Calculate the stairs in size. How to correctly calculate the stairs to the second floor: tips and tricks
A properly designed staircase fits perfectly into the interior and is as convenient as possible to use.
The staircase allows you to organize access to the upper floors of the building, it is also part of the interior. With its help, you can give the room your own special style. The calculation of the stairs to the second floor can be done independently, if you know how.
Is it possible to do the calculation without the help of qualified specialists? Can. In order to calculate the stairs to the second floor, you need the desire and basic knowledge of school geometry. Although the advice of professionals will not hurt. Also, for the calculation, you can use special computer programs.
What is important for the calculation of the ladder structure? The correct calculation of the stairs is carried out taking into account the layout and size of the rooms. This will affect the choice of location and type of staircase. Do not forget that for an interfloor staircase, not only the area on the ground floor is important, but also the ability to provide a convenient staircase on the upper level.
At the first stage, you need to take into account the following points:
- height from the first floor to the second (room height);
- total area of premises (first and second levels);
- location of load-bearing and interior walls;
- location of door and window openings.
This will allow you to determine the size of the area that can be allocated for the construction of stairs, the size of the opening for access to the second floor and select the optimal model.
If the area for installing the stairs has dimensions of 160x160 cm or more, then it is better to choose a marching staircase. If you have a more modest area, then you will have to limit yourself to a screw design.
Straight stairs
A straight flight of stairs (flight) is the easiest option for installation and calculation. This form is very convenient for a wooden structure. Direct marches have one drawback - for their installation it is required to allocate a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe room.
Correctly draw up a project and accurately perform the calculation will help generally accepted norms and building standards. For example, if a staircase has an interlevel platform, then its width should correspond to the width of the span. At the same time, the minimum width of the march is 0.7 m. One person can go down or up such a ladder.
For comfortable movement of two people, as well as for convenient transportation to the second floor of large items, such as furniture, household appliances, the width of the flight of stairs should be greater - from 1.2 to 1.4 m.
The length of one straight section with steps should not exceed 3 m (the minimum size is approximately 1.5 m). The steps must be the same height and depth.
Turning stairs
In order to save space in the house, most stairs to the second floor have to be made with turning sections. The easiest way to turn is to mount the platform. There are U-shaped and L-shaped designs, where the turn is implemented using winder steps.
Important parameters of the stairs that need to be calculated:
- the value of the angle of inclination;
- the size of the site between marches;
- step height;
- depth of straight and winder (if provided) steps;
- fencing options.
Angle of inclination of the flight of stairs
The angle of inclination of the stairs is the angle between the flight of stairs and the horizontal (floor). It is he who is primarily responsible for the convenience of the staircase structure. The angle of inclination should allow a person to easily go down / up the stairs.
Building codes and regulations (SNiP) define the optimal parameters of stairs: the most convenient and safe are staircase structures with an angle of inclination in the range of 30-45 degrees. It is these slopes that are chosen for home and outdoor stationary stairs. If this angle is less than 20 degrees, a ramp is installed.
How to calculate the parameters of the step
When calculating the staircase structure to the second floor, two values are important: the height of the step and the depth of the tread (horizontal step platform). These parameters determine the degree of convenience and safety when moving (ascent / descent) on the stairs. It is important to determine them correctly, since these values are involved in the calculation of the structure.
It is convenient to climb the steps when there is no need to artificially increase or decrease the step length. The average step length when moving along a horizontal plane is 63-64 cm, and when lifting - and 31.5-32 cm.
Based on these data, the height of the riser is most often in the range from 12 to 20 cm (the optimal size is 14-17 cm). The optimal tread depth is determined from 25 to 30 cm. The maximum step depth allowed during the construction of stairs is 32 cm.
Often, in order to save space when installing ladder structures, models are used with one step overhanging another. This type of steps gives the stairs a lighter and more beautiful look.
Calculation of the dimensions of the steps of the flight of stairs
Consider a variant of calculating the main parameters using a simple example. The optimal ratios of the height and depth of the steps that are used in the design of stairs (cm): 19/27, 18/28, 17/29 and 16/30. The ideal option is 17/29 cm.
We use this ratio to calculate such important design parameters as the angle of inclination, the length of the march, the total number of steps.
The number of steps is easy to calculate: the height of the floor (for example, 270 cm) must be divided by the height of the step (17 cm): 270/17= 15.9. We discard the fractional part, we get the number of steps on the flight of stairs (15 pieces). If the number is fractional, what can the first or last step be made a little higher or a little lower than the rest.
Specify the height of the steps. To do this, we divide the height of the room by the number of steps: 270/15 \u003d 18 cm. Thus, the height of each step is 18 cm.
Depth is calculated taking into account the horizontal step width. We select for calculation a step equal to 63 cm. From this value we subtract twice the height of the tread: 63-2x18 \u003d 27 cm.
We calculate the area and angle of inclination
Now you can calculate how much space the stairs to the second floor will take. It is necessary to determine the projection area of the flight of stairs on a horizontal plane. It has the shape of a rectangle, one of the sides of which is equal to the width of the steps (d), and the second (b) is the projection of the length of the march onto the horizontal.
Rectangle sparing formula: S = b x d.
The length of the larger side of the rectangle (b) is obtained by multiplying the depth of the steps by their number: 27x15 = 405 cm. The smaller side of the rectangle (d) is equal to the width of the stairs and is chosen independently. It should be noted that the minimum size for the movement of one person is 70 cm, for two at least 100 cm.
Now you can start calculating the length of the flight of stairs. In this simple calculation, the well-known school formula (the Pythagorean theorem) will come to the rescue. The length of the march is the hypotenuse of a right triangle (c), the legs of which are the height of the room (a) and the horizontal projection of the span (b):
c2 = a2 + b2 = 2702+4052
And the desired length (hypotenuse) is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the legs, i.e. c = 486.7 cm or 486 cm (we do not take into account the fractional part).
To determine the value of the angle of inclination of the stairs, you will have to remember the school trigonometry course: the sine of the desired angle is equal to the ratio of the floor height (a) to the length of the flight of stairs (c):
cos(α)=a/c, α = arcos(a/c)
After performing calculations using these formulas, we determine the angle of inclination - 370.
Convenient service for the calculation of stair structures
Walling
When developing a staircase project to the second floor, it is worth paying attention to the fence in order to install it correctly. For installation, the following dimensions are important:
- baluster height;
- railing length and width.
Fences are an important element. Their standard height (including railings) should be from 90 to 100 cm. If there are children in the house, additional handrails (70-75 cm) should be provided. The design and material of the fence can be any.
If you build a staircase according to all standards and rules, then it will be comfortable, durable, safe and will last a long time.
Stairs are special engineering structures that serve to move people between the levels of a room. And, since human safety directly depends on them, these systems require especially careful calculations in accordance with existing requirements and standards. We will talk about how to correctly calculate the number of steps in the structure and the distance between the stepped elements in the article containing detailed calculation instructions, many high-quality photos and an informative video.
The comfort and safety of the system depends on how correctly the calculations were made to determine its main dimensions.
Correct calculation is an important step in the construction of stairs
Walking up stairs requires a person to spend twice as much energy as when moving on a flat surface. That is why it is very important to make the design not only safe, but also comfortable and convenient for long-term operation. This goal can be achieved if the number of steps is calculated accurately and without errors.
Before starting construction, make a sketch of the structure on paper and make basic calculations, guided by generally accepted GOSTs and requirements During the large-scale production of stairs at specialized enterprises, their compliance with the established state standards and safety requirements is most carefully checked. Therefore, the calculations of these systems are carried out exclusively by qualified specialists with an engineering education.
If the structure is manufactured at a specialized enterprise, its calculation is performed by professional engineers and architects
But what if you decide to make a staircase for your home or cottage yourself? Is it possible or not to make a correct calculation of the steps of the stairs, to calculate their number and basic distances on their own? If you strictly follow the instructions below and the existing GOSTs, then this is not impossible.
Even such a magnificent staircase you can make with your own hands, if you apply maximum patience and effort to this. Estimated characteristics of stairs
Before starting the computational work to determine the number of steps and their dimensions for a ladder structure, first we will deal with the definitions that we will need to apply.
The photo clearly shows the main parameters that must be determined before proceeding with the manufacture of stairs So, we need to calculate the following parameters:
- step depth (tread);
- tread height (riser);
- step width;
- thickness (in the presence of additional overhead elements);
- the number of steps in the march.
Now let's take a closer look at how the calculation of the required values \u200b\u200bis carried out.
The total length of the stairs is dependent on such values as the height of the room, the width of the step and the height of the riser Step calculation
The calculation of the dimensions of the steps is carried out according to a special formula, according to which the safety and convenience of the design assumes the equality of the sum of the height of the riser multiplied by two and the depth of the tread with the average step of an adult.
The calculation of the staircase structure is a rather laborious task, so if difficulties arise, you can involve professionals to solve them.
For normal straight marches
It is known that the step length of a person moving horizontally is 60 - 65 centimeters.
We get the formula:
2A + B \u003d 60 cm (65 cm), where A is the segment between the steps, B is the depth of the tread.
For a comfortable location of the entire human foot on the steps of the stairs, it is necessary that its width (depth) be in the spectrum between 20 and 32 centimeters.
Calculating the main parameters for ordinary straight marches is not difficult - it is enough to adhere to generally accepted standard values However, when calculating the staircase structure for your home, you must also take into account the physiological characteristics of your family. For example, if there are children, elderly or disabled people in the house, then make the width of the tread wider and the height of the steps small for more comfortable movement.
When calculating the size of the steps, use the special universal formula Tip: do not narrow the steps, as this will make the stairs less safe for movement, and it will be difficult to descend them.
If, for some reason, you cannot make a sufficiently wide step, then tread overhanging the lower surface. However, keep in mind that according to the requirements of GOST, such an overhang should not exceed:
- 3 cm - if the step is made of wood;
- 5 cm - if the tread is made of reinforced concrete.
When building stairs, you can always use ready-made drawings with all the necessary calculations. All of the above applies to simple ladder systems. When designing a system with winder-type steps, it should be taken into account that the depth of the closest stepped part should not be less than 10 cm, and its overhang above the surface should not exceed 5 cm.
Calculating the dimensions of treads for a conventional straight ladder system does not require special knowledge and even a beginner can do it. For winder steps
To calculate the running products, you will have to work harder, but first you need to draw the future system on paper.
A staircase with winder steps is a rather complex structure that requires preliminary accurate calculations. 
When building a system with winder steps, special attention must be paid to calculating the size of the treads. Calculation of the number of steps
After the necessary calculations have been made, indicate the values \u200b\u200bfound on the finished drawing, and then, when manufacturing the stairs, clearly follow your calculations.
If all calculations for determining the main dimensions of the stairs are performed correctly, then the finished system will be comfortable, convenient and functional. Related videos
The video below will help you get more information on our topic.
Where to buy a finished staircase
In the event that you do not have the proper building skills for the independent construction of a staircase system in your house, or simply do not have a lot of free time to carry out these works, take advantage of the offer of our Super Staircase online store and purchase a ready-made high-quality and stylish ladder for your home.
Stylish and modern stairs from the model range "Elegant" will become a real decoration of your home, the price of the finished structure is only 50,390 rubles Staircase may be original
The staircase structure in the house is a necessary part that connects the floors. Choosing a ladder design is not as easy as it seems at first glance. The house needs not just an element for descent and ascent, but a convenient and aesthetic structure.
The selection of a ladder structure is not an easy task. Before you decide on any model, once again return to the project and layout of the interior. It is quite possible that you have overlooked some important aspects: where the flight of stairs will go, how many there will be, whether the chosen model fits the design of both floors and many other questions.
Different types of staircase design: photo
We offer you to get acquainted with different options for design solutions for stair structures. Before you start learning programs for calculating stairs, consider the appearance of the structure. To do this, we present to help you photographs showing successful decorative structures.
Do not rely too much on fashion trends. The focus should be on the style of your home itself.
Main technical parameters of stairs
Any building has its own standards. There are such norms for stairs. If you deviate from them during construction, using the structure will be inconvenient at best, and simply dangerous at worst. The list of parameters includes the height of the riser and the width of the steps of the stairs, the slope, the height of the railing.
The dimensions of the steps of the stairs take into account the allowable height of the riser, which is 80 mm: the minimum value is 120 mm, the maximum is 200 mm. The depth of the tread is made between 235 and 355 mm. The angle of inclination depends on several factors, but the acceptable values are 24-50 °. If the slope exceeds 45°, then the steps become too steep and uncomfortable. Proper slope forms the height of the rise in a certain ratio to the width of the tread.
The choice of arbitrary values can violate the technical qualities of the design. In addition to the above parameters, they take into account the dimensions of the stairway, the length of the march, the number of lifts (preferably no more than 18), the total distance from the floor of the first floor to the second.
On average, the step length of an adult is 63 cm, and when lifting, this number becomes 30–32 cm and increases or decreases depending on the slope of the march. As for the fence and railings, the standard indicates 90-120 cm. The critical height of the stairs is also an important parameter, so the height of the ceiling of the second floor should be taken into account in the plan of the house to prevent head injuries. Finally, we add that the ladder that is able to withstand weight up to 250 kg, and the railing - over 100 kg, will be safe.
The main types of stair structures
You can rejoice at the variety of staircase designs. Their main types are taken into account in programs for calculating stairs. The convenience of marching stairs lies in their practicality, spiral staircases - in their sophistication and elegance, as well as saving usable space. The advantage of combined structures is the successful combination of elements of all other structures and the maximum level of interior design.
Mid-flight staircase Spiral design Combination of elements of all designs
Stair structures take into account load-bearing elements, namely stringers, which can be one or two, bowstrings, bolts, a combination of elements. Do-it-yourself calculation of stairs to the second floor can be a difficult task when designing complex structures. It is important to remember that any calculations must be based on building codes for your convenience and safety.
The main materials from which ladders are made, and the nuances of their calculation
The use of any material must be selected taking into account building codes. The ladder structure has a weight that should be included in the design. Each design is individual, this is emphasized not only by the features during construction, but also by the choice of material for its construction. So, what materials for the manufacture of stairs are especially popular:
- Wood is in first place. Wood is a traditional raw material for any structures. The aesthetic qualities of wood and its technical characteristics are at the highest level.
- A rock almost as popular as wood. Stone structures serve for decades without changing their original appearance and without needing painting.
- glass stairs are in demand in modern home interior designs. Glass is perceived easily, although its technical characteristics include strength and considerable weight.
- iron structures can be simple and massive, or can become a real work of art thanks to forged elements.
- Reinforced concrete stairs add grandeur to the design.
Many designers do not follow the canons, and boldly combine different materials, combining everything in incredible proportions. Of course, the cost of such a staircase increases not only due to the work of the designer, but also because of the difficulties associated with the construction process. And, of course, do not forget about the combined options, when part is made of metal, and part is made of glass or wood. Some designers even embark on bold experiments, combining wood, metal and stone. As a rule, such structures are installed in rich houses.
Calculation of wooden stairs
Tradition and classic - that's what we can say about wooden stairs. These are trendy designs that fit into many styles in design. Wood needs to be treated, as this material is prone to rotting processes, termite attacks and is not fire resistant at all. A wooden staircase will organically fit into the house from any combination of wood. This will be the best and environmentally friendly option. A combination of different types of wood, a special texture, aging and varnishing are welcome.
The most popular stairs in the construction of houses are structures made of pine, beech, oak and ash. The program for calculating wooden stairs differs from others precisely in the qualities and properties of the material.
Calculation of metal stairs
This material, cold to the touch, was not previously on the list of popular ones and was used in office flights of stairs. But it is almost impossible to resist a variety of curly designs with exquisite patterns, bronze elements.
Metal stairs to the second floor can also be calculated online using special calculators.
Determining the required geometric dimensions of the stairs
So, before you open the calculator for calculating the stairs to the second floor online, carefully calculate all future parameters. Without the dimensions of the height and width of the steps, the fence, the distance between the floors and the angle of inclination, the program will not produce any results.
An example of calculating the length of the stairs, the height and width of the steps
We remind you that all staircase parameters comply with SNIP and GOST standards!
We point out only the most basic points that play a role in the safety of people operating the staircase. This list includes the total number of steps, which can be from 3 to 18, not taking into account parity. The height of the steps should not be less than 12 cm, and in no case exceed 20 cm with a total width of 23-25 cm.
Approximate drawing of a straight staircase
Let's try to model a marching staircase on stringers. Given: landing, length - 6000 mm, width - 3000 mm, height between floor levels - 3300 mm, distance between marches - 100 mm. We make a calculation in which we take into account that with a distance between floors of 3300 mm we make two marches.
So, (the width of the landing is 3000 mm - the mid-flight gap is 100 mm) / 2 = 1450 mm. To determine the height of one march, we divide the interfloor height in half and get 1650 mm. The size of the steps is defined as 150 mm height multiplied by 300 mm.
The number of risers in a march is calculated by dividing the height of one march by the height of the riser and get: 1 650 / 150 = 11 (pieces). The upper march will have one step less, 11 - 1 = 10 (pieces), which means that there will be 11 risers in the march, and one less tread. The length of the march is calculated by multiplying the width of the tread by the number of steps, multiply 300 mm by 10 pieces and get 3000 mm.
The standard value of the width of the staircase is 90 - 110 cm, although in rare cases it is permissible to reduce this mark to 80 cm. All dimensions on the plan and drawing must be transferred to the walls and all components of the structure must be noted. To do this, use a plumb line and a lined cord.
Determination of the required angle of inclination of the stairs
Many recommend a tilt angle of 29° to 37°, as a larger angle saves space, but only at the expense of comfort. In the calculations, do not forget about the location of door and window openings, columns, arches.
Calculation of stairs of various types
If, after all of the above, an independent calculation of all the nuances of a staircase design seems difficult, then you can not risk either the safety or the quality of the future structure, but trust a special online staircase design program. When calculating stairs of any type, you will need to enter a lot of your measurements. The program offers a calculation for all types of stairs, no matter if you want a spiral structure on stringers or a ladder with winder steps.
All data is automatically processed and a drawing with all the exact parameters is produced as a result. The output data includes information about the materials spent on the construction of the structure. Programs that offer 3D visualization are especially interesting, since you can not only get a drawing and the required amount of material, but also work on a design.
With 90° winder steps
The unique modern layout or the small size of the house often add to the complexity when choosing standard staircase designs, a straight staircase will not fit everywhere, as well as platforms for rotary structures. The solution was found in the process of architectural searches for a new successful option. As a result of the need, stairs with winder steps arose. Such structures solve the problem of moving between the first and second floors for any layout and spatial volumes of the premises.
Please note that due to this design, there is a significant saving of usable space with an external elegant appearance.
Such structures are not traumatic, since all staircase parameters must be observed during construction. The usual material in the manufacture of such L-shaped ladders is wood or metal, mainly aluminum. This is the most practical solution for building a compact interfloor connection. Here are more options for such staircases.
With 180° winder steps
The design of such a ladder is called U-shaped because of its external resemblance to this letter when viewed from above. Two straight flights of stairs are connected by a small platform convenient for passage. A U-turn is made on it, and the movement begins in the opposite direction.
This option is also in demand and popular with architects and designers. This is a very convenient transition between floors, which can fit in a very small space. Designers have tried and carefully worked in this direction, making such designs very stylish in the interior. When calculating this design, you need to pay attention to the height between floors, since incorrectly calculated parameters will make moving up and down extremely inconvenient due to hitting the ceiling with your head.
Straight ladder
This is the most traditional type of stairs, where all parameters are closely interconnected. The angle of inclination plays a big role. The width of the steps and their height depend on it, which decrease or increase depending on the change in the value of the angle of inclination.
But in any numerical scenario, the length of the entire staircase will be rather big - 3-6.5 m. This value depends on the combination of all parameters, including the thickness of the interfloor overlap. The calculation also includes taking into account the length of the platforms in front of the entrance and exit to a direct march. Thus, the length of the staircase increases even more, and usable space is lost. The minimum length of the platform in front of and after the stairs is 80 cm and must be identical to the width of the stairs.
A two-flight staircase on stringers with a 180° turn. online calculator
With a large distance between floors, a two-flight staircase structure is installed. Another platform will not only change the direction of the ascending or descending one, but can also be endowed with other functions, because it is a support for the entire structure. A variety of two-flight stairs are taken into account in the calculations.
The owner should decide whether the design will be open or closed. With the open type, the gaps between the rises will be visible, and with the closed type, it will be safer to climb, because such ladders have deaf risers. Platforms can be single-level or two-level, where there is an additional step. The design itself can be clockwise or counterclockwise or just straight. Our calculator will help in calculating such a design.
Three-flight staircase on stringers with a 180° turn
This design is similar to the letter "z". Three marches are obtained at the expense of two intermediate platforms, and the middle march is noticeably shorter than the others. The size of the platforms should not exceed the width of the steps. Such landings are convenient for many people, especially for those who find it difficult to immediately run up the stairs.
To make the correct calculation, take into account the height of one march. To do this, the interfloor distance is divided by 3 and all risers and treads are calculated in one march with a step size of 300 × 150 mm. Take into account the height of the march and steps, as well as a smaller number of treads by one, due to the location of the last tread on the second floor landing. Typically, this design is used in houses where the interfloor distance is over 3 m.
Calculation of a spiral staircase
Beautiful and practical design saves space and is a great decorative element. Such a ladder can be chosen for any style. The design is complex in its form. Its many wedge-shaped winders must be located at a certain radius.
There are four types of such stairs with their own characteristics: with or without support on the walls of the house, with or without a supporting pillar. The calculation includes the angle of rotation (270°−360°), ceiling height (2 meters or more), step end width (from 40 cm) and narrow end width (from 10 cm).
Straight staircase on bowstrings
The classic type of construction is especially popular in office buildings. The difference from the stairs on the stringers is the insertion of steps into the grooves, called the bowstring. Such designs are open and closed, the difference lies in the use or absence of risers. It can be single-flight or double-flight ladders with any form of landings.
Programs for calculating stairs online. Calculator with drawings
In the presence of programs for design, you can still experience difficulties in calculations and drawings. Therefore, our editors offer a calculator where you need to enter the specified values and get the result. Building drawings will help adjust the wishes of the owner of the house. If you have already chosen the design option and material, then the most important thing remains - to correctly measure all the parameters of the future staircase. All data after entering into the table windows will be processed, and you will see the result.
Where to order the manufacture and installation of turnkey stairs - prices, catalogs
Numerous companies specializing in the construction of stairs offer their services not only for the construction phase itself, but also for various design solutions. You can find many interesting offers from designers and manufacturers.
The price of an L-shaped staircase with a 90 ° turn made of different types of wood with a minimum opening of the second floor (920 × 2700 mm), an inclination angle of 42 ° and 15 steps costs from 35,000 to 150,000 rubles. Prices for spiral staircases start at 55,000 rubles, although some manufacturers offer to purchase a finished metal spiral staircase for 40,000 rubles. The cost of a U-shaped staircase also depends on the material and starts at 90,000 rubles. The price of the selected staircase will depend on all the parameters, material and installation.
If you have any questions, please write them in the comments.
The staircase in most cases is a mandatory attribute of a country house. In addition, structures of this type can be used in duplex apartments or offices. Stairs today perform not only a practical function, they are also additional elements of the interior and add zest to the overall design of the room.
Staircase options
According to certain design features, stairs can be represented by marching, spiral or combined variations. Which of the above types of structures is most appropriate to use in a particular case will depend on the total area and features of the layout of the room.
Care must be taken to ensure that the installed structure meets all necessary ergonomic requirements.
marching stairs
Such execution of a ladder differs in reliability and extreme simplicity of production.
The design in this case will consist of one or more marches (this is the name of a rectilinear fragment with steps).
To maintain ergonomics, the number of steps in one march should not exceed sixteen pieces.
Spiral staircase
This design consists of a support rod, around which steps are arranged in a spiral.
The total area of the classic variation of the spiral staircase does not exceed one square meter, as a result of which it can be installed even in small rooms. A feature of this staircase is the possibility of its location anywhere in the room.
Combined ladder
In this case, we are talking about an arched architectural structure.
The combined staircase combines elements of mid-flight and spiral structures. This allows you to implement design tasks of any level of complexity.
Before starting the corresponding calculations, it is necessary to take into account the features of the layout of the room. You should also take into account the total area of \u200b\u200bthe room. It is possible that you will have to create a project that will coordinate all further actions during the installation work. At the initial stage, the following points should be considered:
- distance from the floor of the first floor to the ceiling;
- features of the location of the walls;
- features of the placement of doorways;
- the total area of the premises;
- planning features.
The height of the individual steps of the stairs must be absolutely identical. It is recommended to avoid the formation of differences in these indicators. The width of the landing should be equivalent to the width of the march. The length of one rectilinear fragment with steps should be no more than 3 m. The minimum indicator in this case will be kept at 1.5 m.
The size of each individual step depends on the total number of these elements. The length of the span or section is also taken into account. The total width of the stairs is determined by the required level of its throughput. The minimum figure for one person will be 0.7 m.
The level of comfort during ascent and descent will depend on the height of the steps. Most often, this indicator varies in the range from 12 to 20 cm. The optimal depth of the steps is 28-30 cm. Subject to the implementation of an uneven step, these indicators should be calculated based on the total length and height of the structure.
How to determine the angle of inclination?
The angle of inclination should be such that a person can proportionally move forward while walking up the stairs. The formation of the final indicator will depend on the height and width of the steps.
In most cases, it is recommended to stop at a number that is in the interval from 23 to 37 degrees. At the same time, it should be noted that a very steep angle of inclination can somewhat complicate the procedure for lifting and transporting heavy objects up the stairs.
Important! The greater the angle of inclination of the stairs, the less space may be required for its placement. However, a too steep angle significantly complicates the procedure for climbing to the second floor.
If the angle of inclination is less than twenty-three degrees, then you can resort to installing a ramp. Such a flat design will facilitate the descent and ascent. It should also be noted here that the stairs, the angle of which is more than forty degrees, can become an insurmountable obstacle for users.
Handrail and railing options
When carrying out the appropriate calculations before installing the stairs on the second floor, the parameters of the railings and some of the railings of the structure should be taken into account. In particular, the following points need to be determined:
- baluster height;
- handrail length;
- the height of the support posts;
- railing width.
The optimal width of the railing will be equivalent to 100 mm. This indicator will contribute to the comfortable operation of the stairs by an adult. Railings are most often located at a height of 900 mm. Based on this, it is easy to conclude that the height of the baluster will be approximately 800 mm. In this case, you should pay attention to the way the baluster is installed. If this element is mounted in grooves, then its length should be slightly larger. The final indicator is formed taking into account the depth of the groove.
As for determining the height of the support posts, here you should also pay attention to the installation features. If the support used is installed on the steps, then its length will be identical to the height of the baluster. Provided that the rack is installed on the floor, then the height of the placed support should be added to the standard height.
The length of the railing must be equivalent to the length of the flight of stairs. The total length of this element can fully correspond to the dimensions of the stairs or be slightly larger. The increase in indicators tends to increase if the handrail goes beyond the steps.
The ladder structure can be prefabricated or monolithic. The first variation of the structure is not very popular, since the installation work in this case will be associated with certain difficulties. In addition, all relevant work must be carried out at the construction site.
Prefabricated stairs made of large-sized elements are in great demand. The installation procedure of the entire structure is not associated with special difficulties. This variation of stairs can be used not only in a private country house, but also in public buildings. Additionally, marches of structures of this type can be reinforced with frames.
Marches with solid steps are presented in the form of a panel, which is significantly reinforced on the sides due to the use of special stiffening ribs. The upper plane of such a panel is distinguished by a stepped structure.
So, how do professionals advise to perform the calculation in XXI century?
Stair design can be done in a variety of ways. Each is based on optimal dimensions flight of stairs necessary for comfortable and safe movement.
Naturally, the most comfortable there will be a gentle and not narrow staircase, but, as a rule, practical circumstances dictate restrictions on the choice key parameters which include: view stairs, lifting height, plan area, tilt angle, number of steps, width and height of each.
These indicators interconnected and cannot be determined individually. For example, for a simple single-flight staircase, the height of the rise and the angle of inclination rigidly set the area in the plan, and vice versa, knowledge of the area in the plan and the height will leave no doubt about the magnitude of the angle of inclination of the stairs.
In this article we we will not consider exotic options, like stairs with elements of three-dimensional curvature, but let's focus on the structures familiar and feasible for the home master on stringers and scarves.
Step size
This is perhaps one of the main characteristics of the stairs. It depends on them how comfortable and safe households will be able to go up to the second floor and go down.
Master Novitsky Oleg Vadimovich in the book “Modern stairs. Design, manufacture, installation.» (best wishes to the author and this marvelous work) mentions recommended and repeatedly tested values for lifting ( h) and tread ( a) steps:
h×a = 150×300, 160×300, 170×290 mm.
These sizes are good, but, unfortunately, cannot be used if the house has already been built and the total height of the stairs ( H) is not a multiple of a single step ( h). In this case, we can turn to the calculation formulas.
Widely known convenience formula:
a - h = 12 cm.
According to this ratio, the stairs will be the most convenient.
The ladder is considered safe if the sum of the dimensions ( with) the width of the tread and the height of the riser is equal to 45 cm:
30+15; 27+18; 25+20 .
Accordingly, this equation is called safety formulas :
c = a + h = 45 cm.
The difficulty is that the formulas are applicable in small range sizes and it is not always possible to realize the necessary proportion in practice. In this case, you should “get” into the indicated proportions with a minimum deviation or use the universal Blondel's formula, which takes into account the average step of a person. More on that below.
| Floor height, m | Number of steps n | Step height h, mm | Step width b, mm | Grade h:b |
| 2.25 for basements | 12 | 118 | 260 | 1:1,38 |
| 13 | 173 | 260 | 1:1,50 | |
| 2,50 | 14 | 179 | 260 | 1:1,45 |
| 14 | 179 | 290 | 1:1,62 | |
| 2,75 | 15 | 183 | 260 | 1:1,42 |
| 16 | 172 | 260 | 1:1,51 | |
| 16 | 172 | 290 | 1:1,69 | |
| 3,00 | 17 | 176 | 290 | 1:1,65 |
| 18 | 167 | 290 | 1:1,74 |
note: in single-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight stairs within the first floor, no more than 18 lifts (steps). Limit height steps - 220 mm ( SNiP 21-01-97).
For designing a simple wooden staircase on stringers measure the height between floors(vertical distance from the bottom floor to the top floor).
By the way height between floors- this is the "sickest" size. In houses made of stone, very often there are deviations from the project on 4-5 cm, and wooden ones are subject to shrinkage and shrinkage (up to 15 see per floor). Ideally, you should wait for the complete shrinkage of the log house in a few years.
Also dimensions for calculating the stairs it is better to remove when finishing floors are laid or should be clearly defined horizontal levels heights.
So let height in our case:
Choose riser height:
Dividing the height between floors by the height of the risers, we get required number of steps:
270: 18 = 15 pieces.
To determine the optimal step width, use convenience formula:
a - h \u003d 12, h \u003d 18 cm.
Comfortable tread width:
a = 12 + h = 30 cm.
So it is necessary 15 steps wide 30 cm and a length depending on the width of the opening in the interfloor ceiling. Checking the stairs safety formula:
a + h = 46 + 3 cm
In this case:
18 + 30 = 48 cm.
Stairs safe and convenient to operate.
This example of calculations is given by Stolyarov A.N. in the book " We build stairs».
French architect and engineer still in the distant 1672 suggested the following relation:
Where S is the average step of a person who is within 600-640 mm.
Can be converted to inequality:
lower practical result would be minimum lift steps:
h = 120 mm, a = 400 mm, slope 17 degrees.
With a smaller angle, it is no longer a staircase, but a ramp (ramp) - a gentle inclined platform.
Upper step rise:
h = 220 mm, a = 200 mm, slope 48 degrees.
At the upper limit of the formula, we get not the most comfortable ladder, usable only when moving facing the steps.
Going down the ladder is more dangerous than going up, hence ease of use evaluate on the move down. An example of the master's thoughts according to Blondel's formula:
We measure the height between floors:
H = 3050 mm.
Determine the rise of the steps h by dividing H for the possible number of lifts ( n). Value options:
With 17 lifts: h = H / n = 3050 / 17 = 179.4 mm.
At 18: h \u003d H / n \u003d 3050/18 \u003d 169.4 mm.
At 19: h = H / n = 3050/19 = 160.5 mm.
A = 5000 mm.
The length of the travel line should not be less than the height between floors ( H), otherwise the stairs will be impractically steep. In our example:
A (5000) > H (3050).
At n = 18 tread a = 5000 / (n - 1) = 294 mm.
The actual number of steps on 1 less than the calculated value. This fact is easy to accept if the first step is considered at the floor level.
Step parameter according to Blondel:
169 × 2 + 294 = 632 mm.
Hence, size is acceptable, is organic and lies within the average human step. We determined the width of the tread and the height of the riser for easy movement, but this is not enough to build a comfortable and safe staircase.
Line of march and middle line of march
travel line (A) is a horizontal projection of the imaginary movement of a person along the steps. Passes in the distance 300-500 mm from the inner edge of the stairs. This average size determines handrail comfort. The children will go closer to the railing, adults - farther.
Sometimes for direct march, this size is neglected, since the edges of the steps are parallel.
If the width of the stairs is up to 1000 mm, then the line of motion will coincide with the middle line of the march. If more 1000 mm, then the travel line is shifted to the handrail. The calculation algorithm is as follows:
With chalk or a plumb line draw the intended line on the floor(or lines) of the course. Fix the size with a tape measure and correlate it with the height of the stairs. It's great if the line of motion more than the height in 1,7 times - then the slope will be 30 °.
All received indicators of the size of the tread calculate using Blondel's formula to determine the optimal one.
The relative value of the rise of the march (angle of rise)
In construction practice, the angle of elevation, as a rule, is in the range from 20 before 50 degrees, but stairs with an angle from 30 before 45 degrees.
Dependency table step sizes from the angle of inclination:
Choice tilt angle causes a margin of distance (critical height) of at least 2000 mm from any step to the ceiling or any protruding element of the building (beams, parapet):
critical altitude convenient to check by drawing the calculated steps on any sheet material or directly on the wall. As design practice shows, very often a line drawn from a ceiling or a dangerous ledge will be less than the desired value.
It is for this reason that it is not possible to design a staircase that is gentle enough. With an increase in the angle of inclination, comfort decreases, therefore, with a low average height of all households, sometimes this size is still underestimated.
In the already mentioned work of Novitsky O.V. "Modern stairs. Design, manufacture, installation.» a real practical case is considered, in which even 6 options for the location of the stairs in the room.
In any case, the final result is usually golden mean between many conflicting arguments.
March width
March width is determined by the capacity of the stairs (the number of people per minute at the narrowest point) and assumes the comfortable movement of an adult.
For intra-apartment flights of stairs, building codes define this value (the size from the wall to the railing or between two railings on the left and right sides) at least 900 mm, in luxury homes 1250-1600 mm.
Provided width exceptions flight of stairs ( 0,8 m) some types of stairs (for example, in garden houses), but when designing a staircase, this size should be guided only in conditions of a severe lack of free space in the room.
Width less than 0.8m can afford auxiliary structures, for example, stairs to the basement or to the attic.
Standard elements
Every good owner knows how to count money. Building stairs is no exception. Can good to save if the details of the stairs at the design stage turn out fit to standard blanks accepted on the territory RF.
Economic Considerations can become the key argument that will allow the owner to choose the only option for the location of the stairs from several possible ones.
1. Standards on the steps.
Available with fillet R12.5. invitations steps:
| № | Size, mm |
| 1 | H 220×400×1200, R200 |
| 2 | H220×400×1400, R200 |
Winder triangular a step of a non-standard size to order is calculated as a rectangular one (the necessary one is simply cut out of it). That's why it is advisable to order rectangular. The cost is identical, and trimmings will come in handy in the work.
Large steps can be made from furniture board sizes:
| № | Size (H×W×D), mm |
| 1 | 38×400×2000 |
| 2 | 38×500×1500 |
| 3 | 38×500×2000 |
| 4 | 38×700×1500 |
| 5 | 38×1000×1000 |
| 6 | 38×1100×1100 |
| 7 | 38×1200×1200 |
2. Riser.
| № | Size (H×W×D), mm |
| 1 | 18×180×900 |
| 2 | 18×180×1000 |
| 3 | 18×180×1100 |
| 4 | 18×180×1200 |
| 5 | 18×180×1300 |
| 6 | 18×180×1400 |
| 7 | 18×120×900 |
| 8 | 18×120×1000 |
| 9 | 18×120×1100 |
| 10 | 18×120×1200 |
| 11 | 18×120×1300 |
| 12 | 18×120×1400 |
3. Facing board.
| № | Size (H×W×D), mm |
| 1 | 18×200×2000 |
| 2 | 18×300×2000 |
| 3 | 18×350×1000 |
| 4 | 18×350×1500 |
| 5 | 18×350×2000 |
| 6 | 18×350×2500 |
| 7 | 18×350×3000 |
| 8 | 18×350×3500 |
4. Beam.
| № | Size (H×W×D), mm |
| 1 | 80×80×1200 |
| 2 | 80×80×2000 |
| 3 | 80×80×2500 |
| 4 | 80×80×3000 |
| 5 | 100×100×1200 |
| 6 | 100×100×2000 |
| 7 | 100×100×2500 |
| 8 | 100×100×3000 |
5. Bowstrings.
| № | Size (H×W×D), mm |
| 1 | 40×350×2500 |
| 2 | 40×350×3000 |
| 3 | 40×350×3500 |
| 4 | 40×400×4000 |
| 5 | 50×300×3500 |
| 6 | 50×350×3500 |
| 7 | 50×400×4500 |
6. Handrails.
The length of the handrails can vary from 3500 before 6000 mm. And here are the dimensions sections constant:
| № | Section (W×H), mm |
| 1 | 40×70 |
| 2 | 45×70 |
| 3 | 45×80 |
| 4 | 45×90 |
| 5 | 60×60 |
| 6 | 70×70 |
| 7 | 70×90 |
| 8 | 80×100 |
7. Balusters.
Diameter round balusters - 30 or 47 mm. Length all varieties up to 900 mm. Sections square items:
| № | Section (W×H), mm |
| 1 | 40×40 |
| 2 | 45×45 |
| 3 | 50×50 |
| 4 | 60×60 |
| 6 | 70×70 |
| 7 | 80×80 |
| № | Diameter, mm |
| 1 | 75 |
| 2 | 95 |
| 3 | 115 |
| 4 | 140 |
| 5 | 145 |
More at the stage of calculations you should familiarize yourself with the price list of the nearest supplier within walking distance.
So, it is not the gods who burn the pots. We hope we succeeded dispel the myth that the design and construction of stairs is available only to the elite. Read articles, literature, which we referred to in this text, take measurements, sketches and drawings.
Task in dry matter looks simple: based on the layout of the house, the location of the stairs, the aesthetic preferences of the owners, you need perform parameter calculations given in the article. It remains only to organically fit the indicators into the norms of comfortable and safe movement in a country house or a multi-level apartment.
We wish you comfort and goodness in your home.