Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country. Dwellings of ancient people

It has been a long time since man used only natural shelters for his life. Man evolved, his way of life changed. The first human dwellings appeared, which he built specifically for his residence.

What were the first dwellings made of?

Today, everyone is used to the fact that there is an opportunity to purchase any material for building a house. You can even order material from the other side of the world. Just pay for the services - they will deliver with pleasure. But it was not always so. As there was not always mail, steamships and railways for the transport of goods.

In those distant times in question, the peoples lived apart from each other. There was practically no trade. And, materials for building, dwellings had to use those that were in abundance nearby. Or those that could be adapted for construction without significant effort.

The building material used also influenced the shape of the first dwelling. Therefore, in different parts of the planet, their own special types of human dwellings were formed. Despite their diversity, they also have significant similarities. But these similarities are due to the simplicity of making dwellings. Why complicate when you can make it simple?

In the steppe areas, semi-desert, tundra, dwellings made like huts appeared. They were made from branches of bushes, trees and covered with grass, animal skins and other materials. They were built in North America, Central Asia, Siberia. Such housing was called: wigwam, yurt, chum, and so on.

In semi-desert, desert areas, houses were built from materials that were underfoot. There were no others. This is a well-known material - clay. The walls of buildings were erected from it, vaults were made. If it was possible to find a tree, then the base of the roof was made from it, and covered with reeds, grass or other materials. Such housing was called adobe.

If straw was added to the clay, then such houses were called adobe. Usually these were small structures rectangular or round in plan. Their height was small - the height of a man. Such housing was built in Central Asia, Africa.

In mountainous and rocky areas, stone was used for construction. In fact, what else to build a house here? Walls were built from it. The roof was made of wood or also of stone. An example of such a structure is the Georgian saklya. In addition, caves continued to be made in the mountains. Only for this purpose they cut down cavities in the rocks on purpose.

And such caves over time looked more and more like ordinary rooms and apartments. For example, in Italy there are whole ancient cities in the rocks. In some areas, entire secret cities were built in caves to protect against invaders. In the Turkish region of Cappadocia, well-preserved underground cities where thousands of people could hide and live.

In forest and taiga areas, where there was an abundance of wood, houses were built from it. Here we can mention chopped Russian izba, Ukrainian hut. In Europe, wood was also used for construction. These are the so-called chalets, which in translation means the shepherd's house. In general, the forest in one form or another for construction was used by many peoples of the world in its different parts.

Well, where there was no forest, and a thick layer of ice prevented the clay from reaching, the buildings were made from it. This custom existed in Greenland. There, dwellings were built from dense snow or ice. Such houses were called igloos.

On the other side the globe, where, unlike Greenland, it was necessary to escape not from the cold, but from the heat, light structures were built. In the deserts of Arabia they lived in tents, and in Africa - in buildings woven from branches. It was not hot in such buildings. They are well ventilated around the clock.

Types of human dwelling depending on lifestyle

The way of life of peoples also had a significant impact on the appearance of his dwelling. In those distant times, there were two ways of life for people. Those who were engaged in agriculture led a settled way of life. They lived in their area permanently. And, accordingly, their houses were reliable and massive. Such houses, sometimes even with success, were used to protect against uninvited guests.

Unlike farmers, pastoralists and hunters led a nomadic lifestyle. They had no need to build reliable heavy houses. After all, they had to be moved from place to place from time to time. Therefore, lightweight collapsible buildings were built. A little later, some peoples began to use not only collapsible, but houses moved on wheels.

The housing stock of modern Russian villages has evolved over a long period of time. In individual villages and hamlets, there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; Many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have been preserved. In general, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution make up a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the current changes in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of formation of new features of housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of ​​the main features of the Russian rural dwelling traced back to the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country

The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation of different types of Russian dwellings, fixed in a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. As well as common features, characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in the building material, in the coating, in height and interior layout buildings, in the forms of building a yard. Many local features of the dwelling were formed back in the feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.

In the middle of the XIX century. on the vast territory settlement of Russians, large areas stood out, distinguished by the peculiarities of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with a less significant originality of dwellings, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of dwelling.

In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern districts of Tver, Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included living and utility rooms in one piece, set with a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. characteristic feature the northern dwelling had a large height of the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of the living quarters was raised above the ground to a considerable height. The cuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth or tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the podklet, or podyzbitsa; it reached a significant (1.5-3 m) height and was used for various economic needs: maintenance of poultry and young livestock, storage of vegetables, products, various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Directly adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and constituting a single whole with housing (“house - yard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were combined into one unit under common roof and close to housing. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-chernozem provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced the residential and outbuildings to be combined into one.

Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged in two floors. On the lower floor there were cattle sheds, and in top floor(poveti) kept fodder for livestock, household equipment, vehicles, various household items; small unheated log cabins were built there - cages (burners), in which the family's household property was stored, and in the summer they lived couples. Outside, an inclined log flooring was attached to the story - an entrance (import). The covered courtyard closely adjoined the rear wall of the house, and the entire building stretched perpendicular to the street, in one line, making up a "single-row connection" or "single-row building type." In the northern buildings there was also a type of "two-row" building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed in parallel close to each other. In Zaonezhye, the so-called purse house was widespread, in which the courtyard, attached to the side, was wider than the hut and was covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There were also “verb-shaped” buildings, when a courtyard was attached to the back and side walls of the house, set perpendicular to the street, as if covering the house from two sides.

On a vast territory that included all the northern, western, eastern and central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, the dwelling was covered with a gable roof. The roofing material "of the roof depended on local possibilities. In the northern forest provinces, the huts were covered with boards, shreds, and at the beginning of the 20th century also with wood chips.

The most ancient and characteristic design of a gable roof, which was preserved for a particularly long time in the north, was male (roof with a cut, notch, on bulls, on males). In the construction of such a roof, chickens served an important practical purpose - naturally bent spruce rhizomes that support streams, or water outlets, i.e. gutters, against which the ends of the roof clefts abutted. An important constructive role was played by brackets (falls, help, passes), arranged from the releases of the upper logs of the longitudinal walls and supporting the corners of the roof, as well as okhlupen (gielom) - a massive log that oppresses the roof with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. AT late XIX-early XX century. the design of the male roof is replaced by a rafter.

On the facade of high log huts in the northern villages, several windows were cut through; the building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on a chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the whole house at the level of windows. With the help of a knife and an ax, the rounded ends of chickens, streams, polovs, okhlupny were given plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric figures; especially characteristic was the image of a horse's head.

The architectural appearance of the northern hut is unusually beautiful and picturesque. Flat plank surfaces of window trims, piers (boards that sewn up the protruding ends of the roofs), valances (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the roof joint), porches, balcony] gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with a low relief) or slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cutouts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following one another, made the carved boards of the northern huts look either like lace or like the ends of a towel made in the Russian folk style. The plank surfaces of the northern building were often painted with paints.

Dwellings were built much lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, the southern part of Novgorod, the northern counties of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, and partly in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuts were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth, and even seventh crown; in the south of the Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement prevailed in the dwelling: cuts for the floor were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the XIX century. it was possible to meet an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of the housing construction of the peoples of the Volga region, for whom underground dwellings were typical in the past. In the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a pantry, shop or workshop.

In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street, two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut through on the front facade. Tes, shingles, and straw served as the covering material for the gable roof. Directly to the house, as well as in the North, a covered courtyard was attached, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not form a single whole with the house. In the northern regions of the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were also built, located on the same level as the house.

In Central Russian trees, yards were attached to the back of the house according to the type of single-row building; in rich farms, verb-shaped buildings were often found; especially characteristic of the Upper and Middle Volga region was a two-row type of building. At the end of the XIX century. the two-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row one. This was due to the inconvenience and bulkiness of two-row courtyards; due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house with outbuildings, these yards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. the so-called "quiet courtyard" was widespread. The resting building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and opposite it a row of outbuildings, which in the back of the courtyard were bent at a right angle and joined with the buildings of the first row. In such a courtyard there is considerable open space; this type of development refers to the "open" or "semi-closed" type of courtyard 1 .

Semi-closed courtyards constitute, as it were, a transition zone from an indoor courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, the Middle Volga region). To the south of this zone, an open courtyard dominated.

The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, the rounded ends of streams, hens, okhlupnya were processed with sculptural carving, but it did not have that bizarre artistic variety, as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof of the peasant hut in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces was peculiar. two sculptural skates, turned muzzles in different directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat trihedral-notched carvings with a pattern of rosettes or separate parts circle, which was usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in middle lane First of all, the windows were decorated. In the regions adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. a more complex carving with high relief and a convex juicy pattern of a pattern (ship carving, deaf, or chisel carving) became widespread. The relief carving was dominated by floral patterns, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. carved patterns concentrated on the pediment of the hut, they also decorated the shutters of the windows, the ends of the protruding corner logs, the gate. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. time-consuming embossed and flat carvings were supplanted by easier-to-execute sawing threads, which spread along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which allows you to easily and quickly cut out a variety of through patterns. The motifs of sawn carving ornament were very diverse.

In the north-east of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the dwelling had many features similar to the North Russian and Central Russian buildings, which is explained as the settlement of these areas by people from Novgorod land and close ties of the northeast with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries, and similar conditions for the development of these areas. At the same time, some specific features can be traced in the northeastern dwelling. The chopped dwelling of the Vyatka-Perm Territory stood mostly perpendicular to the street and was covered with a plank gable, less often hipped roof(in more developed houses according to their plan). In the northwestern counties of the region, taller and larger houses were built on a high basement, and the floor cuts were cut into the seventh crown; in the southern regions of the region, the height of the underground was lowered and floor cuts were more often cut into the fourth or fifth crowns. For the dwellings of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was a kind of rest-like building of the yard. These yards were closed when the free space of the yard was covered pitched roof, semi-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. they arranged a quiet courtyard, called “for three horses”, in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three double-pitched parallel roofs. The outer facades of the northeastern dwelling were decorated relatively poorly.

In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and were covered with double-pitched thatched, less often shed roofs. Distinctive feature appearance of the Western Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and a poor decoration front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskovskaya, northern districts of the Novgorod province.), Where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces), a peculiar type of three-row building of the estate was common, which can be simultaneously attributed to the covered and open type of the courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard closely adjoined the blind side wall of the house (similar to the type of two-row connection), on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were built, parallel to the house. Open space between house and outbuildings fenced off with a timber fence. In the dwellings of the western provinces, there are features similar to the dwellings of the Belarusians and the peoples of the eastern regions of the Baltic states (planizba, the presence of a hanging boiler near the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of ancient historical and ethno-cultural ties of the population of these regions with their western neighbors . For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) Smolensk lands were ruled by Lithuania, and then by the Commonwealth.

A peculiar type of Russian housing has developed in the southern black earth provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Small log huts were built here, often covered with clay on the outside, and later adobe, round-beam and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor. The houses were placed with the long side along the street and covered with a hipped thatched roof of a truss structure. The low southern Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect against the summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always arranged at the windows. brick houses often decorated with complex bright patterns of painted different colors bricks, as well as relief patterns laid out of chiseled bricks.

In the southern provinces of Russia, an open type of courtyard was common. Yard buildings were located behind the house and constituted a closed, open space in the center. In the Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of the Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, and also in the Smolensk provinces. a closed “round” courtyard was common, which differed from the resting one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part of the steppe zone - in the southern districts of the Kursk, Voronezh, and partially Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Cossacks, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in the Stavropol provinces, among the Russians of Central Asia - an open open courtyard was common. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which, in no particular order, not always adjoining each other, separately from the house, various outbuildings were located. The entire space of the yard was usually enclosed with a fence. The characteristic features of the dwelling are low underground huts, free development of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as building material and a much lower value of the tree - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe belt with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.

A sharp contrast to the low southern Russian dwelling was the residential buildings of the prosperous grassroots Don Cossacks. Already in the middle of the 19th century. two-story multi-room houses on a high basement were common here. At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. two types of houses were built there - a “round house” (close to a square in plan), multi-roomed under a four-slope roof, and an “outhouse” - a rectangular house under a gable roof. Houses were cut from tetrahedral beams, sheathed on the outside with planks and covered with iron or plank roofs. It was typical for Cossack houses big number large windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork sawn carving, gave the buildings a specific southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the nonresident population and the poorest strata of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and round-beam houses under four-pitched thatched or reed roofs.

The Kuban and Terek Cossacks and the peasants of Stavropol in the middle of the XIX century. buildings resembling low Ukrainian huts predominated - adobe and turluch, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without basement, with adobe floors, under a hipped thatched or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to the Kuban at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, influenced all folk building Kuban, Terek and Stavropol. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. In the eastern and, to a lesser extent, in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack households also began to build “round”, multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and smaller than the houses of the grassroots Cossacks. Spread over perfect type dwellings occurred both under the influence of developing capitalism, and under direct influence Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were inhabited to a large extent Don Cossacks. The dwelling of the Terek Cossacks developed under a certain influence of the neighboring mountain peoples, for example, in the Cossack estates, "mountain sakli" - huts were erected; in the living quarters there were carpets, felts and other items of mountain household utensils.

The Slavs took the construction of a new house very seriously, because they had to live in it for many years. In advance, they selected a place for the future dwelling and trees for construction. The best wood pine or spruce was considered: the house from it turned out to be strong, a pleasant coniferous smell emanated from the logs, and people in such a house were less likely to get sick. If there was no coniferous forest nearby, then they cut down oak or larch. Construction started late autumn. The men from all over the village felled the forest and built on the edge of the forest log house without windows and doors, which remained standing until early spring. This was done so that the logs would “lay down” during the winter, get used to each other.

In early spring, the log house was dismantled and transferred to the chosen place. The perimeter of the future house was marked directly on the ground with a rope. For the foundation along the perimeter of the house, they dug a hole 20-25 cm deep, covered it with sand, laid it with stone blocks or tarred logs. Later began to use brick foundation. Layers of birch bark were laid on top in a dense layer, they did not let water through and protected the house from dampness. Sometimes a quadrangular log crown, installed around the perimeter of the house, was used as a foundation, and already they laid on it log walls. According to the old pagan customs, which even today Russian people coexist with the true Christian faith, a piece of wool (for warmth), coins (for wealth and prosperity), incense (for holiness) were laid under each corner of the crown.

During the construction of the house, even the number of logs in the walls mattered, it was different, depending on the customs accepted in the area. There were many ways to fasten logs in the corners, but the most common were two - a frame "in the oblo" and "in the paw". With the first method, uneven ledges remained in the corners of the house, which were called the remainder. Such houses are familiar to us from childhood according to illustrations for Russian folk tales. But the protruding parts of the logs in the huts were of particular importance - they protected the corners of the house from freezing in the frosty winter. But the log house "in the paw" made it possible to expand the space of the house. With this method, the logs were connected to each other at the very ends, it was much more difficult, so this method was used less often. In any case, the logs fit very tightly to each other, and for greater thermal insulation, the cracks were pierced with moss and caulked.

The sloping roof was laid out with chips, straw, aspen planks. Oddly enough, the thatched roof was the most durable, because it was filled with liquid clay, dried in the sun and became strong. A log was laid along the roof, decorated with skillful carvings from the facade, most often it was a horse or a rooster. It was a kind of amulet that protected the house from harm. Before starting finishing work, a small hole was left in the roof of the house for several days, it was believed that through it devilry must fly out of the house. The floor was covered with halves of logs from the door to the window. There was a space between the foundation and the floor, which served as an underground for food storage (basement), here the owner could arrange a workshop, and in winter cattle were kept in the basement. The room itself was called a cage, it could be entered through a low door with a high threshold, the windows in the Russian hut were small, usually there were three on the front side and one on the side.

In a Russian hut there was usually one room. The main place in it was occupied by the oven. The larger the oven, the more heat she gave, in addition, food was cooked in the oven, old people and children slept on it. Many rituals and beliefs were associated with the oven. It was believed that a brownie lives behind the stove. It was impossible to take out the rubbish from the hut, and it was burned in the oven.
When matchmakers came to the house, the girl climbed onto the stove and watched the conversation between her parents and the guests from there. When she was called, she got down from the stove, which meant that she agreed to get married, and the wedding invariably ended with an empty pot thrown into the stove: how many shards break, so many children will be young.

Next to the stove was the so-called "woman's corner". Here, women cooked food, did needlework, and stored dishes. It was separated from the room by a curtain and was called "kut" or "zakut". The opposite corner was called "red", holy, here stood an icon, hung a lamp. In the same corner was a dining table with benches. Wide shelves were nailed along the walls under the ceiling, on them were festive dishes and caskets that served as decorations for the house, or things needed in the household were stored. In the corner between the stove and the door, under the ceiling, a wide shelf was built in - a bed.

In the old Russian hut there was not so much furniture: the already mentioned table, benches along the walls, on which they not only sat, but also slept, a small open cupboard for dishes, several massive chests upholstered with iron strips for storing clothes and linen - that, perhaps, and the whole setting. The floors were covered with knitted or woven rugs, outerwear served as blankets.

By old tradition the cat was the first to be allowed into the house, and only then they entered themselves. In addition, hot coals in a pot were taken from the old house, as a symbol of the hearth, they brought a brownie in a bast shoes or felt boots, icons and bread.

Ordinary peasants lived in log huts, while boyars and princes built bigger houses for themselves and decorated them richer - towers and chambers. Terem was a high and bright living space built over the entrance hall or simply on a high basement. A staircase with a high porch led to the tower, decorated with carvings and resting on carved wooden posts.
The room itself was often painted and also decorated with carvings, in big windows forged lattices were inserted, and the high roof was even covered with real gilding. In the tower there were rooms and rooms, in which, according to folk tales, beautiful girls lived and spent all their time doing needlework. But there were, of course, other rooms in the tower, connected by passages and stairs.

Until the 16th century, houses in Ancient Russia were wooden, they often burned, so that practically nothing remained of the buildings of those times. In the 16th century, stone buildings appeared, and then brick ones. They are built on the same principle as wooden houses, even stone carving repeats the motifs characteristic of wooden architecture, but ordinary people preferred to live in log huts for several centuries. So it was more familiar, and healthier, and cheaper.

Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of immediate educational activities"Dwellings different peoples»

Dwellings of different peoples.

Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.

Acquaintance with the environment:

Purpose of the lesson: to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.

Tasks:

to acquaint children with the fact that people live on our planet of different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live in differently;

introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;

introduce children to some of the facts of the history of their people;

introduce children to some of the materials from which you can build dwellings;

show the differences and similarities of people living on different territories;

to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in other conditions.

Class equipment:

apartment building illustrations, wooden hut, tent, needle, wigwam;

illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, an inhabitant of the Far North and a desert;

illustrations of bricks, logs, snow bars;

sticks, scarf;

5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.

Lesson progress:

1. Discuss with children where they are live: live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.

2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.

Does this house look like the one you live in? What is similar? What is the difference?

What is in this house?

3. Show illustration wooden house. - Where did you see such houses?

What are their names?

In the huts the people of our country lived when they didn't know how to build big houses with many apartments. Now there are such huts only in villages and dachas, but before, almost all people lived in them.

What is in the hut?

In wooden houses there is always a stove and a chimney.

What are they needed for?

Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could heat the stove all winter.

How is the hut different from the house in which you live now? (among other things, bring the children to the fact that one family lives in a village hut, and many in a city house). - In which house is it more convenient to live now? Why?

4. On our big planet there is different countries. In some you went on vacation to the sea.

What countries do you know?

AT different countries live different people and these people live in a completely different houses . In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called the desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the wilderness people live in a house called a tent. (Show tent illustration).

What does a tent look like?

The tent is made from a large piece of cloth. It does not protect against cold or rain.

And what can a tent protect people from?

It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded, it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.

5. (show illustration of igloo).

What is this house made of?

Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?

This house is called an igloo. It is really built by people who live in the north, where there is snow almost all year round. There are no windows in the igloo to keep warm water out, and a hearth is always lit inside to keep warm. And, oddly enough, but in a house made of snow it is really warm enough.

6. In the country of America there are people who are called Indians.

What do you know about Indians?

Indians live in wigwams. (Show an illustration of the wigwam).

What does a wigwam look like?

In the country where people live in such houses, is it warm or cold? Why?

7. Let's put the houses in their places.

Consider tables. Where should the apartment building be located?

How did you guess?

Where are wooden houses built?

How did you guess?

Where are the tents set up? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?

Where is the igloo built? What does the white tablecloth look like?

Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth is on this table? Why?

8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.

Consider this woman. What house does she live in?

How did you guess? What is she wearing? What is in her hands?

People living in the village work hard. They grow their own vegetables and fruits, which they eat, put things in order in their gardens.

Consider this man. What house does he live in?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

What is the Indian wearing?

Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given a feather of the most noble and strong bird - an eagle. We give medals for feats (show an illustration, and feathers for the Indians.

This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?

(Show illustration of inhabitants of the Far North).

Where do these people live?

How did you guess? What are these people wearing?

What do they have in their hands?

There is a lot of snow and people in the North, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.

(Show picture of African).

Where does this person live?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

If it's hot in there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?

9. What can houses be built from?

(Show brick illustration).

What is it?

What kind of house is built of brick? What is it called? (brick).

(Show illustration of logs).

What is it? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).

(Show an illustration of snow bars).

What is it? What kind of house is built from this material? Why from him?

(show sticks).

What kind of house is built from such sticks?

(Show cloth handkerchief).

What kind of house is made of cloth?

What does the fabric protect against?

What is used to strengthen the tent?

10. We have examined many houses today.

What are the names of the houses we saw today?

There are a lot of people on our planet. They all live in different and even in different houses. For some, life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.

Artistic and applied creation:

Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.

Tasks:

introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;

teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;

develop spatial thinking of children;

learn to be careful when working with glue;

consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;

cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.

Class equipment:

illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;

sample of finished work;

paper details for application at home for each child;

scissors and glue for each child.

Lesson progress:

1. We learned that on our planet they live completely different people who build their own houses.

What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).

What are they made of?

Whose houses are these?

What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, about the Indians?

2. Consider this picture (show application sample) .

What do you think, what kind of house will we make today?

How did you guess?

Who lives in this house?

What are these houses made of?

What will we make this house from?

What details does this house have?

What parts of the house are not visible here?

3. Today we need scissors.

What do scissors have?

Scissors are a dangerous item.

Why are scissors dangerous?

The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch them with your fingers on the blades. Scissors are taken only by the rings. Do not wave scissors, as you can injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should be kept on the table when not in use. directly to work.

Scissors are taken by inserting fingers into the rings. Inserted into one ring thumb, in another - index and middle. Ring with thumb should be on top. The sheet of paper to be cut is held on weight with the left hand, while making sure that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the scissors in any case. Scissors open to the maximum with fingers right hand and in the open state are placed on the line, observing the direction given by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors match, you need to check that the fingers of the left hand do not fall on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of the right hand should bring the scissors together. If the line is not cut to the end, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.

4. When all the details are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.

What details should your house have? Start gluing the details.

Which side of the paper should be glued?

Where is the part placed to smear it?

What needs to be glued?

How should the pieces be glued?

5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after glue. Then you can paint to make the inhabitants of your house more comfortable, the sun, grass, or anything else you want.

Show me your houses. Tell who lives in your house. Which house do you like the most?

The human dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the form of the house appears from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a bee hive, or a clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main premises and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynoecium.

16 geographical and historical and cultural provinces can be distinguished: East European, West Central European, Central Asian-Kazakhstan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Siberian, Southeast Asian, East Asian, Southwest Asian, South Asian, African tropical, North African, Latin American, North American, Oceanian, Australian . At the same time, each of them has its own characteristics. In this article, we will consider national dwellings peoples of the world.

Eastern European province

It includes the following regions: northern and central, Volga-Kama, Baltic, southwestern. It should be noted that in the north, utility and residential premises were built under a common roof. In the south there were more villages large sizes, while the outbuildings were located separately. In those places where there was not enough forest, wooden and stone walls covered with clay and then whitewashed. In such buildings, the stove has always been the center of the interior.

West Central European province

It is divided into regions: Atlantic, North European, Mediterranean and Central European. Considering the dwellings of the peoples of the world, we can say that in this province, rural settlements have different layout(circular, cumulus, scattered, ordinary) and consist of rectangular buildings. Fachwerk (frame houses) prevail in central Europe, log houses - in the north, brick and stone - in the south. In some areas, utility and residential premises are under a common roof, in the second - they are built separately.

Central Asian-Kazakhstan province

This province occupies the plains in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea, high mountain systems and deserts of the Pamirs and Tien Shan. It is divided into regions: Turkmenistan (southwestern), Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (southeastern), Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (northern). Such traditional dwellings peoples of the world here are rectangular adobe buildings with flat roof in the south, in the mountains - frame houses, among semi-nomads and nomads - round yurts with felt covering and a lattice frame. In the north, the houses were influenced by immigrants from Russia.

Caucasian province

This province is located between the Caspian and Black Seas in the southern part of the East European Plain. It covers various landscapes of the mountain systems of the Caucasus, mountain plains and foothills, is divided into 2 regions: Caucasian and North Caucasian. Such dwellings of the peoples of the world, pictures with images of which can be seen in this article, are very diverse - from stone fortresses and tower houses to turluch (wattle) semi-dugouts and structures; in Azerbaijan - adobe one-story dwellings with an absolutely flat roof, an entrance and windows to the courtyard; in the Eastern part of Georgia - these are 2-storey houses made of wood and stone with balconies, gable or flat roofs.

Siberian province

It is located in the northern part of Asia and occupies the taiga, dry steppes and tundra from the Pacific Ocean to the Urals. The settlements are dominated by rectangular log houses with in the northern part - dugouts, plagues, yarangas - in the northeast, a multi-angled yurt - at the cattle breeders in the south.

Central Asian province

The province occupies deserts located in the temperate zone (Takla-Makan, Gobi). It is worth noting that the dwellings of the peoples of the world are very diverse. In this place they are represented by round yurts (among the Turks and Mongols), as well as woolen tents of the Tibetans. Among the Uighurs, part of the Tibetans, as well as the Izu, houses with walls made of hewn stone or mud brick predominate.

East Asian Province

This region occupies the Korean peninsula, the plains of China, and the Japanese islands. The houses here are frame-and-pillar with adobe filling, with a flat-gable or flat roof, which other traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world cannot boast of. Pile structures predominate in the southern part of the province, while heated benches dominate in the northern part.

Southeast Asian Province

These are the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, as well as the Indochina peninsula. Includes the following areas: East Indochinese, East Indonesian, West Indochinese, West Indonesian, Philippine. The dwellings of different peoples of the world are represented here by pile buildings with high roofs and light walls.

South Asian Province

It includes the Ganges and Indus valleys, the Himalayan mountains in the northern part, arid regions and low mountains in the western part, the Burmese-Assam mountains in the east, and the island of Sri Lanka in the south. All kinds of dwellings of the peoples of the world, photos of which can be seen in this article, today are of great interest to historians. Here, mostly settlements of the street plan; most often you can find brick or adobe 2- and 3-chamber houses, with a high or flat roof. There are also frame-pillar buildings. Several floors of stone - in the mountains, and the nomads - interesting woolen tents.

Dwellings of different peoples of the world: North African province

It occupies the Mediterranean coast, the arid subtropical zone of the Sahara, in addition, oases from the Maghreb to Egypt. The following areas are distinguished: Maghreb, Egyptian, Sudanese. Settled farmers have large settlements with very disorderly buildings. In their center is a mosque, a market square. The houses are square or rectangular made of stone, adobe, with an inner courtyard and a flat roof. Nomads live in woolen black tents. The division of the dwelling is preserved into male and female halves.

Dwellings of the peoples of the world: a southwest Asian province

This province occupies mountains with oases and arid highlands in deserts and river valleys. It is subdivided into the Iranian-Afghan, Asia Minor, Arabian, Mesopotamian-Syrian historical and cultural regions. Rural settlements are mostly large, with a central market square, rectangular mud-brick, stone or adobe houses with a courtyard and a flat roof. Interior decoration includes felt mats, carpets, mats.

North American province

It includes taiga and arctic tundra, Alaska, prairies and temperate forests, as well as subtropics on the Atlantic coast. The following areas are distinguished: Canadian, Arctic, North American. In this place, before European colonization, only Indians and Eskimos lived (the main types of houses differ slightly from each other, depending on the areas where people live. Settlers have housing traditions similar in many respects to European ones.

African tropical province

It includes the equatorial regions of Africa with dry and wet savannas, tropical forests. Areas are distinguished: West-central, West African, East African, tropical, Madagascar island, South African. Rural settlements are scattered or compact, consisting of small frame-pillar dwellings with a round or rectangular layout. They are surrounded by various outbuildings. Sometimes the walls are decorated with painted or embossed ornaments.

Latin American province

It occupies all of Central and South America. There are such areas as: Mesoamerican, Caribbean, Amazonian, Andean, Fireland, Pampas. Local residents are characterized by rectangular, single-chamber dwellings made of reed, wood and adobe, with a high 2- or 4-pitched roof.

Oceanian province

It consists of 3 regions: Polynesia (Polynesians and Maori), Micronesia and Melanesia (Melanesians and Papuans). Houses in New Guinea are piled, ground, rectangular, and in Oceania they are frame-pillar with a gable high roof made of palm leaves.

Australian province

It also occupies Australia. The dwellings of the natives of these places are sheds, wind barriers, huts.