What should I do if bitten by a tick. Preventive measures for tick bites
Since the onset of spring, many are interested in what to do if a tick has bitten. In this situation, the following steps must be taken:
- Make a call to an ambulance, call a doctor and ask what the next steps should be (if you are confused and have forgotten the existing rules of conduct).
- Remove the tick (if there is no possibility of contact with the specialists of the medical institution). The risk of infection with various diseases depends on the amount of poison that comes with a tick bite. Therefore, removing the tick is an urgent event!
- Treat the affected area with alcohol or iodine.
Tick removal
Simply knowing what to do after a tick bite is not enough. It is also important to be able and know how to properly extract. This can be done with tweezers, special accessories, thread, bandage and other materials.
If you have tweezers at hand, then the removal occurs in this way: the tick is captured in the area near the proboscis, and then carefully pulled up. In this case, it is necessary to continuously carry out rotation. As a rule, after two or three turns, the beetle is easily taken.
If first aid is needed for a tick bite, and there are no tweezers or any other similar device nearby, it can be removed by wrapping it with a piece of gauze or bandage, twisting it as described earlier.
This will help reduce the number of microbes entering the body. At the same time, some mistakenly believe that after tearing off the head, the process of infection stops. The head remaining in the body can cause an inflammatory process, swelling and suppuration due to the presence of a large concentration of the encephalitis virus in the saliva.
Consider what needs to be done when it was possible to extract only part of the insect, and the rest of the body is in the skin:
Remember: you can not lubricate the tick with oil, ointments or any other greasy means, because in the process of waiting for the insect to crawl out of the body on its own, time is lost during which harmful microbes enter the body. In addition, such material is unsuitable for further analysis.
It is necessary to try not to tear the insect during the extraction process - the particles remaining in the body can cause an inflammatory process.
To do this, it cannot be pulled sharply. In addition, if you later want to give the insect for analysis, it is advisable to remove it alive and undamaged. After extraction, the encephalitic tick is placed in a small glass container and closed with a tight lid. Also, cotton wool is placed there, slightly moistened with water.
The most favorite places to stay are forest paths and trails, overgrown with grass along the roadsides. There are much more of them here than in other parts of the forest.
Let's look at what needs to be done so that the tick does not stick into the skin:
In addition to ixodid ticks, the class of these insects has many other varieties. The army of arachnid harmful individuals lives with us almost everywhere: in dwellings, in household plots, in forest park areas. Are ticks dangerous to humans? What do they look like, how to find them? What to do if bitten by an encephalitis tick? How to provide first aid to the victim?
Attacking Varieties
These individuals do not differ in aggressiveness, but they can bring harm. Among them:
- Argas mites. They live in burrows, caves, cracks. They can settle in the crevices of village houses, attack people at night, however, episodes of daytime attacks have also been recorded. They are the causative agents of various infections: hemorrhagic fever or relapsing fever. The infection is transmitted quickly, within a minute, the disease progresses rapidly. If you are bitten by a tick of this type, you should immediately seek the advice of a medical institution.
- Gamasid mite. Mostly they bite birds, but if there are none nearby, they are able to attack people. They live in chicken coops or bird nests.
- Subcutaneous mite. This tick on the human body can live for a long time, while not impersonating anything. It feeds on dead cells. But with a decrease in immunity, they are able to penetrate deep under the skin, provoking various suppurations and rashes. Most often they affect the scalp and face. You can get infected with this tick in a household way or from animals.
- bed mite. The opinion of many people that this type of tick is capable of attacking is erroneous. Its danger lies only in the fact that it can provoke allergic diseases. It feeds on purely obsolete skin cells, does not consume blood at all.
- Barn mite. From the name it is already clear that he lives in barns and food storages. Feeds on cereals. Getting into the human esophagus through dirty hands or products infected with it, it can provoke various food poisonings.
However, forest mites bring the greatest harm to human health. Let's dwell on them in more detail.
Bites of forest ticks
They attack both animals and people, in most cases in forest plantations. Recently, however, ticks in the Moscow region are quite often found in park areas and squares. They hibernate in fallen leaves, but as soon as the snow cover disappears, they begin their hunt. The peak of activity is noted in the middle of spring, but they can attack a person and bite in the autumn. Forest mites are divided into two groups:
- The infected are carriers of dangerous viral diseases.
- Sterile - individuals that do not pose a danger to the human body.
The consequences of a tick bite in humans can be extremely dangerous, since these insects are carriers of many different diseases. Upon contact with the body, this insect may not bite immediately. Before suction sometimes takes several hours.
What does a forest tick look like
A small arthropod that resembles a small beetle. It has 8 legs, the body of the tick is covered with a shell. The length of the insect is about 4 mm. It is very difficult to see with the naked eye the blood-sucking parts of it (head and trunk), since they are very miniature.
Males are even smaller. A well-fed female can reach a size of about 2 cm, since she is able to drink blood from her victim 10 times her own weight, being hungry. What a tick looks like on the body can be seen in the photo given in the article.
Attention! The tick has no eyes, but it is excellently oriented in space thanks to a highly developed sense of touch and smell. Scientists were able to prove that the tick is able to feel its prey, even being at a distance of about 10 m from it.
How a forest tick attacks a person
There is an erroneous opinion: if a tick stuck into a person’s head or stuck on his neck, then he fell from a height, for example, from a tree under which the victim was or simply passed by him. This is far from being the case, because the insect never rises above 50 cm.
General information about bites
The severity of symptoms depends on the number of bites and the physique of the bitten. The most difficult to tolerate bites are the elderly, children, people suffering from chronic diseases, allergies.
The main symptoms of a bite:
- The body temperature rises.
- There is a headache.
- In some cases, itching may occur.
- The blood pressure goes down.
- The heartbeat quickens.
- A rash appears on the skin.
- The lymph nodes are enlarged.
- There is a general weakness.
The consequences of a tick bite in humans depend on the type of insect: infected (encephalitic) or sterile (uninfected). Much more dangerous is the bite of an encephalitis tick. The symptoms are very severe and extremely dangerous:
- Paralysis.
- Stopping breathing.
- Cessation of brain activity.
- Death.
If the victim was bitten by an uninfected tick, the diseases that may appear are of a slightly different nature:
- Suppuration of bite sites.
- Allergy of a different kind.
- Edema up to Quincke's edema.
It is impossible to understand by eye which tick has stuck.
Important! If you've been bitten by a tick, early treatment can help protect you from more dangerous diseases.
Tick bites: what they look like
Insect saliva contains a biologically active substance that has an anesthetic effect, so a person may not even suspect in the first hours that he was bitten by a tick. Only after this time can the first symptoms begin to appear.
Place of the bite of an infected tick: redness of the skin and swelling. They do not appear immediately, but after a while. If the spot expands in an annular pattern, immediate medical attention is required. This is the first symptom of Lyme disease.
What to do with bites
Tick bite detected. What to do if the general condition worsens? In this case, the patient should be given an antihistamine to drink. It is better if these are Zirteks, Suprastin preparations.
How to remove a tick from the body
An insect on the human body is fixed extremely firmly. The fact is that his saliva acts as a cement composition. The proboscis is quite firmly glued to the skin. Therefore, the removal of the tick should be done carefully and extremely carefully. Recommendations for this procedure:
It is not recommended to smear the affected area with kerosene, gasoline and other liquids. If the insect crawls out of the wound, then after that it simply may not be accepted into the laboratory.
Diseases from tick bites and their symptoms
The consequences of a tick bite in humans are varied - from simple redness to severe and dangerous diseases:
- Encephalitis. The initial stage is very similar to the symptoms of a common cold. The incubation period can last up to 7 days. No examination can give an accurate analysis of the infection if 10 days have not passed since the bite. For accurate diagnosis, you need to present the insect itself for examination, but only alive.
- Lyme disease (borreliosis). This disease can be formed if the tick was a carrier of the spirochete virus. Symptoms may not appear immediately, but after a few months, this is usually: an increase in lymph nodes and aching joints.
Modern medicines can completely cure tick-borne infections with timely detection and proper therapy.
Important! Tighten with the extraction of the tick is not worth it! The longer he drinks blood from the victim, the greater the number of pathogens enters his body.
Signs of the development of encephalitis
According to experts, the symptoms of this severe and extremely dangerous disease begin to appear only after 10-14 days from the moment a tick bite was detected in the patient. What to do? Do not panic and needlessly worry. And an increase in body temperature and discomfort, especially in the muscles, can be interpreted as a protective psychological reaction to the fear of the victim. The formation of the disease takes place in several stages:
- Sudden and short-term manifestation of chills, after which the body temperature rises to 40 degrees. According to the clinical picture at this stage, the signs of the formation of encephalitis are similar to a flu attack.
- After some time, the victim observed: nausea and vomiting, severe headache attacks. At this stage, the symptoms resemble food poisoning.
- A day later, the patient begins to show signs of arthritis or arthrosis. Headaches pass, they are replaced by aches in the bones and joints. Motor activity is severely limited, breathing becomes difficult. The skin on the face and body turns red and swells, purulent masses are released from the lesion.
- Further, the symptoms only intensify, since at this stage the virus that has entered the patient's blood begins its destructive activity in the body, and the consequences can become irreversible.
Therefore, if you find that a tick has stuck into the body, then you need to immediately remove the insect. This can be done on your own or you can contact the sanitary and epidemiological station. There, doctors will be able to remove it and examine it. Only laboratory analysis is able to determine what type this tick is. Treatment, if it is prescribed, must be completed in full.
Important! Take any tick bite very seriously, as it can be encephalitic.
Signs of the development of borreliosis
This disease is diagnosed more often than encephalitis. The disease is extremely dangerous, very often occurs in a latent form. In chronic forms, it can lead to disability. The incubation period can last from several days to a month. The process of formation of borreliosis is divided into several stages of development:
- The first stage is a localized flow. A typical sign is reddening of a round shape on the skin. The tick bite site, as the disease progresses, increases in diameter, especially its peripheral edges, from 2 cm at the beginning to 10 cm or more at the end. The edges of the skin in the epicenter of the focus in comparison with healthy areas rise slightly. In the center, the skin becomes bluish, the immediate site of the bite is taken with a crust, then a scar forms instead. Lasts about 3 weeks, then slowly disappears.
- The second stage is disseminated, or, as it is also called, widespread. Symptoms begin to appear several months after the bite with CNS disorders, damage to the heart and joints, and pain in muscle tissues. Arise arthritis, encephalitis, myocarditis.
- The third stage is chronic. Formed in the complete absence of treatment. At this stage, there is a rapid defeat of the central nervous system with polyarthritis, multiple sclerosis, atrophy of the skin and other symptoms.
Forecasts are favorable with timely and proper treatment. The transition of the disease to a chronic form can lead to disability.
How is the process of infection with borreliosis
Treatment for tick bites
The first is removing the tick and examining it for the presence of the virus. After a confirmed diagnosis, the patient is prescribed complex treatment. In acute forms, the strictest bed rest is prescribed in combination with intensive therapy, the purpose and task of which is to reduce intoxication in the body and suppress the activity of the virus.
The patient is administered intramuscularly "Gammaglobulin". The sooner this drug enters the body, the faster the therapeutic effect will come. The agent acts for 24 hours, after which the patient's temperature drops to normal, the symptoms of encephalitis and meningitis decrease, sometimes disappear altogether.
To reduce the symptoms of poisoning, infusion detoxification treatment should be carried out. To do this, the patient is given fluids that help restore electrolyte balance, and glucocorticoids are also prescribed.
Antiviral medications
On the territory of the Russian Federation are more often used:
- For adults and children over 14 years old - "Yodantipirin".
- For small children (up to 14 years old) - "Anaferon" for children.
Advice! If at the right time these drugs are not at hand, then they can be replaced by Cycloferon, Arbidol or Remantadin.
- The drug "Immunoglobulin" is advisable to use only in the first three days.
Emergency prevention - take a tablet of the drug "Doxycycline", but no later than 72 hours: for an adult - 200 mg, for a child aged 8 years and older - 4 mg per kilogram of weight. Small children and pregnant women are not recommended to use the drug.
Preventive actions
The most effective way to prevent diseases from tick bites is vaccination. Especially for people at risk - living in unfavorable areas or near forest belts.
On the territory of our country, six types of vaccine are officially used, and two of them are intended for children. It is best to graft in late autumn. However, there are also urgent vaccination schemes provided for emergency situations.
In the warm season, you can also be vaccinated, but with the condition that after vaccination, a person will not visit places where insects live for a month. The effect of vaccination will come only after the specified period. After this time, re-vaccination is done. Then you can get vaccinated every three years. If for some reason the period between vaccinations exceeds 5 years, then you will have to double-vaccinate again.
How to protect yourself from bites
First of all, you need to have a clear idea of the places and areas where ticks can most often live:
- Favorable terrain for them - wet lowlands with trees and thick grass, ditches, forest edges, especially birch, ravines, coastal areas near water bodies. Moreover, it is on the edges and forest paths that there are much more of them than inside the forest.
- Trails and paths keep human and animal tracks - these are the most attractive places for ticks.
When going to such places on vacation, it is best to dress in light-colored clothes. Against its background, the clinging insect is easy to notice. Be sure to cover your head with a cap, scarf or panama. Every 2-3 hours, carefully examine the body, clothes, especially the head. Buy special creams, ointments and sprays, use them before visiting places where these dangerous insects are likely to live.
Ticks are most active in spring and autumn. In the southern and central parts of Russia, these insects are practically harmless; they are very rarely carriers of diseases. But in the northern regions and the Far East, ticks are very dangerous in terms of encephalitis and borreliosis. In any case, if you are bitten by a tick, you must take certain measures.
First of all, remove the tick that has already stuck into the body. Keep in mind that the tick must be pulled out along with the head. If this is not done and the head remains under the skin, inflammation will first begin in this place, and then an abscess will form. There are several ways to extract a tick, but the most reliable is with tweezers. The tick must be captured with sponges and rotated counterclockwise. This should be done very slowly and carefully, simultaneously with turning and swinging the tick to the sides. You can use regular tweezers, but it is better to purchase a special one. In it, the sponges are located not in a horizontal, but in a vertical plane. It is with this device that the tick can be securely fixed and gently pulled out. Tweezers for extracting ticks are sold in Medtekhnika stores and pet stores. Wipe any tweezers with an alcohol-based liquid before use. If there are no tweezers at hand, then you can try to pull the tick out with a harsh thread. You need to make a loop out of it, put it on the insect and swinging it to the sides, pull it out of the body. The thread loop method requires serious skill, and if you do not know how to do this, then the head may remain under the skin. Then you can try to get it with a needle, as you do when you take a splinter out of your finger. The needle must be cleaned with alcohol, cologne or any hand sanitizer before use. If you are not sure that the tick has completely come out from under the skin, then go to the hospital to see a surgeon - a specialist will pull out his head.
So that a trip to nature does not turn into a nuisance in the form of a stuck tick, do not neglect safety measures. Wear tight clothes with long sleeves and trousers in the forest, and treat open areas of the body with special repellents - repellents.
Once a tick is found, it must be removed. Better in a medical facility and as soon as possible. Since the tick is deeply and thoroughly embedded in the skin for the entire time of feeding, it must be removed very carefully so as not to tear off the proboscis. There are some instructions that it is desirable to adhere to when removing.
When removing a tick, capture close to the proboscis. Usually it turns out to be pulled out completely after 1-3 turns. In the absence of tweezers, you can use a thread. Read about this and other removal methods in more detail in the next article.
If the head or proboscis is accidentally torn off when pulled out, a black dot will remain on the body. It should be treated with any disinfectant and left until natural expulsion or contact the surgeon for removal at the clinic.
First aid to a person with a tick bite can also be carried out at home, but the issue of emergency prevention should be resolved within 96 hours. Therefore, the appearance in the emergency room or medical institution specified in the insurance policy is mandatory. The doctor will determine further tactics and the necessary amount of medical care.
When a tick bites, it is necessary to monitor the general condition, temperature and local reaction to the bite for 2-3 weeks. If round redness occurs on the body, joint pain, headache, fever rises, medical attention may be required.
What not to do with a tick bite
Very often, after a tick bite, people make the mistake of trying to remove it on their own. Every person resting in nature should remember that in case of a bite:
The first thing that most people try to do at home after a tick bite is to smear it with something. Not everyone knows that an arthropod breathes through the anus. Clogging leads to the fact that the tick becomes aggressive and injects into the human body all the harmful substances accumulated in its digestive system.
After meeting with a tick, you should immediately go to the hospital at the location. Alternatively, call 03 or 112 asking for advice on what to do if a person is bitten by a tick. It is very important to remain calm, since the fact of a collision with a bloodsucker does not mean that you will certainly get sick.
It is not always possible to go to the hospital. In this case, the algorithm of actions when a person is bitten should be approximately as follows:
- Pull the tick out yourself.
- Treat the bite site with a disinfectant.
- Deliver the arthropod to the lab for testing.
- Contact the clinic for anti-tick immunoglobulin within three days after a possible infection.
- Get non-specific prophylaxis as prescribed by a doctor when applying later than 96 hours from the moment of suction or if it is not possible to purchase immunoglobulin.
- Consult on laboratory testing.
Taking the right measures in time will help prevent the possible development of a tick infection. Therefore, before doing something at home if a tick has bitten, you should formulate an action plan for yourself and strictly adhere to it.
FAQ
What kind of injection is given for a tick bite?
In case of a positive result of the analysis of the arthropod for infection with the tick-borne encephalitis virus, the victims of a tick bite are given anti-tick immunoglobulin at the place of medical care during the opening hours of the clinic.
The drug is made from the blood of donors vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. With the introduction of specific immunoglobulins, passive immunity against infection is created. It aims to destroy the virus with antibodies.
How quickly should the injection be given?
After the tick is sucked, domestic anti-tick immunoglobulin should be administered during the first 72 hours, Austrian - 96 hours. The introduction of the drug is contraindicated in people with allergic reactions to the introduction of protein blood products.
Do I need to put immunoglobulin if there is a vaccination?
Immunoglobulin can also be applied to those who have been vaccinated if there is a high risk of infection, for example, multiple tick bites. An indication for the introduction of anti-tick immunoglobulin for the purpose of prevention is also incomplete receipt of a course of vaccinations.
After all, the majority of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom are indeed characterized by special features that differ from citizens of other countries, the formation of which begins to be laid from a very early age.
What is the specificity of English pedagogy? How is the English education system different from ours? How is pre-school and school education built in this country? And why, for centuries now, it is Oxford, Cambridge and Eton that gather within their walls the largest number of future scientists, statesmen and diplomats?
Education in English families
The first feature of England is the fact that getting married (and even more so having children) begins here mainly after 30 years. Financially and, most importantly, psychologically accomplished, women have sufficient material base and knowledge of life to provide a child with everything necessary both physically and morally. In addition, the English upbringing of children is never shifted to grandparents - even if the mother does not have the opportunity to sit on maternity leave, the baby must be hired by a nanny, or the so-called babysitter (baby-sitter).
English nannies
The nanny lives right in the house, and such services are not cheap - since her duties include not only care, but also a full-fledged (and often very high-level) upbringing of her ward. In fact, she combines the roles of a highly educated children's teacher, a professional educator and an older sister, on whose shoulders lies the full development of the child for 24 hours a day - including cognitive conversations, visiting circles, walking, reading, drawing, language, etc. .
Babysitters
"Baby-sitter" - a lower level, quite accessible to almost any family. Usually they go to work for young girls (and sometimes guys) who come to the UK to get acquainted with the country, get practice in the language and a little part-time work. And since the duties of the coming “babysitter” are only charged with looking after the child, feeding him and putting him to bed, non-professionals are quite capable of such work. Which, of course, does not mean that such a foreigner or a foreigner cannot - just like that, not for money - take a walk and play with a little Englishman.
Private houses
Another option is private homes, where not so busy mothers play the role of nannies for a whole group of children. In this case, the rest of the parents organize a joint payment for such work, and the kids have the opportunity to play and chat together.
Analogues of kindergartens
Finally, in England, groups for children are also created at organizations (which are analogous to our kindergartens, but much more “advanced”). In them, kids can not only play, but also engage in music, drawing, gymnastics, swimming, etc. under the guidance of highly trained professionals.
Mom's upbringing
And what about native mothers? If they take on the upbringing of the child, then the main feature of these English ladies (albeit not always belonging to the nobility) is endless, traditionally British patience. No matter what the kid does, no matter what lesson he learns, an Englishwoman can repeat to him 5, 10, 20 times: “This is wrong, because ...”. And never raised your voice! Well, since even such mothers do not sit at home all day, their child literally from birth travels with her mother to shops, cafes and parks, learning in this way the world around her.
surrounding
Everyone in England is friendly to children. Moreover, you can get everything you need for them always and everywhere. Even in the smallest English village, shops provide "baby rooms" where babies can be breast-fed or swaddled. In each cafe you will definitely be offered a special small chair, and it is completely unthinkable to imagine an institution without a convenient exit for a stroller!
Finally, the Kingdom of England is rightfully considered the safest state for children. The attitude towards kids here is so warm that you will not hear the phrase “do not talk to strangers” in any educational institution in Britain.
Preschool education
Nursery School (nursery-kindergarten)
These preschools can be either private or public. In the first, they are taken from 3 months, in the second - usually from 2 years. In addition, there are Nursery School right at schools, as well as Pre School (an organization that has no analogues in our country, which is such a “children's state” with a government from parents).
What do children learn in these nurseries/kindergartens? Absolutely everything. For the little ones, there are classes on the development of motor skills, an incredible number of educational games, and also (well, how could it be without it in England ?!) teaching politeness and mutual assistance from “young nails”.
For older children, everything has been created to develop creative thinking. In each room, as a rule, there are many tables with fancy toys and game material - cubes with letters and numbers, plasticine, puzzles, constructors, etc. Children are given complete freedom - educators serve only to provide assistance (if any) or as advisers and organizers.
The group per caregiver - even in state institutions - never exceeds 8 people. In a private “nursery school”, a teacher is often allocated for every three boys and girls. Moreover, for each of the children, an individual program of education, training (including foreign languages) and even nutrition is developed.
State involvement
It consists in issuing "children's vouchers" to parents. You can’t turn them into real money, but using them as payment for Nursery School or Pre School (and including private ones) is easy.
How do you feel about the "little personality"?
From birth, a child in England becomes almost a more complete person than any adult. He is given a huge amount of attention, he is not shouted at, questions are discussed with him and MANDATORY often praised even for the smallest achievements. Subsequently, this turns into a consistently high self-esteem - but with an indispensable "look back" to the existence of prohibitions, which are unworthy of a true Englishman to violate.
Daily routine of preschoolers
The main difference between the daily routine of English preschoolers and their Russian peers is the division of their “working day” into completely “adult” 2 halves, called sessions (sessions). The duration of each is about three hours:
- morning - from 9.00 to 12.00
- daytime - from 13.00 to 16.00,
with a break for a traditional English lunch.
How long to send the child to the kindergarten (taking into account the separate payment for each session and even for the break) is up to the parents. Someone writes down a child only for the morning hours, someone - only for the daytime. You can send babies to Nursery School and for 1, 3 or 5 days a week, although a certain problem arises during the holidays. The difference from the secondary school here is in their number (in the middle and at the end of each quarter coinciding with the season + long summer 1.5-month periods):
- 1 week at Christmas;
- 1 week at the end of February;
- 1 week in mid-April;
- 1 week at the end of May;
- 6 weeks from the end of July to the beginning of September;
- 1 week in mid-October;
- 1 week at the end of November.
The exact start and end dates of short weekly vacations vary somewhat between schools and counties, but in general, their total duration still reaches 3 months.
How are the classes going?
The approximate schedule of the "working day" in English nursery schools is as follows:
- seating children in a semicircle right on the rugs (the floor is completely covered with them, and the cleanliness of the coating is absolute);
- roll call;
- attaching to the "school board" by one of the older children signs with the current date and weather forecast;
- division of the group into 2 parts (senior and junior) with a separate teacher for each;
- lesson for the first (about 15 minutes) - learning the alphabet, solving simple problems, learning to write; lesson for the second (same time) - familiarization with the names of various objects or actions, built in the form of a game
- free time (about 45 minutes) - fortunately, there is everything on the tables and in the room: from cars and dolls to albums, paints and even a small swing;
- “cleaning up the territory” after the games (carried out by educators and children together, accustoming the latter to order);
- repetition of the same procedure in the 2nd and 3rd hour of classes;
- lunch break;
- 1st hour - development of creative skills (singing songs, modeling from plasticine, using a designer, etc.);
- 2nd hour - a walk (sandbox, slides, swings, etc.);
- 3rd hour - games in the playroom until the children are picked up by their parents.
School in England
For English children, schooling begins earlier than anywhere else - from the age of 4. At the same time, enrollment in it takes place not from the beginning of the school year, but from the beginning of the quarter (the first season in which the child is four years old).
Education system
Consists of three trimester modules:
- nursery school - Nursery School (engaged not only in education, but also in teaching little Englishmen from 4 to 7 years old);
- junior school (from 7 to 11 years old);
- secondary school (from 11 to 16 years).
There are no national, racial, religious, social or other restrictions on the admission of children to school in England. Of course, in private institutions you will have to pay for education, but in municipal institutions both education and upbringing are absolutely free.
In principle, parents have the right to refuse their child's attendance at school. However, this can only be done after obtaining such permission from the local Educational Council - which determines the level of conditions in which the child can study, develop and receive proper education at least no worse than in a municipal institution.
Learning process
- the emphasis is on obtaining independent knowledge, working with material from libraries;
- homework - for a week, with the delivery of the results in the form of a written project or essay;
- no pressure and attempts to align everyone “on the same line” - the approach to each student is strictly individual.
What do they do with delinquent kids?
- the smallest are distracted by any means from the desire to play pranks unlawfully;
- older children can be put in a corner for a while;
- any reprimand is made in an absolutely calm voice - screams, and even more so, assault are prohibited (maximum - a light slap of the baby on the pope);
- adults (if this is not a teacher or educator) are strictly forbidden to make comments to other people's children - only their parents.