Lesson topic: "Dymkovo toy". Presentation - Dymkovo toy Discover the secrets of the haze Russian clay toy presentation

Teacher: Today, guys, we will talk about toys. But not about ordinary, but about folk toys. Our homeland has long been famous for its masters, for its deeds. Wherever we are, we will meet miracle craftsmen who can turn natural materials into amazing creations. The places where these masters live are called the centers of folk crafts. A lot of them.

Here is the Dymkovskaya Sloboda (now the riverside part of the city of Kirov), which is on the Vyatka River, is famous for its craftsmen, for its Dymkovo toys.

(The teacher shows Dymkovo toys)

Why is Dymkovo famous?
With my toy.
It has no smoky color,
And there is the love of people.

There is something of a rainbow in her,
From dew drops.
There is something of joy in her,
Thundering like bass.

(V.Fofanov)

Affectionately and affectionately, the people call this toy - haze. Where does such an amazing name come from?

It turns out that clay toys were made in winter and early spring, when there was a long preparation for the "Whistle" spring fair. To burn the toys, the stoves were stoked until late at night, and the whole settlement was in smoke, in a haze. From this the name Dymkovo arose, and the toys began to be called Dymkovo. What are these toys? Let's see.

(The teacher demonstrates toys, slides, presentations, etc. Draws attention to the features of the Dymkovo toy)

Some researchers associate the production of this toy with the spring fair “whistle” or “whistle dance”, which once took place on Mount Razderikhe (near Vyatka). The awakening of nature, the arrival of birds, hopes for a future harvest (and the purchase of grain took place at this fair) - all this was in the air and gave rise to a cheerful mood, joyful expectation, and at the same time funny toys, which was Dymkovo's toy. Initially, the Dymkovo toy was a whistle, on which it was possible to play a simple melody or tune. Later, whistles gradually gave way to a simple but very bright toy made for sale. And here there is, as it were, a change in its meaning: from an ordinary whistle toy, it turns into a work of art that has come down to us from “deep antiquity”.

- The Dymkovo lady is very smart. On the head without fail - curls, hats, kokoshniks. On the shoulders - a cape, puffy sleeves. On the bottom of the skirt or apron - frills. In the hands - a handbag, an umbrella, a dog, a yoke, etc. On a white background, the craftswomen generously “scattered” circles, cages, large and small peas.

Look how good
This soul girl
Scarlet cheeks are burning
Amazing outfit.

(Folk art)

Dymkovo cavaliers, grandiose generals, with self-respect. More often they are depicted on horseback or paired with a mistress.

With ribbons and bows
Yes, under the arm with dandies
We walk in pairs
We swim with peahens.

(P. Sinyavsky)

- Toys depicting animals and birds are distinguished by a special invention. Dymkovo horses with a lush mane and tail.

Clay horses rush
On stands that there are forces.
And do not hold on to the tail
If the mane missed.

(Folk art)

Folk fantasy, love for colorfulness is also manifested in the image of an ordinary cockerel. He seems exotic, with his bushy tail and red crest that looks like a fancy flower. The Dymkovo cockerel is full of dignity and fighting enthusiasm. A circle always shines on his chest - a symbol of the sun.

(Folk art)

To this day, the Dymkovo toy continues to delight us with its brightness, colorfulness, and festivity. The craft of the Dymkovo toy is preserved thanks to the Dymkovo craftswomen from the city of Kirov.

We are noble toys
Folding yes okay,
We are famous everywhere
We will love you too!

(P. Sinyavsky)

(End of slide show, presentations)

Question: What do all these toys have in common?

Answer: Cheerful, festive, elegant.

Question: Do you like these toys? What is the most? Why?

Question: How can I paint toys, what elements are better to select?

Answer: Circles, stripes, waves, rings, dots, rhombuses, etc.

Question: What colors do Dymkovo masters like?

Answer: Bright elegant: red, blue, crimson, yellow, orange, green.

The teacher invites the children to become real folk craftsmen and paint models of the Dymkovo toy. Draws attention to the main stages of painting (from large to small details).

In the process of independent work, the teacher provides children with complete creative freedom, providing individual assistance. You can turn on soft folk music. There is an exhibition at the end of the lesson. The children place their toys on a special stand and, together with the teacher, choose the best works. The teacher does not forget to praise each student, to mark in the toy what was best done.

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Slides captions:

Dymkovo toy

There is one amazing profession to which people dedicate their whole lives - they are toy craftsmen, or just toys.

Among the Russian clay toys, the most famous are perhaps those from Dymkovo. This is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts, which is over 400 years old.

Dymkovo toy - bright, cheerful, with character.

Where are Dymkovo toys made? From the high bank of the Vyatka River, you can see the Dymkovo settlement beyond the river, near the city of Vyatka (now the territory of the city of Kirov). In winter, when the stoves were heated, in the summer, when it was foggy, the whole settlement seemed to be in a haze. Therefore, the name is. Here, in ancient times, the craft of the Dymkovo toy was born.

City of Kirov Kirov (Khlynov, Vyatka) is a large city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kirov region. The city is located on the Vyatka River, 896 km from Moscow.

Monument to the Dymkovo toy on the Vyatka River, view from Malaya Mountain City view Dymkovo toy museum

Vyatka was famous in the old days for its bazaars, holidays-fairs, which were called "whistle dance". The entertainment of the holiday was clay whistle toys.

These whistles had various forms of animals - a deer, a bear, a ram, a goat, etc., which were simple in execution and were called upon to perform not a decorative, but a magical function.

After the holiday lost its magical meaning, clay whistles began to become whiter, pretentious and decorative. Along with totem animals, whistles have already appeared in the form of women dressed smartly, with birds, with babies in their arms, baskets of pies, with yokes ...

And a little later, the toy began to be made according to urban plots - these are citizens, fashionable ladies, officers, merchants, buffoons.

Although Dymkovo toys are diverse in form, they are always recognizable due to their simple ornament and unique elegant coloring. As a rule, the white background is painted with cheerful blue, blue, green, crimson colors. The number of flowers on one toy cannot be more than ten.

A simple ornament in the form of stripes, rhombuses, cells, circles carries some information in itself - a blue wavy stripe means water, a circle with an asterisk in the middle - the sun, crossed stripes - a log cabin of a well.

The technique of modeling a Dymkovo toy is very simple and there is no mass production for this craft, since this is a true handiwork. Various figures are molded in parts, which are connected with liquid clay. The seams are smoothed with a wet cloth. The toy is dried and fired.

Previously, toys were fired in a real Russian oven, now they are fired in muffle furnaces.

The fired Dymkovo toy has a red-brown color, which is common for clay. For whitewashing, a mixture of chalk and milk is used, into which a Dymkovo toy is dipped. In this case, the surface is covered with a dense white layer. For coloring, dry paints ground on an egg were used. Now gouache, diluted on an egg, is used.

Dymkovo toys

Today, any adult and child, even those who do not have a special education, can try to make a Dymkovo toy. All you need is clay, a brush, paints and your imagination.

Master Class. Making a Dymkovo cockerel Elements from which everything is made: a ball, a sausage, a drop. What clay should not be: too dry, too liquid.

Modeling a cockerel Making a torso: the ball turns into a cake; a cup is formed from the cake, the edges of the cup are closed, and a “dumpling” is molded, hollow inside.

Modeling the legs A droplet is molded from the ball, the lower edge of the droplet (legs) is made concave for stability; the upper part of the leg is prepared as a lodgment under the body, the edges of the lodgment are sharpened.

Connecting the leg to the body Before connecting the parts, the junction is soaked with water with a brush and scratches are applied (to better get wet). The torso is connected to the leg and rubbed with rotational movements. The pointed part of the leg is attached to the body so that the place of their connection is not visible.

Neck and head The neck is molded in the same way as the leg, only a pointed lodgement is made both at the bottom and at the top. The lower part of the neck is attached to the body, and the upper part to the head. Making the head: the head is a ball, the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the diameter of the breast.

Making a tail A cake is molded from the ball, a notch is plucked in the lower part of the tail in shape coinciding with the back of the body. The junction of the tail and body is sharpened.

The tail is attached to the body. It is important that when viewed from the front, the tail and head are symmetrical.

Wings are molded from 2 identical drops. Droplets are flattened into leaves, sharpened and cling to the body.

Beak The beak is a pointed drop. Attached to the middle of the front of the head.

Decoration Head decoration can be just a ball or a flat cake resembling a beret. It may look like a cockscomb. In a word, everything that fantasy tells.

The breast and neck are decorated with a beard, which can be fashioned from droplets or ruffles. Wings and tail can also be decorated with droplets and ruffles.

Modeling ruffles A thin long sausage rolls out on a hard surface. It is covered with a damp cloth. With smoothing movements, the sausage should be turned into a ribbon about 2 mm thick. The ribbon is removed from the cloth. A ruffle is formed from it.

Different crafts, different styles are united by Russian folk toys. This diversity reveals the richest possibilities of folk artistic and figurative worldview, reveals the deep traditional foundations of folk art, its national identity. It includes not only traditional peasant village art, but also the work of townspeople and urban artisans. Works created in different conditions differ in their functions, in their artistic and figurative structure and in content. So, the Dymkovo toy is completely different, not the same as the Filimonovo or Kargopol toy. And the point is not only in the originality of the form, plasticity, color and ornamental system. The differences are deeper and more fundamental. They are expressed in the things themselves. Looking at Dymkovo toys, you feel a special style of work in them. The very process of creating toys here is complex, orderly, worked out to perfection. Sloboda craftswomen collected greasy red clay for modeling in the spring after the flood on the Vyatka River. Right there on the river bank, fine, clean, dry sand was prepared, with which clay was thoroughly mixed. The modeling of each toy is a consistent series of generally accepted memorized methods of work. First, a lump of clay was rolled into a ball, then turned into a pancake and deftly folded into the desired shape, which was collected further in parts, stuck around, complicated. The excess was cut off with a sharp torch, a kind of stack, and the traces of modeling, “greases”, were smoothed out with a wet rag, and then “the toy seemed to be cast, even, smooth, clear.” It is still far from its full readiness, drying will go on for 4-5 days, firing in a Russian oven for 3-4 hours, slow cooling, then “whitewashing” the toy with lumpy ground, well-sifted chalk, diluted in milk. And again, drying the toys, only now it is necessary in a draft, so that the milk, sour, forms a film of casein glue on the surface of the toy, the best chalk fixer. And now the "whitewashed" toys are ready for painting. Their coloring is also not simple, not in two or three colors and not with ordinary paints. Up to ten colors were used by Dymkovo craftswomen, and the paint was made on an egg with kvass or vinegar, that is, they wrote in tempera. And the painting itself is also multi-layered, heterogeneous, has several different ornamental and compositional schemes. A cell, a strip, circles, ovals, dots rhythmically in a wide variety of combinations. Against the matte whiteness of the background, spots of fuchsin, red lead, ultramarine, stripes of green and yellow krone sound openly. Blue, pink, brown are also woven into the color polyphony, made up of two colors: ultramarine and magenta with chalk or minium with soot. And on top of the painting, diamond leaves of gold leaf shine preciously, and the toy becomes even more flowery, elegant, festive. The very process of creating a Dymkovo toy speaks of its features. In no other traditional peasant craft we will meet with such a complex and perfect production of toys. Dymkovo craftsmen, on the other hand, master a multi-figured sculptural composition, vary the form and painting in many ways, use multicolor, which requires a developed taste, an accurate eye. Such high professionalism is typical for crafts, where the toy was the main occupation, was the subject of mass handicraft work. It is no coincidence that toys from the Dymkovo settlement near Vyatka and from the Bolshie Gonchary settlement near Tula so vividly resemble porcelain figurines, which they really could replace.

Pattern Sun We draw patterns with a brush and a signet-poke. We independently make a large and small signet poke. To do this, tightly twist a strip of paper, as shown in the figure. Each paint has its own poke. We draw a pattern "sun" with a brush and a signet-poke. the pattern execution sequence is shown in the figure.

Dymkovo patterns We continue our acquaintance with Dymkovo patterns using the example of painting the decorative plumage of a turkey's tail. It is necessary to complete the painting using a brush and a poke seal. Various methods of working with a brush are used: drawing wavy lines of the same thickness, applying a brush to depict a decorative flower. Pay attention to how the rhythm of the pattern is consistent with the rounded shape of the tail.

Poultry house and water-carrier In the decorative painting of these figurines, one can see a peculiar reflection of the elements of folk clothing: kokoshnik, beads, jacket, skirt, apron. As in folk costume, everything is decorated with patterns. Patterns are harmoniously combined in color. In painting the figurine of a peasant woman, you must independently come up with patterns. It is better to start drawing patterns with a brush with large elements.

Outfit of the lady - 2 Paint the outfit of the lady-dandy. The lady's outfit strikes with beautiful patterns, an abundance of flounces. In the molding and painting of this figurine, folk craftsmen reflected the originality of the fashion of city dwellers of bygone years. It is necessary to independently choose the elements of clothing decor on the figurine of the lady.

Modeling and painting of the Dymkovo mistress Sculpt the mistress as shown in the figure. The figure shows the stages of modeling a Dymkovo toy by a master. The main feature of the haze is the modeling of clay figurines in parts. for work you will need: clay (can be replaced with poastiline); board-stand (wooden, plastic or linoleum); stacks - wooden or plastic sticks with flat or rounded ends of various shapes (see picture); a jar of water; rag. The molded clay figurine must dry out, it will take several days. You can borrow a figurine without firing it in a muffle furnace. First, cover it in 2-3 layers of white paint. You can take white gouache, but it is better to use water-based white paint - the white background will be brighter, cleaner. On a dried background, colored patterns are applied with gouache. If the figurine was molded from plasticine, then before painting, the surface must be degreased with crushed chalk or tooth powder.

MBDOU No. 74 Educator: Loskutova D.V.

The technique for making a Dymkovo toy is very simple. Toys are molded from red clay mixed with river sand. The form is molded in parts. Separate elements are interconnected with liquid clay. The seams are wiped with a damp cloth.

After sculpting, the toy is dried and fired.

The next stage of work is bleaching. The toy was immersed in a solution of ground chalk diluted in milk. The toy turned dazzling white and was ready to be painted.

Then traditional patterns were applied: cells, stripes, circles, ovals, dots.

The Dymkovo lady is very elegant. On the head without fail - curls, hats, kokoshniks. On the shoulders - a cape, puffy sleeves. On the bottom of the skirt or apron - frills. In the hands - a handbag, an umbrella, a dog, a yoke, etc. On a white background, the craftswomen generously “scattered” circles, cages, large and small peas. Look how good this girl-soul Scarlet cheeks burn, Amazing outfit.

Dymkovo cavaliers, grandiose generals, with self-respect. More often they are depicted on horseback or paired with a mistress. With ribbons and bows, Yes, under the arm with dandies We walk in pairs, We swim in pavs.

Clay horses rush On stands that have strength. And you can't hold on to the tail, If you missed the mane.

An unknown bird started up - Everyone marvels at it. It does not sing and does not fly, Everything burns and blazes ... This bird is not simple, Painted, golden. Just a marvel - a trinket, Her name is - a folk toy!

To this day, the Dymkovo toy continues to delight us with its brightness, colorfulness, and festivity. The craft of the Dymkovo toy is preserved thanks to the Dymkovo craftswomen from the city of Kirov. We are notable toys, Folding, okay, We are famous everywhere, You will like us too!