definite and indefinite form. Infinitive

148. Read the phrases. Write off.

1. I read a fairy tale, played chess, repeat the rule, listened to the radio.
2. Read a fairy tale, play chess, repeat the rule, listen to the radio.

• Compare the verbs in the phrases of the first and second groups. What verbs have tense? Specify their time.
• Name and underline the verbs for which you could not determine the tense. Ask a question for each of these verbs.

149. Read. Explain the meaning of the proverbs.

1. To live life is not a field to go over. 2. It is better to see once than hear a hundred times. 3. Easy to find friends, but hard to keep.

• Write off. Underline the verbs. Is it possible to determine their time and number? Ask a question for each verb.
• What is the name of the form of the verb that answers the question what to do? what to do?

best e

150. Read the poem 3. Alexandrova.

Thunder struck two .. over .. times
And froze in st..r..not.
Nature separate .. la order
With .. to rage in the spring.
Order - h .. ryomukh .. color .. sti,
Nettles .. be not evil,
Rain d .. horns support .. sti
Silver m..tloy.
... And so .. nzu - get out from behind the clouds
And in .. more warmly!

• Write by inserting the missing letters. Underline the verbs in the indefinite form. Highlight their suffixes -ty, -ty.

151. Read. Explain what part of speech the underlined words are.

Distance in two hundred k..l..meters, go in b..bl...teku, lead from the city of Zeta, lead arm, flattery harmful, el..ktrich..sky oven, oven p..horns, p..be able comrade, boyar know, know ru ... cue language.

• Write by inserting the missing letters. Write the part of speech above each underlined word.

Note! Indefinite verbs can end in -ch: protect, guard; -whose is not a suffix, but part of the root.

After the letter h verbs in the indefinite form have a soft sign ( b): burn, shear, reach. Remember the spelling of these verbs: burn, lay down, cut.

R a sst about yang and e

152. Read.

1. Every person should love your country. 2. Always in life necessary act according to conscience. 3. We obliged love and respect our family and friends. 4. It is forbidden It's disrespectful to talk about your comrades. 5. During a performance in the theater need keep silent to the audience could follow the performance.

• Put the question from the underlined words to the verbs in the indefinite form.
• Write out the verb in the indefinite form from each sentence along with the underlined word.

Sample. Gotta love, ... .

153. Make up some traffic rules. Use indefinite verbs in sentences to show that the actions they express apply to each person.

• Write down 1-2 rules.

154. Read.

1. Winnow - dispel, melt - ..., sow - ..., teach - ..., draw - ....
2. Ignite - ignite, decide - ..., quit - ..., offend - ..., unravel - ....

• Choose for each verb of the first group a single-root verb that answers the question what to do? Write down word pairs.
• Choose for each verb of the second group a single-root verb that answers the question what to do? Write down word pairs.

155. Read prefixes and verbs.

• Form single-root verbs from each verb using prefixes.
• Which (or which) of these verbs can be used with each of these prefixes?
• Write down any of the verbs with the prefixes with which it can be used.
• Orally compose a sentence with any verb you have formed.

Note! Before the suffix -t verbs in the indefinite form can have verbal suffixes -e-, -i-, -a-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -well-:

156. Read. What part of speech is each word?

Way .. marches ..e - to travel, sv..roken, p..trouble, black..ry, already..n, r..sun..k, s..lyut, zh. .seda, r..bota, b..gaty, ob..rona.

• Pick up and write next to each word a single-root verb in an indefinite form. Insert the missing letters. Highlight the suffixes in the verbs.

Note! To find the stem of a verb that is in the indefinite form, you need to drop the suffix -th or -ti:

In contact with

Indefinite verbs are used in dictionaries. What is an infinitive? Features are as follows:

1. Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions "what to do?" and “what to do?”.
2. Endowed with grammatical features of the form (perfect or imperfect).
3. It is returnable and non-returnable.
4. Saved.
5. When forming, the suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb -t, -ti, -ch are used. For some verbs it is –st, -sti.

Important! Any verbal word form can be put in the initial one with the help of the question “what to do?” or “what to do?”.

Such word forms are called indefinite because it is impossible to determine their main grammatical features: time, person, mood, gender and number, which distinguishes them from the rest.

Indefinite form of the verb: signs

Signs of the indefinite form of the verb

The main features are the endings of verbs in -ti, -t and -ch. The questions “what to do?” will help determine this. and “what to do?”.

Examples of Education

The infinitive ends with the suffix -ti if it is preceded by a consonant: come, crawl, shake. The suffix -т is used after vowels: write, fly, shoot, pull.

In some words ending in -ch, there is no ending in the initial form, and -ch is included in the structure of the root. For example, attract, bake, protect, crush.

How to use the indefinite form of a verb

The infinitive is needed to form other verb forms and check spelling.

Often the endings of verbs in personal word forms are unstressed, which raises doubts about their writing. To check spelling, you need to know how to put a verb in the indefinite form.

For example:

• Build - What to do? build. So, it is correct to write the ending -ish.
• Glues, glued - What to do? glue. The correct spelling is -it and -il.
• Hated - What to do? hate. Correctly write the vowel -e.

The unstressed suffix in the infinitive indicates its spelling in the past tense, in the gerund and participle form.

Glue - glued - gluing - gluing - gluing.

What is a reflexive or irrevocable verb

Sometimes, after the word-forming suffix -t, -ty, -ch, an additional postfix -sya or -s is used. For example, pray, take care, ask, take cover.

Postfix allows you to define the returnable and non-returnable form.

The rule explains that word forms with -sya (-s) are considered reflexive and mean the action of someone or something directed at themselves, the contact or position of the object. For example, tip over, deteriorate, equip, wade.

Irreversible infinitives express an action to someone or something. For example, winding, eavesdropping, ironing.

reflexive verb

Signs of transitive and intransitive infinitive

Transitivity in an indefinite form allows you to identify an additional word that indicates an object or phenomenon involved in the action.

As an additional word is used:

• A noun or pronoun used in the accusative case and without a preposition. For example, put on a coat, cook dinner.
• A noun (accusative or genitive) that expresses an attitude or proportion of something and is used without a preposition. For example, pour tea, wait for guests.
• A negative expression with an infinitive uses a noun or a pronoun in the genitive. For example, not to have a chance, not to hurt her.

Additional words give meaning to the infinitive, and without them the essence of what is happening is lost. Some part of the action is transferred to objects or circumstances, they acquire a clear semantic load.

In the intransitive infinitive, the action denotes one word.

Perfect and imperfect species

Verbs are classified into perfect and imperfect.

Imperfect characterize an action that lasts without a specific time reference. These actions can be called eternal, there is no indication of their completeness or incompleteness. They ask the question “What to do?”.

• I'm about to go on a trip.
• Street lights began to go out.

Perfect infinitives indicate completed action or something that is bound to happen. The result can already be observed or it is still to be expected. The question "What to do?" is used.

• After opening the can, the contents must be transferred.
• Did you receive instructions on what to report?

Known a minor part of dual infinitives. They are used in both forms in one word form. They are defined by meaning. For dual verbs in the infinitive, you can put a standard question.

• Tomorrow the entire area should be cleared. - "What to do?".
• Clean up trash on your desk and in your room. - "What to do?".
• Need to explore the city. - "What to do?".
• They were to explore the city at dawn. - "What to do?"

Perfect and imperfect view

Instruction

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question to it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, breed, lie down.
There is always a soft sign at the end of such verbs.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The record of the finals of these forms is the same: [tutor "itsa] (studies) - [tutor" ita] (studies). In this case, pay attention to , the vowel before [-ca] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which of them is the infinitive, you need to designate the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, it needs a soft sign. So, in the sentence "Students will be able to work out additionally" the predicate "will be able to work out." And the indefinite form is "to work out."

The indefinite form of the verb can act as secondary members of the sentence. In such cases, it can be determined by following the logic of reasoning. Ask a question of the indirect case from the predicate to the infinitive. If possible, then in this case it is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do a warm-up”, the word “do” will be an object (said what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “ordered” is performed, and others will perform it. So this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “For what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train”, we ask the question “I came for what purpose?” to the infinitive.
By definition ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar”, the infinitive is -: the ability (what?) to play.

Related videos

note

Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.

Helpful advice

Ask questions from one word to another. If the minor member is expressed by a verb, then this is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.

Sources:

• verbs in indefinite form

A verb is a part of speech with permanent and non-permanent features. The person of the verb is its inconstant sign, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. To do this, we will give a short instruction on how to determine the person of the verb.

Instruction

Instruction

You must know that indefinite form verb often called the infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible for him to determine both inclination and appearance.

You can, of course, form an indefinite form of the verb with the help of auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. So, it is difficult for schoolchildren to put impersonal verbs into the infinitive, which in the future may be the result of spelling errors.

Children also confuse third-person verbs with infinitives, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: "tsya" or "tsya". For example, to the verb in the syntactic construction “seems to be successful”, children find it difficult to put auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Thus, they will not be able to check the spelling of .

Finding the indefinite form of a verb or forming it is easier, paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive has the ending "t" or "ti". For example, in "bring" the ending will be "ti", and in the word "in time" - "t".

The ending "ti" is in an indefinite form if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and "t" is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive "bloom" before the end of "ti" there is a consonant sound "s", and in the word "see" - the vowel "e".

To learn how to form an indefinite form, it is necessary to ask the questions “what to do?” or "what to do?" And do not forget to pay attention to the structure of the word.

Sources:

• the verb in the indefinite form will not happen

The noun is a separate part of the speech of the Russian language. It has the forms of number and case, which classify the categories of gender, as well as animateness and inanimateness, depending on the objects designated.

Instruction

Imagine several variants of the same thing: “home”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of the noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, the names in this case play the role of the subject in the sentence, less often - the predicate. Nominative to the questions: “who?”, “What?” Like what?" - "house", "who?" - "bird". Ask similar questions to determine form noun.

Recall from the school curriculum that, standing in the initial form, in most cases it is in the singular. Therefore, in order to define vocabulary form this part of speech, put it in the singular: “many houses” - “one house”.

Note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to the singular. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, masses of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “trousers”, “weekdays”, “pasta”, “holidays”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar is the nominative plural form.

Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “A clock hangs on the wall” (here “clock” will have the initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually

Infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb

A verb in its initial or indefinite form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question "what to do?" or "what to do?" It is never possible to ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is she doing?”, “what will she do?”, “what will she do?”, “what did she do?”, “what did she do? " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.

Examples. The verb "go" answers the question "what to do?". Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb "write" answers the question "what to do?" and is an infinitive. From this initial form, verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, the verb in the infinitive is always the zero (indefinite) form, from which you can always form different forms of the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What features of the verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine any signs of this part of speech, or morphological signs, from it? Yes, you can define constants, signs of the verb.

Firstly, according to the indefinite form, it is possible to determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question "what to do?" and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question "what to do?" and denotes a completed, finished action. For example, “walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, by the infinitive you can determine. There are two conjugations - the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in -et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and a few exception verbs in -it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in -it, as well as some exception verbs in -at, -yat and -et.

It would seem, what a simple thing! But this linguistic phenomenon also has its own characteristics and even "pitfalls", which will be discussed later in this article.

Brief description of the infinitive in Russian

An infinitive verb is what we see written in a dictionary entry. It has no mood, person, number, time, that is, it does not change depending on who performs the action, since there is simply no such subject. However, such a verb still has some features - aspect (perfect or imperfect) and conjugation (first or second). In addition, it is characterized by recurrence or irreversibility, as well as transitivity or intransitivity.

How to understand that the verb is in the infinitive

To determine that a given form of a word denoting an action is actually an infinitive, you need to ask questions of the indefinite form of the verb to it. These include: " what to do?' (for example, 'read' or 'talk') or ' what to do?" (for example, "gift" or "drink"). If the verb answers them, then it is in the initial form.

In addition, there are always suffixes in: -t-, -ti-, -ch-, -st- and -sti-. It is worth noting that some linguists argue that these are the endings of indefinite verbs, since this morpheme is subject to change. However, the controversy has not subsided so far.

What is the indefinite form of the verb used for?

The Russian language is rich enough in various possibilities of using the infinitive. The indefinite form of a verb can be a subject, predicate, definition, object in a sentence, and also be an integral part of the verb predicate, express the imperative mood or the future tense. Next, we will consider each of these cases in more detail with examples.

Specific syntactic roles of the verb in the initial form

So, a verb in an indefinite form is a subject if it is somehow characterized. For example:

• Drawing was the meaning of his life.
• Being a mother is the meaning of Svetlana's life.

In these proposals draw" and " to be (mother)» are subject, as they are separate, independent actions.

In addition, a sentence can contain two infinitives, one of which characterizes the other:

• To live means to love.

Then here" live" is the subject, and " be in love"- predicate. The member of the sentence is determined in this case easily: the subject goes before the predicate. Also instead of " means" can be a dash or the words " this", "is» and the like.

An infinitive can be a definition if it is in this form, for example:

• He went to bed determined to read a book tomorrow.

It turns out that the verb "read" here answers the question "what kind?" With what decision did he go to bed? Read (tomorrow a book). That is, a verb of an indefinite form is a definition if it refers to a noun, which means necessity, decision, desire, expression of will, and the like.

The indefinite form of the verb is also an object if, for example, it is used in such a phrase:

• Dad asked Lena to pick up the pencil.

That is, the verb "asked" here has a full-fledged lexical meaning. Both verbs refer to different people (" asked"to dad, and" raise"- to Lena).

The infinitive is an integral part of the verbal predicate if used with a verb that denotes the beginning, continuation or completion of an action, that is, it has an auxiliary meaning. For example:

• The puppy quickly began to fall asleep.
• The teacher continued teaching.

"Started" and " continued" are just such verbs, therefore " fall asleep" and " lead" will be parts of the predicate.

The infinitive expresses the imperative when used in a commanding tone. For example, a squad leader might order: Be silent!", and the captain of the ship shout:" All hands on deck!»

The initial form of the verb expresses the future tense in sentences like this:

• Yes, Ivan should not be a pilot!

That is, it must contain a certain shade of annoyance or regret.

Common spelling mistakes

In most cases, an infinitive verb is an easy thing to spell, but sometimes people get confused. This happens when the verb is reflexive. The soft sign in front of the suffix is ​​simply forgotten - Xia-, so it turns out that the verb is in the third person and singular. And sometimes it makes it very difficult to understand when reading.

In order to avoid mistakes and correctly write suffixes (or the endings of indefinite verbs), you need to mentally ask them questions every time: “h what to do?"or" h then do?» If the verb clearly answers exactly to them, it is necessary to put a soft sign. For example, in the last word in the sentence " Petya is going to sleep tonight" put a soft sign, because Petya going what to do? Get enough sleep.

Thus, the indefinite form verb is a rather interesting and important part of the language that can be used in different cases, the main thing is to learn them well.

The indefinite or initial form of the verb (and strictly the language of science - it is called the infinitive) linguists call its form, denoting the strictly action itself, regardless of such grammatical categories as person and number, and answering the question "what to do?". The word "do" itself is one example of an infinitive, or indefinite form of a verb.

This gives an answer to the question, what is the peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb.

In the Russian school, the topic of the infinitive is usually touched upon in the middle classes.

Formal signs of the infinitive

In Russian, the signs of the infinitive are the suffixes "t" or "ti": go, run, stand, crawl, find, determine, etc. After vowels, "t" is used, after consonants - "ti": run, but go.

It also matters that the infinitive always answers one question - what to do?

The group of verbs that ends with “ch” stands out in particular: lie down, bake, protect, burn, etc. Initially, in the Old Russian language, they also had the suffix “ti” after “g” at the end: lay down, pekti, protect, burn. Such an archaic form has been preserved to this day in other Slavic languages ​​closest to Russian - Ukrainian and Belarusian. In Russian, "gti" gradually transformed into "ch".

In English, the indicator of the indefinite form is the particle to used before the verb: to go, to love, to run, etc. The infinitive has its formal features in every language, but it is not possible to consider them all within the framework of one publication, and it is not makes sense. Everyone who has studied English knows this, and it does not matter if it was taught in the first grade or in the older ones.

In Russian, a verb in an indefinite form is characterized by such constant features as transitivity, reflexivity, type of conjugation. All this is also studied in the middle classes, which can be easily remembered.

According to the indefinite form, the conjugation of those verbs is usually determined, the ending of which in other forms is unstressed. We all heard about it more than once in the school class at Russian lessons.

Features of the syntactic role of the infinitive

If the various variants of the conjugated forms of the verb in the sentence most of all gravitate towards the role of the predicate, and the remaining cases of their use are rather an exception to the rules, then the infinitive can be used as any member of the sentence: subject, object, definition.

In a sentence, it is usually used together with a predicate, in the role of which a noun, an adverb, an indefinite form of another verb, or a full adjective in the instrumental case with a linking verb is used.

Look to the world positively is an important skill.

Believe the deceiver is stupid (option: no sense).

Save- it means to earn.

come in the area became unsafe in the evenings.

Make no mistake means to do nothing.

Predicate

There are two cases of using the indefinite form of the verb as a predicate:

1. As part of a compound predicate of a two-part sentence.
2. In a one-part impersonal sentence.

Examples of two-part sentences:

• I have to do it.
• I really want you help.
• worker finished grind detail.
• He dreams go abroad.
• He continued vigorously work over the project.
• The new employee soon adapted to the team and stopped working. set extra questions.

Examples of impersonal one-part sentences:

• Well, how not be in love this city!
• Impossible pass the!
• How would we meet.

Definition

As an inconsistent definition, the verb in the indefinite is used when explaining a noun.

Often we tend to desire (to what?) hug immensity.

Usually in such cases, the indefinite form of the verb is combined with abstract nouns expressing desire, aspiration, intention, habit, inclination, ability, readiness, etc.

Circumstance

Usually in this role, the indefinite form appears with the verb of movement or other action and explains why this action was taken. Between the predicate and such a circumstance, the goal can be put "to".

For example:

• I went to drink water.
• The major came out to check the posts.
• They came to Sochi to relax by the sea.

Addition

The infinitive acts as an addition when it refers to the subject to which the action expressed by the predicate is directed. So, in the sentence "I want to help you" it is part of the compound verb predicate. But if we say “I asked a colleague to help me”, “help” already acts as an addition. This nuance must be taken into account in order to determine the role of the infinitive in such sentences.

Here are some more examples in which the indefinite form acts as a complement:

• We asked a friend meet us at the station.
• The boss persuaded him take vacation later.
• The boss asked me come in to him as soon as I get to work.

Stylistic nuances of using the indefinite form of the verb

Verbs in the indefinite form are often used in official instructions, orders, written and oral orders. Especially often they are saturated with speeches addressed by officers to soldiers.

Through the infinitive, an indication is transmitted of the rigidity of a particular order or requirement, the rigor of its observance. For example: "Ensure the result no later than July 20." It sounds even stricter than the form of the imperative mood - "provide". Although the imperative itself, especially if it is not accompanied by the word “please”, carries a considerable similar load.

It is not surprising why their use is so popular in the army, where great importance is attached to discipline, diligence and subordination, and in civilian structures with a rigid administrative vertical, for example, government bodies.

Yes, and various prohibitions, designed in the form of a combination of the infinitive and the “not” particle, have the same function: do not smoke, do not litter, etc.

After all this, you are unlikely to have any doubts about what the indefinite form of the verb is.