Global problems associated with air pollution. Environmental problems of atmospheric air pollution

From elementary grades, we are taught that man and nature are one, that one cannot be separated from the other. We learn the development of our planet, the features of its structure and structure. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, water of the Earth are, perhaps, the most important components of normal human life. But why, then, every year, environmental pollution goes further and reaches an ever greater scale? Let's look at the main environmental problems.

Environmental pollution, which also refers to the natural environment and the biosphere, is an increased content of physical, chemical or biological reagents in it that are not typical for this environment, brought in from outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been sounding the alarm about an imminent environmental catastrophe for several decades in a row. Conducted studies in various fields lead to the conclusion that we are already facing global changes in climate and the external environment under the influence of human activities. Pollution of the oceans due to leaks of oil and oil products, as well as debris, has reached enormous proportions, which affects the decline in populations of many animal species and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of cars every year leads to a large emission into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to the drying of the earth, heavy rainfall on the continents, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring water and even buy canned air, as the production has spoiled the environment in the country. Many people have already realized the danger and are very sensitive to negative changes in nature and major environmental problems, but we still perceive the possibility of a catastrophe as something unrealizable and far away. Is this really so or the threat is close and something needs to be done immediately - let's figure it out.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution classify the sources of environmental pollution themselves:

• biological;
• chemical
• physical;
• mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activities of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, the natural chemical composition of the contaminated sphere is changed by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, the physical characteristics of the environment change. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The latter type of pollution is also associated with human activities and waste emissions into the biosphere.

All types of pollution can be present both separately by themselves, and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect individual areas of the biosphere.

People who have come a long way in the desert will surely be able to name the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because a person's life depends on them. In ordinary life, we, alas, do not attach such great importance to water, since we have a lot of it, and it is available at any time. But in the long run, this is not entirely true. In percentage terms, only 3% of the total world fresh water supply remained unpolluted. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person from polluting an important source of life with oil and oil products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewage and synthetic fertilizers.

Polluted water contains a large number of xenobiotics - substances that are alien to the human or animal body. If such water enters the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even death of all participants in the chain. Of course, they are also contained in the products of volcanic activity, which pollute water even without human help, but the activity of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants is of predominant importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, quite significant harm has been done to nature in all areas, including water. Charged particles that get into it cause great harm to living organisms and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Effluent from factories, ships with nuclear reactors, and simply rain or snow in a nuclear testing area can contaminate the water with decomposition products.

Sewerage, which carries a lot of garbage: detergents, food debris, small household waste, and more, in turn, contributes to the reproduction of other pathogenic organisms, which, when ingested, give a number of diseases, such as typhoid fever, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it does not make sense to explain how the soil is an important part of human life. Most of the food that people eat comes from the soil: from cereals to rare types of fruits and vegetables. For this to continue, it is necessary to maintain the state of the soil at the proper level for a normal water cycle. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet's land is subject to erosion.

Soil pollution is the ingress of toxic chemicals and debris into it in high quantities, preventing the normal circulation of soil systems. The main sources of soil pollution:

• residential buildings;
• industrial enterprises;
• transport;
• Agriculture;
• nuclear power.

In the first case, soil pollution occurs due to ordinary garbage that is thrown out in the wrong places. But the main reason should be called landfills. Burning waste leads to clogging of large areas, and combustion products spoil the soil irrevocably, littering the entire environment.

Industrial enterprises emit many toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds that affect not only the soil, but also the life of living organisms. It is this source of pollution that leads to man-made pollution of the soil.

Transport emissions of hydrocarbons, methane and lead, getting into the soil, affect food chains - they enter the human body through food.
Excessive plowing, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain enough mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation also cannot be called a positive factor, since it leads to soil salinization.

Today, up to 98% of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is buried in the ground, mainly products of uranium fission, which leads to degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of a gaseous shell of the Earth is of great value, since it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the climate of the Earth and its thermal background. It cannot be said that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the beginning of the vigorous activity of people that the heterogeneous composition was "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case are chemical plants, the fuel and energy complex, agriculture and cars. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, and other metals in the air. Of course, in industrial areas, air pollution is felt most of all.

Thermal power plants bring light and heat to our homes, however, in parallel, they emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere.
Acid rain is caused by waste from chemical plants, such as sulfur oxide or nitrogen oxide. These oxides can react with other elements of the biosphere, which contributes to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are quite good in design and technical characteristics, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been solved. Ash and fuel processing products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and make it unusable.

In many industrial and industrial areas, use has become an integral part of life precisely because of the pollution of the environment by factories and transport. Therefore, if you are concerned about the state of air in your apartment, with the help of a breather you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not cancel the glider problems of environmental pollution, but at least allows you to protect yourself and loved ones.

The release of toxic substances is especially strong in large cities and industrial centers. On average, a person inhales up to 20 thousand liters of air per day. However, together with the pure oxygen necessary for the body, we carry poisonous vapors, particles of soot and ash through the lungs. They settle in our lungs, poisoning a person. Prolonged exposure to smog leads to general poor health, later - to headaches and nausea, mucous membranes are irritated, diseases of the lungs and the cardiovascular system develop. If no action is taken, substances deposited in the body will lead to death.

The destruction of the ozone layer leads to a strong irradiation of the entire planet. Ultraviolet rays begin to act more strongly on the body of animals and humans. The harmful effects of radiation cause a general weakening of the immune system, the development of terrible diseases: cancer of the skin and mucous membranes, cataracts.

the greenhouse effect

In order for industrial enterprises to emit less toxic substances into the atmosphere, several methods are proposed:

• Absorption (absorption): involves the installation of filters made of activated carbon, limestone and its alkaline solutions, ammonia. These substances perfectly absorb harmful gases. The advantages of this method include good cleaning quality and simplicity. However, devices with filters take up a lot of space, as well as periodically change the cleaning fluid;
• The oxidizing method is good because it burns combustible harmful impurities into the air. The disadvantage of this method include the release of carbon dioxide;
• Catalytic: toxic vapors and gases are passed through solid catalysts, which accelerate the separation of harmful substances and impurities. The method, although effective, requires huge funds and spends a lot of energy;
• The mechanical method is used quite rarely. Gas is driven into special turbines, where toxic particles are collected by screws that create vortices. In addition to high energy costs and the need for constant maintenance of the apparatus (removal of collected particles from the propellers), this method is ineffective, poorly cleans the air;
• The electric fire method is the newest and most effective of all existing gas purification methods. What is necessary for purification is driven into vessels, and after that it is passed through an electrified flame. Unfortunately, this method is very difficult to implement and therefore rarely used.

Sometimes it is better to combine several methods of air purification from toxic substances at once.
To protect the atmosphere from emissions of exhaust gases from industrial and exhaust pipes, filters, special additives that do not include lead, and catalytic converters are installed in them. It is very important to monitor the quality of the fuel being poured: cheap oil and gasoline emit too many harmful substances. New models of cars began to be produced, emitting much less toxic gases into the atmosphere. In many countries, public transport has become completely powered by electricity or biofuels. Some vehicles are fitted with LPG equipment. Engines are being developed that do not need to switch to other modes.

The organization of large cities also requires changes. Factories, enterprises, highways and airports must be separated from residential areas by a dense green wall of trees and shrubs, acting as a natural filter and oxygen generator. It is desirable to build industrial organizations outside the city.

Waste management needs to be reformed to reduce the size of landfills that emit methane and other ozone-depleting substances as they decompose. You can introduce the reuse of materials, use other methods of getting rid of garbage, except for incineration.

In agriculture, it is recommended to suggest the gradual elimination of chemicals that poison both the soil and the air. Manure and other organic residues can be used as natural fertilizers that are safe for nature.

Preservation of forests is one of the most important tasks of our time. It is trees that gradually reduce the greenhouse effect, filter the air and release oxygen.

On the part of the state, it is necessary to issue a number of laws providing for the introduction of liability for air pollution. Creation of a special service, which, as part of the commission, will inspect industrial enterprises and monitor the organization of cities.

Swamps are considered to be the best filters of our planet. Harmful substances settling in them are processed into harmless ones. Thanks to the conservation of swamps in Russia, our country boasts one of the best state of the atmosphere.

It is necessary to disseminate knowledge about air pollution among the entire population. Then people will begin to comply with a number of measures to reduce the amount of emissions of toxic substances into the air.

There is already a plant that processes radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and enterprises that produce jet fuel. If this direction is developed, then there will be much less heavy metals in the atmosphere.

The problem of air pollution is the most relevant today. It is necessary to solve it as soon as possible, otherwise inaction will lead to terrible consequences.

The problem of air pollution is one of the most serious global problems faced by mankind. The danger of atmospheric pollution is not only in the fact that harmful substances that are harmful to living organisms get into clean air, but also in the change in the Earth's climate caused by pollution. There are three points of view on this. 1. The global warming observed in the current century is due to an increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere, and by the middle of the next century, a catastrophic climate warming will occur, accompanied by a strong increase in the height of the World Ocean. 2. Atmospheric pollution reduces the level of solar radiation, increases the number of condensation nuclei in clouds, as a result, the Earth's surface cools, which in turn can cause new glaciation in the northern and southern latitudes (there are few supporters of this point of view). 3. According to supporters of the third point of view, both of these processes will balance and the Earth's climate will not change significantly.

The main sources of air pollution are enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, manufacturing industry and transport. More than 80% of all atmospheric emissions are emissions of carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and solids. Of the gaseous pollutants, carbon oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, which are formed mainly during the combustion of fuel, are emitted in the largest quantities. Sulfur oxides are also emitted into the atmosphere in large quantities: sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. The most numerous class of substances polluting the air of large cities are hydrocarbons. Free chlorine, its compounds, etc. are also among the constant ingredients of gas pollution of the atmosphere.

In addition to gaseous pollutants, tens of millions of tons of particulate matter enter the atmosphere. These are dust, soot, soot, which in the form of small particles freely penetrate the respiratory tract and settle in the bronchi and lungs. However, that's not all - "along the way" they are enriched with sulfates, lead, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, zinc and other elements and substances, many of which are carcinogenic. From this point of view, asbestos dust is especially dangerous for human health. Cadmium, arsenic, mercury and vanadium also belong to the first hazard class. (The results of a comparative analysis performed by American scientists are curious. The content of lead in the bones of the skeleton of a native of Peru, who lived 1600 years ago, is 1000 times less than in the bones of modern US citizens.)

Such a specific phenomenon as acid rain is also associated with atmospheric pollution.

The Earth's atmosphere transmits relatively well short-wave solar radiation, which is almost completely absorbed by the Earth's surface. Heating up due to the absorption of solar radiation, the earth's surface becomes a source of terrestrial, mainly long-wave, radiation, some of which goes into outer space.
Research scientists continue to argue about the composition of the so-called greenhouse gases (58). Of greatest interest in this regard is the effect of increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. An opinion is expressed that the well-known scheme: “an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect, which leads to a warming of the global climate” is extremely simplified and very far from reality, since the most important “greenhouse gas” is not carbon dioxide at all (and not nitrous oxide). , not methane or chlorofluorocarbons), but water vapor. At the same time, reservations that the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere is determined only by the parameters of the climate system itself no longer hold water, since the anthropogenic impact on the global water cycle has been convincingly proven.

As scientific hypotheses, we point out the following consequences of the coming greenhouse effect. First, according to the most common estimates, by the end of the XXI century. the content of atmospheric CO 2 will double, which will inevitably lead to an increase in the average global surface temperature by 3-5 °C. At the same time, warming is expected to be stronger in high latitudes and, accordingly, summers will become drier in temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Secondly, it is assumed that such an increase in the average global surface temperature will lead to an increase in the level of the World Ocean by 20-165 cm due to the thermal expansion of water. (As for the ice sheet of Antarctica, its destruction is not inevitable, since higher temperatures are needed for melting. In any case, the process of melting Antarctic ice will take a very long time.)

Thirdly, the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 can have a very beneficial effect on crop yields. The results of the experiments performed suggest that under conditions of a progressive increase in the CO 2 content in the air, natural and cultivated vegetation will reach an optimal state: the leaf surface of plants will increase, the specific gravity of the dry matter of the leaves will increase, the average size of fruits and the number of seeds will increase, the ripening of cereals will accelerate, and their productivity will increase.

Fourth, at high latitudes, natural forests, especially boreal forests, can be very sensitive to temperature changes. Warming can lead to a sharp reduction in the area of ​​boreal forests, as well as to the movement of their borders to the north. Tropical and subtropical forests are likely to be more sensitive to changes in precipitation than in temperature. However, forecasts of upcoming changes in precipitation are very uncertain.

In general, the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere is an equation with many unknowns. Most scientists believe that warming will actually manifest itself. Moreover, many argue that global warming (by about 1°C in the 20th century) has already occurred (at least its first phase), but it was, as it were, masked by natural climatic changes. However, there are scientists who believe that, paradoxically, the accelerating accumulation of CO 2 can lead not to warming, but to cooling. Such an opinion is based on the fact that the forecast of the Earth's "overheating" when the concentration of CO 2 in the air doubles is made on the basis of an erroneous assessment of the greenhouse effect of this gas. It is believed that supporters of "overheating" do not take into account the colossal role of ocean waters in the absorption of anthropogenic CO 2 and underestimate the importance of terrestrial biota, and hence soils, as powerful assimilators of "excessive" atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Literature:

1. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Ecology. M.: UNITI, 1998.

2. Danilov-Danilyan V. I., Losev K. S. Ecological challenge and sustainable development. Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2000.

3. Konstantinov V. M. Protection of nature. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000.

4. Moiseev N. N. Man and the noosphere. M.: Mol. guard, 1990.

5. Orlov D.S. Ecology and protection of the biosphere in case of chemical pollution: Proc. allowance / Orlov D.S., Sadovnikova L.K., Lozanovskaya I.N. Moscow: Higher school, 2002.

6. Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ, dated May 9, 2005 No. 45-FZ.

7. Kolesnikov S.I. Ecological bases of nature management. M. Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2010.

8. Budyko M.I. Climate past and future. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Every day, people breathe in air enriched not only with oxygen, but with harmful gases and chemical compounds, which negatively affects health. At the moment, the following types of pollution can be distinguished:

• natural (plant pollen, dust after volcanic eruptions);
• chemical (gaseous substances);
• radioactive (radiation by radioactive substances);
• (electromagnetic waves);
• (warm air);
• biological (contamination by microbes, viruses, bacteria).

Sources of air pollution

The problem of air pollution is relevant for all countries of the world, but the air mass is not equally polluted all over the planet. The greatest lack of clean air in economically developed countries and large metropolitan areas. Various enterprises operate there: metallurgical, chemical, energy, petrochemical, construction. All these facilities emit harmful substances into the atmosphere during operation. They are required to use purification facilities. Some businesses do not use them because they do not comply with regulations or because the equipment is outdated.

Air is polluted by the following elements and substances:

• carbon monoxide;
• sulfur dioxide;
• nitrogen oxide;
• carbon dioxide;
• hydrocarbons;
• heavy metals;
• mechanical dust;
• sublimates, etc.

Consequences of atmospheric pollution

First of all, air pollution has a negative impact on human health, as it leads to allergies, lung cancer, heart and respiratory diseases. Secondly, pollution leads to diseases of animals, birds, fish, to the death of plants.

Air pollution problems contribute to the formation of ozone holes, and the ozone layer protects the earth from solar radiation. In addition, it increases, due to which the air temperature constantly increases, which leads to the planet. Once in the atmosphere, chemicals fall to the ground in the form of nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Large cities are covered in smog of steam, smoke and dust, making it difficult for people to breathe and move around the streets, as smog significantly reduces visibility.

In order for all living beings to have the opportunity to enrich their body with oxygen in the process of breathing, it is necessary to clean up the atmosphere. This requires reducing the use of vehicles, reducing waste, using environmentally friendly technologies and switching to renewable energy sources.

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If we consider environmental problems, one of the most pressing is air pollution. Environmentalists are sounding the alarm and urging mankind to reconsider their attitude to life and the consumption of natural resources, because only protection from air pollution will improve the situation and prevent serious consequences. Find out how to solve such an acute issue, influence the ecological situation and save the atmosphere.

Natural sources of clogging

What is air pollution? This concept includes the introduction and entry into the atmosphere and all its layers of uncharacteristic elements of a physical, biological or chemical nature, as well as a change in their concentrations.

What pollutes our air? Air pollution is due to many reasons, and all sources can be conditionally divided into natural or natural, as well as artificial, that is, anthropogenic.

It’s worth starting with the first group, which includes pollutants generated by nature itself:

1. The first source is volcanoes. Erupting, they throw out huge amounts of tiny particles of various rocks, ash, poisonous gases, sulfur oxides and other no less harmful substances. And although eruptions occur quite rarely, according to statistics, as a result of volcanic activity, the level of air pollution increases significantly, because up to 40 million tons of dangerous compounds are released into the atmosphere every year.
2. If we consider the natural causes of air pollution, then it is worth noting such as peat or forest fires. Most often, fires occur due to unintentional arson by a person who is negligent about the rules of safety and behavior in the forest. Even a small spark from an incompletely extinguished fire can cause a fire to spread. Less commonly, fires are caused by very high solar activity, which is why the peak of danger falls on the hot summer time.
3. Considering the main types of natural pollutants, one cannot fail to mention dust storms that occur due to strong gusts of wind and mixing of air flows. During a hurricane or other natural event, tons of dust rise, which provoke air pollution.

artificial sources

Air pollution in Russia and other developed countries is often caused by the influence of anthropogenic factors caused by the activities carried out by people.

We list the main artificial sources that cause air pollution:

• The rapid development of industry. It is worth starting with chemical air pollution caused by the activities of chemical plants. Toxic substances released into the air poison it. Also, metallurgical plants cause air pollution with harmful substances: metal processing is a complex process, involving huge emissions as a result of heating and combustion. In addition, they pollute the air and small solid particles formed during the manufacture of building or finishing materials.
• The problem of air pollution by motor vehicles is especially urgent. Although other types also provoke emissions into the atmosphere, it is cars that have the most significant negative impact on it, since there are much more of them than any other vehicles. Exhausts emitted by motor vehicles and arising during engine operation contain a lot of substances, including hazardous ones. It is sad that every year the number of emissions increases. An increasing number of people are acquiring an "iron horse", which, of course, has a detrimental effect on the environment.
• Operation of thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. The vital activity of mankind at this stage is impossible without the use of such installations. They supply us with vital resources: heat, electricity, hot water supply. But when burning any kind of fuel, the atmosphere changes.
• Household waste. Every year, the purchasing power of people is growing, as a result, the amount of waste generated is also increasing. Their disposal is not given due attention, and some types of garbage are extremely dangerous, have a long decomposition period and emit vapors that have an extremely adverse effect on the atmosphere. Each person pollutes the air every day, but industrial waste is much more dangerous, which is taken to landfills and not disposed of in any way.

What are the most common air pollutants?

There are an incredible number of air pollutants, and environmentalists are constantly discovering new ones, which is associated with the rapid pace of industrial development and the introduction of new production and processing technologies. But the most common compounds found in the atmosphere are:

• Carbon monoxide, also called carbon monoxide. It is colorless and odorless and is formed during incomplete combustion of fuel at low oxygen volumes and low temperatures. This compound is dangerous and causes death due to lack of oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and has a slightly sour smell.
• Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of some sulfur-containing fuels. This compound provokes acid rain and depresses human breathing.
• Dioxides and oxides of nitrogen characterize air pollution by industrial enterprises, since they are most often formed during their activities, especially in the production of certain fertilizers, dyes and acids. Also, these substances can be released as a result of fuel combustion or during operation of the machine, especially if it malfunctions.
• Hydrocarbons are one of the most common substances and can be found in solvents, detergents, and petroleum products.
• Lead is also harmful and is used to make batteries and accumulators, cartridges and ammunition.
• Ozone is extremely toxic and is formed during photochemical processes or during the operation of vehicles and factories.

Now you know what substances pollute the air pool most often. But this is only a small part of them, the atmosphere contains a lot of various compounds, and some of them are even unknown to scientists.

Sad consequences

The scale of the impact of atmospheric air pollution on human health and the entire ecosystem as a whole is simply enormous, and many underestimate them. Let's start with ecology.

1. Firstly, due to polluted air, the greenhouse effect has developed, which gradually, but globally, changes the climate, leads to warming and melting of glaciers, and provokes natural disasters. It can be said that it leads to irreversible consequences in the state of the environment.
2. Secondly, acid rains are becoming more and more frequent, having a negative impact on all life on Earth. Through their fault, entire populations of fish are dying, unable to live in such an acidic environment. A negative impact is observed when examining historical monuments and architectural monuments.
3. Thirdly, fauna and flora suffer, as dangerous vapors are inhaled by animals, they also enter plants and gradually destroy them.

Polluted atmosphere has a very negative impact on human health. Emissions enter the lungs and cause malfunctions of the respiratory system, severe allergic reactions. Together with the blood, dangerous compounds are carried throughout the body and wear it out greatly. And some elements are capable of provoking mutation and degeneration of cells.

How to solve the problem and save the environment

The problem of atmospheric air pollution is very relevant, especially considering that the environment has deteriorated greatly over the past few decades. And it needs to be solved comprehensively and in several ways.

Consider several effective measures to prevent air pollution:

1. To combat air pollution at individual enterprises, it is mandatory to install treatment and filtering facilities and systems. And at especially large industrial plants, it is necessary to begin the introduction of stationary monitoring posts for atmospheric air pollution.
2. Switching to alternative and less harmful sources of energy, such as solar panels or electricity, should be used to avoid air pollution from vehicles.
3. The replacement of combustible fuels with more affordable and less dangerous ones, such as water, wind, sunlight and others that do not require combustion, will help protect the atmospheric air from pollution.
4. The protection of atmospheric air from pollution should be supported at the state level, and there are already laws aimed at protecting it. But it is also necessary to act and exercise control in individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
5. One of the effective ways, which should include the protection of air from pollution, is to establish a system for the disposal of all waste or their processing.
6. Plants should be used to solve the problem of air pollution. Widespread landscaping will improve the atmosphere and increase the amount of oxygen in it.

How to protect atmospheric air from pollution? If all of humanity is struggling with it, then there are chances for an improvement in the environment. Knowing the essence of the problem of air pollution, its relevance and the main solutions, we need to work together and comprehensively to combat pollution.