The correct location of the axes in the drawing. Rules for the execution of architectural and construction drawings

An axis is a central straight line in the form of an imaginary straight line of an object or product.

The axle drawing is carried out on the basis of GOST 2.109-73 - a unified system for design documentation (ESKD).

You can download this simple drawing for free to use for any purpose. For example, for placement on a nameplate or sticker.

How to draw a drawing:

You can draw a drawing both on a sheet of paper and using specialized programs. To perform simple sketch drawings, special engineering knowledge is not required.

A draft drawing is a drawing made by hand, in compliance with the approximate proportions of the depicted object and containing sufficient data for the manufacture of the product.

A design drawing with all technological data for manufacturing can only be performed by a qualified engineer.

To designate on the drawing, you must perform the following operations:

1. Draw an image;
2. Put down the dimensions (see example);
3. Indicate for production (read more about technical requirements in the article below).

It is most convenient to draw on a computer. Subsequently, the drawing can be printed on paper on a printer or plotter. There are many specialized programs for drawing on a computer. Both paid and free.

Drawing example:

This image shows how easy and fast drawing is done using computer programs.

List of programs for drawing on a computer:

1. KOMPAS-3D;
2. AutoCAD;
3. NanoCAD;
4. FreeCAD;
5. QCAD.

Having studied the principles of drawing in one of the programs, it is not difficult to switch to work in another program. Drawing methods in any program do not fundamentally differ from each other. We can say that they are identical and differ from each other only in convenience and the presence of additional functions.

Technical requirements:

For the drawing, it is necessary to put down dimensions sufficient for manufacturing, limit deviations and roughness.

The technical requirements for the drawing should indicate:

1) The method of manufacture and control, if they are the only ones that guarantee the required quality of the product;
2) Indicate a certain technological method that guarantees the provision of certain technical requirements for the product.

A little theory:

A drawing is a projection image of a product or its element, one of the types of design documents containing data for the production and operation of the product.

A drawing is not a drawing. The drawing is made according to the dimensions and scale of the real product (construction) or part of the product. Therefore, to perform drawing work, the work of an engineer with sufficient experience in the production of drawing work is necessary (however, to beautifully display a product for booklets, it is quite possible that you will need the service of an artist who has an artistic view of the product or part of it).

A drawing is a constructive image with the necessary and sufficient information about the dimensions, method of manufacture and operation. You can download the drawing presented on this page for free.

A drawing is an artistic image on a plane created by means of graphics (a brush, a pencil or a specialized program).

The drawing can be both an independent document and part of the product (design) and technical requirements related to the surfaces processed together. Instructions for joint processing are placed on all drawings involved in the joint processing of products.

For more information on drawings, technical requirements for design and indication of manufacturing methods, see GOST 2.109-73. See the list of standards for the development of design documentation.

Information for ordering drawings:

In our design organization, you can any product (both parts and assemblies), which will include an axis drawing, as an element of the design documentation of the product as a whole. Our design engineers will develop documentation in the shortest possible time in strict accordance with your terms of reference.

The complex of works on the implementation of architectural measurements ends with the release of design documentation, which is based on drawings drawn up in accordance with accepted standards.
is a complex and responsible work, the performance of which determines the final result of all measurement work performed at the facility.

Consider the rules for applying linear, angular, radial dimensions, coordinate axes, creating callouts, as well as elevation and level marks.

Applying linear dimensions to a drawing

Dimensioning is one of the most time-consuming tasks in the drawing process.

On the drawings, dimensions are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97 SPDS. Dimensions in millimeters in the drawings, as a rule, are applied in the form of a closed chain without indicating the unit of measurement. If the dimensions are affixed in other units, this is stipulated in the technical specifications for the drawings.

On the drawings of the plans, chains of external and internal dimensions are applied, including the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside).
On the cut drawings, the distance between the coordination axes and the binding of the outer walls to the extreme coordination axes, horizontal chains of dimensions, vertical chains of dimensions, including the thickness of the ceilings and the heights of the premises, the vertical dimensions of the window openings, etc. are applied.

The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or axial lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the right at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line by 1–3 mm.
The thickness of the serif line is equal to the thickness of the solid main thick line.
Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 2–3 mm.
The dimension number is placed above the dimension line at a distance of 0.8–1.0 mm.
The extension line should protrude beyond the dimension line by 1–5 mm.

When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when dimensioning radii and internal fillets.

If there is not enough space above the dimension line, it is allowed to apply a dimension number under the dimension line on the shelf of the leader line or on the continuation of the dimension line.

Fig.1. Drawing dimension and extension lines

Fig.2. Limitation of dimension lines: a - serif, b - arrow (s-thickness of the main line), c - dot.

Drawing level marks (elevation marks) on the drawing

On the drawings of the plans, marks are made for the levels of the clean floors (in the case of the location of the floors at different levels).
On the drawings of the cuts, marks are made for the level of the clean floor of the premises and the bottom of the flooring of the floors, the outer elements of the walls, and the earth.
Dimensions and marks are placed outside and inside the section.
On the drawings of the facades, marks are made of the levels of the ground, the basement, the top and bottom of the openings, the parapet, the visor above the entrance and other elements characteristic of this structure.

Level marks (heights, depths) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (conditional "zero" mark) are indicated by a conventional sign in accordance with Figure 3.1. and indicate in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.

The “zero” mark, usually taken for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign (0.000); marks above zero - with a "+" sign (+1,200); below zero - with the sign "-" (- 1.700). In residential buildings, this is most often the floor level of the first floor of the dwelling.

Mark mark is an arrow with a shelf. In this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line or contour line. Leader lines, vertical and horizontal, are outlined with a solid thin line. When several level marks are located one above the other near one image, it is recommended to place the vertical lines of the level mark on one vertical straight line, and make the length of the horizontal shelves the same. The mark mark may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions. For example: "Ur.ch.p." - the level of the clean floor; "Ur.z." - ground level.

On views (façades), sections and sections, marks indicate extension lines or contour lines, on plans - in a rectangle, except as specified in the relevant SPDS standards.

Fig.3. Indication of elevation marks on the drawings of facades, sections, sections and plans.

Fig.4. Drawing elevation marks on the drawings of facades, sections and sections:
a - conditional sign mark; b - the location of the sign and shelf; c - application of the mark; g - the same, with explanatory signs.

Drawing on the drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the slope is put down as a percentage in accordance with Figure 5 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1: 7).

It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the value of the slope in ppm, as a decimal fraction with an accuracy of the third decimal place.
On the drawings and diagrams, in front of the dimension number that determines the magnitude of the slope, the sign “? ”, the acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope.
The designation of the slope is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.

Fig.5. Drawing on the drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes

Drawing on the drawing of portable inscriptions

The main inscriptions are made in accordance with GOST 21.101-97 (SPDS). This standard establishes the form, dimensions and procedure for filling in the main inscriptions on drawings and text documents.
In the drawings of plans, sections and facades, due to the small scale of the image, it is impossible to show in sufficient detail the individual parts and components of the building. However, in a project or an album of typical parts, an assembly or part may be given, drawn on a larger scale with a sufficient degree of detail. In this case, reference is made to this part or assembly in the main drawing. Callouts, links, explanatory inscriptions on construction drawings are performed in accordance with GOST 2.316-68 and GOST 2.305-68 ESKD, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97 SPDS.

Leader lines, as a rule, end with shelves, on which brief instructions are applied. A leader line that intersects the contour of the image and does not extend from any line ends with a dot. The leader line drawn from the line of the visible or invisible contour, as well as from the lines denoting the surface, ends with an arrow (Fig. 6.1.).

Rice. 6.1. Drawing leader lines

Remote inscriptions for multilayer structures are made on whatnots (in accordance with Figure 6.2.). In this case, the leader line is a straight line with an arrowhead. On this remote inscription, in the order of the layers, the name of the material or structure is given with an indication of the dimensions. The sequence of inscriptions to individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location on the drawing from top to bottom or from right to left.
With a small-scale image, leader lines end without an arrow and a dot.

Fig.6.2. Drawing on the drawing of portable inscriptions

Leader lines must not intersect. If the leader line passes through the hatched field, it should not be parallel
hatch lines. It is allowed to carry out leader lines with one break, as well as to draw two or more leader lines from one shelf. Captions related directly to the image can contain no more than two lines located above and below the leader line shelf. Marks (positions) of elements are allowed to be applied on a common shelf of several leader lines or without leader lines next to the image or within the contour.

Drawing coordination axes on the drawing

Coordination axes are applied to the drawings of plans, sections and facades of a building or structure.

Coordination axes are applied to the images of the building, structures with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Ё, 3, Ъ, O, X, C, Ch, Щ, b, Y, b) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.
Omissions in numerical and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate the coordination axes along the side of the building and structures with a large number of axes.
If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
The sequence of numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top.
The designation of the coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.

1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

The main and working drawings are carried out in line drawing, using lines of different thicknesses, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that fall into the cut are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas behind the section are thinner. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scales images in the drawings should be selected from the following row: to reduce -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; to increase - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, facades, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are performed on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Units and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the dimensions of steps and spans. Axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are put down in circles.

On the plans of buildings, the longitudinal axes, as a rule, are taken out to the left of the drawing, the transverse ones - from the bottom. If the location of the axes of the opposite sides of the plan does not match, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is done through. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal ones are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) down up.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..

The font size for designating the axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must comply with the plan. To apply dimensions on the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the contour of the drawing in an amount of two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing indicate the dimensions of the smallest divisions, on the next - larger ones. On the last dimension line, the total size between the extreme axes is indicated with the binding of these axes to the outer faces of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that it is not difficult to read the drawing itself. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm. The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the outer elements of the walls (windows, partition, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied starting at a small distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are fixed with serifs having a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small sizes in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs are allowed to be replaced by dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

The internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and internal walls, the width of the door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of the walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing.
Rules for drawing up plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-wire lines; g - area of ​​premises; e - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without a dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. ^ Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. The level marks are counted from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the floor of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero - without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, sizes and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing). To indicate the mark on facades, sections and sections, a symbol is used in the form of an arrow with sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the finished floor or ceiling plane) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal ledges, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing

On the plans, marks are applied in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf with a “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various openings in the floors - on the leader line.

The magnitude of the slope on the sections should be indicated as a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and denoted by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it.

Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken cut, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line extended beyond the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are placed under the arrows in transverse sections and on the side of the outer side of the arrows - in longitudinal ones. See the illustration on the right for the arrows' style and size. ^ Designation of the areas of premises. The areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension designation, are, as a rule, put down in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers are underlined. In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of ​​\u200b\u200beach apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment, and the denominator is useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe drawing allows, on the plan of the front. ^ Remote inscriptions, explaining the names of individual parts of structures in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line can be completed without an arrow and a dot. Remote inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension. Marks of structural elements on the layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for designating brands should be larger than the font size numbers on the same drawing

Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings that help to read them. The main purpose of marking is to link nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas on the main drawing

When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) with an indication on the shelf of the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element to be taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the rendered node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. Circle diameter 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by the names of individual images, textual explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, a standard roman font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; ten; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for illustrative drawings. Image titles are placed above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. Headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan for elev. 0.000", "Plan of 3-16 floors", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises of the floor in the names of the plans, for example, "Plan of the technical underground", "Plan of the attic"

Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements that fall into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thickened line

On floor plans apply:

1) coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside);

3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are carried out, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to mark the openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

The names of the premises are allowed, their areas are given in the explications in form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are put down on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in premises and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are schematically depicted as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building: Floor plan elements.

Lightweight concrete block walls. ^ Symbol in plan: The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 200 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm. ^ The walls are brick. The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm). The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of an ordinary ceramic brick are 250x120x65 (88) mm. ^ Timber walls. Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 180, 220 mm. ^ The walls are timbered. Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiple of 20mm). The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 180 - 320 mm. ^ Walls - a wooden framework with filling from an effective heater. The thickness of the frame stand is 100, 150, 180mm + 40-50mm double-sided plating. The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm. The thickness of the outer walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm. Partitions:

from lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard on a metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

Doorways external:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls. Doorways internal:

for all types of walls.

Coordination axes (see Ch.1.4) are indicated on all projections of the building. The rules for their image and designation are regulated by GOST R 21.1101-2009. Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dotted lines and denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet strictly in alphabetical order (except for the letters Ё, Z, Y, O, X, Ts, Ch, Shch, b, Y, b) or Arabic numerals in the order of counting in circles with a diameter of 6 …12 mm (fig.7). The font size for designating the coordination axes is taken one or two more than the font size of the dimensional numbers in the same drawing. The numbers mark the axes along

side of the building with more axes from left to right in the sequence determined by the plan. The letters mark the longitudinal axes of the building from the bottom up - also in the sequence determined by the plan (Fig. 7 b,7d,7d). For buildings that are round in plan, the axis of the mar-

a B C)

d) e)

Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes

are marked with letters from the center to the periphery and numbers - from the left horizontal axis clockwise (Fig. 7 a,7c). It is customary to designate axes on the lower and on the left sides of the building plan. If the axes of the opposite sides of the building do not match, then they are marked on each side, respectively (Fig. 7g). For any element

Commodities located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures (for example, columns in a building scheme with an incomplete frame) apply additional axes. These axes are indicated by a fraction: the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig. 7d). It is allowed not to assign additional numbers to the axes of half-timbered columns, but to designate them in continuation of the designation of the axes of the main columns.

2.3. Attaching walls to coordinate axes

In the drawings of buildings, the role of the coordinate grid is played by the coordination axes of the main walls. After applying the coordination axes to the plan, perform binding structural elements to them, first of all, external and internal load-bearing walls and supports. Binding is carried out by setting dimensions from the axis to both faces of the wall or column. In this case, the axis of the wall is not drawn along its entire length, but is extended only by the amount necessary to set the size of the anchor. It is customary to draw the axes of the supporting columns with two mutually perpendicular segments of dash-dotted lines.

The coordination axes do not always coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position is set taking into account the dimensions of standard span structures of beams, trusses and floor slabs. In the example in fig. 8 for clarity, the layout of the floor panels and their support on the walls are partially shown. The panels are drawn as rectangles with thin diagonals.

Fig.8.Main wall anchors on the floor plan

The binding of walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following guidelines:

on the inner walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, is

fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, a; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);

it is allowed not to combine the geometric and coordination

axes of stairwell walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.;

in the walls of stairwells, the axes are drawn at a distance, a multiple of the module, from the inner (facing towards the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, b; rice. eight, axis 2);

in the outer load-bearing walls, the coordination axis is drawn from

a B C D)

Fig.9.Structural wall anchor options

internal (facing towards the room) face of the wall at a distance equal to half the thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, in; rice. eight, axis A, axis B, axis 4);

in external self-supporting walls, the so-called

zero binding - the coordination axis is aligned with the internal

edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. eight, axis 1);

if the outer wall is in its different sections bearing

cabbage soup ( wall section along axis A between axes 1 and 3) and self-supporting ( wall section along axis A between axes 3 and 4), then the coordination axis is oriented along the bearing section (Fig. 8);

binding of columns and walls of industrial buildings depends on their

positions in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); options for such bindings are shown in Fig. ten.

a) b) in)

G) e) e)

g) h) and)

Fig.10.Bindings of columns to coordination axes:

The building, or any structure in the plan, is divided by conditional axial lines into a number of segments. These lines that determine the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.

The interval between the coordination axes in the plan of the building is called a step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

In the event that the distance between the coordination longitudinal axes coincides with the span, overlap or cover of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called the span.

For floor height H This is the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. By the same principle, the height of the upper floor is also determined, at which the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the floor height is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the roof structure.

In order to determine the relative position of the parts of the building, a grid of coordination axes is used that determines the supporting structures of this building.

Drawing coordination axes.

Coordination axes are stroked with dotted thin lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200 - 1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10. The direction of the marking of the axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes at the divergence points are additionally applied on the upper and / or right sides. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction:

• above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
• under the line - an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with the figure.

It is allowed to assign numerical and alphabetic designations to the coordinating axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

Binding of coordination axes occurs according to the rules described in paragraph 4 GOST 28984-91. Example:

The binding of load-bearing walls made of piece materials to the coordination axes should be carried out in compliance with the following rules:

• a) when resting directly on the walls of the coating slabs, the inner surface of the wall should be taken from the longitudinal coordination axis at a distance of 130 mm for brick walls and 150 mm for block walls;
• b) when supporting the walls of the supporting structures of the coating (beams) with a brick wall thickness of 380 mm or more (for blocks of 400 m or more), the longitudinal coordination axis should pass at a distance of 250 mm from the inner surface of the wall (300 mm for a wall of blocks);
• c) with brick walls 380 mm thick with pilasters 130 mm wide, the distance from the longitudinal axis to the inner surface of the wall should be 130 mm;
• d) for brick walls of any thickness with pilasters more than 130 mm thick, the inner surface of the walls is aligned with the coordination axis (“zero” binding);
• e) the binding of the bearing end wall when the roof slabs are supported on it should be taken the same as when the roof slabs are supported on the longitudinal wall;
• e) the geometric axes of the internal load-bearing walls must be aligned with the coordination axes.

When supporting floor slabs for the entire thickness of the bearing wall, it is allowed to align the outer coordination plane of the walls with the coordination axis (Fig. 9d).

Marking of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are marked with Arabic numerals and capital letters, except for the symbols: 3, Y, O, X, S, b, b. The numbers indicate the axes along the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes. Axes marking is located, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the building plan. The height of the font denoting the coordination axes is chosen one or two numbers more than the size of the numbers on the same sheet. Omissions in the numerical and alphabetic designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.

On the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with the figure:

• "a" - with the number of coordination axes not more than 3;
• "b" - "" "" more than 3;
• "c" - for all alphabetic and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, with respect to the neighboring axis, is indicated in accordance with the figure.