Degassing and sludge removal is a recipe for normal operation. Removal of pickling sludge with acid

Often short circuit battery is due to the accumulation at its bottom of a large amount of crumbled active mass of plates - sludge. Sometimes the sludge can be removed without disassembling the battery. To do this, drain the electrolyte from it, and then drill holes in the bottom of the case with a diameter of 5-6 mm (3-4 holes for each battery) and remove the sludge with a wire with a bent end. To facilitate this operation, it is desirable to simultaneously pour distilled water into the battery. Turn the battery upside down when finished. Clean the bottom of the housing, degrease and apply 8-12 layers of clean polyethylene film. Place a sheet of thick paper on top and place a heated electric iron on it. The polyethylene melts and fills the drilled holes. After the polyethylene has hardened, pour distilled water into the battery and check for leaks. If everything is in order, then cut off the excess polyethylene and fill the battery with electrolyte.

Replacement of contaminated electrolyte

Electrolyte contamination may be the cause of the battery draining between trips. Any impurities in it form local galvanic couples on the plates, which gradually discharge the battery. It is impossible to determine this malfunction directly and it is necessary to take up its elimination when you are sure that there are no other reasons for the increased battery discharge. Only after that do the following operations: discharge the battery with a current of 5.5 A to 7 V and pour out the electrolyte. Then rinse the battery several times with distilled water, changing it after 3 hours. Finally, fill in fresh electrolyte and charge the battery.

Distilled water from the refrigerator

Where to get distilled water?

The answer is self-evident: buy. What if for some reason it can't be done? The source of distilled water can be home refrigerator, where it is obtained by thawing the "fur coat" in cold store. Only it is necessary to collect it in an enamel bowl. You can also use rainwater - only outside the city and if it is not glass from an iron roof: iron salts are the first enemy of the battery, stainless steel does not spoil distilled water.

Protect against uneven heating of the battery pack. After all, the "plus" bank, which is closer to exhaust manifold, has an elevated temperature and fails faster. Why not cover it from the collector with a sheet of asbestos 5-8 mm thick?

Discharging the battery during vehicle operation may be due to incorrect actions when using the starter, excessive energy consumption, loose contact connections, burning of the ignition switch contacts, or unreliable connection of the fuses in the sockets. In addition, battery discharge may be the result of a decrease in voltage produced by the alternator, which in turn may be caused by a loose alternator drive belt or a misaligned voltage regulator.

If the generator failed on the way to the VAZ car and you have to drive "on the battery", then in order not to waste its energy, turn off the excitation winding of the generator. To do this, remove fuse 10 on VAZ cars of models 2101, 2102, 2103, 2106 or 9 - on VAZ cars of models 2105, 2107 and additionally disconnect the wire from the output "30/51" of the PC702 relay for turning on the lamp signaling battery charging.

The invention relates to the preparation of raw materials for primary use in ferrous metallurgy. The sludge is fed into the pulp from metallurgical equipment through pressure pipelines to the sludge trap - storage tank, pumped out, dehydrated sludge, prepared for use in sintering, blast-furnace charge or shipped to consumers. After the sludge sump is filled with more than 75% of its useful volume, a part of the slurry pulp is pumped by a dredger into at least one active sludge sump, and the sludge is dehydrated and prepared for use in the active sludge sump (alluvium map). The sludge is dehydrated to a moisture content of 36 - 44%. The pulp density in the pressure pipelines and the slurry pipeline of the dredger is maintained in the range of 1.3-1.4 t/m 3 and the speed is 1.25-1.5 m/s. The method makes it possible to eliminate the need to build new settling tanks, reduce the cost of the main product due to the reduction in the cost of maintaining slag accumulators, reduce the cost of shipping sludge to consumers, ensure its regular shipment, and extend the time for preparing the second stage of the alluvium map. 4 z.p.f-ly, 3 ill., 2 tab.

The invention relates to the preparation of raw materials for primary use in ferrous metallurgy. A known method for the disposal of iron-containing waste from wet cleaning systems, including their thickening and subsequent spraying. The essence of the known method lies in the fact that iron-containing sludge from wet gas cleaning facilities is subjected to settling, thickening to a moisture content of about 40-50%, using a thickened product for moistening and pelletizing fine-grained raw materials in the production of sinter and pellets. Thickened sludge is fed by special pumps to secondary mixers equipped with involute nozzles. The latter provide spraying of the thickened suspension and uniform moistening of the charge. Clogged pipelines are flushed clean water supplied under pressure. After washing, contaminated water is fed into the thickener (similar to ed. St. N 901307). The disadvantages of the known method are the use of soil pumps, contamination of pipelines and the need for their periodic flushing, low quality batch preparation. Polluted water is treated in settling tanks, in which up to 92% of dust is deposited in the form of sludge. Due to the fact that even after settling tanks, the waste water of the gas cleaning constantly contains residual mechanical impurities and periodically chemical pollution, it is not allowed to release these waters into water bodies. The water industry is built according to a closed circulation cycle, in which the release of waste water is completely excluded. The circulating cycle includes: a pumping station, settling tanks (sludge collectors with a sludge pumping station, pressure pipelines connecting the circulating cycle facilities). Chemical analysis sedimentation sludge shows that in terms of useful components, sludge can be equated to ore with an iron content of up to 35%, and therefore its disposal is advisable. If it is impossible to dispose of the sludge at the sinter plant, the sludge is removed through pressure pipelines to sludge tanks - storage tanks with a capacity that ensures the storage of sludge for 10 - 18 years or more, after which the dried sludge can be sent to the sinter plant (prototype, "blast furnace production", reference book, volume 2, state scientific and technical publishing house of literature on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, Moscow, 1963, pp. 276-281). On the instructions of JSC "TULACHERMET" systematic studies and observations of the blast-furnace sludge settler were carried out. The main objective of the research was to obtain reliable information about the free capacity of the sludge tank in order to make a decision on speeding up the construction of a new sludge tank or some alternative solutions, taking into account the state of the existing sludge trap. To implement the task, measurements of the depths and sounding of the sludge layer at the bottom of the water basin in the sludge reservoir were made and the general characteristics sludge collector. The measurements were carried out in five sections. Based on the initial level of the bottom of the sump bowl 157.0, the level of filling 162.65 at the moment, taking into account the useful volume of 776 thousand m 3 and the amount of washed sludge 610 thousand m 3, the degree of filling of the sintered blast-furnace sludge sedimentation tank is After analyzing the state of the sintering sump settling tank and the failures that began in the operation of the sinter plant due to insufficient water clarification, a conclusion was made about the current situation in the operation of the sintering blast furnace. The technical objective of the invention is: Ensuring the continuous operation of the blast-furnace production, the elimination of failures in the main production, improving the degree of water clarification; Increasing the ability to work with an extremely low level recycled water on the alluvium map, which will allow: - to carry out a more complete filling of the tank with sludge; - reduce volumes earthworks on the design of slopes and backfilling of dams to increase their stability; - eliminate the possibility of drainage and the reliability of the entire system as a whole; - reduce the cost of the main products due to the reduction in the cost of maintaining sludge collectors;
- to reduce the cost of shipment of sludge to consumers, to ensure the regularity of its shipment, to extend the period for preparing the second stage of the alluvium map. The technical result is achieved by the fact that the proposed
A method for removing and processing metallurgical sludge from an operating sludge collector, including supplying sludge in the form of pulp from metallurgical equipment through pressure pipelines to a sludge trap - accumulator, pumping out, dehydrating the sludge and preparing it for use in sintering, blast-furnace charge or shipment to consumers, in which, after filling the sludge trap - a drive of more than 75% of its useful volume, a part of the sludge pulp is pumped by a dredger into at least one active sludge trap, and the sludge is dehydrated and prepared for use in an active sludge trap (alluvium map). The method in which the dehydration of the sludge is carried out by drying in air in vivo. A method in which sludge dehydration is carried out by cleaning and pumping out water from an active sludge trap and returning it to a sludge trap - accumulator. A method in which the sludge is dehydrated to a moisture content of 36 - 44%. A method in which the density of the pulp in the pressure pipelines and the slurry pipeline of the dredger is maintained in the range of 1.3 - 1.4 t/m 3 , and the speed is equal to 1.25 - 1.5 m/s. In FIG. 1 shows a scheme for pumping metallurgical sludge from an operating sludge collector (sludge trap - storage tank) into an active sludge trap;
In FIG. 2 - return of clarified water from the active sludge separator to the operating sludge accumulator;
In FIG. 3 - pumping sludge from the existing sludge collector (sludge trap - storage tank) into the active sludge trap. On the existing sludge tank 1, a dredger 3 is mounted on a pontoon 2 with one pump GRAT 1400/40 O = 1400 m 3 /hour with H = 40 m; N = 320 kW. On the active sludge pit 4 for pumping out clarified water on the pontoon 5, a floating pumping station 6 is installed to pump out clarified water from the alluvium map according to the reverse cycle with a total capacity of 2100 m 3 /hour. List of main equipment pumping station(pontoons PRS-120-2 sections, pumps with a capacity of 700 m 3 / hour at pressure - 3 pcs., auxiliary pumps - 2 pcs., a set of starting equipment). Water is pumped out through one of the existing pipelines 2, making a tie-in in them with the installation of valves DU-350. The connection of the floating pumping station 6 with the pressure pipeline is carried out through ball joints, which will allow continuous work regardless of the water level on the alluvium map. For pulp transportation, a slurry pipeline N 1,600 mm was installed directly along the terrain on wooden pillows. Work according to the proposed method will make it possible to maintain in proper condition all water bodies of JSC "TULACHERMET" (ash collectors, sludge collectors, gas cleaning spray pools, filling machine cards) without stopping production. The implementation of this work requires the disposal of sludge after drying:
1. The use of sludge at the sinter plant allows saving primary raw materials;
2. shipment of sludge to consumers. Sinter blast-furnace sludge (non-lime) is mixed with lime in a ratio of 3:1 and fed into the sinter batch with the help of conveyors. The content in the lime slurry must be at least 25%, CaO - at least 22% (table 1, see at the end of the description). The chemical composition of the charge materials of the sinter is presented in table. 2 (see at the end of the description). Implementation this method will allow:
- reduce the cost of shipping sludge to consumers, ensure the regularity of its shipment, extend the period for preparing the second stage of the alluvium map,
- reduce the cost of the main products due to lower costs for the maintenance of sludge collectors;
- provide in the shortest time continuous operation of the blast-furnace production, to eliminate the failure of the main production, to improve the degree of clarified water.

Claim

1. A method for removing and processing metallurgical sludge from an existing sludge collector, including supplying sludge in the form of pulp from metallurgical equipment through pressure pipelines to a sludge sedimentation tank, pumping out, dehydrating the sludge and preparing it for use in sintering, blast-furnace charge or shipment to consumers, characterized in that that after filling the sludge sump-accumulator with more than 75% of its useful volume, a part of the sludge pulp is pumped by a dredger into at least one active sludge sump, and the sludge is dehydrated and prepared for use in the active sludge sump (alluvium map). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dehydration of the sludge is carried out by drying in air under natural conditions. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dehydration of the sludge is carried out by cleaning and pumping out water from the active sludge trap and returning it to the sludge trap. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sludge is dehydrated to a moisture content of 36 - 44%. 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the pulp density in the pressure pipelines and the slurry pipeline of the dredger is maintained in the range of 1.3 - 1.4 t/m 3 and the speed is 1.25 - 1.5 m/s.

DRAWINGS

PC4A - Registration of an agreement on the assignment of a USSR patent or a patent Russian Federation for an invention

Former patentee:
Society with limited liability"HYDROTECHNIK",
Ponomarev Arkady Nikolaevich,
Busygin Alexander Petrovich

(73) Patentee:
Limited Liability Company "HYDROTEKHNIK"

(73) Patentee:
Ponomarev Arkady Nikolaevich

(73) Patentee:
Busygina Natalya Alexandrovna

Treaty No. РД0034606 registered 31.03.2008

Similar patents:

The invention relates to ferrous metallurgy, specifically to plants for the processing of waste from metallurgical production and can be used both in metallurgical stages (when sintering sinter charge, in blast furnace and foundry industries, in steelmaking units), as well as for the production of slag in construction

As you know, the deepening of the well is carried out by the destruction of the bottom hole with a bit. At the same time, drill cuttings accumulate in the well, which must be constantly removed from the bottomhole to continue drilling. Removal of destruction products during well drilling can be carried out in several ways, the main of which are the following: hydraulic, pneumatic, combined (hydropneumatic or pneumohydraulic).

With the hydraulic method, the destruction products are removed from the bottomhole and transported to the surface by a fluid flow moving in the well at a certain speed. The fluid is called drilling fluid or simply drilling fluid (BR) (Figure 1.1, a).

The drilling fluid is pumped by the drilling pump into the drill pipes, injected to the bottomhole, washes it and, picking up particles of cuttings, brings them to the surface through the annulus, where they are deposited, mainly forcibly with the help of special cleaning devices.

The technology of the pneumatic method consists in the removal of destruction products from the well by a gas flow, most often, compressed air. In addition to compressed air, engine exhaust gases are used internal combustion(ICE), natural gas, nitrogen. All of them are called gaseous agents (Figure 1.1, b) ..

Figure 1.1 - Scheme various ways removal of destruction products rock(sludge) during drilling.

Of the gaseous agents, natural gas was the first to be tested. It happened in September 1932 while drilling an oil well with a depth of 2680 m in Texas, USA. In the same state, in 1950, compressed air was first used to remove destruction products during drilling of seismic wells.

At combined method destruction products are removed from the well by a gas-liquid mixture (GZhM) flow while the drilling pump and compressor are operating simultaneously (Figure 1.1 c).

Types of GZhS:

a) aerated drilling fluids (they were first used in May 1953 in Utah, USA);

b) foam (they were first used in 1962 in the state of Nevada when drilling a well with a diameter of 1630 mm at the US nuclear test site).

concept "drilling mud" covers a wide range of liquid, slurry and aerated media having different compositions and properties, but does not include aerosols (air or gas drilling). This is, for example, water poured into the barrel when drilling with an auger drill; weighted mud used in exploration wells to eliminate the possibility of a blowout when drilling out formations high pressure; foam used to carry cuttings from a well that is drilled into water in glacial deposits; bentonite suspension, which serves to maintain the stability of the walls during the pit; a complex flushing system prepared on the basis of oil with the addition of emulsifiers, stabilizing and structure-forming reagents, as well as plugging material, for drilling formations with temperatures above 260°C containing corrosive gases.

Ph.D. S.A. Fedorov, Director, Terma-SET LLC, Moscow

Heat Supply News Magazine, No. 12, 2006, www.ntsn.ru

The efficiency of the heat and water supply systems after launch is determined by the quality of the water, the maintenance of the necessary operating parameters, and the timeliness of service work.

The biggest problems during operation are usually associated with water quality and the presence of gases within the system. Cavitation, air pockets, corrosion and deposits can quickly destroy even the most advanced devices.

However, to recognize these problems, especially on initial stage pretty hard. Most consumers have no idea about the composition of the inlet water and its changes during operation. In addition, the consequences of violations become noticeable only after a while. The task is also complicated by the fact that the concentration of gases in the system is quite difficult to determine, since after sampling, the composition of gases in the water selected for analysis changes, and small volumes of air by household standards are sufficient to disable the system.

The search for causes, as a rule, begins after the appearance of indirect signs - a decrease in pressure and temperature, the appearance rusty water, gurgling sounds, leaks, etc. However, in most cases it is sufficient to follow simple rules in design and operation to avoid many problems. The most important, from our point of view, of them are listed below.

1. At each point of the system must be supported overpressure, sufficient to eliminate cavitation and the possibility of suction atmospheric air. In this case, even if the system is depressurized, the gas will not flow inside. Need to consider mutual arrangement circulation pumps and expansion pressure tanks (or booster pumps). It is necessary to ensure excess pressure in the air vents, because. at negative pressure, most of these devices allow air to pass through.

2. The system must be translucent to gases, ensuring degassing and tightness, i.e. do not let air in. What matters here is the presence, location and technical condition air vents, deaeration devices and expansion tanks or pressure support systems. In some pressure tanks, the rate of diffusion of gases through a membrane made of air cushion into the water is so great that after six months - a year, the gas from the pillow practically disappears, and the tank ceases to smooth out the pressure. In this case, at each compression-expansion cycle, fresh water is pumped through the make-up block or system water is bled through the maximum pressure valve.

3. A large amount of gas may enter the make-up water in a dissolved state. Therefore, in closed systems it is necessary to control the volume of incoming fresh water. Increased flows may indicate leaks or poor quality membrane tank(see above).

4. Attention should be paid to the applicability or compatibility of materials in one system or device. Use of metals without proper corrosion protection. The combination of metals that form a galvanic pair (for example, copper - iron) leads to intense electrolytic corrosion. The use of plastic with a high diffusivity for gases will corrode the metal components of the system.

5. Since the corrosion rate is highly dependent on temperature, it is important to observe the correct temperature regime. For hot water systems with big amount make-up water and a high concentration of gases, the optimal range is 50-60 °C.

6. It is necessary to ensure the removal of mechanical impurities. The presence of mechanical particles in water can cause:

q damage to pumps, radiator valves or other equipment;

q corrosion under settled large particles or a layer of sludge.

The above recipes do not solve all problems, but can help in many cases.

A properly designed and installed system will usually remove most of the air on its own within a few days of start-up and maintain low air concentrations inside during operation. Degassing devices are mandatory in modern systems heating and water supply. Only careful venting during filling and efficient degassing during operation can ensure reliable and long work systems. This is especially true for complex branched systems, systems with ceiling cooling and underfloor heating. The most common degassing devices are air vents, separators and deaerators. Below we will consider the use of air vents and separators.

Gases in the system

Any system contains a mixture of coolant and gas inside, which enters both when filling the system and in the process of working with make-up water, through expansion tank membranes, plastic or fittings.

Gases can be in water in the form of air cavities, bubbles and microbubbles and in a dissolved state. As the system fills, gases collect in the upper zones, displacing water. If the air removal is not organized properly, air pockets will form there (Fig. 1).

The concentration of gas dissolved in water in equilibrium is determined by Henry's law and depends on the temperature and pressure of the gas at the surface of the liquid. When the pressure decreases or the temperature increases, the gas leaves the liquid in the form of bubbles. As the pressure increases or the temperature decreases, the gas dissolves into the liquid. Since water circulates inside the system, getting into zones with different pressures and temperatures along the way, the air inside it can change from a dissolved state to a bubble state and vice versa. The bubbles are carried in the coolant flow. In most cases, the turbulent flow is strong enough and practically does not allow the bubbles to float (Fig. 2). Microbubbles are practically invisible to the eye individually and appear in bulk as a milk mixture. Bubbles tend to stick and combine with each other on a hard surface.

Air vents

For the effective use of air vents, it must be taken into account that these devices are mainly designed to bleed air when filling the system with water and to remove accumulated air cavities and plugs during operation. They are not designed to bleed air from the water stream (see section “Optimum installation” below) and are placed at the highest points of the system, at local elevations and on radiators.

Air vents along with expansion tanks are the most vulnerable. IN complex systems with a large number of air vents installed in hard-to-reach places for maintenance and inspection, it is difficult to assess the quality of their work.

The simplest element for removing air is a manual air vent, which opens and closes manually. Low price(and sometimes quality) often does not compensate for the complexity of maintenance, especially when located at the highest points in the system. These air vents are rather weakly protected from blocking by dirt and mechanical particles. Air cavities not removed in time can be reabsorbed by water when the operating mode of the system is changed, further stimulating corrosion.

Automatic float air vents remove air pockets and bubbles as they appear in automatic mode. Large air pockets can block circulation in the system. Such situations are not possible when using automatic air vents installed at points of possible air accumulation. Air vents of this type provide better tightness and are protected from dirt.

On fig. 3 shows the design of automatic float air vents (hereinafter, the characteristics of air vents and separators of one of the Western manufacturers - approx. ed.). With the formation and growth of an air cushion in the upper part of the chamber 6 air vent float 7 connected by a chain to the valve lever 2 , starts to drop. The valve opens and bleeds air through the T-hole 1 at the exit 4 . The float rises and the valve closes. The special design guarantees no leaks. In case this does happen, by unscrewing the fluorescent-coated screw from the socket 3 and screw it into the channel 1 , you can block the leak until the problem is fixed. The colored screw head will be a signal of the non-working mode of the air vent. T-hole 1 for the air outlet cannot be blocked by condensate, which drains down through the bottom channel. Precision valve mechanism 2 with a long lever and reliable protection allows you to smoothly adjust the speed of air discharge. Large cone chamber 6 reduces float vibrations when air bubbles burst. Maximum possible chamber base diameter 10 makes it easier for the sludge to fall out of the turbulence zone. plate 8 with three holes reduces turbulence in the upper zone. Special float design 7 with a flexible suspension is stable and optimal for the passage of bubbles to the top. Large inlet diameter 9 reduces the risk of capillary bladder blockage (minimum ½’ diameter recommended). Chipper 5 prevents dirt from entering the valve mechanism.

Air and sludge separators

For more than 30 years since the beginning industrial production air and sludge separators have become a standard element in boiler and heating networks. Separators ensure the removal of micro-bubbles of air and sludge from the water stream. Separators are not required Supplies, energy and after-sales service, they have been operating for several decades, have a simple and robust design no moving parts.

The universal separator is metal cylinder with an air vent at the top, a sludge discharge valve at the bottom and a fixed mechanical separation element inside. An element inside the separator ensures rapid transport of microbubbles to the top and settling of insoluble particles at the bottom as the water flows through the separator. Separators of different companies, as a rule, differ different type separating elements. In the separators under consideration, a petal spiral with a profiled surface made of of stainless steel installed vertically along the separator axis (Fig. 4).

The design of separators of this type provides:

q reducing the flow rate of water and creating zones of rest, thereby creating an opportunity for air bubbles to rise up, and for sludge particles to settle down under the action of gravity.

q centrifugal effect - particles of sludge are squeezed out to the outer wall of the separator and settle to the bottom, microbubbles are concentrated in the center and rise up along the central channel.

q absorption of microbubbles on the surface large area, their union and rise to the top.

q small and constant pressure drop (about 0.02 bar).

The separator's automatic float-operated air vent vents the air accumulating at the top, and periodic sludge removal is carried out manually using a ball valve at the bottom of the separator. In both cases, the system will not depressurize. When the system is initially filled with water, large air bubbles are quickly removed using a special valve in the air vent housing. The separator is installed vertically. On fig. Figure 5 shows the dependence of the air content in water on the operating time of the most efficient, according to the Dresden Power Engineering Institute (Germany), apparatus in the system under test.

According to the functions, there are three types of separators (Fig. 6).

1. Air separators ensure the removal of microbubbles from the liquid; installed at points in the system with maximum temperature and minimum pressure.

2. Sludge separators ensure the removal of insoluble particles (sludge) from the liquid; are installed at the beginning of the circulation circuit or in front of devices that need to be protected from sludge.

3. Combined air and sludge separators provide simultaneous removal of air and sludge (air removal has priority over the sludge removal function).

The main parameter when choosing a standard size is the amount of flow through the separator. For example, efficient processing flow rate of 30 m 3 /h is provided by a separator DN 100 mm (at a flow rate of 1 m/s). With an increase in the flow rate and the same flow volume, the conditional diameter of the separator must be increased.

The effect of deep cleaning and degassing is achieved by repeatedly passing the liquid through the separator during circulation. Thus, separators require a circulating circuit, in contrast to a single-pass in the case of using mechanical filters. With the help of separators, almost complete removal of sludge with a particle size of up to 10 microns can be achieved. Their hydraulic resistance during operation is close to zero and practically does not change.

The effect of using separators for degassing the system depends on the correct choice of the installation site.

Optimal installation schemes

For optimal performance air vents and separators as degassing devices, it must be taken into account that air vents are designed to remove air bubbles and plugs, and separators, in addition, capture microbubbles directly from the flow and remove them from the system, i.e. produce active degassing of the system.

On fig. 7 shows the rates of degassing from the stream when installing air vents in different zones system compared to a separator. The location of the devices is indicated in the diagram in fig. 8.

From the data in Fig. 7 it can be seen that the degassing rate of the separator is orders of magnitude higher than the degassing rates of the air vents in different positions. Air vents should be installed in places where air can accumulate at high points (Fig. 9). But they cannot completely solve the problem of degassing, especially in the case of a complex geometry of the system.

Since separators remove only microbubble air from air cavities, they must be installed in areas where microbubbles can form to degas the system.

Since the pressure and temperature at different points in the system are different, it is necessary to first determine the areas where bubbles can form, as a rule, these are places with highest temperature and minimum pressure. At these points, microbubbles can be generated naturally. Only in these areas can separators effectively remove gases. Thus, the efficiency of using microbubble separators increases with a decrease in the static height and an increase in temperature at the points of their placement. If the pressure exceeds the threshold and the air does not go into microbubble form even with an increase in temperature, the use of separators for degassing in these areas is ineffective.

When installing air separators, it is desirable that static pressure in the installation area did not exceed the values ​​indicated in the table at a given temperature.

When the air separator is installed at the optimum point, some time after the start of operation, the concentration of microbubbles at this point theoretically tends to zero (Fig. 7). In this case, the water in the remaining parts of the system becomes unsaturated and absorbs air in areas where it is or appears in a free state, for example, from traffic jams. During circulation, when this portion of water enters the area where the separator is located, new microbubbles are again removed by the separator. Thus, with a single air separator installed in an optimal location, it is possible to remove air pockets from the entire circuit and carry out its degassing. The final concentration of gases will be equal to the value of the equilibrium concentration at the installation point of the separator at a given temperature and pressure.

Sludge separators are usually installed in front of the appliance to be protected from dirt or at the beginning of the circulation circuit (Fig. 10, separator to the left of the boiler).

With a sufficient circulation rate (but not higher than optimal for separation), when most of of insoluble particles is carried in the stream, it is possible to achieve almost complete cleaning of the entire system from sludge.

Separators of this design make it possible to use them either to remove sludge or, by swapping the air vent and ball valve, for degassing.

Separators with magnetic traps

Separators with magnetic traps (Fig. 11) trap insoluble iron impurities in water much more efficiently than conventional separators. A rod with a powerful magnet is inserted from the bottom outside into the separator sleeve and removed before the operation of washing out the sludge without violating the tightness of the system. The magnetic rod is separated from water by the walls of the sleeve and does not require cleaning or corrosion protection. The sleeve is made of non-magnetic material, so the magnetite settles down and then the sludge is flushed out through the valve. For efficient flushing, the valve is offset from the center (creating a vortex effect).

Instead of a conclusion

The range of manufactured models of separators allows them to be used both for small objects, such as cottages, and for protecting objects with a capacity of several megawatts and flow rates of several hundred cubic meters per hour, for example, large boilers and water treatment systems. On fig. 12 shows examples of installing separators.

In hot water systems, as a rule, it is necessary to use additional corrosion protection systems. The use of separators for degassing (in top point system) and sludge removal (bottom before circulation pumps or heat exchangers) allows you to quite simply and reliably get rid of fistulas, rusty water and other problems.

Literature

1. Gase in kleinen und mittleren Wasserheiznetzen. Technische Universitat Dresden, Institut fur Energietechnik, koordinierter Schlussbericht, AiF Forschungsthema Nr. 11103 B, November 1998.

2. Vermeidung von Schaden in Warmwasserheizungsanlagen, wasserseitige Korrosion. VDI 2035 Bl. 2, Beuth Verlag GmbH, September 1998.

3. Modern hydronic heating for residential and light commercial buildings / by John Siegentaler, 1995.

If the terminals of the car battery are worn out or broken, then it is better to take it in for repair. As a temporary measure in case of breakage along the way, you can strengthen the output with a screw. A battery with damaged covers and monoblocks must also be taken in for repair. In such a battery, the electrolyte that has poured out (through cracks) onto the outer surface sharply increases self-discharge. In addition, the battery plates are exposed, suppurated and warped.

Small cracks in the body of a car battery can be repaired by yourself. First you need to cut the cracks with a knife or file so that they look like a groove 3-4 mm deep. Then mix any glue based epoxy resin with hardener and sawdust of the battery case material. Fill the previously degreased crack with the prepared mixture.

If the battery has cracks or flaking mastic, then you can get rid of them using a conventional electric soldering iron with a spatula-shaped nozzle. Cracks in the mastic are sealed by melting it and then smoothing it out. Collect the detached mastic with a soldering iron, then melt it (but not with an open flame) and drink it again on the previously cleaned and dried surface of the car battery.

Removing sludge from a car battery.

If the EMF at the terminals of the battery is less than the EMF obtained by calculation, then there is a short circuit of the plates in the battery. Very often, a short circuit occurs due to accumulation at the bottom of a car battery. a large number crumbled active mass of plates - sludge. Sometimes the sludge can be removed from the battery without disassembling it.

To do this, drain from the battery, then drill holes with a diameter of 5-6 mm (3-4 holes for each can) in the bottom of the case and remove the spatula from it with a wire with a bent end. It is advisable, to facilitate the removal of sludge, at the same time pour distilled water into the battery. After completing work, turn the battery upside down.

Clean the bottom of the housing, degrease and apply 8-12 layers of clean polyethylene film on it. Place a sheet of thick paper on top and place a heated electric iron on it. The polyethylene will melt and fill the drilled holes. After the polyethylene has hardened, pour distilled water into the battery and check for leaks. If everything is in order, then cut off the excess polyethylene and fill the battery with electrolyte.

Elimination of sulfation of car battery plates.

If, when measuring a battery, it is unstable and drops sharply, then the battery has esulfated plates. Supfatation is the coating of plates with sparingly soluble large crystals lead sulfate. This unpleasant happens due to the exposure of the plates with a low level of electrolyte in the battery, as well as due to contamination of the electrolyte or topped up water.

Only slight sulfation of the plates can be eliminated. To do this, the battery must be discharged with a current of 6.0 A to a voltage of 10.2 V, then the electrolyte must be poured out of it and filled with a new one, of reduced density (1.05 + 1.11 g / cm3). Then put the battery in, setting the charging current to a low value (up to 1 A).

It is necessary to charge the battery until signs of the end of the charge appear - until gas evolution appears and the density of the electrolyte and voltage remain constant for two hours of charging. Then you need to discharge the battery with a current equal to 6.0 A. The discharge is completed when the voltage at the terminals of one of the worst cans drops to 1.7 V, or 10.2 V per battery.

The car battery is in good condition if the discharge time is at least 7.5 hours at an electrolyte density of 1.29 g/cm3. 6.5 hours - at a density of 1.27 g/cm3. 5.5 hours - at a density of 1.25 g/cm3. After that, again the electrolyte of the battery with a new one with a density of 1.05 + 1.11 g / cm3 and again charge the battery with a small current.

After repeating this procedure several times, fill the battery with electrolyte of normal density, charge it again and check the voltage. If the voltage continues to drop sharply, then have the battery repaired.

Replacing contaminated electrolyte in a car battery.

Electrolyte contamination may be the cause of the battery draining between trips. Any impurities form local galvanic pairs on the plates, which gradually discharge the battery. It is very difficult to determine this malfunction, and it is necessary to take on its elimination when there is confidence in the absence of other causes of an increased discharge.

To do this, discharge the battery with a current of 6.0 A to 7 V and pour out the electrolyte. Then rinse the battery several times with distilled water, changing it every three hours. Finally, fill in fresh electrolyte and charge the battery again.