First aid for electric shock. Electric shock

If a person received an electric shock, then he should be given emergency first aid in case of injury. electric shock according to a special algorithm. Appliances, which people use at home, may be faulty and lead to trouble. When first aid for electric shock is performed correctly, it is possible to resuscitate the patient before the arrival of doctors.

What is electric shock

The impact of current on a person leads to pathological disorders in the body and death. Household electrical injuries and lightning strikes have different sources occurrence and require right approach to treatment. They often get damaged due to non-compliance with safety rules, in case of violation of the wiring insulation. Electrical injury due to natural atmospheric phenomena is rare.

In specialized premises at the enterprise, there must be an instruction on electrical safety with the order of first nursing care in case of electric shock to an employee with pictures and diagrams.

signs

If the victim lost consciousness without witnesses, then the cause of the condition can be determined by the main signs of electric shock:

1. Nearby are bare electrical wires.
2. There are wounds from the inlet.
3. Pulse and breathing are intermittent.
4. The skin, lips have a bluish tint.

The negative effect of electricity is manifested in the disruption of the functioning internal organs. Due to the electric shock, tissue heating and contraction of all muscle groups occur. The electric arc leaves marks at the entrance and exit, hitting the deep layers of the skin. The input is the place of contact with the cable. The consequences are:

• dizziness;
• spasm of the vocal cords;
• myocardial infarction;
• convulsions;
• heart failure;
• loss of consciousness.

Actions in case of electric shock

For a person, voltage up to 50 V is safe, and at high humidity indoors, even 12 V poses a threat to life, so at home you need to provide first aid in time. Actions in case of electric shock to a person:

1. Pull out the damaged device from the network, bite the wire with pliers, cut it with an ax without touching it. You can use dry rubber gloves, a cloth, a wooden object.
2. If it is not possible to de-energize the source of damage, you need to pull the person over the edge of the clothing for several meters. You can not touch his skin with bare hands.
3. Assess the emotional and physical state of the patient. Electric shock causes severe shock, accompanied by hallucinations.

First aid for electric shock

The brain and heart suffer the most, there is a rhythm disturbance that leads to a cessation of breathing, so it is important to start providing assistance in case of electric shock in the first minutes after the incident. The actions of a person who is close to the affected current, depending on the degree of the patient's condition and the complexity of his injuries, are carried out in the following sequence:

1. If consciousness is present, it must be placed on hard surface, ensure peace, lubricate the skin around the burns with iodine 5% or potassium permanganate, apply a clean, dry bandage over the burns. It is necessary to give an analgesic drug Analgin or Aspirin, a few (25-30) drops of valerian diluted in water.
2. If a person is fainting, but the pulse is felt in the region of the carotid artery, then first aid for electrical injury is performed before the doctors arrive. It is necessary to release from squeezing clothing, bring to consciousness with ammonia, warm.
3. During loss of consciousness and clinical death, it is necessary to resuscitate by performing chest compressions and artificial respiration mouth to mouth or mouth to nose if the muscles of the mouth are spasmodic.

Here short description first steps in case of electric shock. Indirect massage of the heart muscle is carried out alternately with the inhalation of air. The head is thrown back, the mouth is freed from foreign objects. An individual nozzle is placed on the lips for the procedure, the nose is clamped and 5 strong breaths are taken. Then 10 pushes are carried out with straight hands laid on top of each other in the area of ​​the solar plexus.

First aid for electric shock

After the arrival of specialists, an additional assessment of the patient's condition is carried out on this moment and quality of pre-medical manipulation. If the first honey. help with electric shock did not work - actions continue using special means. Instead of artificial respiration, a portable ventilator is connected through which oxygen is supplied.

Resuscitation in case of electric shock

When resuscitation in case of electric shock has no results after 4-5 minutes, an intracardiac, intravenous or intramuscular injection of adrenaline 0.1%, a solution of strofanthin 0.05% mixed with 20 ml of glucose 40% will help enhance the effect. If consciousness is restored, then the person is laid on his side and the nurse gives him anti-shock, pain medications that provide normal work hearts. In this state, when first aid is provided in case of electric shock, he is ready for transportation to the hospital.

Video: first aid for electric shock

The first action of the rescuer should be the immediate disconnection of the current-carrying area that the victim touches - with a knife switch, a switch, removing a fuse, a plug connector, artificial creation short circuit on the overhead line. When working at height, before disconnecting the current-carrying section, the fall of the victim should be prevented.

At voltages up to 1000 V, to separate the victim from the current-carrying element, use a stick, board, rope or some other dry object that does not conduct electric current, it can also be pulled by clothing (if it is dry), avoiding contact with others metal objects and body parts of the victim.

It is necessary to put on dielectric gloves, stand on a rubber carpet. When separating the victim from the current-carrying element, use one hand.

At voltages above 1000 V, protective equipment should be used to separate the victim from the current-carrying element: put on dielectric gloves, boots and use a rod or insulating tongs designed for the appropriate voltage.

On overhead power lines 6-20 kV, when it is impossible to quickly turn them off from the power side, an artificial short circuit should be created to turn off the overhead line. To do this, a flexible bare conductor must be thrown onto the wires of the overhead line. The stranded conductor must have a sufficient cross section to avoid burnout when a short circuit current passes through it. Before throwing the conductor, one end must be grounded (attached to the body metal support, grounding descent or a separate ground electrode, etc.), and at the other end, for the convenience of throwing, it is desirable to attach a load. When throwing the conductor, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves and boots.

The person providing assistance should be aware of the danger of step voltage if the current-carrying part (wire, etc.) lies on the ground. You need to move in this area with extreme caution, using protective equipment for isolation from the ground (dielectric galoshes, boots, dielectric carpets, insulating stands) or objects that conduct electricity poorly (dry boards, logs, etc.).

Without means of protection, one should move in the zone of spreading of the earth fault current by moving the feet on the ground and not tearing them one from the other.

After separating the victim from the current-carrying parts, he should be taken out of the danger zone at a distance of at least 8 m from the current-carrying part (wire).

First aid measures depend on the state in which the victim is after releasing him from the effects of electric current. To determine this condition, it is necessary to immediately take the following measures: - lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; - check for the presence of breathing in the victim (determined visually by lifting the chest; using a mirror); - check whether the victim has a pulse on the radial artery at the wrist or on the carotid artery on the anterior-lateral surface of the neck; - find out the state of the pupil (narrow or wide); a wide pupil indicates a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain. In all cases of electric shock, calling a doctor is mandatory, regardless of the condition of the victim.

If the victim is conscious, but before that he was in a state of fainting, he should be placed in a comfortable position (lay under him and cover him with something from the top of his clothes) and ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives, continuously monitoring breathing and pulse. It is forbidden to allow the victim to move, much less continue to work, since the absence of symptoms after an electric shock does not exclude the possibility of a subsequent deterioration in the victim's condition. If it is not possible to quickly call a doctor, it is necessary to urgently deliver the victim to a medical institution.

If the victim is unconscious, but with a stable breathing and pulse, he should be laid evenly and comfortably, unfasten his clothes, create an inflow fresh air, give a sniff ammonia, splash your face with water and ensure complete rest. If the victim is breathing poorly - very rarely and convulsively (like a dying person), he should do artificial respiration and an indirect (external) heart massage.

If the victim has no signs of life (breathing and pulse), he cannot be considered dead, since death is often only apparent. In this state, the victim, if he is not given immediate first aid in the form of artificial respiration and external (indirect) heart massage, will really die. Artificial respiration should be performed continuously, both before and after the arrival of the doctor. The question of the advisability or aimlessness of further artificial respiration is decided by the doctor.

In all cases, only a doctor has the right to ascertain death.

1. The main condition for success in first aid is speed of action, resourcefulness, knowledge and skill. The salvation of the victim in most cases depends on the speed of the transition to the correct and non-stop production of artificial respiration. Delay, long fees lead to the death of the victim.

2. For first aid it is necessary:

a) release the victim from the action of electric current;

b) if the victim has no signs of life (breathing,
heartbeat, pulse) it is necessary to immediately start artificial respiration on the spot and not stop it
before the arrival of the doctor;

c) at the same time, through someone, call from the health center (plant polyclinic) ambulance;

d) if the victim is unconscious but breathing, it is necessary to give
him to inhale oxygen or a clean stream of air.

3. The process of releasing the victim from the action of an electric current requires the help of the falling person to be quick, resourceful and
discretion.

It must be remembered that:

a) imprudence when turning off the current in order to free the victim from it can sometimes lead to a strong
environments (for example, falling from a height);

b) touching a victim who is under the influence of electric current without the use of protective measures is very dangerous:
you can get an electric shock in turn.

4. To release the victim from electric current (in case of damage up to 1 sq.) You need:

a) use dry clothes, dry hemp rope, dry board or any other non-conductors to grab the victim and pull him away from live parts;

b) if you have to act with your hands, you need to put on serviceable rubber gloves, galoshes, stand on a dry wooden board or other non-conductive stand, but without the risk of falling off it when providing assistance;

d) if the current through the human body goes to the ground and the victim convulsively squeezes the wire, it is best to interrupt the current by lifting
hit by the earth than to unclench his fingers;

e) turn off the nearest switch if this achieves a quick and safe (no danger of falling from a height) release from
current;

e) in cases where it is possible to cut the wire for
disconnecting the victim from the current must be done using
insulated tool (dry-handled ax or other tool);

g) if it is impossible to apply any of the mentioned methods or such application requires a lot of time, you need to resort to
to short circuit wires on the line or grounding them, and if the victim holds on to only one wire, you need to quickly ground the latter;

h) when carrying out grounding, it is necessary to first connect the used conductor with metal structures having a ground, and then with a wire to be grounded.

5. Artificial respiration should be performed only if the victim is not breathing, or breathing is very weak with sobbing and breathing gradually worsens.

6. Before proceeding with the production of artificial respiration, it is necessary:

a) release the victim from clothing restricting breathing (unbutton the collar of the shirt, belt);

b) open the mouth, free it from foreign objects (remove false teeth, mucus, blood). If it is impossible to open the mouth, a suitable object (a wooden board, a spoon handle) should be inserted between the victim's teeth to allow air to enter;

c) the tongue, if it is deeply sunk, you need to pull it out with a handkerchief
and make sure it doesn't flare up again. At the same time, it is necessary to remove unnecessary people through assistants and ensure the flow of clean air (open windows, etc.).

Artificial respiration by mouth-to-mouth method

(Fig. 1 - Fig. 5).

The victim must be put on his back, stand on the left side, bring under the back of the victim's head left hand(Fig. 2) and pressing right hand on the forehead (Fig. 3) tilt your head back. As a result, it will be possible to open the victim's mouth and use a handkerchief, gauze or the edge of a shirt to free him from mucus.

Rolls of folded clothes are placed under the victim's shoulder blades. Having taken two or three deep breaths, the helper blows air through gauze or a handkerchief from his mouth into the mouth or nose of the victim.

When air is blown in, the mouth (Fig. 4) of the person providing assistance should close the nose of the victim with his cheek or fingers. When blowing through the nose, the victim needs to close the nose.

After the end of the blowing of air, the mouth into the nose of the victim should be released so as not to throw a free exhalation. Then the caregiver takes two to three deep breaths and repeats blowing air into the mouth or nose of the victim.

The frequency of artificial respiration should not exceed 10-12 times per minute. When carrying out artificial respiration, it is desirable to use a tube (air duct) curved in the form of the letter “S” with a round shield in the middle (Fig. 5).

The tube is inserted into the victim's mouth with the convex side towards the tongue and rotated 180 degrees, due to which the victim's tongue is kept from sinking and air can freely pass into the larynx. The shield in the air duct keeps the tube in the right position and does not prevent the victim from closing his mouth in order to prevent arbitrary air from escaping.

The effectiveness of artificial respiration is determined by the expansion of the chest of the victim with each blowing of air into the mouth. If this does not happen, it is necessary to ensure the complete flow of the blown air into the lungs of the victim and check the position of his head (whether the larynx is closed).

Artificial respiration should be carried out until the victim recovers independent deep and rhythmic breathing. The appearance of the first weak breaths does not give grounds for stopping artificial respiration, it is only necessary to time the artificial breath to the moment the independent breath begins.

If the victim does not have a heartbeat, it is necessary to start an indirect heart massage simultaneously with artificial respiration, which is performed in the following way;

The victim is laid on a hard bench or floor and quickly freed from restrictive clothing - unfasten the belt, collar, remove the tie. The assisting person becomes on the left side of the victim and imposes on lower part his sternum of the palms, (at the wrist) of the outstretched hand. Since the efforts of one hand to carry out the massage are not enough, the other hand is superimposed on the first and the massage is carried out with both hands. At the same time, the assisting person is in a bent position, as a result of which the weight of his body is added to the effort of the hands. Press on the chest with a push of sufficient force to displace it by 3-4 cm. large sizes chest, you should try to move it by 5-6 cm. After each pressure, you should quickly remove your hands from the chest so as not to interfere with its free straightening. The frequency of pressure is about one per second. After 3-4 pressures, a break is made for 2 seconds, i.e., for the time of inhalation and the beginning of exhalation, after which the massage is repeated with the indicated frequency until the next break for the time of inhalation and the beginning of exhalation. According to this method, 48-50 chest compressions are performed per minute at a frequency of artificial respiration of 10-12 times per minute. One should beware of pressing on the chest during inhalation, as this interferes with breathing and makes cardiac massage ineffective.

If first aid is provided by one person, then in the absence of a pulse, the victim is given 2-3 deep breaths, after which for 15-20 seconds. a heart massage is performed, which is interrupted to repeat artificial respiration (2-3 deep breaths), then the massage is repeated, etc. d.

If the massage is effective, there is a pulsation of large arteries, constriction of the pupils occurs and independent breathing begins, the cyanosis of the skin and visible mucous membranes decreases.

The effectiveness of the massage increases if the victim raises his legs and lays them in this position.

Massaging the heart, it is necessary to monitor the efficiency of breathing by expanding the chest, with each blowing of air into the mouth.

Cardiac massage and artificial respiration should be continued until spontaneous breathing and palpitations appear. The restoration of cardiac activity is indicated by the appearance of a pulse, which persists if the massage is stopped for a few seconds. If the pulse does not appear, the massage should be continued. Prolonged absence pulse when signs of revival of the body appear (narrowing of the pupils, spontaneous breathing; may indicate the presence of cardiac fibrillation in the victim - chaotic contractions of the heart muscles).

In this case, it is necessary to wait for the arrival of an ambulance, which must be called without delay, simultaneously with the start of first aid to the victim.

Electric shock can occur at home and at work. In this case, you can get a very dangerous injury, it is possible even fatal outcome. Typically, such injuries are received by representatives of professions that are associated with an electrician. But there are cases of exposure to current in everyday life. It is very important to know what first aid is needed in case of electric shock. This will be discussed in the article.

Accidents are most often due to:

• Ignorance or non-compliance with safety requirements when using electrical appliances.
• Faulty household appliances.
• Breakage of wires of high-voltage lines.

The degree of damage to a person is influenced by:

• The way electricity passes through the body.
• Force and tension in the system.
• Exposure time.
• The age of the person.
• The state of his health.
• Timely provision of first aid in case of electric shock.

Types of electrical injuries

To provide first aid for electric shock, you should know its effect on the human body in a particular situation.

The classification of electric shocks and their features are presented in the table:

What to do after defeat

First aid in case of electric shock cannot be carried out by a person without observing basic precautions - to exclude the impact of current on the rescuer.

In this case, the instruction is as follows:

• The electrical installation or part of it that is in contact with the victim is turned off.

Saving the life of a person struck by an electric current largely depends on the speed and correctness of the actions of the persons assisting him. First aid should begin to be provided immediately, if possible at the scene, while simultaneously calling for medical assistance.

First of all, you need to free the victim from the action of electric current as soon as possible. If it is impossible to disconnect the electrical installation from the mains, then you should immediately proceed to free the victim from live parts, using insulating objects. If it is at a height, then it is necessary to prevent the possibility of injury if it falls.

Releasing a person from voltage up to 1000 V, you should use a rope, stick, board and other dry object that does not conduct current. The victim can be pulled back by dry clothing. When pulling him by the legs, do not touch shoes or clothes without isolating your hands, as shoes and clothes can be damp and conduct electricity. To isolate your hands, you need to use dielectric gloves, and in their absence, wrap your hand with any dry matter. In this case, it is recommended to operate with one hand.

From current-carrying parts with a voltage of more than 1000 V, the victim should be released using a rod or insulating clamps designed for the appropriate voltage. At the same time, dielectric gloves and boots are put on. It is important to be aware of the danger of step voltage when the wire is lying on the ground.

If it is impossible to quickly turn off the power of the power line, then you need to short-circuit the wires by throwing a flexible wire of sufficient cross section over them. One end of the latter is pre-grounded (attached to a metal support, grounding descent, etc.). If the victim touches one wire, then it is enough to ground only this wire. First aid after the release of the victim depends on his condition. If he is conscious, then you need to provide him with complete rest for a while, not allowing him to move until the doctor arrives.

If the victim breathes very infrequently and convulsively, but a pulse is felt, artificial respiration should be immediately performed using the "mouth-to-mouth" or "mouth-to-nose" method.

In the absence of breathing and pulse, dilated pupils and increasing cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, artificial respiration and indirect (external) heart massage should be done. Assistance must be provided before the doctor arrives. There are cases when artificial respiration and heart massage, carried out continuously for 3-4 hours, brought the victims back to life.

Instructions on labor protection for workers engaged in soldering and tinning products with a soldering iron.

I. General labor protection requirements

1.1. On the basis of this intersectoral standard instruction, labor protection instructions are being developed for workers engaged in soldering and tinning products with a soldering iron (hereinafter referred to as soldering with a soldering iron). 1.2. To perform work on soldering with a soldering iron, workers are allowed at least 18 years of age who have been trained, instructed and tested on labor protection, who have mastered safe methods and techniques for performing work, methods and techniques for the correct handling of fixtures, tools and loads.

1.3. Workers performing soldering with a soldering iron must have an electrical safety group II.

1.4. In the event that any questions arise during the soldering process with a soldering iron related to its safe performance, the employee should contact his immediate or higher manager. 1.5. Workers involved in soldering with a soldering iron must comply with the internal labor regulations of the organization.

1.6. When soldering with a soldering iron, the worker may be exposed to dangerous and harmful production factors:

Increased gas contamination of the air of the working area with vapors of harmful chemicals;

Increased surface temperature of the product, equipment, tools and solder melts;

Increased air temperature of the working area;

fire hazard;

Splashes of solders and fluxes;

Increased voltage value in the electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the body of the worker.

1.7. Workers engaged in soldering with a soldering iron must be provided with personal protective equipment.

1.8. Work with harmful and explosive substances when applying solders, fluxes, solder pastes, binders and solvents must be carried out with general and local exhaust ventilation in place. Local suction systems should be turned on before work begins and turned off after they are completed. Work ventilation units should be controlled by means of light and sound alarms, which automatically turn on when ventilation stops.

1.9. Air inlets of local exhausts must be mounted on flexible or telescopic air ducts that can move during soldering with a soldering iron to the place of soldering. In this case, reliable fixation of the position of the air inlets must be ensured.

1.10. The soldering iron must be checked and tested in the terms and volumes established by the technical documentation for it. 1.11. The class of the soldering iron must correspond to the category of the room and the conditions of production.

1.12. The soldering iron cable must be protected from accidental mechanical damage and contact with hot parts. 1.13. Workplaces for burning insulation from the ends of electrical wires (bundles) must be equipped with local exhaust ventilation. Work on burning insulation without the use of protective glasses by employees is not allowed. 1.14. For local lighting of workplaces when soldering with a soldering iron, lamps with non-translucent reflectors should be used. Lamps should be located in such a way that their luminous elements do not fall into the field of view of workers.

1.15. The device for fastening local lighting fixtures must ensure fixation of the fixture in all necessary positions. The electrical wiring to the luminaire must be inside the device. open wiring not allowed.

1.16. Flux preparation areas should have a faucet with a sink and neutralizing liquids to remove soldering fluxes containing fluoride and chloride salts in case they come into contact with the worker's skin.

1.17. To warn workers about the possibility of electric shock, warning signs, posters and safety signs should be posted in the soldering areas with a soldering iron, and wooden gratings covered with dielectric mats should be placed on the floor. 1.18. The working surfaces of tables and equipment in the areas of soldering with a soldering iron, as well as the surfaces of tool storage boxes, should be covered with a smooth, easily cleaned and washed material. 1.19. Wipes and rags used when soldering with a soldering iron should be collected in a special container, removed from the room as they accumulate in a specially designated place.

1.20. An employee engaged in soldering with a soldering iron immediately notifies his immediate or superior manager of any situations that threaten the life and health of people, of each accident that occurred at work, or of a deterioration in his health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute occupational disease (poisoning). ).

1.21. A worker engaged in soldering with a soldering iron must observe the rules of personal hygiene: before eating and after finishing work, wash their hands with warm water and soap. Food must be taken in rooms specially equipped for this purpose.

1.22. A soldering iron worker needs to be trained in first aid in case of accidents at work.

1.23. Persons guilty of violating labor protection legislation are liable in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.