Devices and equipment used in carrying out rigging work.

Tali. Tal - the suspended load-lifting device with manual or electric drive. Hoists with a manual drive, used in installation work, are worm and gear.

Manual worm hoist(see diagram below) consists of a housing 4, in which a worm screw drive is mounted, and gear 5. A drive sprocket 7 is mounted on the screw shaft, on which an annular drive chain is put on. On the same shaft with gear 5 there is an sprocket for the load chain 3. When the sprocket 7 rotates, the loop of the load chain 3, in which the hook sprocket 2 is located, decreases or increases, respectively, the load hook 1 rises or falls. From above, for attachment to a fixed base, the hoist has a hook 6 or an earring.

Gear hand hoists have a carrying capacity of 0.25 ... 1.5 tons, their weight is 10 ... 112 kg, lifting height up to 2 m.

1, 6 - hooks, 2, 7 - sprockets, 3, 8 - chains, 4 - housing with worm drive, 5 - gear.

Winches are mechanisms for lifting and moving loads with the help of a rope wound on a drum. Winches are manual and electric.

Hand winches come with a drive (see diagram below, pos. a) and lever.

Winch with manual drive has 2 gears, with the help of which the force is transmitted from the handle 1 to the drum 3. The rope is wound onto the drum and unwound from it when the handle is rotated 1. Arbitrary lowering of the load is prevented by a ratchet brake 4. Pulling force of winches 10 80 kN, rope capacity 65 ... 300 m with a rope diameter of 11 ... 21 mm. Weight 140 ... 1380 kg.

Lever winch(see the diagram below, pos. b) consists of a body with a drive 6 and a rope wound on a reel 5 in the non-working position. To transfer to the working position, the rope is unwound from the reel. The winch hook is attached to the anchor, and the rope hook is attached to the load being moved. For one oscillating motion handles 1 rope is pulled through the winch by 35 ... 36 mm. Pulling force of the winch 7.5 ... 30 kN, weight 17 kg, rope diameter 7.5 ... 16.5 mm.

Manual: a - with a drive, b - lever, c - electric; 1 - handle, 2 - gear, 3 - drum, 4 - ratchet brake, 5 - rope wound on a reel, 6 - housing with drive, 7 - gearbox, 8 - control panel, 9 - braking device, 10 - electric motor.

Electric winch(see diagram above, pos. c) consists of a frame on which a rope drum 3 is mounted, driven by an electric motor 10 through a gearbox 7. Winches for installation work have a rigid connection between the engine and the gearbox. The lifting and lowering of the load in such winches is forced, due to a change in the direction of rotation of the engine. The winch is controlled from the remote control 8. The winches are equipped with an electromagnetic brake 9 and have several lifting speeds. Pulling force of winches 3.2 ... 75 kN, rope capacity 60 and 300 m.

Before work, the installer is obliged to make sure that the winch is in good condition. Particular attention during the inspection is paid to the condition of the brakes. The correctness of the brake adjustment is checked by a trial lowering of the load on the brakes with the engine running. In this case, the drum should have the maximum number of rope layers.

The rope on the winch drum must be firmly fixed and laid in correct turns in each layer of winding. To do this, the winch is positioned so that the rope approaches the drum perpendicularly. The drum flanges must rise above the top layer of the rope by at least two rope diameters. When winding the rope, at least 1.5 turns must remain on the drum.

Starters for winches must be located in lockable cabinets. In the working position, the winch is firmly attached to the anchors. The design of anchors, their location on the construction site are determined by the project for the production of works.

Anchors. Braces of mounting masts, hoists, as well as chain hoists and winches are attached to the anchors. As anchors, structures or foundations of existing buildings and structures are used (if the calculation confirms the possibility of such fastening) or specially made ground, semi-buried and buried structures.

Ground anchors made of massive reinforced concrete blocks, which are stacked on top of each other and securely fastened together. Semi-buried anchors have a horizontal part, deepened by 0.6 ... 0.7 m, for which the rope is fixed, and from above a weight of concrete blocks. Buried anchors made from monolithic reinforced concrete block, located horizontally in a trench with a depth of 2.5 ... 3.5 m, perpendicular to the direction of the rope.

Mounting mast. The mounting mast (see the diagram below, pos. a, b) is a trunk 4 held in vertical position with the help of four (five) shrouds 6. The shrouds are attached to the top of the mast and to the anchors. The load is lifted by an electric winch using a chain hoist fixed to the head of the mast 7. For convenience, the mast is slightly tilted towards the element being lifted, for this a hinge is arranged at the base of the mast, and the rear shroud is equipped with a chain hoist. To prevent the mast from shifting, its bottom is fixed on a sleeper cage, a concrete base or braced.

Depending on the loads and height, the mounting masts are made in the form of a solid section shaft made of steel pipes (see the diagram below, pos. a), lattice (see the diagram below, pos. b) of a through section of four belt corners connected by braces, or steel pipes reinforced with longitudinal overlays from corners. Tubular masts have a load capacity of 3 ... 20 tons, a height of 8 ... 30 m, lattice masts have a load capacity of 10 ... 20 tons, a height of 40 ... 60 m.

Chevre. Chevre (see the diagram below, pos. c) - A-shaped rigid frame 9 made of pipes or rolled profiles, equipped with hinged supports and a chain hoist 7 attached to the head. When working, the chevre usually tilts to one side and is held in this position by a guy 6, attached to the anchor. To change the tilt angles of the chevre, a chain hoist is turned on in the rear shroud. The chevre is usually mounted on a sled, the bottom of the chevre is unfastened.

Shevrs are more stable than masts, are easier to move, and fewer shrouds and anchors are required to secure the shovels.

Masts (a, b) and chevre (c)

A - tubular, b - lattice; 1 - support heel. 2 - rope to the winch, 3 - outlet block, 4 - barrel. 5 - head, 6 - shrouds, 7 - chain hoist, 8 - brace, 9 - A-frame.

During modern rigging, various types of devices are used. The main ones are rope clamps, shackles and lanyards.

Very popular is the end connection of ropes in the form of rope clamps. These devices can be used directly on the job site with a minimum of effort. Unlike many other steel rope connections, rope clamps are easily mounted, inexpensive in price and diagnosed without problems. Rope clamps include what is often referred to as a "saddle" clamping jaw, a U-bolt and two collar nuts.

Rope clamps are installed on steel ropes so that their jumpers are always on the load-bearing side. A U-shaped clamping bolt is placed at the back of the rope. To do this, the long part of the rope should be bent so that it is possible to accommodate the minimum required number of clamps with a reliable loop formation.

Before using the rope, everything must be tightened again according to the required tightening torque. At the end of the first load, the tightening torque must be checked again and corrected if necessary. It is also necessary to periodically tighten the nuts: with a heavy load - every 10,000 cycles, with a moderate load - every 20,000 and with a small load - every 50,000.

shackles are used as removable ties in lifting and static systems when connecting steel (wire) cables and other rigging devices. These products with screw pins are mainly used for auxiliary tasks.

shackles, having a safety locking bolt, are used for permanent or long-term tasks, when it is possible to move loads onto the pin with its subsequent rotation. D-shaped or chain shackles are used mainly in single-arm lifting devices, while anchor and arched shackles are used in multi-arm ones.

Polar brackets are used for operation in extreme climatic conditions with refined material characteristics. There are also shackles general purpose- are not intended for solving lifting tasks, but as a simple fixation. Any shackles have a special design with a specific application. An example is the "Super" product, which is made of grade 8 steel, thereby reducing the size of this product in order to use it in a limited space.

Lanyards is a device designed to select and tighten the slack of rigging, various cables, etc. Usually in its composition lanyards have two screws with opposite threads, which are screwed into special rings with two threaded holes. The ends of the screws have a hook or eye, to which the cable is attached. By rotating the ring, the tension is adjusted, so that you can move the screws to the center.

The use of lanyards is necessary in cases where an excessively large tension force is required, which leads to their division into groups by weight - from a few grams (which is suitable for tensioning, for example, curtain strings with a tension force of up to several kilograms) to tens of kilograms for use in the construction of bridges and buildings (with tension force up to tens of tons).

Rigging equipment

To Category:

Installation of loader cranes

Rigging equipment

Rigging works include: equipment slinging; knitting of rigging knots; fastening and splicing of steel ropes; lifting, moving and lowering equipment; suspension and removal of blocks, hoists and tackles; fastening and removal of temporary braces and braces; production and installation of anchors; reeving of chain hoists; installation of rotary arrows and crane beams; lifting and lowering equipment with twin cranes.

Ropes. There are steel wire, hemp and kapron ropes. Steel wire ropes are widely used for slinging transported goods, reeving pulley blocks, equipping mounting mechanisms and fixtures.

Ropes are made from individual wires with a diameter of 0.5 to 3.5 mm. The wires are twisted into strands, and the strands are wound onto an organic or metal core. There are ropes with a point touch of the wires between the layers of strands of the TC and with a linear touch of the LK. The wires from which the rope is twisted can be of the same and different diameters. With different wire diameters, the letter P is added to the rope designation, with the same - O.

Depending on the direction of the lay of the upper layer of wires (Fig. 46), the ropes of the right P and left L lay are distinguished. According to the type of lay, the ropes are of the cross lay, when the direction of the lay of the wires in the strands is opposite to the direction of the lay of the strands in the rope; parallel (one-sided) lay, when the direction of the lay is the same in strands and wires; and combined lay, when the wires in two adjacent strands have the opposite direction.

46. ​​Rope twist
i - parallel; b - cross; c - combined; 1 - lay pitch between points 1 and 2

47. Device for lubricating ropes (a) and methods of unwinding
ropes (b, c) 1 - bath; 2- rope: 3-5 - guide rollers

Rope marking includes, in addition to letter designations, wire touches between strands and wire diameters, also rope diameter, calculated tensile strength of wires, state standard number and wire grade designation depending on mechanical properties: B - highest grade, I - first, II - second . For installation work, double lay ropes are used with linear and point contact of individual wires between the layers of strands, with an organic core according to GOST 3077-80*, 2688-80*, 3070-88, 3071-88.

Braces, shrouds and rods are made from ropes, which are produced in accordance with GOST 2688-80*, 3077-80*, 3070-88; chain hoists, slings - from more flexible ropes of design 6X36 + 1 o. with. according to GOST 7668-80*. It is allowed to use steel ropes of design 6X37 + 1 o.s. for equipment of chain hoists. according to GOST 3079-80 *, as well as designs 6X19 + 1 o. with. according to GOST 2688-80*.

During operation, all ropes in service are periodically inspected, paying attention to the fact that they do not have loops or knots, buckling of strands or twists, signs of surface wear, torn strands or individual wires.

The rope is rejected in accordance with the norms of the USSR Gosgortekhnadzor.

During operation, the ropes are periodically lubricated. The lubrication device (Fig. 47, a) consists of a bath filled with rope ointment, which is heated to a temperature of 50-60 ° C, and guide rollers 3-5. The steel rope is slowly passed through the guide rollers. The middle roller is coated with ointment. Before lubrication, the surface of the rope is cleaned of dirt and rust with wire brushes and wiped with wiping ends soaked in kerosene or benzene. The rope is stored in closed, dry, well-ventilated areas with a concrete or wooden floor. Before being deposited, the ropes are wound into coils or wound on inventory metal drums and lubricated. Drums and coils are placed in a warehouse in one row.

During long-term storage Ropes periodically, at least once a year, are inspected and lubricated. With continuous use, the ropes are lubricated once every 3 months. Steel ropes are marked and packaged before being sent to the customer. The ropes are sent wound on drums. When rewinding the rope, drums (coils) with a diameter equal to at least the diameters of the rope are used.

When unwinding the ropes, creases and loops should not form. The drum is mounted on an axle (Fig. 47.6), which is fixed on a stand. The drum begins to rotate, evenly stretching the rope along the length. The bay (Fig. 47, c) is rolled out in a straight line.

48. Ropes embedded in a loop (i) on a thimble (b), wedge zazhni (c)
1 - rope: 2 - clamp: 3 - thimble; 4 - sleeve: 5 - axle

49. Knots of pull ropes a - bayonet; b - in a thimble or loop; c - gazebo (sea loop); g - double gazebo; d - bramshkotovy

Rope connection. When attaching the rope to parts, eyes, its end is closed in a loop (Fig. 48). The size of the loop depends on the purpose of the rope or sling. The loop is formed by splicing the rope 1 or by installing clamps 2 or sleeves 4. A metal thimble 3 is closed inside the loop, which protects the rope from sharp bends and chafing. The dimensions of the thimble are regulated by GOST 2224-72*.

The thimble is made forged or stamped. They are marked in size D and designated by this number. For example, the size of the thimble for a rope with a diameter of 15.5 mm is D45, designation: thimble 45 GOST 2224-72 *.

In addition to these methods of splicing the ends of the ropes, which are related to permanent connections, they use knitting rope knots to the equipment or to each other, shown in Fig. 49.

Detachable connections are hooks, types of eyes, earrings connected to the rope using a sleeve or other devices. The rope is connected to the piece of equipment to be joined with axis 5 (see Fig. 48) or directly with the gripper on the rope.

To fix the end of the rope in a loop, on a thimble, or to connect the two ends of the rope, clamps are used (see Fig. 48). The arc of the clamp is placed on the side of the short end of the rope. The clamps are tightened until the total diameter of the compressed ropes is 0.6 of their nominal dimensions. The distance between clamps and their number depend on the diameter of the rope. In most cases, the distance between the clamps is taken to be at least 6 diameters of the connected rope, and in special occasions determined by calculation. At least three clamps must be installed on one node.

Slings. Equipment and building structures are lifted and installed in the design position by lifting mechanisms using slings. Slings are called segments of ropes or chains, the ends of which are connected into loops, rings or equipped with gripping devices that provide fast, convenient and safe securing of goods.

The following cargo slings are used: universal versions (USK1) with braid, sleeve and clamps (Fig. 50, a-c); universal versions (USK2) with braid and clamps (Fig. 50, d, e); towel (Fig. 50, f) single- and multi-branch slings 5 ​​(single-branch 1SK, two-branch 2SK, three-branch ZSK, four-branch 4SK); chain slings (SC).

50. Universal slings
a-c - performance; f, e - execution 2; e - towel; 7 - braid; 2 - loop; 3 - sleeve; 4 - clamp; L - distance between clamps

Chain slings are also divided into one-, two-, three- and four-legged ones and are respectively designated 1STs, 2STs, ZSTs and 4STs.

The following basic requirements are imposed on slings: safety of work, speed and convenience of slinging and slinging.

Universal sling version 1 (USK.1) is a single-branch sling without thimble and hook, made from a piece of rope with a diameter of up to 60 mm.

Universal sling version 2 (USK2) is a ring element, the ends of the rope of which are interconnected by a braid 1 for a length equal to 40 rope diameters, or clamps 4.

Universal slings of 1 to 2 versions are designated depending on the permissible load of the version, climatic region and length. Example symbol universal rope sling version 1 with a load capacity of 16 kN, length 3200 mm: Sling USK1 -16/3200

51. Multi-branch slings
a - two-branched (2SK); b - three-branched (ZSK): c - four-branched (4SK); 1 - hook: 2 - sling; 3 - detachable bracket; 4 - triangular link

52. Design scheme determination of tensile forces
branches of the sling Q - load; a - the angle of inclination of the branches of the sling

Multi-branch slings (Fig. 51) are used to lift elements at two, three or four points. When slinging with a four-branch sling, make sure that all branches work under the same conditions and the load is transferred to all branches evenly. The carrying capacity of the sling must correspond to the force from the mass of the load being lifted, taking into account the safety factor and the angle of inclination to the vertical, which should not be more than 45 °. Slings from steel ropes (Fig. 52) are calculated taking into account the number of branches and their angle of inclination to the vertical.

If instead of slings a rope is used for slinging loads, the calculation is carried out in a similar way.

When choosing slings, they are guided by the mass of the load being lifted and its dimensions; a rational slinging scheme that ensures safety and ease of maintenance; the number of branches of the slings, their angle of inclination to the vertical and the uniformity of their loading.

After manufacturing, the slings should be inspected and tested with a load exceeding the rated load capacity by 1.25 with a holding time of 10 minutes. The slings that have passed the test are provided with a tag indicating the number, load capacity and date of the test.

Blocks are part of most lifting machines and mechanisms. They are used for lifting and moving loads (load blocks) and changing the direction of movement of ropes (bypass blocks). Blocks for installation work are called assembly. The block (Fig. 53) is a roller mounted on an axle. A groove (stream) for a rope is made along the outer perimeter of the roller. The dimensions of the block stream depend on the diameter of the rope going through the block. Therefore, in the characteristics of the mounting blocks, along with the load capacity of the blocks, the diameter of the rope is indicated. The axis of the roller is fixed between two cheeks, which are reinforced with traction. At the top of the rod there is a bracket for attaching a sling or chain hoist, and at the bottom there is a hook or loop for hanging the load being lifted.

53. Single roll block
1 - cheek; 2 - bracket; 3 - thrust; 4 - cargo hook; 5 - axes; in - roller

54. Mounting block BMK-160
1- roller; 2 - axis; 3 - thrust; 4 - insert; 5 - cheek

Blocks are divided into one-, two-, three-, four-role, etc. The maximum number of clips in blocks.

In the multi-roll block, the rollers are separated from each other by cheeks and all the rollers rotate on the axis independently, independently of each other. In blocks of different carrying capacity, the number of rollers is not the same:
Single-roll blocks are used as diverting blocks, as well as for lifting and moving loads in chain hoists and independently, multi-roll blocks in the chain hoist system for lifting and moving heavy equipment. The blocks are equipped with hooks, cargo loops and suspensions. Blocks must have a factory stamp indicating their load capacity. In the absence of a stigma, the blocks are tested. Technical certification mounting blocks are produced annually.

Mounting block BMK-160 with a load capacity of 160 tons (Fig. 54) consists of eight rollers that rotate on an axis. The rollers are separated by cheeks and connected to the rods. There is a removable insert at the bottom. Thanks to the insert, the element to be lifted can be slinged with a towel sling.

Blocks are made with cast iron or bronze bushings, as well as with rolling bearings. Blocks for chain hoists are selected depending on the design load acting on the movable and fixed blocks; traction effort and rope capacity of the winch; the distance over which the equipment must be moved.

Polyspast is a cargo lifting device, consisting of a system of movable and fixed blocks interconnected by a traction rope. With the help of a chain hoist, you can lift the load or move it in a given direction. The chain hoist gives a gain in strength due to a loss in speed: how many times it is won in strength, how many times it is lost in speed.

To equip pulley blocks, steel ropes of design 6X36 + 1 o are used. with. according to GOST 7668-80*. It is allowed to use steel ropes of design 6X37 + 1 o. with. according to GOST 3079-80*, as well as 6X19+ + 1 o. with. according to GOST 2688-80*.

The chain hoist (Fig. 55, a) consists of a fixed block attached to a lifting device (beam, mast, truss), and a movable block that is attached to the load being lifted. The rope, sequentially bending around all the rollers of the blocks, is attached at one end to the upper fixed or lower movable block. The other end of the rope is attached to the winch drum through the outlet blocks.

The chain hoist is stocked in two ways. According to the first method, a fixed block without ropes is lifted into working position and fixed; the lower movable block is at the bottom. A rope is sequentially passed through the streams of the rollers of the upper and lower blocks. Depending on the adopted reeving scheme, the end of the rope is fixed to the upper or lower block.

In the second method, the chain hoist is equipped at the bottom, and then lifted and fixed in finished form. The rope begins to be pulled from the roller from which the running thread comes off, going to the winch. When the rope goes around the last roller, the end of the rope is attached to one of the blocks. In chain hoists, in which the rope runs off the fixed block (Fig. 55, b), the number of rope threads (I-IV) is equal to the number of block rollers.

In order to choose the right blocks and rope to equip the chain hoist, as well as a winch with the necessary traction, you need to know the calculation of the chain hoist. The calculation is reduced to determining the forces in the chain hoist threads.

Traverses are lifting devices that protect the elements being lifted from the effects of compressive forces that occur when the slings are tilted. For example, when lifting a cylindrical side (a cylindrical element without a bottom) with one crane using two or three slings, compressive forces can deform the element. The traverse perceives compressive forces, and only vertical forces act on the side.

Often, traverses are also used to lift equipment whose mass exceeds the lifting capacity of the crane (Fig. 56).

Traverses are equal, unequal and balanced. Unequal-arm traverses serve to redistribute loads on cranes of different carrying capacity; balancing traverses are used when it is necessary to evenly distribute the load on all points of suspension of the load during lifting.

55. Reeving hoist with a carrying capacity of 100 t (a), the scheme of zapaska of the hoist with a rope running from a fixed block (b) 1, 2 - fixed and movable blocks: 3 - bypass block; 4 - running thread of the chain hoist; 5 - block suspension; /- V - chain hoist threads
a - for suspension on two cranes: b - for suspension on one crane; 1 - beam; 2 - an earring for a hook of a lifting mechanism; 3 - earring for cargo suspension; 1 - axis; 5 - slings

56. Equal-shouldered traverse

57. Inventory ground anchors a - without a winch: b - with a winch; 1 - thrust; 2 - block; 3 - raia; 4 - axis - hinge; 5 - winch

Anchors are fixed structures capable of absorbing horizontal or vertical forces. Anchors are designed for fastening shrouds, braces, chain hoists, winches.

Depending on the design, ground, buried, screw, pile anchors are distinguished. When installing cranes, ground anchors are more often used. Foundations for equipment, columns of buildings, embedded parts embedded (deepened) in the foundation also serve as anchors.

The ground anchor (Fig. 57) is a rigid metal frame on which the required number of reinforced concrete blocks is installed. The frame consists of two halves. Between them, on the hinge axis, there is a rod, to which chain hoists, shrouds or other devices are attached. Sometimes a winch is placed on the ground anchor.

Ground anchors are made inventory. They are designed for repeated use. The carrying capacity of the anchor is from 10 to 100 tons and depends on the number of inventory reinforced concrete blocks laid.

Any industrial production to some extent connected with the installation of overall and complex cargo. In many cases, a person cannot do this work on his own. For this, rigging means, mechanisms and devices are used. With their help, moving, unloading, loading objects of any configuration and weight becomes available.

Rigging work

They are operations associated with lifting, holding and moving various objects - parts, assemblies, equipment. The key difference between these works and conventional loading and unloading is the use of special devices. Often rigging equipment have a specific configuration. Their use is due to the impossibility of moving objects due to their size and weight in other ways. The timing of the work, as well as their cost, is determined by the complexity of operations, the characteristics of the cargo, as well as the presence of specialized organizations in the region.

Purpose

Rigging mechanisms - fixtures used to transport large equipment. The main task of work with the use of special equipment is not to exclude human participation in them, but to increase the efficiency of operations. The services of riggers are used industrial enterprises. Rigging devices allow you to move machines, workbenches and other large-sized equipment in the shortest possible time. In addition, special equipment allows you to increase the safety of operations and ensure the safety of cargo. Rigging devices are used not only in industry, where the transportation of equipment is one of the most important parts of the workflow. Often special equipment is used in the domestic sphere. For example, the services of specialized organizations are resorted to, if necessary, to transport safes, musical instruments, furniture, etc.

Rigging devices

Companies offering moving services use in their work various devices. All of them are united by the term "equipment". In practice, the following are mainly used:

1. Slings.
2. Blocks.
3. Hooks.
4. Ropes.
5. Eyelets.
6. Polyspasty.
7. Chains.
8. Clamps.

Ropes

As a rule, steel, nylon and hemp cables are used. The latter can be resinous or white. They differ in production technology. Hemp threads impregnated with resin are considered more practical. In addition, they have high strength. White ropes are more flexible. They have a smaller margin of safety and are not used for mechanisms equipped with a machine drive. For installation work, such ropes are rarely used. Steel cables differ in the shape of the section and are classified according to the design feature. As a rule, round and flat ropes with a single, double, triple lay are used.

Slings

These are represented by segments of ropes of various configurations. Slings are used to securely and quickly secure the transported cargo. They can be electronic or manual. Slings are used for direct loading / unloading. The maximum height to which the load can be lifted is 3 m. The maximum weight of objects for the movement of which slings are used is up to 10 tons. For lifting to a small height, jacks are used. They can be screw, rack, wedge, hydraulic.

Polyspasts and blocks

These mechanisms, as a rule, are part of various lifting equipment. The chain hoist is the simplest lifting device, consisting of blocks. The latter are connected by a rope. Blocks differ in the number of rollers (single and multi-roller).

Winch

Its design includes blocks or tackles. With the help of these elements, the direct lifting of the load is carried out. Winches are distinguished by the type of drive. It can be electric or manual.

Support structures

Often, rigging involves hanging and holding the load on a structure that can support its weight. In this case, hoists are used. If work is done indoors, they are fixed on ceilings and other building elements. If they are missing, then set special equipment- support structure. As a rule, it is a metal vertical rack, which is held by special braces. A heavy plate is provided as a support in the structure.

Security

In the production of rigging, quite heavy objects are lifted and moved. Their weight can be up to several tons. Specialists have developed safety rules when using rigging devices. The requirements take into account all the risk factors in the implementation of operations. Employees of the organization providing rigging services undergo mandatory briefings and advanced training courses. To perform work, you must obtain a special permit, undergo a medical examination.

equipment requirements

Regularly carried out to maintain performance inspection of rigging means, mechanisms, devices. The check is carried out within the stipulated time. Traverses are inspected at least once every six months, containers, tongs and other grippers - 1 rub / month, slings - 1 rub / 10 days (except for rarely used ones).

Extraordinary full technical inspection of equipment should be carried out in without fail after the repair of metal elements with the replacement of calculated parts and assemblies, reconstruction, overhaul, replacement of the hook and other similar operations. The results of the procedure are recorded in the journal of rigging mechanisms and devices.

After replacing the worn ropes, during their repacking, the reliability of fastening and the correctness of the reeving are checked, the cables are tightened with a working load.

Technical certification and accounting of rigging means, mechanisms and devices is carried out by an engineering and technical worker who performs supervisory functions at the enterprise, with the participation of an employee responsible for the good condition of the equipment. The latter can independently check the reliability of the ropes and the correctness of the reeving, tightening with a load after repacking or replacing the cables. The form of the register of rigging equipment and fixtures corresponds to Appendix 9 to the Rules for labor protection when working at height (approved by Order of the Ministry of Labor No. 155n dated March 28, 2014).

Safety

The production of rigging involves the use of slings, with the help of which it is carried out to the lifting mechanism. Before slinging, the specialist must know the entire object. As a rule, the weight of the load is indicated on a plate attached to the frame. If the object is packed, the weight is marked on the box or casing. Lifting and moving objects are carried out with the strict observance of the following rules:

1. The slinging of the cargo, to which the passport and instructions are attached, is carried out according to the specified technology. The slings are fixed in the eyelets provided for them with the help of special hooks on the equipment.
2. Slinging should be carried out taking into account the factors of balance and stability of the load during its lifting and subsequent movement. Mechanisms and equipment mounted on the same frame are lifted after the slings are fixed on a common platform. Sheet packaged material is moved using special pickups, which are suspended on a traverse.
3. Slinging of channels, angles and other profiled metal products is carried out using universal devices. Linings are placed under the slings in sharp corners.

Object classification

All goods that are transported are divided into certain groups depending on the mass:

1. Lightweight - up to 250 kg.
2. Heavy - 250-50000 kg.
3. Very heavy - more than 50 tons.

There is another category - dead weights. They are called objects frozen to the ground, dug into it, fixed on the foundation, pressed against other objects. The mass of such cargoes is usually unknown. It is strictly forbidden to use cranes to lift them. Objects are also classified according to their size and are dimensional and oversized. In the first, the parameters do not exceed the norms specified in the SDA (motor transport), or correspond to the dimensions of the rolling stock (for railway transport). These indicators exceed the established standards.

Conclusion

One of the key safety factors is the high professionalism of the personnel of the enterprise carrying out rigging work. The employee must be familiar with the equipment that he uses, the features of its operation. The production of works is controlled by the foreman. He is responsible for the implementation established rules and norms. Developed for staff special instructions, the deviation from which is fraught with serious consequences.