses. In addition, it is important to know such features of the operation of cast-iron radiators:

Large volume of coolant. On average, this figure is 1.4 liters. This contributes to the rapid cooling of hot water, but is effective for a small heating system;
Cast iron appliances for room heating are difficult to repair and disassemble at home;
Great inertia of heating. The rise in surface temperature is much slower than with electric heating appliances.

Despite this, in many old-style houses this type of radiator is still installed. Replacement is carried out only by the tenants themselves at their own expense.

Cast iron radiators must be cleaned of accumulated dirt and lime scale at least once every 3 years.

Steel and bimetal heating appliances

Cast-iron structures have been replaced by modern steel and bimetallic heaters. Their main difference from the above models is a relatively small channel for the coolant.

However, this does not affect the decrease in heat transfer. Thanks to the modern materials used with a high heat transfer coefficient, when installing Kermi radiators, the inertia of the entire system is significantly reduced. In addition to this factor, other features of the operation of steel and bimetallic radiators for water heat supply should be taken into account:

The presence of convection panels to improve air circulation over the surface of the radiator;
Possibility of installation of heat regulation and metering devices;
Affordable cost and easy installation, which you can do yourself.

However, with these positive qualities need to know how to use specific model steel or bimetal radiator. First of all, these are the requirements for the composition of the coolant.

When choosing a battery, you should clarify whether it is collapsible or not. This will help to independently regulate the number of sections in a particular heating device.

Electrical heating appliances

If the installation of a full-fledged water heat supply is impractical or impossible, electric heaters are installed for heating. They differ from traditional autonomy and compactness. In addition, there are several types of electrical appliances that have a different principle for generating heat. The main disadvantage of electric heating is high energy costs. To minimize this, modern metering devices for heating are needed - multi-tariff electric meters. In the evening and at night there are preferential tariffs for electricity consumption.

The electrical wiring in the house must be adapted to maximum loads from electric heaters for heating.

Heating convectors

If there is no autonomous (centralized) heating in a house or apartment, electric heaters are most often installed. Outwardly, they are similar to standard radiators, but have significant differences in design.

Almost all electrical heating appliances are used as a heating element heating elements. Inside is an element with a high electrical resistance. When a current passes through it, a transformation occurs electrical energy into thermal. For greater efficiency, heating elements are connected to heat exchange plates made of steel or aluminum alloy.

There are several types of electrical heating appliances for the home:

Convection. The design is designed for relatively fast heating of the air in the room due to the movement of flows through special slots located at the top and bottom of the structure;
Oily. To increase the hot surface area inside the radiator is filled with a liquid with a high energy intensity. The temperature rise is much slower than those described above. However, even after the electric heater has been switched off, its surface remains hot for some time.

Almost all models have modern systems management. An obligatory element is an electronic thermostat, which has a temperature sensor for automatic control of the heating of the convector. Also, the safety of operation was not left without attention. When the appliance is tilted, it activates circuit breaker. There are special models of heating radiators designed to work in wet rooms - bathrooms, kitchens. They have a moisture resistant body.

However, for heating big house electric convector heating radiators are impractical to install due to high energy costs. In this case, it is best to mount more PLEN or IR heaters.

If the total power of electric convectors exceeds 9 kW, a three-phase power supply with a voltage of 380 V will be required.

Infrared home heating

To improve the efficiency of maintaining comfortable temperature electric heaters are installed in the room that emit heat waves in the infrared range. Their principle of operation is not to heat the air, but the surface of objects that have fallen into the zone of action.

The undoubted advantage of this technique is the reduction of energy costs. This is explained by the fact that the consumption of IR heaters is 20-30% less than that of similar models with heating elements.

Currently, there are 2 types of heating devices of the heating system operating in the IR range:

Film heaters. Resistor conductors are applied on the surface of the polymer film, which emit infrared waves when passing through them. electric current. They can be mounted both as a warm floor and on the ceiling of a room - PLEN;
Carbon heaters. A carbon spiral is placed in a special sealed glass flask. When the device is turned on, it generates infrared waves that heat objects. For efficiency, such devices are equipped with a reflector made of stainless metal or aluminum.

It is noteworthy that the latter type of devices for heating rooms can be installed anywhere in the room. Often they are used to maintain a normal temperature outside the home in a certain area.

However, for these IR heating devices of a private house there are a number of restrictions on their use. First of all - you can not close the surface of the film. This can lead to overheating and failure.

Gas heating of the air in the room

Analyzing the efficiency of the above devices, the question of reducing the cost of heat supply remains relevant. Therefore, as an alternative, it is recommended to consider gas heating appliances. These include not only traditional boilers, but also other, no less productive designs.

by the most simple types this type of heater is considered gas convector. It can be connected both to the main gas and to a liquefied gas cylinder. The burner is located in a housing that does not come into contact with the air in the room. The supply of oxygen to maintain the combustion process occurs through a two-channel pipe. Through it, carbon monoxide is removed.

If a mobile radiator model is needed, Catholic gas heating appliances are of particular interest. They have a slightly different way of working. The gas flows from a matrix of small nozzles to the ceramic surface where it ignites. As a result, a catalytic reaction occurs, which is the main source of heat.

What should be considered when choosing a gas heater?

Be sure to follow the safety rules. Before connecting the device to the gas line, you must read the instruction manual;
Organization of carbon monoxide removal. The most common consequence of a malfunctioning heater is an excess of CO2 in the room;
Periodic cleaning of nozzles from accumulated soot.

It must be remembered that all heating devices must be adapted to specific operating conditions. First of all, this applies to safety regulations and compliance with the operating mode.

In the video you can see an example of making an IR heater with your own hands:

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Overview of modern heating appliances for home heating: electric, gas and water systems. Household heating appliances of various types

Instrument classification

Aluminum sectional radiators

Bimetal Models

Cast iron heating appliances

Steel panel radiators

Steel tubular radiators

Heating appliances of convector type

Towel dryers

Radiator selection

Water heating devices. What to choose?

Devices and equipment for water heating system

Types of water heating devices: heat generator and boilers

Combined boilers for water heating

Parameters of water heating equipment

Elements of the water heating system: fittings and expansion tank

A brief overview of modern heating systems for residential buildings and public buildings

Types of modern heating systems

air heating

Water heating

Steam heating

Electric heating

Innovative heating systems

infrared floors

Heat pumps

Solar collectors

Design of heating devices

Selection and placement of heating devices

Calculation of the area, size and number of heating devices

Instrument classification

Radiation devices include:

Convective-radiation devices include:

Convection devices include:

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

disadvantages

Bimetal Models

Advantages

disadvantages

Cast iron heating appliances

Advantages

disadvantages

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

disadvantages

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

disadvantages

Heating appliances of convector type

Advantages

disadvantages

Towel dryers

Advantages

disadvantages

Radiator selection

Oil coolers - the principle of operation and choice.

Oil cooler power selection.

Setting the comfortable room temperature.

Basic precautions for an oil cooler.

Electric convector - the principle of operation and selection rules.

Advantages and disadvantages of an electric convector.

Selecting the power of the electric convector.

Basic precautions for the electric convector.

Fan heaters - the principle of operation and choice.

Wall fan heaters.

Fan heaters for the bathroom.

Summary of the article.

Purpose of heating devices

Types of devices for water heating

Cast iron batteries

Steel and bimetal heating appliances

Electrical heating appliances

Heating convectors

Infrared home heating

Gas heating of the air in the room

What else to read

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