What is meant by natural and artificial light source: advantages and disadvantages? What are artificial light sources?

The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire of a fire. Over time, people have discovered that more light can be obtained by burning resinous woods, natural resins, oils and waxes. From the point of view of chemical properties, such materials contain a higher percentage of carbon, and when burned, carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Candle Ancient time Lucina

Gas lanterns Lighting gas obtained from the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins) was used as fuel, later benzene was used. The idea to use gas for street lighting belonged to the future King George IV, and at that time still the Prince of Wales. The first gas lantern was lit at his residence, Carlton House. Two years later - in 1807 - gas lamps appeared on Pall Mall, which became the first street in the world with gas lighting. At that time, ignited gas was coming out of the open end of the gas pipe. Soon, to protect the burner, a metal lampshade with several holes was built. By 1819, 288 miles of gas pipes had been laid in London, supplying 51,000 lanterns with gas. Over the next ten years, most of the central streets of the largest English cities were already lit by gas.

Further progress in the field of invention and design of light sources was largely associated with the discovery of electricity and the invention of current sources. When heated by electric current, various conductive materials with a high melting point emit visible light and can serve as light sources of varying intensity. Such materials were proposed: graphite (carbon filament), platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium and their alloys. Electric incandescent lamps Electric incandescent lamps

In the years Lodygin creates his first incandescent lamp. In the autumn of 1873, Lodygin's light bulbs light up on one of the streets of St. Petersburg. A contemporary of the inventor later wrote about this significant event: “A mass of people admired this lighting, this fire from the sky ... Lodygin was the first to take an incandescent lamp out of the physics office to the street” and consider the year the electric incandescent lamp was created. The first light bulbs of Lodygin were simply arranged. They look like modern light bulbs. The outer shell was a glass ball, into which two copper rods connected to a current source were inserted (through a metal frame). Between the rods, a coal rod or a coal triangle was strengthened. When an electric current was passed through such a conductor, coal, due to its high resistance, warmed up and glowed. At first, A.N. Lodygin did not pump air out of his lamps. He placed a fairly thick carbon rod in the glass bulb of the lamp and tightly, hermetically sealed the bulb. At the same time, as the inventor believed, all the oxygen of the air remaining inside the cylinder would quickly be used up for the oxidation of coal (i.e., for its combustion), and then, when there was no oxygen left in the lamp, the carbon rod would already serve properly without burning out and without breaking down. However, tests have shown that such lamps are still short-lived. They burned for about 30 minutes. Therefore, later the air from the lamps began to be pumped out. Candle Yablochkov Consists of 2 carbon rods, between which an arc discharge occurs. Lamp Lodygin

Yablochkov's candles appeared on sale and began to diverge in huge quantities, each candle cost about 20 kopecks and burned for 1½ hours; after this time, a new candle had to be inserted into the lantern. Subsequently, lanterns with automatic replacement of candles were invented. kopecks In February 1877, the fashionable shops of the Louvre were illuminated with electric light. Then Yablochkov's candles flared up on the square in front of the opera house. Finally, in May 1877, they illuminated for the first time one of the most beautiful thoroughfares of the capital, Avenue de lOpera. Residents of the French capital, accustomed to the dim gas lighting of streets and squares, at the beginning of twilight flocked in crowds to admire the garlands of matte white balls mounted on high metal poles. And when all the lanterns flashed at once with a bright and pleasant light, the audience was delighted. No less admirable was the lighting of the huge Parisian covered hippodrome. Its running track was illuminated by 20 arc lamps with reflectors, and the seats for spectators by 120 Yablochkov electric candles, located in two rows of the Louvre Hippodrome.

A tungsten coil placed in a flask from which air is pumped out is heated by an electric current. Over the more than 120-year history of incandescent lamps, a huge variety of them have been created from miniature lamps for a flashlight to half-kilowatt projector lamps. The luminous efficacy Lm/W typical for LN looks very unconvincing against the background of the record achievements of other types of lamps. LN are heaters to a greater extent than illuminators: the lion's share of the electricity supplying the filament turns not into light, but into heat. LN service life, as a rule, does not exceed 1000 hours, which, by time standards, is very little. What makes people buy (15 billion a year!) Such inefficient and short-lived light sources? In addition to the force of habit and the extremely low initial price, the reason for this is that there is a huge selection of different types of LN glass flasks. Modern incandescent lamps

An electric current passing through a tungsten coil) heats it to a high temperature. When heated, tungsten begins to glow. However, due to the high operating temperature, the tungsten atoms are constantly evaporating from the surface of the tungsten filament and depositing (condensing) on ​​the less hot surfaces of the glass bulb, limiting the life of the lamp. In a halogen lamp, the iodine surrounding the tungsten enters into a chemical combination with the evaporated tungsten atoms, preventing the latter from deposition on the bulb. The tungsten atoms are thus concentrated either on the helix itself or near it. As a result, the tungsten atoms return to the spiral, which makes it possible to increase the working temperature of the spiral (to obtain brighter light), extend the lamp life. IRC halogen lamps (IRC stands for infrared coating). A special coating is applied to the bulbs of such lamps, which transmits visible light, but delays infrared (thermal) radiation and reflects it back to the spiral. Due to this, heat loss is reduced and, as a result, the efficiency of the lamp is increased. With infrared heat, energy consumption is reduced by 45% and the lifetime is doubled (compared to a conventional halogen lamp)

GAS-DISCHARGE LIGHT SOURCES OR COLD LIGHT LAMPS The operation of such lamps is based on the fact that gases, mostly inert, and vapors of various metals emit light when an electric current passes through them. This method of emitting light is called electroluminescence. In this case, each gas or vapor glows with its own color. Therefore, along with lighting, they are used for advertising and signaling.

Fluorescent lamps (LL) low-pressure discharge lamps are a cylindrical tube with electrodes, into which mercury vapor is pumped. Under the action of an electrical discharge, mercury vapor emits ultraviolet rays, which, in turn, cause the phosphor deposited on the walls of the tube to emit visible light. LLs provide soft, uniform light, but it is difficult to control the distribution of light in space due to the large radiation surface. One of the main advantages of LLs is durability (service life up to hours). Due to their cost-effectiveness and durability, LLs have become the most common light sources in corporate offices. In countries with a mild climate, LLs are widely used in outdoor lighting of cities. In cold regions, their propagation is hindered by the fall of the light flux at low temperatures. If you "twist" the LL tube into a spiral, we get a CFL compact fluorescent lamp. Fluorescent lamps are energy saving Fluorescent lamps

THE MAIN DEFECT OF THE NEW GENERATION LAMPS IS that they contain mercury vapor, approximately 3-5 mg of a substance each. Mercury belongs to the first hazard class (extremely dangerous chemical substance). The system for recycling energy-saving lamps in our country has not been thought out. There are practically no enterprises in the country that could properly dispose of these products. People are accustomed to throwing away used lamps along with ordinary household waste. In this case, this is not allowed. Organic mercury compounds, which are formed after the release of the chemical into the environment along with precipitation, can bring the greatest harm. Careless handling of energy-saving lamps can lead to mercury poisoning. For example, if you accidentally break just one light bulb, the excess of the maximum permissible concentration of mercury in the air will reach 160 times. As a result, a person's nervous system, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract are affected. If you accidentally break the bulb of an energy-saving lamp, ventilate the room immediately and thoroughly. In addition, new generation light bulbs produce more intense radiation than conventional ones. According to the British Association of Dermatologists, this can primarily affect people with increased skin sensitivity to photosensitivity. According to scientists, the use of energy-saving lamps can harm a person with skin diseases and lead to skin cancer, as well as cause migraines and dizziness in people with epilepsy.

LEDs Semiconductor light emitting devices LEDs are called the light sources of the future. The achieved characteristics of LEDs - luminous efficiency up to 25 Lm/W, watch service life - have already provided leadership in lighting equipment, automotive and aviation technology. LED light sources are on the verge of an invasion of the general lighting market, and we will have to survive this invasion in the coming years.

The principle of operation of LEDs is fundamentally different from the principle of operation of a conventional incandescent lamp, the current does not pass through the filament, but through a semiconductor chip. That is why LED lamps require constant current to operate. Red, green and yellow LEDs have long been used, for example, in monitors and televisions. With the development of technology, it became possible to also produce blue LEDs (light-emitting diodes in blue). Initially, a combination of red, green and blue LEDs was used to create a white glow. But, thanks to the rapid technological progress in the development of LEDs, white color can now be achieved with 1 LED. To do this, the blue LED is coated with a yellowish fluorescent composition, the resulting color will be with a cold tint due to the large flow of blue light (similar to the situation with daylight fluorescent lamps). LEDs, unlike standard lamps, do not give diffused light, but directional light, like reflectors, but at the same time, the angle of the light beam is narrower than that of halogen lamps. To increase it, various lenses and diffusion screens are used. An angle of 120 degrees can be obtained when using LEDs without a housing, as when they are mounted directly on the board without lenses.

Advantages of using LEDs: LEDs have a high luminous efficacy Lm/W, while standard lamps have a luminous efficiency of 7-12 Lm/W. At the same time, energy consumption remains quite low (40-100mW), so only a few lamps are required for lighting. LED lamps manufactured by the German company Paulmann (Paulmann) consume only 1W of electricity with high light output. LEDs emit almost no heat. However, for high-power lamps, heat sinks are used, but the heat is released and distributed over a very limited area. LEDs have a lifespan of thousands of hours, and after that time, they will still work, although they will give less than 50% of the original light. This corresponds to 11 years of continuous use of the light bulb. Accurate color reproduction due to the absence of UV radiation. Vibration resistant. Possibility to use longer cable with DC or AC 50Hz. LEDs are increasingly used in lamps, they act as a light source, and not just as decorative lighting. Application examples: Outdoors, bathroom, kitchen, hallway, living room.

As a result of the global crisis, the problem of energy conservation has become even more urgent all over the world. In this regard, since September 1, 2009, 27 EU countries have already banned the sale of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 or more watts. And already in 2011 in Europe it is planned to introduce an embargo on the sale of the most popular 60-watt light bulbs among buyers. By the end of 2012, it is planned to completely abandon incandescent lamps. The U.S. Congress passed legislation to phase out incandescent light bulbs in 2013. According to these laws, residents of the European Union and the United States will completely switch to energy-saving light sources - fluorescent and LED lamps. In Ukraine, according to a government decree, the cessation of production and sale of incandescent lamps is expected as early as 2013.

In some chemical reactions that release energy, part of this energy is directly spent on the emission of light. The light source remains cold (it has ambient temperature). This phenomenon is called chemiluminescence. Almost all of you are probably familiar with it. In the summer in the forest you can see a firefly insect at night. A small green "flashlight" "burns" on his body. You won't burn your fingers by catching a firefly. A luminous spot on its back has almost the same temperature as the surrounding air. Other living organisms also have the property of glowing: bacteria, insects, many fish that live at great depths. Pieces of rotting wood often glow in the dark. Chemiluminescence

Methods of light emission 1. Thermal radiation - radiation of light by a fire flame, the Sun, a wooden torch, a candle, electric incandescent lamps (Lodygin's lamp, Yablochkov's candle, gas lamps, halogen lamps) 2. Electroluminescence - fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, advertising tubes. 3. Cathodoluminescence - the glow of the TV screen, oscilloscopes 4. Chemiluminescence - the glow of fireflies, rotting trees, fish. 5. Radiation of semiconductors when current is passed through them - LED lamps

artificial light sources. Noise (acoustic) pollution

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Artificial light sources: types of light sources and their main characteristics, Features of the use of gas-discharge energy-saving light sources. Fixtures: purpose, types, application features

Sources of artificial light play an important role in our life. They perform not only a practical, but also an aesthetic function. So, there are many lamps that differ in shape, size and technical characteristics.

Sources of artificial light:

Incandescent lamps

Halogen lamp

Gas-discharge light sources

sodium lamp

Fluorescent lamps

LEDs

Incandescent lamps are the most common type of light source. They are widely used in various types of premises, both indoor and outdoor.

incandescent lamp

Principle of operation: light in incandescent lamps is created by passing an electric current through a thin wire, usually made of tungsten. The principle of operation is based on the thermal effect of electric current.

Advantages of the lamp: low initial costs, satisfactory color reproduction, the ability to control the degree of concentration and direction of light propagation, a variety of designs, ease of use, the absence of electronic triggering and stabilization systems.

Disadvantages: the service life is usually not more than 1000 hours; 95% of the energy they produce is converted into heat and only 5% into light! Incandescent lamps are a fire hazard. 30 minutes after turning on the incandescent lamps, the temperature of the outer surface reaches the following values, depending on the power: 40 W - 145 ° C, 75 W - 250 ° C, 100 W - 290 ° C, 200 W - 330 ° C. When the lamps come into contact with textile materials, their bulb heats up even more. Straw touching the surface of a 60 W lamp flares up after about 67 minutes.

Application: designed for indoor and outdoor lighting with parallel connection of lamps in electrical networks with a voltage of 127 and 220 V.

Average price: 15 rubles for 1 piece.

Halogen lamp

Halogen lamps, like incandescent lamps, emit heat.

Principle of operation: a spiral made of heat-resistant tungsten is located in a flask filled with an inert gas. When an electric current passes through a spiral, it heats up, generating heat and light energy. Particles of tungsten at a temperature of 1400 ° C, even before reaching the surface of the flask, are combined with particles of halogen. Due to thermal circulation, this halogen-tungsten mixture approaches an incandescent spiral and decomposes under the influence of a higher temperature. Tungsten particles are again deposited on the spirals, and halogen particles are returned to the circulation process.

Advantages: The coil has a higher temperature, which allows you to get more light for the same lamp power, the coil is constantly updated, which increases the life of the lamp, the bulb does not blacken, and the lamp gives a constant light output throughout its life.
With the same color rendering ability as incandescent lamps, they have a compact design.

Disadvantages: low light output, short service life

Gas-discharge light sources

Gas-discharge light sources are a glass, ceramic or metal (with a transparent exit window) shell containing a gas, a certain amount of metal or other substances with a sufficiently high vapor pressure. Electrodes are hermetically mounted in the shell, between which the discharge occurs. There are gas-discharge light sources with electrodes operating in an open atmosphere or gas flow.

Distinguish:

gas-light lamps - radiation is created by excited atoms, molecules, recombining ions and electrons;

fluorescent lamps - the source of radiation is phosphors excited by gas discharge radiation;

electric light lamps - radiation is created by electrodes heated by a discharge.

Fluorescent lamps

Principle of operation: light in these lamps arises due to the conversion of ultraviolet radiation by a phosphor coating into visible light after a gas discharge occurs in them.

Advantages: it is an efficient way of energy conversion; due to the large radiating surface, the light produced by fluorescent lamps is not as bright as that of "point" light sources (incandescent, halogen and high-pressure discharge lamps); In terms of energy efficiency, fluorescent lamps are ideal for lighting large open spaces (offices, commercial, industrial and public buildings).

The light of the lamps can be white, warm and cold colors, as well as colors close to natural daylight.

Disadvantages: all fluorescent lamps contain mercury (in doses of 40 to 70 mg), a poisonous substance. This dose can cause harm to health if the lamp breaks, and if constantly exposed to the harmful effects of mercury vapor, they will accumulate in the human body, causing harm to health.

Service life: reaches 15,000 hours, which is 10-15 times longer than incandescent lamps.

Daylight lamp

One of the varieties of fluorescent lamps with a bluish glow color. There are 2 types of such lamps - LDC (daylight, with the correct color rendering) and LD (daylight).

LD lamps do not provide the correct reproduction of the color of illuminated objects; are used for general lighting purposes, especially in southern areas.

LDC lamps are used to illuminate objects for which it is important to accurately reproduce color shades, mainly in the blue and blue regions of the spectrum. Their luminous efficiency is 10-15% lower than that of LD lamps. Such lamps are used to illuminate industrial premises.

Energy-saving lamps

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), thanks to special technology and design, can be comparable in size or equal to incandescent lamps. These modern lamps have all the advanced characteristics of fluorescent lamps.

Benefits: energy savings up to 80% depending on the manufacturer and specific model; energy-saving lamps do not heat up very well.

Disadvantages: high cost and the content of toxic substances in them.

Service life: approximately 5-6 times longer than incandescent lamps, but can be up to 20 times longer, provided that sufficient quality of power supply, ballast is provided and the restrictions on the number of switching are observed, otherwise they quickly fail.

sodium lamp

A gas-discharge light source in which optical range radiation occurs during an electric discharge in Na vapor. There are low pressure lamps and high pressure lamps.

Principle of operation: the high-pressure lamp is made of a light-transmitting polycrystalline composition Al2O3, resistant to the effects of electric discharge in Na vapor up to temperatures above 1200 °C. Dosed amounts of Na, Hg and an inert gas are introduced into the discharge tube after removal of air at a pressure of 2.6–6.5 kN/m2 (20–50 mm Hg). There are high-pressure sodium lamps "with improved environmental properties" - mercury-free.

Low pressure sodium lamps (hereinafter referred to as LTLD) are distinguished by a number of features that significantly complicate both their production and operation. First, sodium vapor at a high arc temperature acts very aggressively on the glass of the bulb, destroying it. Because of this, NLND burners are usually made of borosilicate glass. Secondly, the efficiency of NLND strongly depends on the ambient temperature. To ensure an acceptable temperature regime of the burner, the latter is placed in an external glass flask, which plays the role of a "thermos".

Advantages: long service life, used for outdoor and indoor lighting; The lamps give a pleasant golden-white light.

Disadvantages: included in the electrical network through ballasts; To ensure the highest output of resonant Na radiation, the discharge tubes of a sodium lamp are insulated by placing them inside a glass container from which the air is evacuated.

Light-emitting diode

An LED is a semiconductor device that converts electrical current directly into light. The minimum energy consumption is ensured by the properties of a specially grown crystal.

Application of LEDs: as indicators (power indicator on the instrument panel, alphanumeric display). In large street screens, an array (cluster) of LEDs is used in running lines. Powerful LEDs are used as a light source in lanterns. They are also used as a backlight for small LCD screens (on mobile phones, digital cameras).

Advantages:

High efficiency. Modern LEDs are second in this parameter only to the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL).

High mechanical strength, vibration resistance (absence of a spiral and other sensitive components).

Long service life. But it is not infinite either - with prolonged operation and / or poor cooling, the crystal is "poisoned" and the brightness gradually decreases.

Specific spectral composition of radiation. The spectrum is quite narrow. For the needs of indication and data transmission, this is an advantage, but for illumination, this is a disadvantage. Only the laser has a narrower spectrum.

A small angle of radiation can also be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

Safety -- no high voltages required.

Insensitivity to low and very low temperatures. However, high temperatures are contraindicated for the LED, as well as for any semiconductors.

Absence of toxic components (mercury, etc.) and, therefore, ease of disposal.

The disadvantage is the high price, but in the next 2-3 years, a decrease in prices for LED products is expected.

Lifetime: The average full life time for LEDs is 100,000 hours, which is 100 times the life of an incandescent bulb. Given that there are 8,760 or 8,784 hours in a year, LED lamps can last for several years.

High-pressure discharge lamps also include metal halide lamps (MG).

Metal halide lamps (HMI lamps - Hydrargyrum medium Arc-length Iodide) are a large family of AC discharge lamps in which light is produced by electrical discharge in a dense atmosphere of a mixture of mercury vapor and rare earth halides.

Unlike incandescent lamps, which are heat emitters in the full sense of the word, the light in these lamps is generated by an arc burning between two electrodes. These are actually high-pressure mercury lamps with additions of metal iodides or rare earth iodides (dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho) and thulium (Tm), as well as complex compounds with cesium (Cs) and tin halides (Sn). These compounds decompose into the center of the discharge arc, and metal vapor can stimulate the emission of light, whose intensity and spectral distribution depend on the vapor pressure of the metal halide.

The luminous efficiency and color rendering of the mercury arc discharge and the light spectrum are greatly improved. This type of lamp should not be confused with halogen lamps. They are completely different in characteristics and principles of operation. Halogen cycle: Metal iodide vapors are present in the lamp bulb. When an electric discharge is initiated from the heated electrodes, tungsten begins to evaporate, and its vapors enter into combination with iodides, forming a gaseous compound - tungsten iodide. This gas does not settle on the walls of the flask (the flask remains transparent during the entire life of the lamp). In the immediate vicinity of the heated electrodes, the gas decomposes into tungsten vapor and iodine; the electrodes are shrouded in a cloud of metal vapor, protecting the electrodes from destruction, and the walls of the flask from darkening. When the lamp is turned off, tungsten settles (returns) to the electrodes. Thus, the halogen cycle ensures long-term operation of the lamp without dimming the bulb.

MG lamps are the same mercury ones, but with rare earth ions introduced into the bulb, which significantly increases the service life, improves light output and spectrum. Standard power (as with sodium) 70, 150, 250 and 400 watts.

In general, the light output of MG lamps is equal to the light output of fluorescent lamps (per watt), with the exception that the light is not diffused, but direct.

MG lamps come in shapes - from matte balls for standard threads, to double-ended tubes for compact spotlights. All these lamps give white light. The spectrum is balanced in composition and has both blue and red regions.

In this regard, metal halide lamps are widely used in the lighting installations of various commercial premises, exhibitions, shopping malls, offices, hotels, restaurants, billboard and shop window lighting installations, sports facilities and stadiums lighting, and architectural lighting of buildings and structures. For example, a 250W metal halide lamp is sufficient to obtain illumination comparable to a 1 kW floodlight.

The latest advancement in metal halide technology is the advanced ceramic-clad metal halide lamp (CMG). KMG lamps provide a high level of reproduction of light characteristics. This makes these lamps suitable for areas where color has a special meaning. The lamps are connected to an alternating current network with a frequency of 50 Hz, a voltage of 220 or 380 V with the appropriate control gear (PRA) and a pulse igniter (IZU).

A light device or lamp is a device that ensures the normal functioning of an electric lamp. The luminaire performs optical, mechanical, electrical and protective functions.

Lighting devices of short range are called lamps, and long-range ones are called searchlights.

The main components of the luminaire are fittings for installation and fastening, a diffuser and the light source itself. All luminaires have their own lighting characteristics, such as light distribution, estimated using luminous intensity curves, luminous directivity (the ratio of light fluxes directed to the upper and lower hemispheres), as well as efficiency.

Luminaires, depending on the conditions of the environment for which they are intended, are divided by their design into the following: open unprotected, partially dust-proof, fully dust-proof, partially and completely dust-tight, splash-proof, increased reliability against explosion and explosion-proof.

According to the nature of the light distribution, lamps are divided into classes: direct, predominantly direct, diffused, predominantly reflected and reflected light.

According to the method of installation, the lamps are divided into groups: ceiling, recessed in the ceiling, suspended, wall and floor (floor lamps).

Classification of luminaires by purpose Table 1

The scope of various types of manufactured luminaires is shown in Table 2. The letter designations of luminaires are taken from the catalogs of lighting products and the nomenclatures of manufacturers, mainly for rooms without special requirements for architectural design.
The designs of the most common fixtures are shown in Figure 1.

Table 2 - Types of luminaires and their scope

Figure 1 - Fixtures:

a - "universal";

b - enameled deep emitter Ge;

in - deep emitter mirror Gk;

g - wide emitter CO;

e - dustproof PPR and PPD;

e - dustproof PSH-75;

g - explosion-proof VZG;

h - increased reliability against the explosion NZB - N4B;

and -- for chemically active medium CX;

to - fluorescent OD and ODR (with a grating);

l - luminescent LD and LDR;

m - luminescent PU;

n - luminescent PVL;

o - luminescent VLO;

p - for outdoor lighting SPO-200

Lamps "universal" (U) are produced for lamps of 200 and 500 W. These are the main fixtures for normal industrial premises. At low heights, they are used with a semi-matte shade. For damp rooms or rooms with an active environment, lamps with a disk of heat-resistant rubber sealing the contact cavity are used.
Ge enameled deep emitters are available in two sizes: for lamps up to 500 and up to 1000 watts. They are used, like the "universal", in all normal industrial premises, but with a greater height.

Deep emitters with an average concentration of the luminous flux Gs are produced for lamps of 500, 1000, 1500 W. The body of the luminaire is made of aluminum with a reflector close to a mirror. Used for normal and damp rooms and environments with increased chemical activity.

Deep emitters of concentrated light distribution Gk are similar in design to Gs lamps. They are used indoors when a high concentration of light flux is required and there are no requirements for lighting vertical surfaces. In the condensed execution have the GkU brand.

Whole milk glass lucetta (Lts) is produced for lamps of 100 and 200 W and is used for rooms with a normal environment. Luminaires PU and CX are used for damp, dusty and fire hazardous premises. The scope of explosion-proof luminaires is determined by the version, category and group of the environment: V4A-50, V4A-100, VZG-200, NOB.
Luminaires for local light (SMO-1, 50 W, SMO-2, 100 W) are equipped with brackets with switches and corresponding hinges for turning the luminaire. They are similar to lamps K-1, K-2, KS-50 and KS-100 - miniature oblique lights.

Luminaires for fluorescent lamps of the ODR and ODOR types are used for lighting industrial premises, and the AOD type for administrative, laboratory and other premises. Luminaires are supplied complete with PRU-2, with cartridges, blocks for starters and switching for switching on one phase of the 220 V network. The plant can supply luminaires of the OD series as dual, i.e. actually four-lamp and with 80 W lamps.

The main parts of each luminaire are: a body, a reflector, a diffuser, a mount, a contact connection and a lamp holder (Figure 2).

Lamps with DRL and fluorescent lamps are widely used, as they have a higher efficiency, greater luminous efficiency and a significant service life compared to lamps and incandescent lamps.

For ignition and stable combustion, gas-discharge lamps are switched on with the help of special ballasts (ballasts), starters, capacitors, arresters and rectifiers.

Figure 2 - UPD lamp:

a - general view; b - inlet assembly: 1 - union nut, 2 - housing, 3 - porcelain cartridge, 4 - lock, 5 - reflector, b - ground contact, 7-block of terminals.

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Welcome to my blog again. I'm in touch with you, Timur Mustaev. I want to congratulate all Muslims on the holy holiday of Eid al-Adha, wish a clear sky over their heads, sincere love and health! Take care of the people close to you!

Today we will look at artificial and natural light sources. Since an important aspect of photography is lighting, without which shooting is generally impossible. Let's start with the definition of concepts.

Sources are divided into two types:

1. natural;
2. Artificial.

Daylight

Sources of natural light:

• The sun;
• The moon replaces the sun at night;
• Bioluminescence - the glow of living organisms;
• Atmospheric electrical charges, such as thunderstorms.

The first two sources are ordinary and constant, the next two can serve the photographer only under special conditions.

Natural lighting is less controllable as it depends on many factors:

1. Weather

• Sunny

Everyone knows that you should not take pictures on a sunny day, as the result of the photos will have hard shadows and well-defined contours that will not be in favor of the photographer. On a sunny day, it is better to photograph in deep shade where the sun's rays do not fall, for example, the shadow of a large building, gazebos, etc.

• cloudy

Cloudy weather is the most preferable for filming, because the clouds provide soft lighting and the image is built so that the colors smoothly merge into one another in tone.

Unfortunately, cloudiness may not always be uniform, and often its density fluctuates, which affects the intensity of light.

• Other unusual weather conditions

Is it possible to take pictures in unusual conditions? With a hurricane, thunderstorm and storm, the black sky will add drama to your photo.

Shooting in fog will help the viewer get a better sense of the depth of the image and build a good perspective.

2. Time of day

To get the perfect result when shooting portraits or landscapes, choose sunrise or sunset. 30 minutes before sunset and after sunrise is considered the golden time for photography. The advantage is that the lighting changes quickly. This allows you to get a number of unique and diverse images.

The only drawback is the opportunity to miss the perfect moment of shooting. At sunset, the shadows lengthen and become less bright, and in the morning everything is exactly the opposite.

3. Geographic location

4. Air pollution

The polluted particles scatter the light rays, making it softer and less bright.

Advantages:

1. Free source;
2. Color rendering is excellent as the solar spectrum is continuous throughout the entire range of visibility.

Disadvantages:

1. Cannot be used at night
2. Inconsistent color temperature, which requires frequent adjustment changes;
3. Difficulty of application for building complex lighting schemes;
4. Low brightness requires a slow shutter speed, which cannot be obtained when shooting handheld.

artificial lighting

Everything is different with the control of artificial light. The photographer becomes the powerful master of lighting and adjusts all parameters:

• Quantity;
• Injection;
• Location;
• Intensity;
• Rigidity;
• color temperature;
• White balance.

Why do you need white balance? So that the color rendition does not have distortions or has only minimal errors.

Colorful temperature

Let's take a closer look at this parameter. What it is? Well, if you rely on theory, then this is a characteristic that determines the temperature of a black object that emits its color. This characteristic is measured in Kelvin (K).

Permanent lighting

What is an example of constant light sources? The most common are halogen lamps, as well as sodium lamps, fluorescent cold light and incandescent lamps. All of them have different color temperature settings.

For example, if you take tungsten lamps, they emit a reddish tint, and halogen lamps emit a cold blue light.

Benefits of using:

1. Moderate price;
2. Full control over the light;
3. You can build the necessary lighting schemes to your liking, obtaining various light and shade patterns.

Disadvantages:

1. Large consumption of electricity, respectively, large financial costs;
2. When shooting, you need a long one (not in all cases);
3. Large heat dissipation heats the air and objects in the room, which may affect their deformation.

Impulse Lighting

What are the sources of impulsive color? Built-in and external flashes, monoblocs and generator systems.

How is the shooting process? In studios, in addition to a flashing lamp, a pilot light is installed, that is, a constant source. It acts as an auxiliary parameter and helps to correctly build a black and white pattern. When the photographer presses the shutter button, the flash fires and at the same time the modeling light goes off and lights up when the flash ends.

Advantages:

1. Energy consumption is less than permanent artificial sources;
2. Heat dissipation is low;
3. Allows you to use the effect of “freezing objects” when shooting, for example, splashes or falling drops;
4. You can come up with complex lighting schemes that will help take your work to a higher level.

Disadvantages:

1. The high cost of acquisition;
2. If there is no pilot light, then you will have to look for a “golden” frame among the probes;
3. Requires a connection to the camera, so may slow down shooting when taking pictures with multiple cameras.

What light source to choose?

If you are shooting portraits or photographing subjects, use artificial lighting to adjust all settings.

If you are photographing landscapes or wildlife, then there is no choice. Only natural light.

Before shooting, choose the right mood and feelings that you want to convey in your photo. After that, select the desired lighting scheme.

Finally, study the video course "" or " My first MIRROR". It will help you understand the basics of photography and will be an indispensable assistant in your endeavors as a photographer.

My first MIRROR- for supporters of the CANON DSLR.

Digital SLR for beginners 2.0- for NIKON DSLR supporters.

This concludes our course on types of light sources. You can combine all the sources together, if necessary, to translate a creative idea. It is only necessary to take into account the different temperature, which affects the color rendering. For example, photographing a person at sunset, artificial lighting is indispensable if you want to get a lit face of the model and a beautiful sunset.

This combination is also typical when shooting black and white photographs. Share the article with your friends on social networks and subscribe to the blog to become a professional in photography.

All the best to you, Timur Mustaev.

What are artificial light sources?

These are technical devices that can have a very different design and at the same time serve to convert energy in various ways. Light sources typically use electrical energy, but in some cases chemical energy or another method of generating light may be used. By and large, all light sources are divided into two types: natural and artificial. We will talk about the second in our today's article in more detail.

The history of the development of artificial light sources dates back to ancient times. The very first source of light was the fire (flame) of the fire. However, over time, people began to understand that light can be obtained by burning any resinous wood species, and in large quantities. Later, people learned to transfer light sources, recharge with fuel, and also install in any spatial position.

In the future, to obtain light sources (artificial) people began to use gas. Gas lighting has been in demand for a long period of time. The main feature of this type of lighting was that it could be used to illuminate large city streets or even entire buildings. Later, "luminous gas" was used for urban gas lighting. People began to come up with various designs in order to enhance the return of light and power. At first, these were wicks, which, by the way, were later improved by adding minerals and impregnating with boric acid.

Further progress in the field of the invention and use of artificial light sources was due to the fact that electricity was discovered, and current sources also appeared. But a lot of work was also done on electrical sources, because it was obvious that in order to increase the brightness, it is necessary to raise the temperature of the specific area that emits light. And to increase the durability of electrical sources, people began to place working bodies in various cylinders.

In parallel with the development of incandescent lamps, already in the era of the discovery of electricity, work began on electric arc light sources, as well as light sources based on glow discharge. The first, in turn, made it possible to obtain very powerful streams of light, and with the help of the second sources it was possible to achieve extreme efficiency. By the way, today the brightest and most powerful light sources are lasers.

Light sources are used in all areas of human life. The requirements that apply to light sources (technical, aesthetic and economic) directly depend on the field of application.

Consider an artificial light source using a lamp as an example.

A luminaire is an artificial light source, a device that redistributes the light of a lamp within large solid angles, and also provides an angular concentration of the light flux. The scope of lamps is quite extensive; they are used both for lighting and as signaling. In addition, they are very often used simply as decorative items.

There are natural, or natural, sources of light. These are the Sun, stars, atmospheric electrical discharges (for example, lightning). The moon is also considered a source of light, although it would be more correct to classify it as a reflector of light, since it does not emit light itself, but only reflects the sun's rays falling on it. Natural sources of light exist in nature independently of man.

Sources of light. Luminescent pump: 1 - contacts; 2 - a glass tube coated with a phosphor from the inside and filled with an inert gas. Incandescent lamp: 1 - balloon; 2 - filament; 3 - holder; 4 - base. Mercury discharge lamp.

An electric arc can also be a source of light.

But there are many sources of light created by man. These are bodies, substances and devices in which energy of any kind, under certain conditions depending on a person, is converted into light. The simplest and oldest of them are a fire, a torch, a torch. In the ancient world (Egypt, Rome, Greece), vessels filled with animal fat were used as lamps. A wick (a piece of rope or a rag twisted into a bundle) was lowered into the vessel, which was saturated with fat and burned quite brightly.

Later, until the end of the 19th century, candles, oil and kerosene lamps, and gas lanterns served as the main sources of light. Many of them (for example, candles and kerosene lamps) have survived to this day. All these light sources are based on the combustion of combustible substances, so they are also called thermal. In such sources, light is emitted by the smallest incandescent solid particles of carbon. Their light output is very low - only about 1 lm/W (theoretical limit for a white light source is about 250 lm/W).

The greatest invention in the field of lighting was the creation in 1872 by the Russian scientist A. N. Lodygin of an electric incandescent lamp. Lodygin's lamp was a glass vessel with a carbon rod placed inside it; the air was evacuated from the vessel. When an electric current was passed through the rod, the rod heated up and began to glow. In 1873 - 1874. A. N. Lodygin conducted experiments on electric lighting of ships, enterprises, streets, houses. In 1879, the American inventor T. A. Edison created an incandescent lamp with a carbon filament, convenient for industrial production. Since 1909, incandescent lamps with a zigzag tungsten wire (filament) began to be used, and after 3–4 years the tungsten filament began to be made in the form of a spiral. At the same time, the first incandescent lamps filled with an inert gas (argon, krypton) appeared, which significantly increased their service life. Since the beginning of the XX century. electric incandescent lamps, due to their economy and ease of use, begin to quickly and everywhere displace other light sources based on the combustion of combustible substances. Currently, incandescent lamps have become the most popular light sources.

All the numerous varieties of incandescent lamps (more than 2000) consist of the same parts, differing in size and shape. The device of a typical incandescent lamp is shown in the figure. Inside the glass flask, from which air is evacuated, a spiral of tungsten wire (filament body) is fixed on a glass or ceramic stem using holders made of molybdenum wire. The ends of the spiral are attached to the inputs. In the process of assembly, air is pumped out of the lamp bulb through the stem, after which it is filled with an inert gas and the stem is brewed. For mounting in a cartridge and connecting to an electrical network, the lamp is equipped with a base, to which the inputs are connected.

Incandescent lamps are distinguished by areas of application (lighting for general purposes, for headlights of cars, projection, searchlights, etc.); according to the shape of the heating body (with a flat spiral, double-spiral, etc.); according to the size of the flask (miniature, small-sized, normal, large-sized). For example, in subminiature lamps, the bulb length is less than 10 mm and the diameter is less than 6 mm, in large-sized lamps, the bulb length reaches 175 mm or more, and the diameter is more than 80 mm. Incandescent lamps are manufactured for voltages from fractions to hundreds of volts, with power up to tens of kilowatts. The service life of incandescent lamps is from 5 to 1000 hours. The luminous efficiency depends on the design of the lamp, voltage, power and burning time and is 10–35 lm / W.

In 1876, Russian engineer P. N. Yablochkov invented an AC carbon arc lamp. This invention marked the beginning of the practical use of electric charge for lighting purposes. The system of electric lighting on alternating current created by P. N. Yablochkov using arc lamps - “Russian light” - was demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878 and enjoyed exceptional success; soon companies were founded in France, Great Britain, and the USA to use it.

Starting from the 30s. 20th century gas-discharge light sources are gaining popularity, which use radiation that occurs during an electric discharge in inert gases or vapors of various metals, especially mercury and sodium. The first samples of mercury lamps in the USSR were made in 1927, and sodium lamps - in 1935.

Gas-discharge light sources are a glass, ceramic or metal (with a transparent window) shell of a cylindrical, spherical or other shape containing a gas, and sometimes a certain amount of metal vapor or other substances. Electrodes are soldered into the shell, between which an electric discharge occurs.

The most widely used for lighting buildings and structures are fluorescent lamps, in which the ultraviolet radiation of an electric discharge in mercury vapor is converted with the help of a special substance - a phosphor - into visible, i.e. into light, radiation. The luminous efficiency during the service life of fluorescent lamps is several times greater than that of incandescent lamps of the same purpose. Among such light sources, mercury fluorescent lamps are most widely used. Such a lamp is made in the form of a glass tube (see Fig.) with a phosphor layer applied to its inner surface. Tungsten spiral electrodes are soldered into the tube at both ends to excite an electric discharge. A drop of mercury and a little inert gas (argon, neon, etc.) are introduced into the tube, which increases the service life and improves the conditions for the occurrence of an electric discharge. When the lamp is connected to an alternating current source, an electric current arises between the electrodes of the lamp, which excites the ultraviolet glow of mercury vapor, which in turn causes the glow of the phosphor layer of the lamp. The luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps reaches 75–80 lm/W. Their power ranges from 4 to 200 watts. The service life exceeds 10 thousand hours. The length of fluorescent lamps is from 130 to 2440 mm. According to the shape of the tube, there are straight, V-shaped, W-shaped, annular, candle-shaped lamps. Such lamps are widely used for lighting rooms, in copiers, in illuminated advertising, etc. Sodium lamps with a luminous efficiency of up to 140 lm/W are used to illuminate highways. Streets are usually illuminated with mercury lamps with a light output of 80–95 lm/W. Gas-discharge light sources, in addition to high luminous efficiency, are characterized by simplicity and reliability in operation.

A completely new type of light source is lasers, which produce light beams with a sharp focus, exceptionally bright and uniform in color. And the future of lighting lies with LEDs.