The use of polymer composite materials in building structures. The use of composite materials in construction

We think that many of the users will agree with the argument that timber is rightfully considered one of the most popular types of lumber used in the construction of houses. It is difficult to imagine the entire list of construction areas where it is used. You can learn how to properly approach the construction of a log house from our forum. But today, the classics of wooden housing construction are being replaced by new material- composite beam.

Having read the name for the first time, or taking this material in hand, many of the developers may think:

“It looks like wood, only lighter and stronger. What is it made of?"

This material appeared on the market relatively recently, and in essence is not a real tree, although it has all the advantages of a conventional timber. But as they say:

“Everything new is a well-forgotten old.”

One has only to look at plywood, which is well known to us, or remember how in ancient times houses were built from blocks, mixing straw and clay with each other, in order to understand the essence of the composite material.

A composite is an artificially created solid material consisting of two or more components with different physical and chemical properties.

And if the use of composite materials in modern technology does not surprise anyone, then a beam - created from a composite, may cause surprise or distrust of the developer.

What is it - a composite beam?

basis composite beam are small particles of natural wood, special additives and dyes that give saturated color composite beam.

The connecting link of the above substances is bischofite. By the way, remember interesting fact about bischofite.

In addition to the fact that this mineral is used in the production of tiles and artificial stone, it has found application in medicine for the treatment of joints and upper respiratory tract, which means that houses built from composite timber will be environmentally friendly and even healing.

How is composite timber made?

The manufacture of composite timber is characterized by simplicity and manufacturability of the process.

Pre-prepared and carefully mixed raw materials are pressed, after which the resulting material is cut into a beam of strictly specified dimensions.

Special additives give the composite beam water resistance and fire resistance. Despite its increased hardness, composite timber retained all the positive aspects of working with natural wood.

It is perfectly sawn, cut and easily connected with metal fasteners.

Benefits of composite timber

Due to the construction of the "comb-groove" beam, the construction of a house does not resemble construction, but the assembly of a building according to the principle of a children's designer. A cement composition is pre-applied on one side of the beam, and the beam is connected to each other. After that, it remains only to cover the seams. Usually they are covered with a mixture of bischofite and magnesite. As a result, the erected building acquires additional strength and tightness.

With all the benefits natural wood, the composite bar is free from such a disadvantage as shrinkage and swelling.

If you pick up a composite beam, and then a regular planed one, you can notice the difference in weight. This is another advantage of the composite beam. Houses built from it are lighter, which means that there is no need to build a powerful foundation, which leads to saving your money. The subtleties of the fill strip foundation our forum member shares in the forum.

Summarizing

In conclusion, it is worth mentioning such important characteristics of composite timber as high fire resistance. According to this indicator, he is included in the same group with a brick.

And in terms of thermal conductivity, it surpasses ordinary timber which allows it to effectively retain heat and protect the room from the cold.

It should also be noted that a house built from a composite beam is not subject to decay, rodents will not start in it, and the walls themselves do not have to be plastered.

A heated discussion on rodent control is underway

It would seem that here it is - an ideal building material. But as they say, every medal has a flip side. Production similar material requires the use of expensive equipment and rare materials, which affects the price of composite timber, which exceeds the cost of planed timber and comes close to the price of glued timber.

There is another problem that should be taken into account by those who are interested in this material - due to the short life of houses built using this technology, it is difficult to predict how the structure will behave in the near future.

After reviewing the readers will be able to avoid mistakes in the construction of a log house. And looking at this video , you will learn how to decorate the facade of a wooden house.

The scope of application of composites and volumes are constantly growing, replacing the use of traditional building materials from metal, such as rebar, masonry reinforcing mesh, flexible connections, profile

What is composite material?

Composite materials include materials made from several components (natural or artificial) that differ in their properties, when combined together, a synergistic effect is obtained. As a result, such materials are superior to conventional ones in several parameters: strength, durability, resistance to aggressive environments, weight, thermal conductivity and cost.

Using composite materials when building, you will always win!

The construction of modern buildings and structures involves the use of the most efficient materials, therefore, composites based on fiberglass, basalt and carbon fiber are becoming more and more in demand. There are a number of reasons for this:

• - High strength of products made of composites, which is not inferior, but in a number of parameters surpasses similar metal ones. Composite products have high tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, and torsion strength.
• - With the same strength, products made of composite materials are several times lighter (when compared with metal ones). This significantly reduces transportation costs, reduces the complexity of installation and the load on the foundation of buildings.
• — Composite materials serve equally well both indoors and outdoors. Neither direct sunlight, nor precipitation, nor sudden temperature changes have a negative effect on modern composite structures. Therefore, composite beams can also be used for the construction of structures open to external environment without special processing.
• — When working in aggressive environments, composite materials do not change their properties under the influence of the most active chemical reagents. fiberglass profile, used for the construction of a warehouse in which acids or alkalis are stored, will remain in the same shape and will have the same properties as before the start of operation of the premises. Reinforcement made of composites in concrete with antifreeze additives will not undergo accelerated corrosion.
• - Composite materials are not magnetic and do not conduct electricity, which prevents the occurrence of electrochemical corrosion, in buildings with replacement metal fittings the screening effect of the "Faraday cage" decreases on the composite one.
• - Composite elements in the building structure do not create cold bridges, thereby increasing the overall thermal resistance.

Today, Russia's GDP is 3.3% of world GDP. At the same time, the level of production and consumption of composite materials in Russia is less than 1% of the world level. Composites are the material of the future and a strategic task for the Russian economy is to provide a breakthrough in this area.

In our online store you can buy with delivery in Moscow a wide range of products from composite materials (composite plastic reinforcement, composite construction mesh, road composite mesh, composite geogrid, composite flexible connections, composite building connections, composite profile), from the best domestic manufacturers with whom we have established good partnerships and for quality products of which we are sure.

Glass fiber cement refers to inorganic composite building materials.

Composite materials on an inorganic basis have long been successfully used in construction and decoration.

Glass is widely used for the production of inorganic composites.

This type of material has several advantages over organic composites:

• long service life;
• fire safety and incombustibility;
• environmental cleanliness and safety.

Such properties are always important for the field of building materials. Besides, important characteristic composite materials is low material consumption with high strength products.

The load on the foundation, beams, supporting columns of buildings can be reduced by reducing the mass of the structure and enclosing structures.

It is possible to build thin-walled structures from the composite.

Composite material is indispensable in the production facing panels with an effective insulating layer

Fiberglass cement has a complex composition; glass fibers and a cement matrix are combined in the structure of this composite material.

Useful technical characteristics of glass fiber cement include:

• high tensile and bending strength;
• crack resistance;
• low water permeability;
• low rates of shrinkage deformations;
• high fire resistance.

Fiberglass does not require special equipment for mechanical processing, lends itself well to cutting and drilling.

Uniform distribution of glass fibers over the entire cross-sectional area of ​​the material is the main condition for obtaining high-quality glass fiber cement.

During production, cements are reinforced in two main ways, which differ in the arrangement of fibers - directional and chaotic.

With directional reinforcement, oriented fiberglass reinforcement is used.

Chaotic reinforcement is usually carried out by means of pneumatic spraying of roving segments and cement mortar.

Average values ​​for the characteristics of glass fiber cement produced at

Portland cement using cement-resistant roving GIS are shown in the table.

The technology of glass reinforcement makes it possible to do without rigid reinforcement, which means that glass fiber cement is suitable for the production of products and elements of complex shapes. With the help of this material, it is possible to solve non-standard architectural and engineering problems, while the production of products is facilitated.

High fire safety and fire resistance distinguishes glass fiber cement from polymer-based composite building materials.

In addition, the material is resistant to corrosion, is not affected by biologically active substances, and other negative influences environment.

The material does not contain substances harmful to health, it is environmentally friendly.

Another important property fiberglass is its non-magneticity, since it is reinforced with non-metallic materials. This quality effectively reduces the cost of metal consumption and labor costs in construction.

Glass fiber reinforced concrete in subway finishing in Kazakhstan,

Fiberglass cement allows you to create building and architectural structures different sections, structures with a complex configuration, while the quality of the buildings being erected increases.

The strength of glass fiber cement boards and elements depends on many factors, including:

• Reinforcement percentage;
• Length of reinforcing fibers;
• Reinforcement direction;
• Applied production technology, etc.

A remarkable property of glass fiber cement is the loss of strength. This process occurs quite quickly during the first two or three years of operation, after which the rate of strength loss decreases significantly, after which the strength of the material reaches its stable values.

Despite this, it would seem negative factor, the margin of safety of glass fiber cement after production is so great that even after a drop in the initial values, its strength characteristics allow it to be successfully used in

A number of areas of application of PCM in the construction industry in Russia and abroad, the advantages and disadvantages of PCM in comparison with traditional materials. The trends in the development of manufacturing technologies and the use of such products as composite reinforcement and composite bridge decks are given. The main constraining factors for the development of the PCM market for construction purposes in Russia are identified.

Currently, the world market is experiencing an increase in the use of PCM in the construction industry. Thus, in 2010 the volume of the polymer composite materials (PCM) market in the "construction" segment amounted to ~3.1 million dollars (~17% of the total volume). According to experts' forecasts, the volume of this segment will increase by 2015 to 4.4 million dollars. The use of PCM in construction makes it possible to reduce the mass of building structures, increase corrosion resistance and resistance to adverse climatic factors, extend the turnaround time, repair and strengthen structures with minimal cost resources and time. However, it should be noted that the development of the domestic PCM market for construction purposes, as well as the entire PCM market as a whole, is significantly inferior to the world market. In recent years, a number of measures have been taken aimed at the development of technologies and the production of PCM, including the formation in 2010 of the technological platform "Polymer Composite Materials and Technologies". One of the initiators of the creation of a technological platform is VIAM, which is actively involved in the development of the composite industry and the formation of a market for composite materials and related technologies in the Russian Federation, not only in the aviation industry segment, but also in other segments, including construction.

As noted above, the "construction" segment occupies a significant part of the PCM market. The main areas of application of PCM are: fittings and flexible connections; sheet piles and fences; sandwich panels, window and door profiles; elements of bridge structures (pedestrian bridges, crossings, load-bearing elements, fencing elements, decking, cable-stayed cables); external reinforcement systems.

Taking into account the urgent need for large-scale construction of new and reconstruction of existing transport infrastructure facilities, the focus of this article will be on such areas of PCM application as composite reinforcement and bridge structures.

Abroad, the widespread introduction of composite reinforcement as a reinforcing material for building concrete structures began in the 80s of the last century, primarily in the construction of bridges and roads. In the Soviet Union, research and development work on the development and use of composite reinforcement began in the 50s of the last century. In 1963, a workshop for the pilot production of fiberglass reinforcement was put into operation in Polotsk, and in 1976, “Recommendations for the calculation of structures with fiberglass reinforcement” were developed at NIIZhB and ISiA. Thus, the scientific and technical groundwork for the manufacture of composite reinforcement was created back in the Soviet Union. Composite reinforcement based on a continuous fibrous filler and a polymer matrix has a number of significant advantages over steel reinforcement (including those with an anti-corrosion coating), including low density (4 times lighter than steel), high corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, dielectric properties , higher strength. Low density and high corrosion and chemical resistance are especially important in the construction of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, overpasses), coastal and port facilities.

In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in interest in the production of composite reinforcement intended for reinforcing concrete building structures in Russia. As a reinforcing filler in reinforcement, glass fiber, continuous basalt fiber, and carbon fiber can be used. The most common method of manufacturing composite glass- or basalt-plastic reinforcement is spunbond pultrusion (needletrusion, plantrusion). Among domestic manufacturers of glass and basalt-plastic fittings are Biysk Fiberglass Plant LLC, Galen LLC, Moscow Composite Materials Plant LLC and many others. CFRP reinforcement is produced by HC "Composite". In table. 1 and 2 show the characteristics of domestic and foreign composite reinforcement.

Table 1

Characteristics of Russian composite reinforcement

table 2

Characteristics of foreign composite reinforcement

It can be seen that Russian samples of composite reinforcement are not inferior in terms of characteristics to foreign analogues. However, composite reinforcement is not yet widely used in construction practice in the Russian Federation. One of the reasons for this, according to the authors, is the insufficient regulatory and technical base governing the production and use of composite reinforcement. Although manufacturers of fittings have done significant work, contributing to the speedy creation of GOST for composite fittings, it is necessary to develop a number of standards and recommendations for designers and builders. For comparison, in the USA, the Concrete Institute (ACI) in 2012 issued the third edition of the design guide, first released in 1999, while domestic recommendations for the calculation of structures with fiberglass reinforcement were developed in 1976. In addition, a more active use of composite reinforcement is hindered by a small experience of working with it, both builders and designers and architects.

At present, two main trends in the development of composite reinforcement manufacturing technology abroad can be distinguished: the use of two-layer reinforcement with a composite core reinforced with continuous fibers and an outer shell reinforced with chopped fiber filler, and the development of reinforcement manufacturing technologies using a thermoplastic polymer matrix. As an example, consider the development of Composite rebar technologies Inc. and Plasticcomp LLC. The first development of the University of Oregon is a hollow composite rebar and a method for its manufacture. Composite reinforcement includes a hollow core consisting of a thermosetting resin reinforced with continuous fibers, and an outer layer - a shell consisting of a resin reinforced with chopped fibers. The outer sheath is attached chemically and physically to the core in one of the steps of a continuous process. The outer and inner diameter of the reinforcement, their ratio, as well as the composition of the outer shell can be varied within a fairly wide range, which provides significant opportunities for adapting the product to the needs of a wide range of consumers. Among the advantages of such composite reinforcement, it is worth noting the possibility of using a cavity inside the core for laying electrical or fiber optic cables and placement of structural condition sensors, they can also be used to supply coolant and thus create a non-freezing bridge span. The presence of a hollow core will allow to connect sections of reinforcement to each other, which will also expand the ways of its application. The outer layer, reinforced with chopped fiber, protects the core from mechanical damage during transportation and use, and also prevents moisture from penetrating the reinforcement core.

The second development of Plasticomp LLC is a technology for the manufacture of composite reinforcement using a thermoplastic matrix. Technological process begins with the manufacture of a premix by pushing a continuous fibrous filler into a melt stream of a thermoplastic binder under high pressure and moving from high speed. A rotary knife located along the path of the flow cuts the fibrous filler-matrix mixture into short lengths. Next, the screw mixer mixes the chopped fiber and the thermoplastic matrix into a molten compound suitable for further extrusion. The resulting compound is fed into the T-shaped extruder head, where it is applied to a continuous reinforcing filler pre-impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer (for example, using the classical pultrusion technology). Thus, a composite reinforcement based on a thermoplastic polymer matrix is ​​obtained, consisting of a core reinforced with a continuous fibrous filler and an outer shell also made of a thermoplastic matrix reinforced with chopped fiber. The advantages of such a system are the high resistance of the thermoplastic matrix to impacts and the formation of microcracks, the possibility of heating and shaping the reinforcement bar, the possibility of using secondary polymer raw materials and recycling the composite reinforcement itself. In addition, the use of recycled materials for the thermoplastic matrix, as well as the potential acceleration of the product manufacturing process (no time is required for the resin to cure, as in the case of thermoplastic) can make this process more cost-effective than traditionally used composite reinforcement manufacturing technologies.

The main directions of development of the domestic production of composite reinforcement are the use of continuous basalt fiber as a reinforcing filler and the modification of the compositions of binders and technological equipment in order to improve the properties and increase the productivity of production.

Due to their low density and high resistance to negative environmental influences, PCM can provide significant advantages over materials traditionally used in infrastructure construction, including bridge construction. Bridges, overpasses, overpasses are complex engineering and technical structures, which are subject to high requirements for reliability and durability. In North America and Europe, active work is underway on the use of PCM in bridge building. Bridges with the use of PCM elements have been built for more than 15 years, and the volume of construction of such bridges is increasing. The class of bridges is also changing - from the first experimental pedestrian bridges to automobile bridges up to 20 m long. In foreign countries, the main areas of application of PCM in the construction of bridges are composite reinforcement, bridge decks and pedestrian bridges. Work is underway to develop and create cable-stayed cables made of PCM, as well as prefabricated bridges using elements of load-bearing structures made of PCM. According to the author of the work, the most promising areas of application of PCM are pedestrian bridges and bridge decks. It should be noted that in the Russian Federation, work is actively underway to develop technologies for the manufacture and design of pedestrian composite bridges, a number of facilities have been built and successfully operated, while the development, design and application of bridge decks made of composite or hybrid materials using PCM for automobile and railway bridges have received less attention.

Bridge decks used abroad are divided according to the installation method: laid on bridge supports or on longitudinal beams; and also by structure: multi-cellular (like honeycomb structures) or sandwich panels (composite boards with foam core between them). The decking is made using pultrusion and winding (manufacturing of boards and tubular/box structures between the boards), and RTM technology is used for the production of sandwich panels. Glass fiber is used as a continuous fibrous reinforcing filler, and polyester, epoxy and vinyl ester resins are used as a polymer matrix. Bonding and/or mechanical fastening. The main methods of fastening PCM flooring both to the supporting elements and to each other are mechanical way(usually by bolting) and gluing. The traditionally used mechanical method of fastening is a reliable and well-established method, however, the need to make holes for fasteners in the flooring elements worsens the strength characteristics and increases the sensitivity of the structure to environmental factors. The method of adhesive fastening is more progressive, since it provides a strong and fast connection without disturbing the structure of the material (there is no need to make holes for fasteners), however, there are a number of disadvantages, such as the difficulty of meeting the requirements for surface preparation and environmental conditions when gluing during work at the facility, lack of this moment methods of reliable non-destructive quality control of gluing on the object - the adhesive connection does not work well for “delamination”.

To increase the reliability and strength characteristics of decking, as well as reduce their cost, work is underway to create hybrid decking using concrete or reinforced concrete elements. In addition, it is possible to use various technological methods. Thus, the method described in the work of external winding of the flooring, consisting of winding box-shaped profiles and composite sheets obtained by pultrusion, with a reinforcing filler, makes it possible to increase bearing capacity flooring and its rigidity.

In addition to such advantages of PCM decking as low density, which reduces the load on the supports and reduce their material consumption, ease of installation (requires equipment with a lower load capacity, more simple technology installation) and high corrosion resistance, which reduces operating costs, there are a number of disadvantages and problems. Among the disadvantages are the high cost of composite flooring (in the USA the cost of PCM flooring is 2 times higher than the cost of a similar reinforced concrete flooring); difficulties with the development of effective fastening structures "panel-panel" and "panel-longitudinal beam"; lack of full-fledged standards and design guidelines; insufficient amount of data on strength characteristics under the combined action of mechanical loads and environmental factors. In this regard, works devoted to fastening systems, development of recommendations for the design and operation of composite decking, methods for predicting the strength, nature of destruction and fatigue life of PCM decking are relevant. Works on the use of "smart" composites, the integration of sensors of the stress-strain state of the structure into its composite elements and the use of modern systems diagnostics of the state of the structure.

In conclusion, it should be noted that there is a lag behind the United States, a number of European countries and China in a number of positions:

In the field of development of regulatory and technical documentation for the production and use of composite reinforcement and bridge decks from PCM;

In the field of technologies for manufacturing products from PCM for construction purposes.

Significantly less experience has been accumulated in the use of PCM in building structures and operation. similar structures. Virtually absent domestic producers equipment. However, the growing interest in the use of PCM in construction, a number of government measures to stimulate the market for composite materials, as well as the efforts of composite manufacturers to improve the regulatory and technical base create favorable conditions for intensifying work on the development and use of competitive products from domestic PCM in the construction industry.

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Composite materials have excellent properties, composites are the materials of the future. We often hear such words on radio and TV, but we hear them in connection with the use of composites in technology. Are these wonderful materials used in construction, and especially in the construction of private country houses?

Composite materials are materials consisting of two main components, the first of which is, as a rule, a fibrous material that gives strength to products and a binder material - a matrix. Usually, all solid artificial materials are divided into conglomerates and composite materials. The conglomerates are mechanical mixing components, and the properties of the whole product depend on the properties of the least durable component. The parts that make up the array of composite materials in the product do not function separately, but together, which gives the composites new properties. Examples of composite materials are asbestos cement, fiberglass and carbon fiber, materials based on wood fibers. And the main properties of composite materials that distinguish them from the rest are high strength with a small mass.

Properties such as high strength and low weight determine the scope of application of composites - this is technology (especially aircraft and automotive). Naturally, such interesting properties composite materials also attract the attention of builders. Is it possible to use them in the construction of houses? It turns out that these materials have long been used in construction, and both in the construction of modern multi-storey buildings, and in the construction of ordinary rural houses.

Fiber composites include fiberglass, chipboard (chipboard) and wood-fibre (DFP) boards, as well as many other sheet, board and roll materials. As mentioned above, a polymeric fibrous composite material includes two main components: reinforcing fibers (or fabric) and a binder (matrix) - a polymer or rubber. The combination in one material of such heterogeneous components - fibers (glass, asbestos, wood, etc.) and polymer creates a lightweight material with high tensile and bending strength.

The most famous and common composite material in construction is. It is a cementitious artificial stone material reinforced with asbestos fiber. Cement stone has high compressive strength and poorly resists tensile loads. The introduction of asbestos significantly increases the mechanical properties of the material, as a result, the material acquires such qualities as high tensile strength, fire resistance, durability, low thermal and electrical conductivity. Asbestos-cement products are: profiled sheets for roofing (slate) and wall cladding, water, sewer, ventilation pipes.

Another type of composites, which is an artificial wall stone material, is fiber-reinforced concrete. Fiber-reinforced concrete has increased crack resistance, tensile strength, impact strength, abrasion resistance. Various metallic and non-metallic fibers are used to reinforce concrete. As fibers, thin wire, basalt and asbestos fibers are used. Such a material is lighter than reinforced concrete, which makes the installation of structures at the construction site easier.