Minimum water temperature in the heating system. Heating medium temperature depending on the outside temperature

Each management company strives to achieve economical heating costs apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved by making temperature graph, which will reflect the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on weather conditions on the street. Correct use of these data allow optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature chart

The same mode of operation should not be maintained in the coolant, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. It is she who needs to be guided and, depending on her, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on outdoor temperature air is compiled by technologists. To compile it, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the heating equipment supplied in it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections of the pipes must be taken into account. In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, as it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature graph of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70 ° C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is much lower, there is a shortage.

Important! The temperature schedule is drawn up in such a way that at any air temperature in the street, a stable temperature is maintained in the apartments. optimal level heating at 22 °C. Thanks to him, even the most severe frosts become not terrible, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 ° C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the water temperature in the heating system will be at that moment. The more severe the outdoor weather, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

• Temperature outside;
• The presence and strength of the wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
• Thermal insulation - high-quality processed structural parts of the building help to keep heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Heat carrier temperature table from outdoor temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics available for heating appliances- batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their specific power, it will be expressed in W / cm 2. This will most directly affect the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface power and the drag coefficient available for window openings and outer walls.

After all the values ​​\u200b\u200bare taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in the two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the inlet pipe, the higher in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase below these values.

Proper use of the coolant implies attempts by the inhabitants of the house to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipe. It could be construction work for wall insulation from the outside or thermal insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of ceilings above a cold garage or basement, insulation of the inside of the house or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with the standards. In central heating systems, it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C, depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to take into account that in corner rooms can not be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment it is allowed to drop to 18 C. If the temperature drops to -30 C outside, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. In the rest of the rooms, the temperature should also increase, provided that in rooms for various purposes it may be different. If there is a child in the room, then it can range from 18 C to 23 C. In pantries and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

It is important to note! taken into account average daily temperature- if the temperature is about -15 C at night, and -5 C during the day, then it will be calculated by the value of -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is taken into account by value 0 С.

Schedule for supplying hot water to the apartment

In order to deliver the optimal DHW to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating mains are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands. square meters. Whatever the thermal insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.


However, water cannot be heated to more than its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It is important to know! As it rises, the boiling point of water shifts upwards. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. With an increase in pressure, risers, mixers and taps do not suffer, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit usually has 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

Hot water supply to winter time years must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule are accidents on heat supply. Hot water can only be turned off summer period for preventive work. Such work is carried out as in heating systems closed type as well as in open systems.

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

• In a residential area +18°C;
• In the corner room +20°C;
• In the kitchen +18°C;
• In the bathroom +25°C;
• In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
• In the elevator +5°C;
• In the basement +4°C;
• In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, it would be useful to know that hot water should be from +50°C to +70°C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), Maximum temperature coolant in these heating systems is:

• two-pipe heating system— up to 95°С;
• single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is diagonal connection when hot water is coming from above, and the return line - from below the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above on the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important is the most comfortable temperature for human existence+37°C.

S*h*41:42,

• where S is the area of ​​the room;
• h is the height of the room;
• 41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
• 42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at high temperature radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it, which will then be inhaled by people, may begin.

Using low temperature heating The appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator made of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, subject to negative impact other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat dissipation from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of aluminum and steel batteries - bimetal radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

In this article I want to tell you how and on the basis of what the temperature of the coolant is regulated. I don't think that this article will be useful or interesting to heat power workers, since they won't learn anything new from it. But for ordinary citizens, I hope it will be useful.

4.11.1. The mode of operation of the heating plant of the power plant and the district boiler house (pressure in the supply and return pipelines and temperature in the supply pipelines) must be organized in accordance with the task of the heat network manager.

The temperature of the network water in the supply pipelines in accordance with the approved for the heat supply system temperature chart should be set according to the average outdoor air temperature for a period of time within 12 - 24 hours, determined by the heat network dispatcher, depending on the length of the networks, climatic conditions and other factors.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city, depending on local conditions. It clearly defines what should be the temperature of the network water in the heating network at a specific outdoor temperature. For example, at -35 ° the temperature of the coolant should be 130/70. The first digit determines the temperature in the supply pipe, the second - in the return. The heat network manager sets this temperature for all heat sources (CHP, boiler houses).

The rules allow deviations from the given parameters:

4.11.1. Deviations from the set mode behind the head valves of the power plant (boiler house) should be no more than:

• by the temperature of the water entering the heating network, ± 3%;
• by pressure in the supply pipelines ± 5%;
• pressure in return pipelines ±0.2 kgf/cm2 (±20 kPa).

4.12.36. For water heating systems, the heat supply regime should be based on the schedule of the central quality regulation. It is allowed to use qualitative-quantitative and quantitative schedules for regulating heat supply at required level equipping thermal energy sources, heating networks and heat consumption systems with means automatic regulation, development of appropriate hydraulic regimes.

So, dear citizens, do not try to somehow influence heating network if you get very hot in the spring. They will not do anything for you, because they have neither the right nor the opportunity. Complain to the administration, then, perhaps, they will order to stop the heating season earlier. But remember that in spring the temperature outside is changeable, and if today it is warm and you have turned off the heating, then tomorrow it can become very cold, and turning off the equipment is much faster than turning it on.

Now let's talk about how cold it is in an apartment in winter, especially when it is thoroughly "frost". If the apartment is cold Who is usually to blame? That's right - heating networks! This is what most people think. In part, they are right, but not everything is so simple.

Let's start with the fact that in severe frosts, gas supply organizations can introduce restriction on gas supplies. Because of this, boiler houses have to maintain the temperature of the coolant "as much as possible". As a rule, it is 10 degrees lower than what is laid down in the temperature chart. It is easier for power plants - they switch to burning fuel oil, and boiler houses, which often stand almost in the middle of residential areas, are allowed to burn fuel oil only in emergency cases (for example, a complete cessation of gas supply) so that people do not freeze completely. Due to gas supply restrictions, even turn off hot water to reduce heat carrier costs and thereby maintain the temperature in heating systems at the desired level. So don't be surprised if something happens.

Also, the reason that it is cold in apartments in winter is the high degree of deterioration of the heating networks themselves, and in particular thermal insulation of pipelines. As a result, in houses that are located quite far from the heat source, the coolant “reaches” already cooled down in order.

Well, the last reason that I will talk about is the unsatisfactory thermal insulation of the apartments and houses themselves. Slots in windows, doors, lack of thermal insulation of the house itself - all this leads to the fact that heat goes into environment and we are cold. You can eliminate this cause yourself. Install new windows, make the thermal insulation of the apartment, change the heating radiators to new ones, because over time cast iron batteries clogged and heat transfer is significantly reduced. By the way, if paint the battery black, then it will heat better. This is not a joke, experiments confirm this fact.

Well, that seems to be all I wanted to tell in this article. I also want to make a reservation that I wrote the article, based largely on personal experience. AT different regions our country, the situation may be different and radically different from what I wrote here. But in general, I think the situation is similar. At least in big cities.

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. By October 1, tenants of an apartment building are waiting, like Santa Claus, a plumber from management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

Heating of an economy-class apartment building is carried out through centralized system heat supply. The pipes are included in basement buildings. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through risers, and from them it is supplied to batteries and radiators that heat housing.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The water temperature standards in the heating system are prescribed in building regulations Oh: the component must be heated to 130-150 °C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure tear them up like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here it performs an energy-saving function elevator unit- jumper between the direct and return pipe. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot gone

Hot water temperature sanitary rules at the points of analysis should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. Average daily temperature return water should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming the home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the norms of coolant temperatures in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter in the range of 70-90 ° C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature is upper floors higher than on the bottom;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

AT two-pipe system the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

We assume that the coolant in the riser complies with the building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• residential or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

During the day in the corner rooms, the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and in the centrally located rooms 18 ° C is allowed.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- a parable in the language. They require periodic painting, as the regulations require that the work surface should have a smooth surface and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters cast iron products on high:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, painted in the factory, does not require painting, easy to clean.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in aquatic environment. Certainly, inner surface heaters are insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will begin chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when creating overpressure gas aluminum appliance may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much heating that matters metal object how much air heating in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from working surface heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about apartment building, then it should be mentioned stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the tenants requires that the doors be closed tightly. entrance group, do not leave the transoms of stair windows open, keep the glass intact and promptly report any problems to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate points of probable heat loss and comply with temperature regime in the house, an application for the recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. Technical inspection premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.