Pipes of round section. Density of feed points producing high quality steel pipes
In our time, those who wish to purchase high-quality modern binoculars have a lot of opportunities. The choice of the most diverse equipment from world manufacturers is unusually large, including in online stores. But it is best to choose the one that suits you in terms of technical parameters and at the same time suits the price.
This device is rather complicated technically, and it is sometimes difficult for an ordinary consumer to understand its characteristics. For example, what does "30x60 binoculars" mean? Let's try to find out.
What are binoculars
When starting to choose, decide what approximation is enough for you to observe, will you use the device not only in bright light, but also at dusk, will you be satisfied with a lightweight version with which long-term observation is possible? For the same 30x60 binoculars, reviews can be very different depending on the needs of the owner.
Therefore, it is so important to decide what exactly you are buying this device for and in what conditions you are going to use it.
Binoculars can be theatrical and military, marine or night vision, as well as small compact ones - for those present at the stadium during the competition. Or, on the contrary, large, intended for observations by astronomers. Each variety has its own characteristics. Sometimes they differ quite significantly. To make a good choice, let's get acquainted with the main ones.
What is multiplicity?
This is one of the most important characteristics of such an instrument as binoculars. The multiplicity tells us about the ability to increase the environment. If, for example, its indicator is 8, then, as close as possible, you will consider the observed object at a distance that is 8 times less than the one at which it actually is.
Trying to buy a device with the highest possible multiplicity is unreasonable. This indicator should be related to the circumstances and place of use of the binoculars. For observations in the field, it is customary to use a technique with magnification numbers from 6 to 8. The magnification of binoculars by 8-10 times is the maximum at which you can observe with your hands. If it is higher, jitter, which is also enhanced by optics, will interfere.
Binoculars with significant magnification (from 15-20x) are used in a set with a tripod, on which they are mounted thanks to a special adapter or adapter. Large weight and dimensions are not conducive to long-term wear and in most cases are not needed, especially when the view is obstructed by many obstacles.
Models with variable multiplicity (pancratic) are produced. The degree of magnification in them is changed manually, like photographic lenses. But due to the increased complexity of the device, they are more expensive.
What does "30x60 binoculars" mean, or Let's talk about lens diameter
The marking of any binoculars contains the size of the diameter of the front lens of its objective, which is given immediately after the magnification index. For example, what does "30x60 binoculars" mean? These figures are deciphered in this way: 30x is the magnification index, 60 is the size of the lens diameter in mm.
The quality of the resulting image depends on the lens diameter. In addition, it determines the flow of light, binoculars - it is the wider, the larger the diameter. Binoculars marked 6x30, 7x35 or, in extreme cases, 8x42 are considered universal for field conditions. If you plan to conduct observations in nature during the daytime, and rather distant objects are to be considered, take a device with a magnification of 8 or 10 times and a lens with a diameter of 30 to 50 mm. But at dusk they are not very effective due to less light entering the lenses.
The best binoculars for spectators at sporting events are small (pocket type) with parameters around 8x24, they are good for a long shot.
If the light is not enough
In conditions of poor lighting (at dusk or at dawn), one should either prefer a device with a large lens diameter, or sacrifice magnification. The optimal ratio may be 7x50 or 7x42.
A separate group - the so-called night binoculars - active and passive In passive lenses are equipped with a multi-layer coating that eliminates glare. They are used in the presence of minimal lighting (for example, moonlight). Active devices also work in complete darkness, since they use infrared radiation. Their minus is dependence on the power source.
Fans of studying space objects (for example, looking at the relief of the lunar surface) need binoculars that are powerful enough, with a magnification of at least 20x. For a more detailed acquaintance with the night sky, it is better for an amateur astronomer to take a telescope, which in this case will not replace even the best binoculars.
What is the viewing angle?
The viewing angle (or its field) is another important characteristic. This value in degrees indicates the span width. This parameter is inversely dependent on magnification - powerful binoculars have a small "angle of view".
Binoculars with a large viewing angle are called wide-angle (or wide-field). It is convenient to take them to the mountains in order to better navigate in space.
Often this indicator is expressed not by a graduated angle, but by the width of a segment or space that can be viewed at a standard range of 1000 m.
Other characteristics of binoculars
The exit pupil diameter is the quotient of the entrance pupil diameter divided by the magnification. That is, for binoculars marked 6x30, this indicator is 5. The optimal number in this case is about 7 mm (the size of a human pupil).
What does "30x60 binoculars" mean in this case? The fact that the size of the exit pupil with this marking is 2. Such binoculars are suitable for not too long observation in good light, then the eyes are threatened with fatigue and overstrain. If the illumination leaves much to be desired, or long-term observation is ahead, this indicator should be at least 5, and preferably 7 or more.
Another parameter - luminosity "manages" the brightness of the image. It is directly related to the diameter of the exit pupil. The abstract number that characterizes it is equal to the square of its diameter. In low light, it is desirable to have this indicator at least 25.
The next concept is focus. Being central, it is a universal tool for quick focusing. At the same time, its regulator is located near the hinge connecting the pipes. Wearing glasses, it is desirable to have binoculars with a diopter setting.
What else is important
Other, not so global characteristics of binoculars, nevertheless, play a significant role in its choice. Depth of field is the distance to the object of observation, on which it is not required to change the adjusted focus. It is the lower, the greater the multiplicity of the device.
Binoculars are inherent in the property of stereoscopicity (binocularity) characteristic of the human eye, which makes it possible to observe objects in volume and perspective. This is its advantage over a monocular or a telescope. But this quality, useful in the field, interferes in other cases. Therefore, for example, in it is minimized.
According to the systems of optics, binoculars are lens (theatrical, Galilean) and prism (or field). The former have good aperture, direct image, low magnification and narrow field of view. Secondly, prisms are used that turn the inverted image received from the lens into a familiar one. This reduces the length of the binoculars and increases the viewing angle.
The ability of the device to transmit rays of light, expressed as a fraction, is called. For example, with a loss of 40% of light, this coefficient is 0.6. Its maximum value is one.
What is the body of binoculars
Its main advantage is durability. Shockproof qualities are provided by the rubberized housing, thanks to which it also achieves reliability when held in hands and moisture resistance in wet weather.
Modern waterproof binoculars are sealed so that they can be under water at a depth of up to 5 meters for some time without harming themselves. Lenses protect against fogging by filling the space between them with nitrogen. These qualities are important for tourists, hunters, naturalists. Binoculars with a rangefinder will be useful for a researcher, a device with a dim matte surface - for an animal watcher.
Certain non-standard features of individual devices, such as an image stabilizer, or a built-in compass, significantly increase the cost of binoculars and are welcome only when necessary. Decide for yourself whether you really need, for example, binoculars with a rangefinder, whether you are ready to overpay for this option.
Introduction date 01.01.93
1. This standard establishes a range of electric welded longitudinally welded steel pipes. 2. The dimensions of the pipes must correspond to the table. one . 3. The length of the pipe is made: random length: with a diameter of up to 30 mm - not less than 2 m; pr and diameter from v. 30 to 70 mm - not less than 3 m; with a diameter of St. 70 to 152 mm - not less than 4 m; with a diameter of St. 152 mm - not less than 5 m. At the request of the consumer, pipes of groups A and B according to GOST 10705 with a diameter of more than 152 mm are manufactured with a length of at least 10 m; pipes of all groups with a diameter of up to 70 mm - at least 4 m long; measuring length: with a diameter of up to 70 mm - from 5 to 9 m; with a diameter of St. 70 to 219 mm - from 6 to 9 m; with a diameter of St. 219 to 426 mm - from 10 to 12 m. Pipes with a diameter of more than 426 mm are made only in random lengths. By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, pipes with a diameter of more than 70 to 219 mm are allowed to be manufactured from 6 to 12 m; multiple length with a multiplicity of at least 250 mm and not exceeding the lower limit established for measuring pipes. The allowance for each cut is set at 5 mm (if no other allowance is specified) and is included in each multiplicity.
Table 1
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Outer diameter, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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Continuation of the table. one
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Outer diameter, mm |
Theoretical weight of 1 m of pipes, kg, with wall thickness, mm |
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table 2
3.3. Limit deviations along the total length of multiple pipes should not exceed: + 15 mm - for pipes of I accuracy class; + 100 mm - for pipes of accuracy class II. 3.4. At the request of the consumer, pipes of fixed and multiple lengths of accuracy class II must be with chamfered ends and on one or both sides. 4. Limit deviations for the outer diameter of the pipe are given in table. 3.Table 3
Note. For diameters controlled by perimeter measurement, the largest and smallest perimeter limits are rounded to the nearest 1 mm. 5. At the request of the consumer, pipes according to GOST 10705 are manufactured with a one-sided or offset tolerance on the outer diameter. One-sided or shifted tolerance should not exceed the sum of the maximum deviations given in table. 3. 6. Maximum deviations in wall thickness must correspond to: ± 10% - for pipes with a diameter of up to 152 mm; GOST 19903 - with a pipe diameter of more than 152 mm for a maximum sheet width of normal accuracy. By agreement between the consumer and the manufacturer, it is allowed to manufacture pipes with one-sided tolerance in wall thickness, while the one-sided tolerance should not exceed the sum of the maximum deviations in wall thickness. 7. For pipes with a diameter of more than 76 mm, a wall thickening at the burr by 0.15 mm is allowed. 8. Pipes for pipelines with a diameter of 478 mm or more, manufactured in accordance with GOST 10706, are supplied with maximum deviations in the outer diameter of the ends given in Table. four.Table 4
9. The ovality and equivalence of pipes with a diameter of up to 530 mm inclusive, manufactured in accordance with GOST 10705, should not exceed the maximum deviations, respectively, in terms of the outer diameter and wall thickness. Pipes with a diameter of 478 mm or more, manufactured in accordance with GOST 10706, must be of three classes exactly in terms of ovality. The ovality of the end in the pipes should not exceed: 1% of the outer diameter of the pipes for the 1st accuracy class; 1.5% of the outer diameter of the pipes for the 2nd accuracy class; 2% of the outer diameter of the pipes for the 3rd accuracy class. The ovality of the ends of pipes with a wall thickness of less than 0.0 1 of the outer diameter is established by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer. 10. The curvature of pipes manufactured in accordance with GOST 10705 should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length. At the request of the consumer, the curves of pipes with a diameter of up to 152 mm should be no more than 1 mm per 1 m of length. The total curvature of pipes manufactured in accordance with GOST 10706 should not exceed 0.2% of the pipe length. The wear curve per 1 m of the length of such pipes is not determined. 11. Technical requirements must comply with GOST 10705 and GOST 10706. Examples of symbols: Pipe with an outer diameter of 76 mm, wall thickness of 3 mm, measured length, accuracy class II and length, made of steel grade St3sp, manufactured according to group B GOST 10705-80:
The same, increased accuracy in outer diameter, length, multiple of 2000 mm, 1 accuracy class in length, made of steel and grade 20, manufactured according to group B GOST 10705-80:
A pipe with an outer diameter of 25 mm, a wall thickness of 2 mm, a length that is a multiple of 2000 mm, an accuracy class II in length, manufactured according to group D GOST 10705-80;
Pipe with an outer diameter of 1020 mm, increased manufacturing accuracy, wall thickness 12 mm, increased accuracy in the outer diameter of the ends, 2nd class accuracy in ovality, random length, made of steel grade and St3sp, manufactured according to group e B GOST 10706 -76 Note. In the symbols of pipes that have undergone heat treatment throughout the volume, the letter T is added after the words "pipe"; pipes that have undergone local heat treatment of the weld - the letter L is added.
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Metallurgy of the USSR DEVELOPERS V. P. Sokurenko, Ph.D. tech. sciences; V. M. Vorona, Ph.D. tech. Sciences; P. N. Ivshin, Ph.D. tech. Sciences; N. F. Kuzenko, V. F. Ganzina 2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the Committee for Standardization and Metrology of the USSR dated 15.11.91 No. 1743 3. INSTEAD OF GOST 10704-76 4. REFERENCE NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS 5. REPUBLICATION. December 1996
Virtually no industry can do without pipes. Along with cement or sand, pipes are an invariable attribute of any construction site. They are used in medicine, in the manufacture of furniture, in aircraft, ship, automobile and carriage building. Pipes are irreplaceable when transporting liquid or gaseous substances. In each of these areas, pipes of various parameters, including lengths, are used.
Types of pipes
Pipes are divided into three large groups: seamless, welded and shaped. Let's talk about the distinctive features of each of them.
Seamless pipes
They are distinguished by the integrity of the structure. For this reason, pipes withstand high loads. Seamless pipes, in turn, are divided into two types: cold and hot rolled.
Cold rolled. They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 5–250 mm, 0.3–24 mm and 1.5–11.5 m, respectively. They are characterized by high surface finish and precise geometric parameters. Cold-rolled pipes are used in aviation, astronautics, medicine, in the manufacture of internal combustion engines, fuel equipment, steam boilers of nuclear and power plants, and furniture.
Hot rolled. They can have an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 28–530 mm, 2.5–75 mm and 4–12.5 m. They are distinguished by a rough surface and low accuracy. They are more rigid than their cold rolled counterparts. Hot-rolled pipes are used in the chemical and mining industries, in the manufacture of boiler plants and in the installation of household water pipes.
Electrofusion pipes
A distinctive feature of pipes of this type is the presence of a welded seam in the structure. They are divided into: straight and spiral.
Longitudinal pipes may have a value of outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 10–1420 mm, 1–32 mm and 2–12 m, respectively. Most often they are used in the installation of pipelines with moderate pressure.
Spiral pipes they are produced with an outer diameter, wall thickness and length of 159–2520 mm, 3.5–25 mm and 10–12 m. They are used for the construction of heating mains and water pipelines. They are used for operation under high pressure - no more than 210 atmospheres.
Profile pipes
Profile pipes are seamless and electric-welded and have a section in the form of a square, rectangle or oval. The outer dimensions of square pipes are from 10 to 180 mm, the wall thickness is 1–14 mm and the length is 1.5–12.5 m. Products with a rectangular section are produced with dimensions from 10 × 15 to 150 × 180 mm, wall thickness from 1 up to 12 mm and a length of 1.5 to 12.5 m. Both types of pipes are used for the construction of building structures: frames, columns, racks, trusses, stairs and ceilings. Products with an oval section are more used for decorative purposes: the manufacture of railings, fireplace grates, household and office furniture. They can have dimensions from 3x6 to 22x72 mm, wall thickness from 0.5 to 2.5 mm and length from 1.5 to 12.5 m.
Pipe length
The standards for all listed types of pipes indicate three options for their manufacture:
- Measured length - the entire pipe is the same size.
- The length is a multiple of measured length - each pipe can be cut into a certain number of parts of the required size: an allowance of 5 mm is given for each cut.
- Random length - pipes of different lengths, but within the specified range or not less than the specified value.
For each of the parameters in the standards, an upper and lower limit is indicated. These requirements are followed by manufacturers in the manufacture.
Sometimes there are formulations "measured length with a remainder" or "length multiple of a measured length with a remainder". This means that some pipes are longer than required. Manufacturers always stipulate what part of the products (as a percentage) of the total shipped lot will be with such deviations.
The video shows how the pipe cutting operation is performed:
Conclusion
Length is one of the key parameters of pipes. Knowing the difference between measured, non-dimensional and multiple measured values will allow you to more accurately formulate an order and avoid unnecessary costs.
Random-type rebar is a bundle of hot-rolled steel that is uneven in length, the shape of the bars in which has special transverse ribs. Like the measured type of reinforcement, it is used in various areas of construction.
1
Random-type steel bars are manufactured by hot rolling from various grades of low-alloy and carbon steels. Production is regulated by GOST 52544 and technical conditions. According to its characteristics, non-dimensional reinforcement is no different from measured bars, the only difference is the length of the product. Dimensional fittings have a standard length of 11.7 meters, while random metal can be from 1.5 to 12 meters long, depending on the application.
Random reinforcement
Some factories have the ability to produce rebar of random length, which exceeds 12 meters. The production of this type of reinforcement is carried out in accordance with various classes (At600, At800, At1200). In addition, random reinforcement may differ in profile type. To date, factories offer the following types:
- smooth profile (marking AI);
- periodic profile (marking AII or AVI).
The diameter of the random length reinforcement can vary between 8-32 millimeters. The weight of one linear meter of class 12 A500C is 0.88 kilograms. Additional marking in accordance with GOST may contain information about the steel grade, corrosion resistance and other characteristics. High-quality rolled products of measured and non-dimensional type must have a clear structure and profile without signs of deformation (cracks, ruptures, chips). The price of non-dimensional fittings is much lower than analogues of standard length, which makes it in demand in various areas of construction.
2
Since this type of reinforcement belongs to the class of rolled metal products, the main area of application is the creation of reliable reinforced concrete structures. Unlike measured reinforcement, non-measurement bars cannot provide maximum reliability when bonding to concrete, so experts recommend using non-measured bars primarily as the main material for creating supports.
The use of random fittings
This type is most often used in low-rise construction, in the construction of strip-type foundations, as a reinforcing element in the construction of residential buildings, when laying a steel mesh, as well as to strengthen walls and concrete floors. Among the main advantages of long products are:
- The presence of transverse profile ribs. This allows you to create a more reliable coupling with the concrete matrix, in addition, this type of profile increases the wear resistance characteristics.
- Technological production. This type of long products is made from various grades of carbon steel using a special metal hardening technology, which significantly increases its strength.
- Low cost. Due to the fact that random rolled 12 is most often made from simpler types of steel, its final cost is much lower than the measured fittings.
- Good weldability and high corrosion resistance. In addition, such a metal has a special degree of viscosity, which allows it to be used in the construction of foundations.
3
Many experts agree that it is not always advisable to use iron bars of random length 12 as the main material in the construction of foundations and other reinforced concrete structures due to the special properties of the metal and the risk of material overrun. However, when making correct and competent calculations, you can avoid overspending and use the material to the maximum.
The use of reinforcement in construction
The main feature of random reinforcement 12 during construction is the ability to reduce overlap when creating an iron frame, which cannot be done when working with bars of standard length.
Given the lower cost of such material, it makes sense to use random reinforcement when creating small structures and supports. For large buildings and facilities, it is recommended to take measured reinforcement, as it is able to withstand heavy loads and adheres better to the concrete matrix. In addition, cut-to-length steel has a clearer structure and a different type of profile, which provides certain advantages.
It is important to understand that fittings that are random in length are a very popular material for construction; when buying long products 12, you need to make sure that the quality of the metal and full compliance with GOST 52544 and various technical conditions. The fittings are supplied in bundles, which must be properly packaged, and the packaging must be accurately marked with all characteristics, including weldability (C) and corrosion protection (K).
Employees for less than a year, regardless of their cost, as well as items worth up to 100 times the minimum monthly wage per unit, regardless of the length of their service, and in budgetary organizations - up to 50 times its size).
Moreover, this entry is made at the actual cost, and the collection is at retail prices, and sometimes in several multiples. The difference between the cost of materials at collection prices and their actual cost is taken into account on a special off-balance sheet account. As the amounts are collected, the difference is credited to the state budget.
Taking into account the established opinion that the main distorting effect on the dynamics of production volume indicators is exerted by different material consumption of products, it could be assumed that the highest deviations of private indicators of efficiency by type of product from the general level of efficiency for the enterprise as a whole will be observed for all indicators of the efficiency of the use of materials, and especially in terms of indicators calculated on the basis of the volume of products sold. In fact, at almost all the analyzed plants, the deviation of private performance indicators from the general level for the plant as a whole in terms of the use of materials turned out, as a rule, to be less than in terms of the efficiency of using fixed production assets and even labor. The difference in return (efficiency) is 1000 rubles. the cost of materials in the production of different types of products rarely reaches 2-3 times, and for the costs of production assets 4-6 times.
At machine-building plants there are special procurement workshops where materials are cut. If there are no such workshops or their organization is impractical, then a cutting department is allocated in the processing workshops. When cutting materials, the correct use of multiple, measured and standard sizes of materials, the maximum reduction in the amount of returnable and non-returnable waste, the possible use of waste by making smaller parts from them, the prevention of the consumption of full-sized materials for cutting blanks that can be produced from incomplete materials, are of great importance, elimination of marriage during cutting.
An increase in K.r.m., and, consequently, a decrease in waste materials, is facilitated by ordering measured and multiple sizes. When cutting parts and products of various sizes and complex configurations in order to increase K, r.m. use EMM and computer technology.
The most important requirements, which must be guided by the compilation of Z.-s. and checking their correctness, are the following: a) strict compliance of the ordered quantity of products for the expanded assortment with allocated supply funds and concluded supply contracts for each position of the group nomenclature b) full compliance of the ordered assortment with current standards, technical. conditions, catalogs, as well as concluded supply contracts, while it is important to expand the use of the most progressive varieties of products, materials of measured and multiple sizes, etc. deliveries with its regular consumption or ensuring the timeliness of delivery with the necessary advance in relation to the terms of use (in a single shipment or construction) the amount of the order, taking into account the surcharges for special conditions for its implementation.
DIMENSIONALITY AND MULTIPLICITY OF THE ORDERED MATERIALS - correspondence of the dimensions of the materials (in length and width) to the dimensions of the blanks, which must be obtained from these materials. The order of dimensional and multiple materials is done in strict accordance with the dimensional - with the estimated dimensions of a single workpiece, and the multiple - with a certain integer number of workpieces of the corresponding part or product. Dimensional materials free the consumer plant from their preliminary cutting (cutting), due to which waste and labor costs for cutting are completely eliminated. Multiple materials, when cut into blanks, can be cut without end waste (or with minimal waste), which achieves a corresponding saving in materials.
When individually cutting into blanks of the same size, the consumption rate of sheet materials or sheets cut from a roll with dimensions that are a multiple of the length and width of the dimensions of the blanks is determined as the quotient of dividing the weight of the sheet by the integer number of blanks cut from the sheet.
Table data. 4 indicate a significant differentiation in the provision of industries with funds for economic incentives for workers. For the material incentive fund in 1980, the difference was 5-fold, and by 1985 it had decreased, despite the ordering of prices as a result of their revision from January 1, 1982, to only 3-fold. For the fund of social and cultural events and housing construction, the ratio between the minimum and maximum values of these funds in 1980 was calculated per 1 ruble. wages 1 4.6, and per 1 employed - 1 5.0. In 1985, the corresponding figures were 1 3.4 and 1 4.1, respectively. At the same time, it should be noted that in such industries as the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as in the building materials industry, the size of the material incentive fund was below the “sensitivity limit” for bonuses, which, according to estimates available in the literature, based on specific studies, is 10 - 15% in relation to wages.
Let the coordinates of the 1st post (xj7 y, where 1 coordinate system consider p posts and (m - p) sources. Divide the circle centered at the point (xj y () into k equal sectors so that the angular size of the sector v = = 360 /k was a multiple of the discreteness of wind direction measurements at high-altitude meteorological stations of the Ostankino television tower, published in the annuals "Materials of high-altitude meteorological observations. Part 1". Sectors will be counted clockwise from the upper (northern) point of the circle. We assume that the source (x , y) falls into the 1st sector 1
The supply plans developed at the enterprises reflect measures aimed at saving materials, the use of waste and secondary resources, the receipt of products of multiple and measured sizes, the necessary profiles, and a number of other measures (involving excess and unused stocks, decentralized procurement, etc. .).
Dimensional and multiple materials are widely used in organizing the supply of rolled ferrous metals for machine building and factories. The use of measured and multiple rolled products allows you to save from 5 to 15% of the weight of the metal compared to rolled products of ordinary trade sizes. In transport engineering, this saving is even greater and varies from 10 to 25% at different plants.
When determining the feasibility of ordering materials of multiple and measured lengths, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using end waste from cutting rods or strips of normal sizes to obtain blanks of other small parts by joint (combined) cutting of the original material. In this way, it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the utilization rate of rolled metal products without surcharges for dimensionality or multiplicity.
The current price lists (1967) for shaped rolled products, pipes, strips, etc. materials provide for the cheapest supply of materials of mixed length (with length fluctuations within known limits), the more expensive supply of precisely measured standard lengths, and finally, the most expensive supply of non-standard measured (or multiples of a given size) lengths. The rise in price varies by type of material, but the general trend is the same. In addition to increasing the cost of material and complicating the work of manufacturing plants, order specialization entails an increase in the range and number of individual delivery lots, which greatly complicates the supply and increases the size of stocks.
This item of expenditure includes almost all supplies, spare parts for the repair of equipment, building materials, materials and items for current business activities, fire extinguishers, first aid kits, consumables for office equipment and computers, stationery, household chemicals, furniture, etc. e. These include items costing less than 50 times the minimum wage (5,000 rubles at the time of application) or with a service life of less than 1 year, regardless of the value of the item.
CUTTING PROBLEM (ut problem) - a special case of problems on the complex use of raw materials, usually solved by linear or integer programming methods Solution 3 op helps to use workpieces with minimal production waste when cutting them Statement 3 op in general can be formulated as follows: you need to find minimum of a linear form expressing the number of used sheets of material (rods, etc.) for all methods of their cutting. See also Multiple sizes of materials
DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS (pre ut materials) - materials, the dimensions of which correspond to the dimensions of parts and blanks obtained from them. material dimensions
CUTTING (materials) (materials utting) - a technol process for obtaining parts and blanks from sheet materials (glass, plywood, metal, etc.) P is made taking into account the most rational use of the sheet area and minimizing production waste.