A brief biography of Lermontov is the most important thing. Mikhail Lermontov Http lermontov org biography most important

The great Russian poet Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov was born in Moscow on October 3 (15), 1814.On October 11 (23) he was baptized. His grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna, was his godmother.At the insistence of Elizabeth Alekseevna, grandmother, the boy was named Mikhail, in honor of his grandfather, Mikhail Arsenyev.The grandmother of Mikhail Yurievich, according to legend, founded the village in honor of her grandson - Mikhailovskoye.

Childhood and family of Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov

Mikhail Yurievich's parents died when he was very young. His family was his maternal grandmother, who raised him. She tried to give her grandson everything that the duration of the Lermontov family could claim.Mikhail Yurievich spent his childhood on his grandmother's estate. He grew up with love and care. Little Lermontov was often sick. Most of all Golden.Due to his illnesses, Lermontov was deprived of many childhood amusements. He looked for these amusements in himself. He dreamed.Lermontov fell in love when he was 10 years old.

Upbringing and education of Lermontov

In 1825 Lermontov began to study. The choice of teachers was unsuccessful. Therefore, having a passion for reading, Lermontov took up self-education. Studied several languages.At the age of 15, he regretted that he had not heard Russian folk tales as a child. He liked the characters and heroes.He owes his upbringing and education to his grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna. In Moscow, she prepared him for the University Noble Boarding School. Moreover, immediately in the fourth grade!There, the future poet, studied mathematics and literacy. As a result, I learned four languages ​​and played four musical instruments. He knew how to needlework and was fond of painting.Mikhail Lermontov was in this boarding house for almost two years. Merzlyakov and Zinoviev were engaged in his education. There he developed an interest in literature.He loved to read. But he was so alone that he "withdrew from the outside world" and created his own world in his mind.

Elizaveta Alekseevna - grandmother of M. Yu. Lermontov

The first youthful hobbies of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov

Sixteen-year-old Lermontov was not particularly interesting for young ladies, and he did not receive the same in response to his feelings.To his neighbor, Varenka Lopukhina, he had deep feelings until the end of his life.The first youthful hobbies of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov began in the summer of 1830, when he focused on the personality of Byron. He liked his poetry. He found himself similar to him.A little later, the poet meets Natalya Fedorovna Ivanova. For her, he dedicated poetry. From her, Lermontov for the first time felt reciprocal feelings. But, after a little time, Ivanova preferred a wealthy opponent.Mikhail Lermontov was tormented by negative feelings from betrayal and infidelity. He wrote poems about how painful these experiences were for him.
Lermontov had many contradictions. He could not decide between love and poetry. One created obstacles for the other.

Lermontov's studies at Moscow University

In 1830, Mikhail Yurievich became a student at Moscow University.
Behind its walls intellectual life developed. Mikhail Lermontov showed more interest in secular society than in the conversations of his comrades. He observes life as it really is.The poet lost feelings of trust, friendship and sympathy.
Lermontov respected the university more than his comrades. He studied among enthusiastic youth. But his mindset was different. Time at the university gave Lermontov a big push for his poetry. He became more talented.Mikhail liked to attend balls and masquerades. There he could rejoice.Lermontov's poetry reflected the accuracy of his moods. It is as if he “puts on a mask” of indifference and contempt as self-defense from mental trauma.

Lermontov's studies at Moscow University took more than a year. He was forced to leave because of a bad story with one of the professors.At the university, Lermontov had some disagreements: somewhere he was over-read, and somewhere he did not know the lexicon material.And after arguing with the examiners, he was marked: "Advised to leave."

Guards time

After school, Lermontov also, as before, lived with hobbies, but with reproaches of conscience. He wrote about this to his girlfriend and tried not to let anyone know.People who knew Lermontov always considered him kind and loving. But for himself, it seemed humiliating. He tried to look merciless, like women's hearts, a tyrant.Lermontov took revenge. He remembered old grievances. After a while, he took revenge on Ekaterina Sushkova. So much so that he even upset her marriage to Lopukhin.He later showed surprise at what had happened. And then he explained that he did not like.Mikhail Lermontov was indifferent to the service.
He was ill when he learned of Pushkin's death. Everyone told him their version of what happened.

But only Lermontov's doctor told him truthfully about the duel and the death of the poet Alexander Pushkin.Lermontov was very upset by this event. He wrote the work "Death of a Poet". This poem evoked praise for d'Anthes. One of Lermontov's relatives began to reproach him for this. Then the poet got angry and kicked out the guest. He wrote the last 16 lines...The result was a trial and arrest.Pushkin's friends and grandmother, who had connections, stood up for Lermontov.After a while, Lermontov was transferred as an ensign, as before, in the Caucasus. The poet was in exile. He had a lot of attention, as well as sympathy and enmity.

Lermontov. Link to the Caucasus

The first time Mikhail Yurievich was in exile in the Caucasus for only a few months, thanks to his grandmother. Despite the fact that Lermontov served a very short time in the Caucasus, he changed morally. The main theme of his works was Caucasian folklore. And he really liked the Caucasian area. But here he was hardly appreciated and little understood. There was anger and bitterness in him.

Returning to the St. Petersburg society, lovers of celebrities begin to look after Mikhail Lermontov. The poet accentuates the image that he liked in his youth.
In the North Caucasus, Lermontov wrote about what was inherent in him. What he experienced and felt. All this was reflected in his works.

The first and last duel of Lermontov

After the first exile, Lermontov accumulated enough works.
He became a popular Russian writer and began to associate with Pushkin's friends.
In 1840, Mikhail Lermontov was invited to a ball to a countess. There he entered into an argument with the son of the French ambassador, where he challenged Lermontov to a duel. On February 18 (March 1), the two of them fought with swords, but Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov's blade broke. I had to switch to pistols. Barant fired first and missed. And Lermontov unloaded his pistol and fired from the side.The participants left.For not reporting the duel, Lermontov was arrested. The opponent was not brought to trial.
According to many investigations, Lermontov was transferred back to the Caucasus.
The second exile was significantly different from the first, where he could live in peace. Now he was supposed to participate in hostilities.

Arriving in Pyatigorsk, Lermontov quarreled with a retired major, Nikolai Martynov.
One of the reasons for Lermontov's duel is inappropriate and offensive jokes in his direction.
In the Notes of the Decembrist, N. I. Lorer wrote that Lermontov joked inappropriately and offensively in the presence of ladies and mocked Martynov.And then, out of patience, Martynov said that he knew how to silence Lermontov. Lermontov, on the other hand, stated that he was not afraid of anyone's threats.Martynov forgave the poet a lot of offensive jokes, talked to him about it, but Lermontov joked anyway.By his behavior and his words, he provoked a duel with him.

The second present at the duel said that for his friends and relatives, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was simple and good-natured. But for the rest, a badass.
Despite the efforts of friends, after his death, Lermontov was not buried according to church rites. Many of the high society said that he was going there.
Nicholas I said: "A dog is a dog's death." Just as Lermontov's grandmother once said about her husband.Later, Nicholas I reported that the one who could replace Pushkin had been killed.Many came to see the poet on his last journey. After his death in a duel, his coffin was carried by those for whom he served.

Ancestral roots

On the paternal lineage, the great Russian writer came from the Scottish family of George Lermont, who, while in the service of the Polish king, during the battle in 1613 at the Belaya fortress, went over to the side of the Russians and later received from the king a letter of ownership of land in the Kostroma region. From him went the Lermontov family, already in the second generation, who converted to Orthodoxy. Mikhail Yurievich was the eighth tribe from the warrior George.

Lermontov's great-grandfather was a pupil of the gentry cadet corps.

The poet's father is just a retired captain with a small estate in the Tula province. Yuri Petrovich was a kind and sympathetic handsome man with an extremely ardent nature.

His beauty and secular manners did not leave indifferent the only daughter of wealthy neighbors, Maria. Against her mother's wishes, she married a retired captain. She was then 17 years old.

Mikhail Yuryevich's maternal grandfather, Mikhail Vasilievich Arseniev, a retired lieutenant of the guard, came from an old noble family. After marrying the poet's grandmother, he bought the beautiful large village of Tarkhany from Count Naryshkin in the Penza province, where he lived with his family. He was a carefree and enthusiastic person.

The maternal grandmother of the poet came from a wealthy and famous Stolypin family. The famous Russian reformer Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was Lermontov's second cousin. After the death of her husband, the grandmother herself managed a large estate.

Fate developed in such a way that she survived not only her husband, but her daughter, son-in-law and beloved grandson Mikhail.

Children's experiences

The Lermontov family lived in Tarkhany, but since the poet's mother was in poor health, her husband took her to give birth in Moscow, where one could count on more qualified medical care.

There, in a house opposite the Red Gate, on the night of October 2 to 3, 1814, the boy Mikhail was born, who was destined to later become a great Russian poet and writer.

The poet's grandmother became his godmother and founded a new village in honor of her grandson, which she named Mikhailovsky.

When the boy was three years old, his mother died and a "war" began between his father and grandmother, which most adversely affected the boy's psyche. He loved them both, but terribly missed his father, whom his grandmother forced to leave for her estate, leaving her grandson to her.

Elizaveta Alekseevna spent a lot of money on raising her grandson, took him to rest in the Caucasus (Misha was in poor health), hired teachers to teach languages, but Lermontov never felt the joy inherent in his peers. He described all his mental problems in the unfinished youthful Tale, where the main character Sasha Arbenin is essentially the poet's double. The little boy began to feel adult loneliness early, but no one around noticed this.

Despite his state of mind, he read and studied a lot. Already in childhood, Lermontov read English, German and French literature in the original and perfectly studied the culture of Europe.

Time of study and first love

When Mikhail was 12 years old, his grandmother took her grandson to Moscow to prepare for admission to a noble university boarding school. Here the poet has been studying for almost two years. He reads a lot, tries his hand at independent work, and even participates in issues of a student magazine. It seems equally important to Lermontov to find a kindred spirit who would share all his aspirations and doubts. But he is disappointed in his friends, indignant at their betrayals. It has become especially difficult for Mikhail since 1829, when his grandmother, playing on her grandson's gratitude, forces him to leave his father forever. Yuri Petrovich retreats, because he wants his son to live in abundance and receive a good education, which he himself could not provide.

At 16, a young man says that his soul has grown old! At this time, he writes the first essay "Demon" and the poem "Monologue", from which the famous "Duma" will later emerge.

In the spring of 1830, the boarding school was converted into a gymnasium, and Lermontov left it, leaving for Serednikovo to live with his grandmother's brother. Vereshchagin's relatives live nearby, where Lermontov meets the object of his first adoration - Katya Sushkova. In those days, the poet will become only the subject of her entertainment and ridicule, later - he will take revenge on her with all the ardor of his nature.

In the same year, Lermontov will write an amazingly prophetic poem about Russia - "Prediction", which he seems to see through time from 1917.

In university

From September 1830, Lermontov began his studies at Moscow University in the moral and political department, later moving on to verbal.

Student life is in full swing, but not for Mikhail. He is well acquainted with all well-known circles, even shares the views of some students, but does not closely converge with anyone. He stands as an "observer" over everything and everyone. At the same time, he visits secular salons and participates in their entertainment, sometimes hiding behind ridicule and contempt, sometimes playing a desperate adventurer.

During this period, Lermontov wrote poems about love, poems and dramas. To a person who did not know Lermontov closely, his poetry could seem completely incompatible with the personality that he used to show in the world. He revealed his real attitude to social life only to his closest friends. Alone, with pleasure and sadness, he recalled his Caucasian impressions - from powerful and noble people, completely different from false representatives of high society. In 1831, his father dies, which brings additional confusion and spiritual alienation from society into the poet's soul. He dreams of a natural life, free from honor and enmity. This year he is writing the drama "Strange Man" - against the existing government and serfdom.

Relations with professors at the university are not always good, and several professors flunk Lermontov during his second-year exams. Since June 1832, in order not to stay for the second year, the poet leaves the university and leaves for St. Petersburg with his grandmother.

Ensign School

In St. Petersburg, the poet plans to continue his studies, but he is refused to count the two years spent at Moscow University. And on the advice of his relatives, he enters the School of Guards ensigns. Grandma approves of this career change.

But the poet himself would later call these two years "ill-fated". At this time, he fully participates in all the pranks of the junkers (including erotic ones), writes frivolous and even unprintable poems, which are very popular among the military. Such a life causes sincere concern among his true friends. But Lermontov managed to go through all the revelry and revelry, retaining the best in himself. A turbulent life and new friends gave him a brilliant knowledge of the psychology of people and many new characters for his works. In his free time, he writes the novel "Vadim" and thinks more and more about writing dramatic works.

Almost together with Lermontov, his future killer enters the same school, who writes about Mikhail as a highly educated person, who stands out significantly among his peers in his mind and views on the world.

in the guard

After graduating from school as a cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, in November 1834 Lermontov, together with his friend A. Stolypin, settled in Tsarskoye Selo, where they continued to lead their former way of life.

Lermontov is a frequenter of secular parties, fun and carnivals, a role model for young people and a desired groom for girls. Many ladies dream of having an affair with him. It is at this time that he finds his teenage love for Sushkov and upsets her advantageous marriage. Lermontov does his best to appear loving and merciless, and only his closest friends know how lonely and close to despair he is. At the end of 1835, Varvara Lopukhin marries, the only woman whom the poet truly loved all his life. This exacerbates his feelings of loneliness. In the same year, Lermontov wrote the drama "Masquerade" and his work first appeared in print. One of the poet's friends, without his knowledge, gives the story "Khadzhi-Abrek" to the "Library for Reading". And although the story is a success, Lermontov does not want to publish his poems for a long time.

creative fracture

The death of Pushkin struck Lermontov immensely. When a terrible event took place, he was ill and heard the first stories about the tragedy from his doctor. The same doctor told him about the reaction of the "light" to the death of Pushkin, that many ladies practically justified the actions of Dantes.

Lermontov was shocked and in unison wrote the poem "The Death of a Poet", which immediately lifted him to the heights of fame and completely changed his whole life.

The poem caused a storm in high society - deep gratitude to Pushkin's friends and relatives and the furious hatred of the rest. One of Lermontov's relatives began to reprimand him for his imprudent ardor towards such a noble gentleman as Dantes. In response, the poet put the relative out the door and wrote the final 16 lines of verse, which led to the trial.

The emperor was angry, but thanks to the intercession of Pushkin's friends (primarily Zhukovsky, who was close to the royal family) and the connections of his grandmother, cornet Lermontov was transferred as an ensign to a regiment operating in the Caucasus, avoiding a long prison sentence.

First reference to the Caucasus

In March 1837, the poet, on the personal order of the king, was sent to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, located in Georgia. The link made an indelible impact on Lermontov's character.

He was struck by the beauty of nature, the strength of the characters of the highlanders and their love for their native land. The poet became interested in the folk art of the mountain peoples, their language and everyday traditions. He could sit for hours, looking at the snowy peaks or flowering trees, drawing a lot. The past life seemed to dissolve beyond the horizon. Here Lermontov met the Decembrists and the Georgian intelligentsia.

But the habit of living in a "secular" society attracted him back to St. Petersburg. Thanks to the efforts of his grandmother, Lermontov was first transferred to Novgorod, and then back to the capital.

heyday years

1838-1840 can be called the best in the work of Lermontov. The Caucasus seemed to stir up his soul and raised to its surface what was in the depths.

After the poem "The Death of a Poet" he becomes one of the most famous writers in society.

The poet restores his secular connections, visits literary salons and at aristocratic receptions. It is extremely popular with the ladies. And at the same time - with deep disgust refers to the whole of high society and its habits.

During this period, the poet devotes a lot of time to writing his two most famous works: the poems "Demon" and "Mtsyri" (completed in 1839).

Lermontov's work becomes more diverse and brighter. In 1838, the historical poem “Song ... about the merchant Kalashnikov” was published (without the name of the author), in the same year poems-meditations about the fate of his generation and the civil ideals of poetry - “Duma” and “Poet” were published. In the poetic works "Borodino", "Testament" and "Motherland", the poet turns to folk art and exalts the character of the Russian people. He finds topics for cooperation with the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine (almost every issue comes out with his new poem), he personally gets acquainted with V. G. Belinsky.

He "nourished" his poetry from the "roots" of the lyrics of the Decembrists and Byron. Lermontov's poetry is always far from contemplative and filled with intense thought, his characters are often "demonic" unbridled, but realistic at the same time. In the image of the Demon, the poet embodies the rebellion of the individual against "world injustice", but at the same time, he sees the possibility of the hero's spiritual rebirth - through love and goodness.

Unfortunately, the role of the "lion" in St. Petersburg society ended in a serious problem for Lermontov. Having crossed the road to the son of the French envoy Ernest de Barante in love interests, Lermontov reached a duel. The case ended bloodlessly, but Lermontov was arrested and transferred to the Tenginsky Infantry Regiment in the Caucasus.

Caucasus again

The second stay in the Caucasus was radically different from what it was before.

Then Lermontov traveled around the Caucasus with walks, getting acquainted with the life and traditions of the peoples. Now, on the personal order of the king, he was not allowed to leave the front line and was involved in all possible military operations. Lermontov was so "insanely" brave and cold-blooded that even the highlanders spoke of him with respect.

For unbridled courage during the battle of the Valerik River in Chechnya, the poet was twice presented for awards, but the tsar personally rejected these ideas.

Lermontov's creative thoughts have long been occupied with the novel. The main characters were "written" back in 1837. The sequel was written gradually in chapters. By 1840 the novel was ready and printed.

It became the best work of Lermontov's realistic prose, as an accurate and psychologically revealed portrait of a contemporary against the backdrop of the life of the whole society. A portrait of a personality strong in spirit, but weak in action. Many of his contemporaries saw Lermontov himself in the image of Pechorin, although Mikhail Yuryevich himself never confirmed this.

In the same year, the only collection of Lermontov's poems published during his lifetime was published, in which there were almost 28 poems.

February 1841 brought Lermontov a short joy - he was given a short vacation to travel to the capital and meet with his grandmother.

Last months of life

Once in St. Petersburg, Lermontov tries to retire in order to devote his life to literary creativity. But the grandmother hopes that her grandson will be able to make a military career and Mikhail Yuryevich returns to the Caucasus with a heavy heart.

On the way, he stops in Pyatigorsk for treatment and meets old acquaintances who spend time in relaxation and fun. With one of them, Martynov, there is a quarrel, which leads to a duel.

Lermontov accepts the challenge, but remembering his old friendship with Nikolai, he is categorically not going to shoot him. Martynov kills Lermontov on the spot.

As Lermontov, who died in a duel, was buried without a memorial service, but with the observance of other church rites at the cemetery in Pyatigorsk on July 15 (27), 1841. The following year, the coffin with his body was transported to Tarkhany and buried in the Arseniev family vault.

Mystical facts about Lermontov:

Immediately at birth, Lermontov's parents were predicted that their son would die at a young age.

Returning from St. Petersburg to the Caucasus, Lermontov literally begged his relative Stolypin to go through Pyatigorsk, where the fatal duel took place.

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born on 10/3/1814 in Moscow, and died at the foot of Mount Mashuk, located near Pyatigorsk, on 07/15/1841. His ashes in April of the following year, 1842, were transferred to Tarkhany, to the family crypt. This article presents the biography of Lermontov, the main milestones of his life and work.

Origin of M. Yu. Lermontov

He was the son of Yuri Petrovich Lermontov (years of life - 1787-1831), an army captain, and Maria Mikhailovna (years of life - 1795-1817), nee Arsenyeva, the only daughter and therefore the heiress of a large fortune, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva, a Penza landowner (years of life - 1773-1845), which belonged to the influential and wealthy Stolypin family.

Lermontov, by this genus, was in the property or relationship with the Khastatovs, Shakh-Girays, Evreinovs, Meshcherinovs, Philosophers, and also with Alexei Arkadyevich Stolypin, one of his best friends, nicknamed Mongo. Arranged against the will of the maternal grandmother, the marriage was unhappy and unequal; the boy was forced to grow up in an atmosphere of constant family strife.

After his parent died early, her mother, a domineering, intelligent and firm woman, who transferred all her love to her grandson, took up his upbringing herself, while completely removing her father.

Lermontov's work reflected these early impressions of life in Tarkhany in such works as "People and Passions" (1830), "A Strange Man" (written in 1831), as well as in the poems "Epitaph" (1832) and "Terrible the fate of father and son", created by the author in 1831.

Ancestral traditions

He was also directly or indirectly influenced by ancestral family traditions. The Lermontov family is believed to have been founded by George (Yuri) Lermont, a Scottish officer who lived in the 17th century. It goes back to Thomas the Rhymer (13th century) - a semi-legendary soothsayer and poet from Scotland.

Lermontov's childhood

The childhood of Mikhail Yurievich took place in the Penza province, on the estate of Tarkhany, which belonged to the boy's grandmother. Now the Lermontov Museum is located here. The future poet received a home education in the capital (his tutor was a Frenchman, a German was a bonnet, and in later years an Englishman was appointed teacher). The Lermontov Museum, as a symbol of the connection of times, carefully preserves the tree planted by Mikhail Lermontov in the Tarkhany estate, on the bank of the pond.

Since childhood, the boy was fluent in German and French. As a child, he knew well the life of his native landowner's estate (including social life), which he captured in his autobiographical dramas. Grandmother in the summer of 1825 took Mikhail Yuryevich to the Caucasus, to the waters; his impressions of the mountain peoples and Caucasian nature remained in the early work of this author ("Caucasus", 1830, a poem written in 1832 "Blue Mountains of the Caucasus, I greet you! ..").

Moving to Moscow, studying at a boarding school

In 1827, the whole family of Mikhail Yuryevich moved to Moscow, and he left his parental home. Lermontov from September 1828 was enrolled as a half-boarder in a Moscow boarding school, in the 4th grade, where he receives a humanitarian education, replenished by Mikhail Yuryevich with constant, systematic reading. This is how Lermontov's childhood continued. Even in Tarkhany, there was a keen interest in literature and poetry; in Moscow, the boy's mentors were A.F. Merzlyakov, A.Z. Zinoviev and S.E. Raich, who led the literary circle in the boarding school. In the poems of the young poet of the period 1828-1830 there are traces of the influence of Raich, the "Italian school", as well as the poetry of K. N. Batyushkov, but already in the boarding school, this author's predominant orientation to A. S. Pushkin, in particular, to the Byronic poem , as well as on the program of wisdom from the magazine "Moscow Bulletin". It is the Byronic poem that in the coming years becomes the main one in the early work of Mikhail Yuryevich. In 1828-1829 he created the following works: "Two brothers", "Oleg", "Criminal", "Corsair".

Moscow University, first hobby

The free rules of the boarding school in March 1830 displeased Tsar Nicholas I himself (who visited him in the spring), and by decree of the Senate, this educational institution was transformed into a gymnasium. Lermontov in 1830 "at the request" evades and spends the whole summer with the Stolypins, in the estate of Serednikovo, located near Moscow (from April to July 1830); in the same year, after successfully passing the exams, he was enrolled as a student at Moscow University. The first serious youthful hobby of Lermontov, E. A. Sushkova (years of life - 1812-1868), whom Mikhail Yuryevich met with A. M. Vereshchagina, his friend, also belongs to this period. Sushkova is dedicated to the lyrical "cycle" of 1830 (the poems "The Beggar", "To Sushkova", "Night", "Stans", "Imitation of Byron", "I do not love you: passions", etc.).

Beloved Lermontov

The life and work of Lermontov are closely connected, since the works of this poet largely reflect his life, including love, impressions.

Apparently, Mikhail Yuryevich somewhat later experiences an even stronger feeling, albeit a short-lived one, for N. F. Ivanova (years of life - 1813-1875), the daughter of F. F. Ivanov, a playwright. The poems of the cycle dedicated to her ("N. F. I ... howl", "Romance to I ...", "N. F. I.", "K *", etc.) are highly dramatic, including motives for death, adultery, etc. The drama "Strange Man" also reflected the general contours of the novel with this girl.

The next recipient of Mikhail Yuryevich's poems in the early 1830s was Lopukhina (married Bakhmeteva) Varvara Alexandrovna (life years - 1815-1851), the sister of comrade Lermontov at the university. Mikhail Yurievich's feeling for her turned out to be the longest and strongest; he, according to A.P. Shan-Giray, close to the poet, kept it "until his death." Varvara Alexandrovna was the prototype and addressee both in the early lyrics of the poet ("K.L.", "She is not proud beauty ...", etc.), and in his later works: "Valerik" or, for example, dedication to the sixth edition "Demon". This image runs through the work of Lermontov in the poems "Princess Ligovskaya", "No, I do not love you so passionately", etc.

Moving to St. Petersburg and military career

We continue to describe the biography of the great Russian poet. In the early 1830s, Lermontov's life and work moved to the next stage. Frustrated by the routine of teaching, Mikhail Yuryevich left the university in 1832 and went to St. Petersburg (July-August of the same year), hoping to continue his education at St. Petersburg University; however, here he was refused credit for the courses he took in Moscow. In order not to start anew training, the poet accepts, not without hesitation, the advice of his relatives to choose a military field for himself. He takes exams in November 1832 at the School of Guards Ensigns and spends two "terrible years" in this closed educational institution, where parades, duty, military service left Lermontov almost no time for creative activity (the life of this place was reflected in a crudely naturalistic form in the cadet poems by Mikhail Yuryevich - "Ulansha", "Peterhof holiday", "Hospital", written in 1834). This theme comes to life in the next year, 1835, when the poet was released as a cornet to the Hussars (this happened in September 1834). At the same time, his poem "Khadzhi Arbek" was born, Mikhail Yurievich censored the drama "Masquerade" in the first edition, worked on the works "Boyarin Orsha", "Sashka", began to write his novel "Princess Ligovskaya".

Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich gets the opportunity to communicate with representatives of the literary circles of St. Petersburg. However, information about these contacts is scarce; it is known that he met I. I. Kozlov, A. N. Muravyov, and also S. A. Raevsky, close to the Slavophil circles, which contributed to the growth of Lermontov’s already emerging interest in the problems of national culture and history. Raevsky, one of the close comrades of this author (who suffered in 1837 for distributing the poem "The Death of a Poet"), was initiated into the process of Mikhail Yuryevich's work on the work "Princess Ligovskaya" (begun in 1836, but never completed, published only in 1882), in which one of the storylines is based on the history of Lermontov's romance with Sushkova, which was resumed again at that time.

"Poets death"

Lermontov Mikhail Yuryevich in 1835-1836 is not included in the closest circle of A.S. Pushkin, he is also not familiar with the poet himself. Therefore, the poem "The Death of a Poet" (written in 1837, published in 1858) becomes all the more fundamental. Lermontov in his speech represents a whole generation that mourned the death of this national genius and rebelled against the enemies who ruined him. This work instantly spread in various lists and brought wide fame to its creator. The poet transferred the main burden of guilt to society, in particular, to its top, the so-called "new aristocracy" (in his poem - "arrogant descendants"), which had no support in the national cultural and historical tradition and formed the core of the anti-Pushkin party in the capital, preserved and posthumous hatred for him. The final 16 lines of the poem (added later, on February 7) were interpreted at court as a direct "appeal to the revolution." Lermontov was arrested on February 18, 1837; began a political case about his called "impermissible" poems. Under arrest, Mikhail Lermontov creates several works: the poems "Neighbor", "Prisoner" and others, which laid the foundation for his "prison lyrics" - a brilliant cycle of poems, including such works as "The Captive Knight", "Neighbor" (both - in 1840 year) and others.

Years of service in the Caucasus

In February 1837, the tsar issued an order to transfer Lermontov to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment as an ensign to the Caucasus. He left via Moscow in March. Having caught a cold on the way, Mikhail Yuryevich was sent for treatment along the way to his regiment in Stavropol, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk (April - September 1837) and other places. Lermontov was sent to Tiflis in November, where connections arose with the cultural environment grouped around A. Chavchavadze (Griboedov's father-in-law). This man was one of the most significant representatives of romanticism in Georgia. Mikhail Yuryevich closely comes into contact with the life of the people, sees the life of Russian soldiers, Cossack villages, and various peoples of the Caucasus. All this reflects the work of Lermontov, in particular, in the elements of folklore; in 1837, the poet writes down a fairy tale about Ashik-Kerib with the same name, where he seeks to show the flavor of oriental speech, the psychology of an Azerbaijani storyteller; in "The Fugitive", "Cossack Lullaby", "Gifts of the Terek", a folk character with its ethnic features grows out of the folklore element. In Stavropol and Pyatigorsk, the poet meets N. M. Satin, whom he knew from the Moscow boarding school, as well as Dr. N. V. Mayer (in "Princess Mary" his prototype is Dr. Werner) and Belinsky; converges closely with A. I. Odoevsky, to whom he later dedicated the poem "In Memory of A. I. Odoevsky."

Who was Lermontov?

Mikhail Yuryevich made a great impression, as Belinsky later wrote in his letters. People of the so-called "generation of the 1820s", the Decembrists in particular (Lorer, Nazimov), felt that the poet Lermontov was a representative of a different generation, infected with social pessimism and skepticism, hiding his inner world from those around him under the guise of public indifference and irony. With Mikhail Yuryevich, this was often expressed outwardly in a desire to evade conversations on any serious topics, in an ironic attitude towards confession and enthusiasm. This characteristic of Lermontov was noted by many contemporaries. Such a manner of behaving in 1837 at first repelled Belinsky from him, who was accustomed to philosophical disputes in friendly circles. For Lermontov himself, meanwhile, these conversations and meetings became rich creative material: he found an opportunity to comprehend, by contrast, some of the socio-psychological characteristics of the generation to which he belonged. The results of this are summarized by the poet Lermontov in the "Duma" and in the image of Pechorin.

During the exile, and especially later, another artistic talent of Mikhail Yuryevich was revealed, who from childhood was fond of painting. His brushes include oil paintings, watercolors, genre scenes, landscape drawings, caricatures and portraits, the best of which are related to the Caucasian theme.

Return to Petersburg

The further biography of Lermontov is marked by the following events. The link of Mikhail Yuryevich through A. Kh. Benckendorff was shortened by the troubles of his grandmother. In October 1837, an order was issued to transfer the poet to the Novgorod province to the Grodno hussar regiment, and then to Tsarskoye Selo. Mikhail Yurievich returns in January 1838, and then, from May 1838, settles in St. Petersburg. The years of literary glory of the poet fall on the period from 1838 to 1841. He was immediately accepted into the Pushkin literary circle, where he converged with P. A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky, V. A. Sologub, P. A. Pletnev, closer to V. F. Odoevsky, and also the Karamzins, who became for him, the closest cultural environment: he participates in home entertainment and performances of this family, is friends with regular visitors to their salon - I. P. Myatlev, Smirnova-Rosset, Rostopchina. Here, at the Karamzins', the poet read "Clouds" on the eve of his last exile. In 1840, "A Hero of Our Time" and "Poems" were published in separate editions in St. Petersburg - the only lifetime poetic collection.

"Circle of Sixteen"

In 1838-1840, Mikhail Yuryevich was a member of the "Circle of Sixteen" - a youth aristocratic society, whose members are K.V. Branitsky-Korchak, A.N. Dolgoruky, I.S. Gagarin, Stolypin and others. It was united by special laws behavior, as well as the political opposition of the members of this association. According to some reports, Lermontov plays a leading role in this circle.

Collision with E. Barant

The biography of Lermontov continues with the following events. At the ball at the Countess Laval, held in February 1840, Mikhail Yuryevich clashed with E. Barant, the son of the French envoy. The reason was the secular rivalry of these two people, more precisely, the preference of the poet by Princess M.A. Shcherbatova (to whom Mikhail Lermontov dedicated the poems "On secular chains", "Prayer" and, possibly, "From"). Barant was fascinated by this woman, like Mikhail Yurievich (in 1839-1840). On February 18, a duel took place, which ended in reconciliation. Nevertheless, Lermontov was given to a military court; under arrest, he is visited by literary acquaintances and friends, including Belinsky. At the same time, a new explanation took place with Barant, which worsened the course of the matter.

Pyatigorsk, duel with Martynov

Biography of Lermontov continues. In April 1840, the poet was transferred to the active army in the Caucasus. In June, he arrives in Stavropol, and already in July he takes part in skirmishes with the highlanders in the battle near the Valerik River.

In early February 1841, he came to St. Petersburg on vacation and spent 3 months in the capital, after which, in April 1841, he returned to the Caucasus. In May, the poet arrives in Pyatigorsk for treatment with mineral waters, where he finds a company of former acquaintances, including Martynov, the poet's comrade from the Junker School. Lermontov's jokes on one of the evenings touched the latter, and a quarrel broke out, which led to a challenge to a duel, in which Mikhail Yuryevich was killed.

The meaning of creativity

The work of this poet, which lasted a very short time (only 13 years - in the period from 1828 to 1841), was in the post-Pushkin period the highest point in the development of Russian poetry and opened up new paths for Russian prose. The main dates of Lermontov make up the history of not only his life and work, but also the development of literature in our country in those years. It is associated with such a concept as "the 1830s", characterized by an increasing interest in the latest trends in religious and idealist philosophy (Hegel, Schelling), as well as a deepening of introspection of society, attention to deep historical processes, dialectical literary thinking.

During the period of gloomy reaction, Mikhail Yuryevich expressed his protest against social and political oppression, called for struggle, for action, revealed the existing tragic situation in the state of advanced thinking people, pointed out that salvation is only among the people. This poet, with his work, continued the work of the Decembrists, preparing in the new historical conditions the path that the revolutionary democrats, representatives of the second stage of the liberation movement in our country, walked in the 60s. Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, their leaders passionately loved Lermontov's poetry, noted its great role in the history of social thought and Russian literature in our country.

And with the novel "A Hero of Our Time" Mikhail Yuryevich paved the way for such writers as Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy.

Years of life: from 10/03/1814 to 07/15/1841

Poet, painter, prose writer, playwright. One of the most famous Russian poets, whose works are included in the classics of Russian literature. Creativity M.Yu. Lermontov refers to romanticism, Byron and A.S. had a particularly strong influence on the poet. Pushkin.

Mikhail Yuryevich was born in Moscow on the night of October 2-3, 1814. His parents are Yuri Petrovich, a retired army captain, an unborn nobleman, and Maria Mikhailovna, nee Arsenyeva, who belonged to the wealthy and noble Stolypin family. Two years after the birth of Mikhail, his mother died of consumption, and the grandmother took her grandson, threatening otherwise to deprive him of his inheritance. Until the death of his father in 1831, M.Yu. Lermontov saw him only once, when he was already studying at the university. Grandmother loved her grandson and M.Yu.'s childhood very much. Lermontov, despite the absence of parents, were happy.

In 1828 Lermontov was enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow Noble Boarding School. It was at this time that Lermontov began to compose poetry. Lermontov's early poetic experiments are mostly imitations of the romantics, they contain whole pieces borrowed from the works of other authors. Byron's work had a particularly strong influence on Lermontov. In 1828-1832, Lermontov experienced a number of romantic hobbies, which are also reflected in his work. In September 1830, Lermontov entered the "moral and political department" of Moscow University, then transferred to the verbal department. To this period of Lermontov's work belong already completely independent poems "Izmail Bey" (1832), "Litvinka" (1832), "Confession" (1831) - the prototype of the future poem "Mtsyri". In 1832, the poet filed a petition to leave the university. According to the most reliable version, hostile relations with some professors became the reason for leaving. Lermontov goes to St. Petersburg with the intention of continuing his studies, but he was refused to count two years of study in Moscow and was offered to enter the first year. This did not suit Lermontov and, under the influence of his relatives, he enters the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers.

Two years spent in this institution, Lermontov then called "ill-fated". Within the walls of the school, drill reigned; literary books of the pupil were not allowed to be read at all. Outside these walls, the junkers were known for their adventures, partying and debauchery, in which Lermontov also took part. During this period, he begins a number of serious works (the novel "Vadim", several poems), but he does not finish any of them. In 1834, Lermontov graduated from high school and, having received the rank of cornet, was sent to the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. In general, in 1832-1836 Lermontov's lyrical work almost fades away, but the number of works of other genres increases: he gives his strength to poems, dramas, prose. The drama "Masquerade" can be recognized as the pinnacle of Lermontov's achievement during this period of his work. However, none of his attempts to print the drama were successful. The first "serious" publication of Lermontov dates back to 1835, when his friend, without his knowledge, took the story "Khadzhi-Abrek" (1834) and gave it to the "Library for Reading" magazine. The publication, although it was received positively, did not gain Lermontov much fame, and by 1837 he remained little known to the public and literary circles.

Fame comes to Lermontov along with the poem "The Death of a Poet" (1837) - a response to Pushkin's last duel. Pushkin's death made a great impression on Lermontov, and the tone of his poem at that time was very harsh. The poem outraged Nicholas II and Lermontov was arrested. The matter ended with the emperor's command: "The Life Guards of the Hussar Regiment of Cornet Lermontov should be transferred with the same rank to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment." In fact, it was a link - the poet was sent to the Caucasus to the active army. In March 1837 Lermontov left Petersburg.

The poet's grandmother, using her connections, fussed for her grandson, and in the same year the poet was forgiven and transferred to the Grodno Hussar Regiment, which was located in the Novgorod province, and then to his former Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Lermontov returns to the "big society", again playing a prominent role in it. At the same time, Lermontov established ties with Pushkin's circle, his works were published in Sovremennik, Otechestvennye Zapiski, and other publications. The poems “The Tambov Treasurer”, “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ...”, the story “Bela”, later included in the novel “Hero of Our Time”, are published. In 1839 Lermontov finished work on one of his main works - the poem "Mtsyri". According to contemporaries, Lermontov had a difficult character and his relations with those around him (especially those close to the court) were very strained.

In February 1840, at a ball at the Countess Laval, the poet clashed with the son of the French ambassador de Barante. The consequence of the quarrel was a duel, and the consequence of the duel was a court martial. Lermontov was sent to the Tenginsky Infantry Regiment in the army in the Caucasus. From June to November, the poet took part in military battles, showed courage and was even presented for an award, but the emperor deleted his name from the award lists. Lermontov received leave and returned to St. Petersburg for a short time. This time was a time of creative upsurge: work on the poem "Demon" was completed, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" was collected in a separate book, and more than ever, many poems were written. In October 1840, the only lifetime collection of the poet "Poems of M. Lermontov" was published. Lermontov himself wanted to retire and devote himself to literature, but yielded to the insistence of his grandmother, who still hoped that his grandson would make a military career.

In May 1841 Lermontov returned to the Caucasus. In Pyatigorsk, he is delayed for treatment at mineral waters. Here there is a fatal quarrel with a former fellow student at the cadet school N.S. Martynov, which led on July 15, 1841 to the last duel at the foot of Mashuk. Martynov's bullet hit Lermontov in the chest and the poet died on the spot. In the spring of 1842 Lermontov's ashes were transferred to Tarkhany.

Lermontov devoted his entire adult life, until his untimely death, not only to literature, but also to drawing. Many of his artworks have not survived, but what has survived to this day - more than a dozen oil paintings, more than fifty watercolors, over three hundred drawings - gives us the opportunity to appreciate his artistic heritage.

Judging by the memoirs of contemporaries, Lermontov's character was difficult and the poet himself should be recognized as the instigator of the fatal duel.

According to the book. Vasilchikov, in St. Petersburg, in high society, the death of the poet was greeted with a review: “He is dear there” ... In his memoirs, P. P. Vyazemsky, according to the adjutant wing of Colonel Luzhin, noted that Nicholas I, responded about this, saying: "To a dog - dog's death."

The image of Lermontov, placed in the title of the biography, was made in July 1840 from life by Lermontov's fellow soldier, Baron D.P. Palen, after the battle of Valerik. The poet has a tired look, he is unshaven, there is sadness in his eyes; the cap is rumpled, the collar of the frock coat is unbuttoned, without an epaulette. This is a very valuable, the only profile portrait of Lermontov and, perhaps, the most similar to the original of all lifetime images.

Bibliography

Chronological order of appearance in periodicals of the most important works

Lifetime editions
"Hadji-Abrek" (1835);
"" (1837);
"" (1838);
"Duma" (1839);
Bela (1839);
"Branch of Palestine" (1839);
"Three Palms" (1839);
"Fatalist" (1839);
"Gifts of the Terek" (1839);
"Taman" (1840);
"Airship" (1840);
"Angel" (1840);
"Last Housewarming" (1841);
"Sail" (1841);
"Dispute" (1841);
"A Tale for Children" (1842).

After the death of the poet appeared:
"Ishmael Bay" (1843);
"Tamara" (1843);
"On the death of Pushkin" (1856)
and much more.

Individual editions:
"" (1840);
"" (1840);
"" (1857);
"Angel of Death" (1857);
and many others.

Screen adaptations of works, theatrical performances

1911 - "Demon" / Il demone, directed by Giovanni Vitrotti (Italy)
1926 - "Princess Mary" / Tavadis asuli Meri, director Vladimir Barsky (USSR)
1927 - "Bela", directed by Vladimir Barsky (USSR)
1927 - "Maxim Maksimych", director Vladimir Barsky (USSR)
1941 - "Masquerade", directed by Sergei Gerasimov (USSR)
1955 - "Princess Mary", directed by Isidor Annensky (USSR)
1965 - "A Hero of Our Time", directed by Stanislav Rostotsky (USSR)
1966 - "Bela", directed by Stanislav Rostotsky (USSR)
1966 - "Maxim Maksimych", directed by Stanislav Rostotsky (USSR)
1968 - "Masquerade", director Vladimir Laptev (USSR, TV)
1975 - Pages of Pechorin's magazine, director Anatoly Efros (USSR, TV, film-play)
1981 - "Masquerade", director Vladimir Samsonov (USSR, animation)
1985 - "A Hero of Our Time", directed by Michael Almereyda (USA)
1988 - "Ashik-Kerib", directed by Sergei Parajanov (USSR)
2006 - "Pechorin", director Alexander Kott (Russia)

In addition, a number of operas were written based on the works of Lermontov, ballets were staged.

In the family of retired infantry captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov (1787-1831). He was left without parents early, was brought up by his grandmother - E. A. Arsenyeva, who gave her grandson a versatile education. M. Yu. Lermontov's childhood passed in her estate - the village of Tarkhany, Chembarsky district, Penza province (now a village). A trip with relatives to the Caucasus in the summer of 1825 had a noticeable influence on the formation of the personality of the future poet.

From September 1828 to March 1830, M. Yu. Lermontov studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. By this time, his first poems and poems ("Circassians", "Prisoner of the Caucasus"), marked by imitation, belong.

In September 1830, M. Yu. Lermontov entered the Moscow University in the moral and political department, later he switched to the verbal department. In his student years, he created the drama "The Strange Man" (1831). In June 1832, the poet was expelled from the university "at the request."

In 1832, M. Yu. Lermontov moved to and entered the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. During the years of study, he worked on the novel "Vadim", took part in compiling the handwritten journal "School Dawn", in which his cadet poems "Hospital", "Peterhof Holiday", "Ulansha", as well as junker poems were placed.

In November 1834, M. Yu. Lermontov was promoted to cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. He served in where his regiment stood, but spent a lot of time in St. Petersburg. Critical observations of this time on the life of aristocratic society formed the basis of the drama Masquerade (1835), which the poet remade several times, but never got permission to stage it.

A sharp turning point in the work and fate of M. Yu. Lermontov was the poem "The Death of a Poet" (1837). Poems that became a response to the tragic death of A. S. Pushkin were widely distributed in the lists. The final lines of the poem with sharp attacks against the highest aristocracy aroused the wrath of the emperor. M. Yu. Lermontov was arrested, and then transferred from the guard without promotion to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, stationed in Georgia.

During the exile, M. Yu. Lermontov traveled around the Caucasus, visited Tiflis, was treated on the waters (here he met the exiled Decembrists, including the poet A. I. Odoevsky), studied oriental folklore. Caucasian themes have taken a firm place in the work of Lermontov, a writer and artist (he was a gifted painter and draftsman). The publication of the poem "Borodino" (1837) strengthened the fame of the poet.

In 1838, thanks to the efforts of E. A. Arsenyeva and M. Yu. Lermontov, he was transferred to the Grodno Hussar Regiment, which was stationed near Novgorod, but on the way to the place of the new service, he stayed in the capital. In the spring of 1838 the poet was returned to the Life Guards Hussars.

The two years spent by M. Yu. Lermontov in St. Petersburg (1838-1840) became the time of the greatest flowering of his talent. His poems began to appear regularly in print, the Tambov Treasurer, Duma, Poet, Three Palms and other works were published. The historical poem "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ..." (1838) was a great success. M. Yu. Lermontov became close to the poets of the Pushkin circle and V. A. Zhukovsky, collaborated with the journal Domestic Notes, met with.

In 1839, the poet completed work on the poem "The Demon", creating an exceptionally expressive symbolic embodiment of the idea of ​​rebellion against the "world order", the tragedy of loneliness. In the same year he wrote the poem "Mtsyri". At this time, he also completed the novel A Hero of Our Time (1840), saturated with deep social reflection and psychological content. This work is considered the pinnacle of M. Yu. Lermontov's realism.

In February 1840, for a duel with E. de Barante, the son of the French ambassador, M. Yu. Lermontov was brought to a military court and again sent to the Caucasus to the Tenginsky infantry regiment. In July 1840, the poet took part in the battle of the Valerik River in Chechnya. Twice he was nominated for awards, but both times he was crossed out from the lists by Nicholas I.

In January 1841, M. Yu. Lermontov was allowed a short vacation in the capital. The poet spent it, rotating in literary and secular circles. In April 1841, he again recovered to the Caucasus.

In the last months of his life, M. Yu. Lermontov created his best poems - “Motherland”, “Cliff”, “Dispute”, “Leaf”, “No, I do not love you so passionately ...”, “Prophet”. On the way to the regiment, the poet stayed for treatment at. An accidental quarrel between M. Yu. Lermontov and a fellow student at the cadet school, retired major N. S. Martynov, led to a duel that ended in the tragic death of the poet.

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was buried at the city cemetery in Pyatigorsk on July 17 (29), 1841. Later, his ashes were transferred to the village of Tarkhany and on April 23 (May 5), 1842, they were buried in the Arseniev family vault.

In the history of Russian literature, M. Yu. Lermontov is considered the heir and successor of A. S. Pushkin.