Heating temperature at the entrance to a residential building. Heating temperature chart

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the temperature of the air outside, experts develop schedules with which it is possible to maintain heat in the room in winter.

What determines the temperature in residential premises

The lower the temperature, the more the coolant loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation takes into account the 8 coldest winters over the past 50 years. One of the reasons for the use of such a schedule over the years: the constant readiness of the heating system to the maximum low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on the scale of a city or district, then the savings will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

1. Outdoor temperature, direct correlation.
2. Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through front door, increase with increasing wind speed.
3. The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use in construction thermal insulation materials, insulation of the roof, cellars, windows.
4. The number of people inside the premises, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. And the average temperature for last years in winter, and the wind speed depends on where your house is located. For example, in middle lane Russia always has a consistently frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

Heat carrier temperature

Increasing the cost of building residential real estate, construction companies take action and insulate the house. But still, the temperature of the radiators is no less important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates in different time, under different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. During design and commissioning engineering systems these rules must be respected. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

The indoor temperatures are different. For example:

• in the apartment average- 20-22 degrees;
• in the bathroom it should be 25 o;
• in the living room - 18 about

In public non-residential premises temperature standards are also different: at school - 21 o, in libraries and gyms - 18 o, in the pool 30 o, in industrial premises The temperature is set at about 16°C.

The more people gather inside the premises, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners themselves decide what temperature they should set.

In order to set the desired temperature, it is important to consider the following factors:

1. Availability of one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105 o C, for 2 pipes - 95 o C.
2. In supply and discharge systems should not exceed: 70-105 ° C for single pipe system and 70-95 about C.
3. The flow of water in a certain direction: when wiring from above, the difference will be 20 ° C, from below - 30 ° C.
4. Types of applied heater. They are divided according to the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), according to the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), and also according to the value of thermal inertia (small and large).

When combined various properties system, type of heater, direction of water supply, etc., you can achieve optimal results.

Heating regulators

The device by which the temperature graph is monitored and the necessary parameters are adjusted is called the heating regulator. The regulator controls the temperature of the coolant automatically.

The advantages of using these devices:

• maintaining a given temperature schedule;
• with the help of control over water overheating, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
• setting the most efficient parameters;
• all subscribers are created the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating controller is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with the hot water supply controller.

On the video about the temperature standards in the apartment

Such modern ways make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the occurrence of the problem, an adjustment should be made. Of course, it is cheaper and easier to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used can prevent many problems.

Maybe Russia is a cold country, but our apartments are warmer than in many European countries. Because it is central heating, subsidized by the state, and the British, Germans, French, deprived of this luxury, are forced to save and temper at the same time. It's in theory. But what about in practice? Is it good for you to heat and what to do if not?

Heating norms

Since central heating is a matter of state concern, the norms for heating in an apartment are determined centrally. GOST 30494-2011 says that during heating season temperature in living rooms ah, kitchen and bathrooms should not fall below 18 ° C. In cold regions, such as Yakutia or the Khabarovsk Territory, the temperature for living rooms is set from 20 ° C, and for the kitchen and bathroom - from 18 ° C.

From midnight to five o'clock in the morning, a decrease in the indicated norms by 3 ° C is allowed. During sleep, the human body needs less heat, and heating providers are legitimately taking advantage of this to save money.

If the specified GOST is a reference book for designers of engineering systems, then all public utilities, without exception, compare hours and degrees with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of 05/06/2011. It, in particular, establishes the beginning of the heating season. Batteries should be turned on on the sixth day after the temperature outside the window drops below 8°C. By the way, the rule of eight also applies to reverse side: as soon as the spring air reaches an average daily mark of 8 ° C and is able to maintain positions for five days in a row, the batteries will be turned off.

Often these limits heating period go against our personal comfort. Almost every autumn, communal services are bombarded with demands to turn on the heating in apartments earlier than planned, but they have every right to reject these demands, until, of course, the day specified by the Decree arrives.

How is the heating of apartment buildings

The heat that goes into our homes is generated at CHP or boiler houses. There, the water is heated to be piped into the houses. It must get to the batteries hot, so it must be very hot. Every schoolchild knows that water will boil at 100°C, but this does not happen with water in heating pipes.

A pressure of 7-8 atmospheres is created in the heat supply pipes, which raises the boiling point of water to 160-170°C.

Exist different schemes distribution of the heat carrier (this is how official documents call water in pipes and radiators) coming from the thermal power plant. In the most common, so-called independent scheme heating, water does not go directly to the apartments. First, it is sent to a heating point located in the basement of a high-rise building, where it passes through a heat exchanger and cools down to a temperature acceptable for supply to rooms. The water in the radiators should not be too hot - it is simply dangerous.

After passing through the radiators inside the house, the coolant, which has already cooled down by 25-35 ° C, returns to the same heat point - to heat up again and get into our homes.

Temperature in radiators

The only norm relating directly to heating batteries in apartment building, - This Maximum temperature coolant. It should not exceed 95°C for two-pipe systems and 105°C for one-pipe systems. Finding out which system is installed in your apartment is easy: look at your radiator and count how many pipes are connected to it. Two-pipe systems are more widespread - they are more efficient and economical.

The lower limit of water temperature in heating batteries is not officially fixed in any way. The only rule: batteries must provide the established GOST 30494-2011 temperature norm in the rooms. It is clear, however, that if the batteries themselves are slightly warm, then they will not be able to heat the room to the 18 ° C required by GOST. Just a very, very small room.

What to measure and how to measure

So, the desired hour has come, and the heating season has begun, but the apartment is still cold. How to proceed?

The first step is to measure the heating in the apartment. In other words, measure the temperature in the rooms and compare it with the GOST standards indicated above (and listed in detail) to make sure that poor heating in the apartment - a reality, not your individual feelings.

If you have a base station, then you will see the exact air temperature in the form of a graph in your mobile application or web interface.

If all measurements comply with the rules, it is useless to complain, utilities will simply refer to the same GOST. You will have to insulate yourself.

However, if the measurements taken indicate that the heating temperature in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, then there are several options.

First you need to determine the cause of thermal problems.
Here is a short list of the most common:

1. Cork in batteries
Batteries can be cold due to the accumulation of air in the pipes - the so-called air locks. They prevent the water from circulating properly and proper heating in the apartment is broken. The plug can be removed by yourself by opening a special valve or, as it is also called, the Mayevsky tap. It is usually located near upper corner radiator. Be careful, and if you are not sure that you can fix the heating yourself, then it is better to seek help from a specialist.

2. Large heat loss of the apartment
A common problem in older homes is that the batteries are scalding hot, but still cold. It is useless to appeal to public utilities, you need to take care of thermal insulation on your own. Just don't get too carried away with sealing, because curing one can cripple the other. In particular, it often suffers from excessive warming measures. When installing airtight windows and filling cracks in the walls, think about how your rooms are.

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. Residents apartment building by October 1 they are waiting like Santa Claus, a plumber from management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

Heating of an economy-class apartment building is carried out through centralized system heat supply. Pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through risers, and from them it is supplied to batteries and radiators that heat housing.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The water temperature standards in the heating system are prescribed in building regulations Oh: the component must be heated to 130-150 °C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure tear them up like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here it performs an energy-saving function elevator unit- jumper between the direct and return pipe. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot gone

Hot water temperature sanitary rules at the points of analysis should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

On being compiled temperature graph. Average daily temperature return water should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming a home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the temperature norms of the coolant in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter time in the range of 70-90 °C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer when hot water needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature is upper floors higher than on the bottom;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

AT two-pipe system the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

We assume that the coolant in the riser complies with the building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• residential or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

During the day in the corner rooms, the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and in the centrally located rooms 18 ° C is allowed.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- a parable in the language. They require periodic painting, as regulations require that the work surface be smooth and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters cast iron products on high:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, painted in the factory, does not require painting, easy to clean.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in aquatic environment. Certainly, inner surface heaters are insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will begin chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when creating overpressure gas aluminum appliance may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much heating that matters metal object how much air heating in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from working surface heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about an apartment building, we should mention stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the tenants requires that the doors be closed tightly. entrance group, do not leave the transoms of stair windows open, keep the glass intact and promptly report any problems to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate the points of probable heat loss and maintain the temperature regime in the house, an application for recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. Technical inspection premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

• In a residential area +18°C;
• AT corner room+20°C;
• In the kitchen +18°C;
• In the bathroom +25°C;
• In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
• In the elevator +5°C;
• In the basement +4°C;
• In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, information will be useful that hot water should be from + 50 ° C to + 70 ° C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

• two-pipe heating system— up to 95°С;
• single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is diagonal connection when hot water is coming from above, and the return line - from below the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above on the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important is the most comfortable temperature for human existence+37°C.

S*h*41:42,

• where S is the area of ​​the room;
• h is the height of the room;
• 41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
• 42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at high temperature radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it, which will then be inhaled by people, may begin.

Using low temperature heating The appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator made of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, subject to negative impact other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat dissipation from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of aluminum and steel batteries - bimetal radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.