Rules for first aid in case of electric shock. How to provide first aid in case of electric shock

Electric current is an integral part of the life of every person at home, at work and on vacation. But what if an accident occurs? How to behave in others different situations? Knowing the basic safety rules and the algorithm for providing medical care to the victim will help not only avoid irreversible injuries, but also save his life.

This is how electric current is transmitted

Where can you get an electric shock?

Electricity is the main engine of modernity. These are electrical appliances, lighting, electric vehicles. You can get injured wherever electrical circuits run: at home, in basements, in cafes, on the streets, in urban electric transport, at work. Incidents occurring at home are most often associated with a breakdown in the insulation of electrical cables and wires.

In domestic conditions, the cause of an accident can be a faulty old electrical wiring, broken electrical appliances, violations of the parameters of the power supply network, malfunction of circuit breakers, RCDs and differential machines. And also, less often, banal situations associated with non-compliance with the usual rules of electrical safety: screwing in light bulbs, replacing lamps or cartridges wet hands, the washing up kitchen appliances(multi-cookers, pressure cookers, steamers, etc.) with the cord connected to the mains, touching open live parts electrical devices, self-repair of live equipment, etc.

Electricians and electricians are most often injured outside the home. This happens due to non-observance of safety precautions at work: during maintenance and construction and installation work on power lines, in switchgears etc.

Providing medical assistance to an electrician

The body's response to injury

Injuries associated with electric shock often have an irreversible negative effect on the human body:

• burns of various degrees of severity;
• damage to the cardiovascular system;
• defeat nervous system;
• negative impact on the digestive and musculoskeletal system.

The severity of the lesion depends on the nature of the injury and the path through which the current passes through the body.

Violation of the activity of the cardiovascular system can be visible and invisible, i.e. Negative consequences often do not appear immediately. When a large current passes through the vessels, the stability of the natural heartbeat is disturbed.

After any degree of severity, the victim in without fail hospitalization is needed for a thorough examination of the heart muscle and blood vessels, even if he feels quite normal. Precautions to help avoid possible lethal outcome from heart attack or heart failure.

The degree of damage depends on the voltage class and the individual characteristics of the human body. The greater the body weight and stronger health, the greater the chance of surviving an accident associated with defeat electric shock.

If a person has lost consciousness, then it is necessary to call the medical service. Before the arrival of the doctors, it must be laid on a flat, flat surface. If a wound or burns has formed, treat them with medical equipment. In case of violation of the process of breathing or heartbeat, provide appropriate medical care. If the degree of injury is high, then it is necessary to start providing assistance at the scene.

The algorithm for providing medical assistance consists of several actions:

• removal of the victim from the scene of the incident;
• security;
• wound treatment.

First aid for electric shock is to open electrical circuit- it is necessary to remove the current source or release the person.

It is impossible to do this without proper means - to touch with bare hands to the patient is impossible. It is necessary to use materials that do not conduct electricity - rubber gloves, for example. In case of an incident on the street - throw the victim back with a dry wooden stick, use insulated wire in order to pull it away from the power source.

Evacuation of the victim from the danger zone

If the injury occurred at home, in the office or at work, it is necessary to de-energize the room - turn off the machines, unscrew the plugs. Only then provide medical assistance.

Security

After the victim has been removed from the current source, it must be moved to a safe, calm place. In the absence of other injuries (fractures, open wounds), you can drag without a stretcher to a poorly ventilated room with no people. If possible, ensure complete peace and quiet in order to avoid unrest.

In the presence of injuries of various degrees of severity, it is necessary to use stretchers, boards, any flat, dense, even materials. If the spine is damaged, the patient is forbidden to move. It is necessary to keep him alive until the arrival of the medical staff.

Treatment of wounds

After transferring the patient to a safe place, careful treatment of wounds is necessary. For the treatment of burns, iodine, alcohol, furacilin solution, potassium permanganate are used. Always use sterile dressings.

After all the procedures, the victim must be given a warm drink and painkillers. If necessary, sedatives - valerian, etc. It is necessary to talk with the patient and reassure him. It is important to maintain a dialogue and distract from the incident.

lightning strike

A lightning strike is one of the most dangerous natural phenomena, it is an electric shock of great strength. Most of the injuries received are burns, damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The human body is a good conductor, therefore, during an impact, the current passes through the body, causing the tissues to heat up to critical temperatures.

The limbs are considered the most susceptible to injury, because. electricity goes to ground. In most cases, a fatal outcome is observed. If an incident occurs and the victim is alive, then, as a rule, he is not able to take any action on his own. There may be paralysis, speech impairment, deafness, loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, etc. Surrounding people need to support the livelihoods of the victims until the arrival of specialists.

Lightning is a powerful electrical discharge that poses a great danger to humans.

A person has multiple burns and charring of the skin, partially or completely. First aid for electric shock from lightning strikes depends on the injuries received. If there is no pulse or breathing, the victim must be given emergency medical care:

• artificial respiration together with indirect heart massage;
• upon regaining consciousness and the ability to swallow, it is necessary to give the person painkillers and sedatives (not alcohol).

The consequences of a lightning strike are much more serious than a conventional electric shock.

If it was possible to bring a person to consciousness, it is necessary to give him a drink - water, tea room temperature. Alcohol and coffee are strictly forbidden to use in case of electric shock.

Artificial respiration and defibrillation

After it turned out that the patient cannot breathe on his own, it is necessary to call an ambulance and independently perform a series of actions:

• turn him over on his back;
• open the airways (hold the chin);
• close the victim's nose;
• in an open mouth, inhale air into the lungs and check the movement of the chest (rises or not);
• after the first two attempts, it is necessary to observe the reaction;
• in case of a successful procedure, the manipulations should be repeated until the arrival of specialists.

Defibrillation is the most effective resuscitation measure. The procedure is the same in all cases:

• make sure that the device has a charge of the required level;
• disconnect from the victim all devices, if any (cardiographs, ventilators, etc.);
• apply a discharge to the body (the electrodes should be placed diagonally so that the heart is on the line - one electrode is on the top right, the other is on the bottom left;
• it is necessary to start discharges from the 4000V mark;
• when the first attempts do not bring results, it is necessary to increase the force of the discharge. The maximum value is 7000V.

It is important to familiarize yourself with the rules for using all household electrical appliances, follow the rules of fire and electrical safety. It is necessary to monitor the health of the wiring at home and at work. If a malfunction of the device or a problem with the power cords is found, do not use them until the master has inspected and properly repaired. During bad weather, it is recommended to close the windows and not to leave the premises. Do not buy umbrellas with metal tips.

PLAN-SUMMARY

SUBJECT: Medical Training

TOPIC: First aid for electric shock and thermal injury

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Learn first aid for electric shock and thermal injury.

VENUE: classroom

METHOD OF CONDUCT: lecture

MAIN DOCUMENTS AND LITERATURE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMARY:

Textbook "Training of firefighters - rescuers". Medical training under the editorship of Doctor of Medical Sciences V.I. Dutova (Moscow 2010).

LOGISTICS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

Educational board - 1 unit;

Video projector - 1 unit;

I. Preparatory part – 5 minutes………………………………………………………… p.2

II. Main part – 30 minutes……………………………………………………………….. page 2

1. study question………………………………………………………………. page 2

2. educational question……………………………………………………………….… p.6

III. Final part – 10 minutes....…………………………………………………… p.8

Preparatory part

Checks of trainees, according to the list;

Checks at the trainees' means of material support for classes (textbooks, workbooks (notebooks), pens, etc.);

II.Main part

First aid for electric shock

Features of electric current

There are six main features of electric current:

Lack of organoleptic manifestations - invisibility, noiselessness. Absence appearance, color, smell, etc.

The ability of current energy to be converted into other forms of energy.

The possibility of causing many types of injuries - electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical.

The possibility of damage at the site of application and throughout the path of electricity through tissues and organs.

The possibility of remote defeat, arc contact.

The speed, instantaneous spread of the lesion.

Distinguish between direct and alternating current. Today the common use alternating current frequency from 50 Hz to 300 GHz.

Let's analyze this range in more detail:

Industrial frequency current, 50 Hz, is used in industrial and domestic electrification systems;

Low frequency current, 3-300 kHz - in radio broadcasting, during melting, welding, heat treatment of metals;

Medium frequency current, 0.3-3.0 MHz - in broadcasting, with inductive heating of metals and other materials;

Current high frequency, 3.0-30 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Very high frequency current, 30-300 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Ultra-high frequency current, 0.3-3.0 GHz - in radar, in multichannel radio communications, in radio astronomy, in radio spectroscopy, in radio navigation, in radio relay communications, in telecommunications, in flaw detection, in geodesy, in physiotherapy, in sterilization and cooking and etc.;

Ultra high frequency current. 3-30 GHz;

Extremely high frequency current, 30-300 GHz.

Various electrical installations are powered by three-phase current, voltage 380/200V, and lighting devices - single-phase current with voltage 220/127V.

Current can be applied:

On a four-wire network with an isolated neutral;

On a four-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral;

On a three-wire network with an isolated neutral;

On a three-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral.

An isolated neutral is a transformer or generator neutral that is not connected to a grounding device or connected through a large resistance commensurate with the insulation resistance of the phase wires.

Figure 1. Diagram of the location of dangerous points on the human body.

Networks with isolated neutral are used in cases where it is possible to control and maintain high level insulation of wires and when the capacitance of the network relative to the ground is insignificant (slightly branched networks not exposed to aggressive environments, which are under the constant supervision of qualified personnel - networks of small enterprises, mobile electrical installations, etc.)

A dead-earthed neutral is a transformer or generator neutral connected directly to a grounding device or through a low resistance.

Networks with dead-earthed neutral are used with a significant length and branching, when it is impossible to provide a high level of insulation (high humidity, aggressive environment, etc.), it is impossible to control and maintain a high level of insulation, or when capacitive currents due to high branching reach dangerous values for humans (networks of large industrial enterprises).

Phase wires A, B, C are called linear wires, the voltage between any two of them is 380V.

The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of inclusion in the network.

1. The most dangerous is the touch of a person to two different phases that are energized. The person is turned on to the full line voltage in the network and the strength of the current passing through the person.

At the same time, in a matter of fractions, a breakdown of the skin occurs and an electric circuit closes in the human body. Especially dangerous is the passage of current near vital organs: the heart, chest, liver, and so on, which can cause heart fibrillation, loss of consciousness and death.

With a two-phase touch, the current passing through a person is practically independent of the network neutral mode. Therefore, a two-phase contact is equally dangerous both in a network with an isolated and with a grounded neutral (if the line voltages of these networks are equal).

2. With simultaneous contact of a person with a linear and neutral wire, single-phase switching takes place.

The first and second cases are still very dangerous because the current passes along the shortest path through the hands and vital organs of a person, paralyzing their work. It should be noted that a person touching different wires with two hands rarely occurs, more often with one hand, i.e. with single-phase switching.

Figure 2. The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of inclusion in the network

The nature and types of electrical injuries, the severity of the lesion. First aid technique for electric shock

Electrical injuries include local injuries and electric shocks.

Local injury:

Electric burn - current, arc. The first of them occurs at low (relatively) voltages of the mains, leading to the conversion of current into heat. Arc burn is one of the severe ones. It occurs in those cases when an electric arc with a thermal energy of more than 35,000 C is formed between the current conductor and the human body;

Electrical signs - appear at the point of contact with a current conductor. Spots of a rounded (oval) shape of gray (pale yellow) color;

Metallization of the skin - damage by metal particles. Melted in an electric arc that penetrates the skin, eyes (this is very dangerous!). The lesions are very painful;

Electrophthalmia - damage ultraviolet rays membranes of the eyes, accompanied by severe pain, pain in the eyes, loss of vision (temporary);

Mechanical injuries - skin ruptures, fractures, ruptures of arteries, veins, ligaments, dislocations. Occur due to involuntary sharp convulsive muscle contractions. Falls from a height when exposed to electricity also lead to injury.

Electric shocks

- convulsive muscle contraction with impaired breathing and palpitations due to a sharp excitation of body tissues by electric current.

Electric shock can result from:

Human exposure to alternating or direct current at home and at work;

As a result of being struck by lightning or being exposed to an electroshock device.

First aid in case of damage with voltage up to 1000 V:

Disconnect the victim, not forgetting about your own safety:

Figure 3. Disconnecting the power supply

Turn off or isolate the current source;

Figure 4. Pulling the casualty by the collar. Rescuer in dielectric gloves and boots, operates with one hand

Pull the free edge of dry clothing with one hand, it is better to put the other hand in your pocket or behind your back so as not to accidentally grab the victim with both hands;

Discard the wire with a dry non-conductive object, placing a rubber mat under the wire;

Cut the wire with an object with an insulated handle. The wire of each phase is cut separately, at different levels!!!

2 Check breathing and pulse on the carotid artery.

3 Perform defibrillation (electrical defibrillator) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as early as possible

Paralysis of the muscles can be observed up to 30 minutes after the action of the current, so resuscitation must be carried out for a long time.

The risk of cardiac arrest persists for 10 days after electric shock, and is significantly increased in persons with chronic disease hearts.

In all cases, despite the possible general satisfactory condition, the absence of visible bodily injuries, it is necessary to provide the victim with complete rest, not to be allowed to move.

Possible sudden deterioration due to burns internal organs and tissues along the current, disorders of organs and systems that develop during the first day or in the coming weeks.

First aid for heat injuries

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the human body is exposed to elevated temperature, in conditions of high humidity, dehydration and disruption of the body's thermoregulation process. Most often, heat stroke develops during hard physical work in conditions of high temperature and humidity. Less often, heat stroke occurs due to prolonged exposure to hot weather in direct sunlight. Regardless of the cause of heat stroke, you should immediately seek qualified medical help to prevent its complications (shock, damage to the brain and internal organs, death).

Causes of heat stroke:

The main cause of heat stroke is exposure to the body high temperature in conditions high humidity environment.

Also, heat stroke can occur as a result of wearing warm and synthetic clothing that prevents the body from generating heat.

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause heat stroke, because. alcohol interferes with thermoregulation.

Hot weather. If you are not accustomed to the effects of high temperatures on the body, limit your physical activity for at least a couple of days in case of a sudden change in temperature. Heavy exercise in the open sun is a serious risk factor for developing heat stroke.

Some medicines also increase the risk of heat stroke. Medications that increase the risk of heat stroke include vasoconstrictors, diuretics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Which people are most at risk of developing heat stroke?

Anyone can get heat stroke, but some people, due to their physiological characteristics, are at greater risk of getting heat stroke than others. Those most at risk for heatstroke are:

Children and the elderly. In newborns, thermoregulatory processes are not fully developed, so they have an increased risk of heat stroke. . In the elderly, thermoregulation weakens with age, which also leads to an increased risk of heat stroke. Pregnant women are also at risk for heatstroke.

genetic predisposition. Some researchers believe that there are people with genetic characteristics of the body that increase the risk of heat stroke (congenital absence of sweat glands, cystic fibrosis).

Heat injury symptoms:

High body temperature (40 C and above) is the main symptom of heat stroke.

Heatstroke often causes thirst.

Absence of sweating. In heatstroke caused by hot weather, the skin becomes hot and dry to the touch. And with heat stroke caused by strenuous physical work, the skin is usually moist, sticky.

During heatstroke, the skin often turns red.

There is lethargy, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath..

With heat stroke, the heart rate rises sharply, breathing quickens.

Also, with heat stroke, a throbbing headache, tinnitus can develop.

Less commonly, heat stroke causes symptoms such as: convulsions, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, as well as weakening of the heart and breathing.

When the human body is exposed to high temperatures, heat cramps can develop. Heat cramps are a precursor to heat stroke. The first signs of heat cramps are: profuse sweating, fatigue, thirst, muscle cramps in the abdomen, legs and arms. To prevent the first signs of heat stroke, such as muscle cramps, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids, combine physical activity with rest, and work in a well-ventilated or air-conditioned room.

Complications of heat stroke:

As a result of heat stroke, a complication such as shock can develop. The first signs of shock in heat stroke are: a weak pulse (low blood pressure), blue lips and nails, the skin becomes cold and wet, loss of consciousness. All these changes in the body lead to the development of edema of the internal organs and the brain. Edema, in turn, leads to irreversible damage to internal organs and the brain and death.

First aid for heat stroke:

Take the victim to a cool place, to fresh air.

Remove tight clothing, untie tie, remove shoes.

For more severe cases: Wrap with a damp sheet (the water should be cold, but not icy), cold compress on the head.

Douse with cool water and blow with air. fanning the victim with a fan, newspaper.

Heatstroke occurs not only as a result of dehydration, but also as a result of the loss of salts through sweat. Therefore, in case of heat stroke, it is recommended to drink 1 liter of water with the addition of 2 teaspoons of salt.

Ice packs can also be applied to the neck, back, armpits, and groin to lower body temperature.

Monitor the pulse, the general condition of the victim. In the absence of the effect of treatment - hospitalization.

If you have heat stroke, do not drink alcoholic drinks and drinks with a high caffeine content (tea, coffee, cappuccino), as these drinks violate the thermoregulation of the body.

Final part

The leader of the lesson answers the questions of the trainees that arose during the lesson.

Putting in order the educational base;

Lesson conclusions;

The leader of the lesson conducts a short survey on the topic covered;

The assignment is for self-study.

Electric shock occurs when it comes into contact with an electrical circuit in which there are voltage sources and / or current sources that can cause current to flow through the energized part of the body. Usually sensitive to a person is the passage of a current of more than 1 mA. In addition, in high voltage installations, it is possible

electric shock without touching current-carrying elements, as a result of current leakage or breakdown of the air gap. The power of defeat depends on the power of the discharge, on the time of exposure, on the nature of the current (constant or alternating), on the condition of the person - the moisture content of the hands, etc., as well as on the place of contact and the path of the current through the body.

Due to the high electrical resistance of human tissues, they heat up quite quickly, which can cause burns. Even relatively small voltages, with short-term contact with the chest, can cause a malfunction of the heart muscle. An electric shock can cause a malfunction of the nervous system, such as erratic muscle contractions. Repetitive shock can cause neuropathy. If the head is struck by an electric current, loss of consciousness is possible.

At sufficiently high voltage and current strength, so-called electric arcs can occur, causing severe thermal burns. The electric arc also creates a strong light emission.

Saving the life of a person struck by an electric current largely depends on the speed and correctness of the actions of the persons assisting him. First aid should begin to be provided immediately, if possible at the scene, while simultaneously calling for medical assistance.

The caregiver should know:

• the main signs of violation of the vital functions of the human body;
• general principles first aid and its techniques in relation to the nature of the injury received by the victim;
• the main methods of carrying and evacuating victims.

The caregiver must be able to:

• assess the condition of the victim and determine what assistance, first of all, he needs;
• ensure free patency of the upper respiratory tract;
• perform artificial respiration "mouth to mouth" ("mouth to nose") and closed heart massage and evaluate their effectiveness;
• determine the expediency of calling the victim by ambulance or passing transport.

First aid sequence:

1. Eliminate the impact on the body of damaging factors that threaten the health and life of the victim (free from the action of electric current, remove from the contaminated atmosphere, extinguish burning clothes, etc.), assess the condition of the victim;

2. Determine the nature and severity of the injury, the greatest threat to the life of the victim and the sequence of measures to save him;

3. Perform necessary measures to rescue the victim in order of urgency (restore airway patency, perform artificial respiration, external heart massage);

4. Support the basic vital functions of the victim until the arrival of a medical worker;

5. Call an ambulance or take measures to transport the victim to the nearest medical facility.

With electric shock, death is often clinical (“imaginary”), so you should never refuse to help the victim and consider him dead due to lack of breathing, heartbeat, pulse.

Only a doctor has the right to decide on the appropriateness or safety of measures to revive the victim and to make a conclusion about his death.

Exemption from the action of electric current

In case of electric shock, it is necessary to release the victim from the shock as soon as possible, because. the severity of the electrical injury depends on the duration of this action.

Touching live parts that are energized in most cases causes involuntary convulsive muscle contraction and general excitation, which can even lead to a violation of even a complete cessation of the activity of the respiratory and circulatory organs.

If the victim holds the wire with his hands, his fingers are compressed so tightly that it becomes impossible to release the wire from his hands.

Therefore, the first action that provides assistance should be the immediate shutdown of the part of the electrical installation that the victim touches.

Shutdown is carried out using a switch, a knife switch, as well as by removing or unscrewing the fuses.

If it is impossible to turn off the installation quickly enough, other measures must be taken to free the victim from the action of the current.

In all cases, the caregiver should not touch the victim without proper precautions, because. it is life-threatening. He must also ensure that he himself does not come into contact with the current-carrying part and under the voltage of the step.

Voltage up to 1000V

To separate the victim from current-carrying parts or wires with voltage up to 1000V, use a rope, stick, board or a dry object that does not conduct electric current.

You can also pull it by the clothes (if it is dry and lags behind the body), for example, by the floor of a jacket or coat, by the collar, while avoiding touching the surrounding metal objects and parts of the victim’s body that are not covered by clothes. When pulling the victim by the legs, the assisting person should not touch his shoes or clothes, because. shoes and clothes may be damp and conduct electricity.

To isolate the hands, the assisting person must wear dielectric gloves or wrap a hand with a scarf, put a cloth cap on it, throw a rubber mat or just a dry cloth over the victim. You can also insulate yourself by standing on a rubber mat, dry board, or non-conductive soles. When separating the victim from current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with one hand, holding the other in your pocket or behind your back.

If an electric current passes into the ground through the victim and he convulsively squeezes one current-carrying element in his hand (for example, a wire, it is easier to interrupt the current by separating the victim from the ground), slip a dry board under him, or drag him by his clothes. You can also cut the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or bite them with a tool with insulated handles (cutters, pliers). It is necessary to cut the wires phase by phase, i.e. each wire separately, while it is necessary to stand on dry boards, a wooden ladder.

Voltage over 1000V

To separate the victim from current-carrying parts energized above 1000V, put on dielectric gloves and boots, use a rod or insulating ends rated for the appropriate voltage. At the same time, one must remember about the danger of step voltage if the current-carrying part lies on the ground and after releasing the victim from the action of the current, it is necessary to remove him from the danger zone.

On power lines, to release the victim, if he touches the wires, short circuit the wires by throwing a flexible bare wire over them.

The wire must have a sufficient cross section so that it does not burn out when current passes through it. short circuit. Before you make a sketch, one end of the wire must be grounded (attached to the body metal support, grounding descent, etc.). It is necessary to throw the conductor so that it does not touch people, including those providing assistance and the victim. If the victim touches one wire, it is often sufficient to ground only that wire.

First aid for an electric shock victim

After the release of the victim from the action of electric current, it is necessary to determine his condition:

• consciousness: clear, absent, disturbed, agitated;
• color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes): pink, cyanotic, pale;
• breathing: normal, absent, disturbed (irregular, superficial, wheezing);
• pulse on the carotid arteries;
• pupils are narrow, wide.

The color of the skin, the presence of breathing, loss of consciousness is assessed visually. If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, and the pupils are wide, it can be considered that he is in a state of clinical death and it is necessary to immediately begin to revive the body using artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mouth methods. nose” and external heart massage.

If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is felt, it is necessary to immediately start artificial respiration. Starting to revive, you need to call a doctor or an ambulance. If the victim is conscious, but before that he was in a faint or in an unconscious state, but with a stable breathing and pulse, he should be laid on a bed, unfasten his clothes, create an inflow fresh air, create complete peace by continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing.

In no case should the victim be allowed to move, and even more so continue to work, since the absence of visible severe damage from email. current does not exclude the possible subsequent deterioration of its condition. The victim should only be moved to another location if he or the person providing assistance continues to be in danger or when assistance is not possible on the spot (for example, on a support). In no case should you bury the victim in the ground, as this will only bring harm and lead to a loss of time.

Ways to revive the body in clinical death

Artificial respiration

Artificial respiration is performed in cases where the victim does not breathe or breathes very badly, and also if his breathing is constantly deteriorating. Most effective way artificial respiration is the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unbuttoned tight clothing, ensured the patency of the upper respiratory tract and removed from the oral cavity with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief or bandage, foreign contents (slipped prostheses, vomit, etc.)

After that, the assisting person is located on the side of the victim’s head, slips one hand under the victim’s neck, and with the palm of the other hand presses on his forehead, throwing his head back as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the victim's mouth opens. The person assisting leans towards the victim’s face, takes a deep breath with his mouth open, completely tightly covers the victim’s open mouth with his lips and exhales vigorously, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; at the same time, he covers the nose of the victim with his cheek or fingers of the hand located on the forehead. In this case, it is necessary to observe the victim's chest, which rises. As soon as the chest wall has risen, the air injection stops, the assisting person turns his face to the side, and the victim passively exhales. If the victim has a well-determined pulse and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 seconds (12 respiratory cycles per minute).

When performing artificial respiration, the one who refuses to help must ensure that air does not enter the victim's stomach.

When air enters the stomach, bloating occurs under the "spoon". In this case, gently press the palm of your hand on the stomach between the sternum and the navel. This may cause vomiting, then you need to turn your head and shoulders to the side to clear his mouth and throat. If the jaws of the victim are tightly clenched and it is not possible to open the mouth, artificial respiration "from mouth to nose" should be carried out. Small children are blown into the mouth and nose at the same time, covering the child's nose with their mouth. Blowing is done to the child (15-18 times per minute).

Artificial respiration is stopped after the victim recovers sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing. In the absence of not only breathing, but also a pulse on the carotid artery, 2 artificial breaths are taken in a row and an external heart massage is started.

External cardiac massage

With the defeat of e. current can occur not only respiratory arrest, but also stop blood circulation when the heart does not provide blood circulation through the vessels. To resume blood circulation artificially and make an external heart massage. The human heart is located in the chest between the sternum and the spine. If you press on the sternum, then the heart will be compressed between the sternum and the spine and blood will be squeezed out of its cavities into the vessels. If you press on the sternum with jerky sliders, then the blood will be pushed out of the cavities of the heart in almost the same way as it occurs during its natural contraction. It is called external (indirect, closed) heart massage.

Indications for the use of resuscitation measures are cardiac arrest, loss of consciousness, pallor or cyanosis of the skin, loss of consciousness, absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, cessation of breathing or incorrect breaths. In case of cardiac arrest, without wasting a second, the victim must be laid on a flat, rigid base, his head thrown back.

If assistance is provided by one person, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes 2 quick blows (according to the mouth-to-mouth method), then rises, remaining on the same side of the victim. The palm of one hand is placed on the lower half of the sternum (2 fingers higher from the solar plexus), the fingers are raised. He puts the palm of the second hand on top of the first across or along and presses, helping by tilting his body. Press with a quick push so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm. If the revival is carried out by one person, then he produces 2 blows - 15 pressures in 1 minute. It is necessary to make 12 blows - 60 pressures. If revival is carried out by 2 people, then they produce: 1 blow - 5 pressures.

If resuscitation is carried out correctly: the skin begins to turn pink, the pupils constrict, spontaneous breathing is restored. After the cardiac activity is restored and the pulse is well determined, the heart massage immediately stops, continuing artificial respiration with weak breathing of the victim. When full spontaneous breathing is restored, artificial respiration also stops. If cardiac activity or spontaneous breathing has not yet recovered, then resuscitation can be stopped only when the victim is transferred to the hands of a medical worker.

For children from one to 12 years old, heart massage is performed from 70-100 pressures per minute.

Children up to a year do 100-120 pressures per minute with two fingers.

First aid for injury

Microbes that are on the wounding object, on the skin of the victim, as well as in the dust in the ground, etc. can be brought into any wound.

To avoid contracting tetanus (a serious disease with a high mortality rate) Special attention should be given to wounds contaminated with earth. An urgent visit to the doctor for the introduction of tetanus toxoid prevents this disease.

When providing first aid, the following rules must be strictly observed:

• it is impossible to wash the wound with water or even any medicinal substance, cover it with powders and cover with ointments, as this prevents the healing of the wound, contributes to the entry of dirt from the surface of the skin into it, which causes subsequent suppuration.
• it is impossible to wash sand, earth, etc. from the wound, since it is impossible to remove everything that pollutes the wound in this way, but at the same time, dirt can be rubbed deeper and it is easier to cause infection of the wound, only a doctor can clean the wound properly.
• do not remove blood clots from the wound, because. this can cause severe bleeding.
• do not wrap the wound with insulating tape.

To provide first aid in case of injury, it is necessary to open the individual package available in the first aid kit (bag), apply the sterile dressing material contained in it to the wound and bandage it with a bandage.

First aid for bleeding

External bleeding can be arterial and venous. With arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet in color and flows out in a pulsating jet (jerks); with venous bleeding, the blood is dark in color and flows out continuously. The most dangerous is arterial bleeding.

To stop bleeding:

• raise an injured limb
• close the bleeding wound with a dressing (from a bag) folded into a lump and press down from above, without touching the wound itself with your fingers: in this position, without lowering your finger, hold for 4-5 minutes, if the bleeding stops, then without removing the applied material, over apply another pad from another bag or a piece of cotton wool and bandage the wounded area.
• in case of severe arterial bleeding, if it does not stop with a bandage, apply squeezing of blood vessels, by bending the limb and joints, also with fingers, tourniquet or twist, in all cases of large bleeding, it is necessary to urgently call a doctor.

First aid for burns

Burns come in three degrees, ranging from mild redness to severe necrosis of large areas of the skin. In case of severe burns, it is necessary to carefully remove the dress and shoes from the victim - it is better to cut them. A burn wound, being contaminated, begins to fester and does not heal for a long time. Therefore, you should not touch the burnt area of ​​​​skin with your hands or lubricate it with any ointments, oils, petroleum jelly or solution. The burnt surface should be bandaged in the same way as any wound, covered with sterilized material from the bag or a clean, ironed linen rag, and a layer of cotton wool should be placed on top and everything should be covered with a bandage. This method of first aid should be used for all burns, whatever they are: steam, voltaic arc, hot mastic, rosin, etc.

For eye burns electric arc cold lotions should be made from the solution boric acid and refer the victim to a doctor immediately.

In case of burns caused by strong acids (sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric), the affected area should be immediately thoroughly washed with a fast-flowing stream of water from a tap or bucket for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected area is washed with a 5% solution of potassium permanganate or a 10% solution of baking soda. After washing, the affected areas of the body should be covered with gauze with an impregnated mixture. vegetable oil and lime water in equal proportions.

In case of burns with caustic alkalis (caustic soda, quicklime- the affected area should be thoroughly rinsed with a fast-flowing stream of water for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected area should be washed with a weak solution. acetic acid(3-6% by volume) or a solution of boric acid (one teaspoon per glass of water). After washing, the affected areas should be covered with gauze soaked in a 5% solution of acetic acid.

First aid for fractures, dislocations, bruises and sprains

With fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to provide a calm and most comfortable position for the injured limb, which is achieved by its complete immobility. Fractures are either closed or open.

In case of an open fracture, a sterile dressing should be applied to the wound; in case of large bleeding, a tourniquet should be applied. Immobilize the injured limb by any available means (sticks, skis, boards). After providing first aid, the victim should be taken to a doctor.

FIRST AID FOR ELECTRIC SHOCK, BEFORE PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ASSISTANCE ARRIVES:

Even a seemingly insignificant electric shock is dangerous for the human body, since the consequences of an electric shock on organs such as the lungs, heart, nervous system do not appear immediately, but after some time.

First aid - measures aimed at restoring or preserving the health and life of the victim. It is provided by the person who is next to the victim or the victim himself until the arrival of medical personnel.

The severity of electric shock depends on the path of current flow through the human body, on the magnitude of the voltage electrical appliance, on the physical condition of the person, as well as how timely and efficiently the first medical aid will be provided.

GENERAL RULES:

1. First aid in case of electric shock consists of two stages: RELEASE OF THE AFFECTED FROM THE ACTION OF THE CURRENT AND RENDERING TO HIM FIRST AID.
2. First aid should be provided IMMEDIATELY and if possible at the scene. The best effect is achieved when LESS than 4 minutes have passed since the moment of cardiac arrest, delay can lead to the death of the victim.
3. In case of electric shock, death is often clinical (imaginary), therefore, NEVER REFUSE TO RENDER HELP TO THE INJURED, considering him dead if he has no heartbeat, pulse. First aid should be provided to the victim ALWAYS, and only a doctor has the right to make a conclusion about death.
4. In no case should the victim be allowed to move, much less continue to work, since the absence of visible severe damage from electric current does not exclude the possibility of a subsequent deterioration in his condition.
5. In all cases of electric shock, it is necessary to call a doctor, regardless of the condition of the victim. Interteach ambulance telephones different cities Kazakhstan can be found on the website

RELEASE OF THE AFFECTED FROM THE ACTION OF THE CURRENT:

1. It is necessary to free a person from the action of the current as soon as possible, but at the same time, precautions must be observed. If the victim is at a height, measures must be taken to prevent him from falling.
2. Touching a person under voltage is DANGEROUS, and when conducting rescue operations, certain precautions must be strictly observed against possible electric shock to persons conducting these works.
3. Most in a simple way the release of the victim from the current is to turn off the electrical appliance or equipment, or that part of it that the person touches. When turned off, the electric light may go out, therefore, in the absence of daylight, it is necessary to have another light source ready - a lantern, a candle, etc.
4. If it is impossible to quickly turn off the installation, appropriate precautions must be taken so that you yourself do not come into contact with the current-carrying part or the body of the victim, as well as under the voltage of the step.
5. In installations with voltages up to 400 V, the victim can be pulled back by dry clothing. At the same time, DO NOT TOUCH UNPROTECTED PARTS OF THE BODY of the victim, wet clothes, shoes, etc. It is better to do this with one hand.
6. In the presence of electrical protective equipment - dielectric gloves, galoshes, rugs, coasters - they should be used when releasing the victim from the current.
7. In cases where the hands of the victim cover the conductor, the conductor should be cut with an ax or other sharp object with insulated handles ( dry wood, plastic).
8. In installations with voltages above 1000 V, to release the victim, it is necessary to use an insulating rod or insulating tongs, observing all the rules for using these protective equipment.
9. If the victim falls as a result of the step voltage, he must be isolated from the ground by slipping a dry wooden board or plywood.

PROVIDING PRE-MEDICAL CARE:

1. First aid is provided immediately after release from the action of the current at the scene, if there is no danger threatening the victim or those providing assistance.
2. Starting to provide assistance, you need to take care of calling a doctor or an ambulance. This must be done by the non-helper who cannot interrupt the care, but by someone else. INTERTICH AMBULANCE PHONES CAN BE LEARNED ON THE SITE: WWW.site
3. If the victim has not lost consciousness, it is necessary to provide him with rest, and if there are injuries or injuries (bruises, fractures, dislocations, burns, etc.), he must be given first aid before the doctor arrives or taken to the nearest medical facility.

If the victim has lost consciousness, but breathing is preserved, it is necessary to lay him evenly and comfortably on a soft bedding - a blanket, clothes, etc., unfasten the collar, belt, remove tight clothing, clean the mouth from blood, mucus, provide fresh air, give a sniff ammonia, sprinkle with water, rub and warm the body.

In the absence of signs of life (with clinical death, there is no breathing and pulse, the pupils of the eyes are dilated due to oxygen starvation of the cerebral cortex) or with intermittent breathing, the victim should be quickly released from clothing that restricts breathing, clean the mouth and do artificial respiration and heart massage.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND HEART MASSAGE:

1. Lay the victim on his back, USE A HARD SURFACE: floor, asphalt or earth. If the scene is a soft surface, you need to move the body to a harder area, or put something like a board under your back.
2. If breathing and heartbeat are not observed, proceed to resuscitation immediately. You need to start with artificial respiration, and then proceed to heart massage. Observe the ratio - 2 to 30, that is, 2 exhalations for 30 chest thrusts. And so on in a circle until signs of life are found, or until an ambulance arrives.
3. DO NOT FORGET TO CHECK FOR PULSE OR BREATH EVERY MINUTE.

HOW TO DO ARTIFICIAL BREATHING CORRECTLY:

1. After you put the victim on his back, tilt his head back - this is necessary for unhindered access of air to the lungs. To fix this position, place a roll of folded clothes or a towel under your shoulders. Keep in mind: you can’t tilt your head back if there is a suspicion of a neck fracture.

2. With a finger wrapped in a napkin or handkerchief, in a circular motion, clean the inside of the mouth from foreign objects: sand, pieces of food, blood, mucus, vomit.

3. After making sure that the airways are not clogged with anything, start artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth method, or, if the jaw cannot be opened due to spasm, the mouth-to-nose method.

4. With the mouth-to-mouth method, you need to hold the open jaw with one hand, and tightly clamp the nose with the other. Take a deep breath and blow the air into the victim's mouth. It is important that your lips are pressed tightly against the victim's mouth to prevent "leakage" between the lips. With the “mouth to nose” method, everything is the same, only now you need to close your mouth tightly with your palm, and blow air into your nose, respectively.

5. You need to blow in air strongly, but smoothly. By no means in short bursts, because with such a pressure of air, the diaphragm in the throat will not open, and oxygen will flow not into the lungs, but into the stomach, which can lead to vomiting.

6. Frequency: 10-12 breaths per minute or 1 exhalation for 5 seconds. You inhale (1-1.5 seconds), release your nose and count to 4. Then repeat the procedure, not forgetting to tightly close the victim's nose at the moments of inspiration. You need to count not quickly, but as expected. If pulmonary resuscitation is performed on a one-year-old child, inhalation is done more often, 1 exhalation for three seconds.

7. Keep your chest up as you inhale - that's your control. If the chest does not rise, it means that air is not entering the lungs. This may indicate that the tongue is stuck due to an incorrect position of the head, or that there are foreign objects in the throat. If so, correct the situation.

8. If the air still went through the esophagus and the stomach was inflated, you need to gently press on it in top point to get the air out. Be prepared to vomit after this - turn your head to the side and promptly clear your mouth.

HOW TO DO THE INDIRECT HEART MASSAGE CORRECTLY

1. Take the correct posture. You should be on the side of the recumbent, sitting on your knees - so the center of gravity of your body will be stable.

2. Determine the place where the compression will be applied (HEART MASSAGE). Contrary to popular belief, the human heart is not on the left, but in the center of the chest. You need to put pressure on the heart, not higher and not lower. This is very important, since compression in the wrong place can not only have a minimal effect, but also be harmful. The required point is located in the center of the chest, at a distance of two longitudinal fingers from the end of the sternum (this is where the ribs touch).

3. Place the base of your hand on this point so that thumb looked either at the chin or at the stomach of the victim, depending on which side you sat down on. On top of the first, place the second palm crosswise. Only the base of the palm should be in contact with the patient's body, the fingers should be overhang. In the case of children from 1 to 8 years old, only one palm is used, with infants under 1 year old, only two fingers are massaged.

4. Do not bend your elbows during compression. The line of your shoulders should be strictly above the recumbent and parallel to the body. The main force of pressure should come from your weight, and not from the muscles of the hands, otherwise you will quickly get tired, and the compression will not be effective or not the same in each push.

5. When pressed, the chest of the victim should fall by 4-5 cm, so the shocks must be quite strong. Otherwise, the contraction of the heart will not be sufficient to move the blood through the body to deliver oxygen to the brain.

1. The compression frequency should be 100 strokes per minute. Note that this is the frequency of punctures, not the number of punctures. In total, we recall that you need to do 30 pushes, changing compression to artificial ventilation of the lungs. After which, again we turn to heart massage. Do not forget to check the signs of life every minute: pulse, breathing and pupillary reaction to light.
2. Very often, during compression of the heart, ribs break.. You shouldn't be afraid of this. The ribs will grow together later, now the main thing is to revive the person. So, having heard a characteristic crack, do not stop and continue to massage the heart.

The main source of energy in modern world is an electric current. The main voltage in the electrical network of residential premises is 220 V. This is a sufficiently high voltage at which, when the circuit is closed with the human body, a sufficiently strong current can pass through it. Significant electrification has led to a fairly frequent defeat of the human body by electricity.

On average, there is one death per 100,000 cases of electric shock, which is associated with very high voltage and current strength, as well as incorrect or untimely provision of emergency assistance to the victim.

Features of electrical injury

Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor (metals are the best conductor for electric current). The human body is 80% water with compounds dissolved in it, therefore it is a fairly good conductor. There are several factors and features that affect the severity of electrical injury (up to death), these include:

• At a higher voltage, a more significant current flows through the human body, which leads to a pronounced damage to cells and tissues along its route.
• Lower skin resistance in the touch area electric wire(wet skin or clothing) leads to a more severe electrical injury.
• The path of electric current propagation through the heart (touching both hands to the wires) or the brain (touching the wire to the head and other parts of the body) is very dangerous.
• The general condition of the human body at the time of injury.
• The duration of exposure to electric current - the longer, the more pronounced will be the damage to the cells and tissues of the body.

Significant impact on the severity of electrical injury has a general condition of the body. So in the presence of alcohol intoxication at the time of the defeat, the risk of death after an electric shock significantly increases.

The mechanism of development of electrical injury

There are several damaging effects of electric current on the human body:

• A significant violation of the frequency and rhythm of heart contractions up to the development of its fibrillation (chaotic contraction of myocardial muscle fibers without effective blood flow) and cardiac arrest (asystole).
• Violation of the functional activity of the structures of the central nervous system - damage to the vasomotor and respiratory center with collapse of blood vessels and respiratory arrest, in which a lethal outcome is possible. Impact on the structures of the central and peripheral systems is always accompanied by involuntary contractions of the striated skeletal muscles.
• A skin burn in the area of ​​contact with an electric current source can have a different area and depth of tissue damage, depending on the voltage and current strength. Also, when struck by an electric arc (the formation of an arc occurs between a source of very high voltage and the human body due to air ionization), a severe burn can develop.

These lesions are of varying intensity. When exposed to low voltage, they are insignificant and pass without a trace.

Symptoms

Manifestations after exposure to electric current depend on its strength and voltage. In severe lesions, at the time of exposure to electricity, an involuntary contraction of the muscles of the body occurs, which leads to the development of characteristic convulsions. Then a violation of consciousness (confusion, its absence), breathing (up to a complete stop) may develop. A pronounced decrease in the level of systemic arterial pressure is also determined, the pulse on the main arteries (in particular, it is determined on the radial artery by pressing it against the bone in the wrist area) may not be determined. In the area where the skin touches the source of electric current, a burn usually develops in the form of a characteristic red spot (hyperemia), followed by the formation of blisters (bulls) filled with liquid. At high voltage, the burn can be significant with charring of the skin.

There are cases of electric shock with a voltage of the order of several tens of thousands of volts, in which the severity of the burn was so great that almost the entire surface of the skin was charred. In such cases, even the timely and correct provision of emergency medical care does not guarantee a favorable prognosis.

Urgent care

The algorithm for providing emergency first aid includes a number of activities:

The very first action should be to de-energize the electrical circuit, then after assessing the general condition
victim and rendering (if necessary) resuscitation measures, it is imperative to call an ambulance.

In some cases, there is a period of “imaginary well-being” with an improvement in the condition of the victim, however, over a short period of time, late life-threatening complications in the form of pulmonary and cerebral edema may develop, so the person should be under medical supervision.

Through the correct implementation of measures in relation to the provision of emergency care, the likelihood of a fatal outcome can be minimized.

(youtube)meMbxq6GUZo(/youtube)