Ecological expertise and environmental impact assessment of a ceramic tile manufacturing facility. The most unhealthy building materials

Brick and ecology

The use of environmentally friendly materials in construction has been talked about for a long time, especially after many of us have lived in reinforced concrete boxes. But, speaking about the ecology of construction, one should not forget that the production of materials should also not harm the environment. On the other hand, one should hardly go too far and build straw houses. Most environmentally friendly pure material all over the world it is considered to be a ceramic brick.

Brick is made from natural material- clay, the reserves of which are practically inexhaustible in the world. Clay mining does not harm the environment, especially since in civilized countries, companies developing raw materials create lakes and parks, sports facilities and recreation areas on the site of quarries. In the production process, molding and firing are used, processes that do not harm the environment. Brick production is waste-free - a kilogram of product is obtained from a kilogram of raw materials, and only a third of the raw materials are used in the production of metal, and waste must be disposed of. In the production of bricks, nothing has to be disposed of, which means that there is no need to pollute nature.

The impact of bricks on the environment

The ecological situation is affected by the amount of fuel used for heating housing, brick and here stands guard over nature, thanks to its unique properties. The thermal inertia of the brick allows you to create a warm and cozy house minimizing heating costs. Not much energy is also spent on the production of bricks, for example, it takes fifty times more to produce aluminum.

An important environmental aspect is the ability to reuse bricks, some types of old bricks are on a par with antiques and are used to create luxurious and expensive interiors. New houses are also built from used bricks, the main condition is the strength of the brick and its frost resistance. But, even turning into crumbs, brick finds an industrial application for itself: crumbs are added to clay when creating a new brick, and large fragments are used by road builders with pleasure when creating embankments for laying various paths.

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Course work

The impact of the industrial activities of the Brick Plant LLC "Azhemak" on environment

Introduction

In May 2000, a brick factory with equipment from the Spanish company AGEMAG was put into operation for the production of bricks by the plastic molding method.

The plant is located in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the village. Tolbazy of the Aurgazinsky district, 80 km from Ufa along the Ufa-Orenburg highway. With a small staff of 110 people, the plant produces more than 10 million bricks a year. At present, the plant produces ceramic single hollow bricks in red and light colors.

Fig. 1 Location of the Brick Plant LLC "Azhemak" on the map

Fig. 2 Location of the Brick Plant LLC "Azhemak" on the diagram

1. General characteristics of production

Ceramic bricks are usually used for the construction of load-bearing and self-supporting walls and partitions, one-story and multi-story buildings and structures, internal partitions, filling voids in monolithic concrete structures, laying foundations, the inside of chimneys, industrial and domestic ovens. It is worth sharing the advantages of ordinary (construction) and face bricks. The latter is used in almost all areas of construction. The front brick is made according to special technology which gives it a lot of advantages. The front brick should be not only beautiful, but also reliable. Facing brick usually used in the construction of new buildings, but can also be successfully used in various restoration works. It is used when facing the plinths of buildings, walls, fences, for interior design.

Raw materials used in production ceramic brick, are subdivided into plastic (clay), non-plastic (lean, burnout and floodplains).

Clay materials include clays and kaolins. According to GOST 9169-75, clay raw materials are rocks consisting mainly of clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, hydromica).

In the technical sense, earthy rocks are called clays, which, when mixed with water, form a plastic dough, which in the dried state has some strength (cohesion), and after firing acquires stone-like properties.

According to GOST 9169-75, clay raw materials are classified:

By fire resistance;

According to the mineral composition;

By plasticity;

By mechanical strength for bending in a dry state;

By sintering;

The mineralogical composition of clays is represented by kaolinite, montmorillonite, hydromica and other minerals and impurities.

Organic impurities turn the clay black. In firing, they burn out, releasing gases and causing a reducing environment inside the crock. These phenomena can be the source of certain defects (“bubbles”) during the firing of products with a dense shard.

Physicochemical characteristics:

At physical and chemical analysis of raw materials, the following definitions are mandatory: macroscopic characteristics, chemical composition, content and composition of water-soluble salts, mineralogical composition according to the methods of derivatographic and X-ray phase analyses.

A macroscopic description of a sample of clay raw materials is performed in order to determine appearance, macrostructure, color and density. At the same time, the presence of inclusions and the degree of effervescence of the sample are also recorded when interacting with a 10% hydrochloric acid solution.

Clay minerals are mainly hydrated aluminosilicates of calcium, magnesium, iron, etc. and therefore traditional chemical analysis gives the first general idea about the composition of raw materials and some future properties of products. So, by the amount of coloring oxides, in particular, iron oxide, in combination with the content of calcium and magnesium oxides, one can judge the color of the crock from this raw material, by the amount of calcium oxide, magnesium and carbon dioxide - by the amount of impurities of calcite and dolomite, by the amount of oxide aluminum in combination with the content of sodium, potassium and iron oxides - about the melting point of clay, by the amount of calcium oxide, magnesium - about the behavior of a ceramic shard during firing in the temperature range of 700-900 ° C and over 1100 ° C, etc.

The composition and amount of water-soluble salts in clay gives an idea of ​​whether efflorescence will appear on the surface of products and allows you to choose methods for their elimination. There is no need to say how important this analysis is when testing clay raw materials for the production of facing bricks.

Next, you need to know (preferably as fully as possible) the mineralogical composition of the raw materials. What kind of clay minerals form this raw material, what impurities are present in the raw material: the amount of free quartz, feldspars, calcite, dolomite, the amount and form of ferruginous compounds, etc.

Usually, the raw material has a polymineral composition and contains simultaneously several clay minerals with different technological properties. For example, the presence of kaolinite in raw materials increases the fire resistance of products and obliges technologists to pay special attention to the modes of molding and firing products. Compared to kaolinite and hydromicaceous clays, montmorillonite clays have the highest degree of dispersion, the highest swelling, high plasticity, binding capacity, shrinkage, and sensitivity to drying and firing. Hydromicaceous clays occupy a middle position between kaolinite and montmorillonite. In nature, however, clays containing one mineral are rarely found, so they are classified according to the predominant content of one or another mineral.

Data on the mineralogical composition (especially quantitative data) are rather laborious to obtain and are involved here. a large number of various expensive physical and chemical research methods. In particular, X-ray phase analysis, which allows you to see the amount of crystalline compounds present in the raw material. These data must be compared with the results of chemical and other analyses. X-ray analysis makes it possible to more definitely and reliably judge the real, always complex, mineralogical composition of raw materials, because it is well known that all the technological and operational properties of ceramic products are determined precisely by the characteristics of the mineralogical composition of the initial clay raw materials. Recall that the X-ray method of investigation is based on the interference x-rays from the crystal lattices of minerals and their subsequent interference according to well-defined physical laws. Each crystalline formation has its own specific set (spectrum) of diffraction reflections, by which this compound is reliably identified and the quantitative content in a complex natural or artificial mixture is determined.

However, to identify relatively X-ray amorphous compounds with an imperfect crystal structure, in particular, the clay mineral montmorillonite, X-ray analysis is not enough to obtain a complete picture of the phase composition and it is supplemented by derivatographic analysis.

Derivatographic analysis is based on the determination of various thermal effects when the sample is heated. The DTA curve characterizes the main physicochemical processes occurring in the sample when it is heated.

Endothermic effects that go with the absorption of heat indicate the destruction of the original crystalline or X-ray amorphous compounds; melting processes, etc. Exothermic effects on the DTA curve, which occur with the release of heat, usually indicate the processes of new crystallization, burnout of organics, etc.

We define ceramic characteristics raw materials: contamination with coarse-grained inclusions, activity of carbonate inclusions, particle size distribution, plasticity, sensitivity to drying, critical moisture index, sintering and fire resistance. In addition, the methods of dilatometric and derivatographic analyzes are used to study the thermal properties of clay. At the same stage, the dispersion of lean additives is determined.

The content of coarse-grained inclusions is carried out by washing the sample on a sieve of 0.5 mm, followed by sieving on sieves of 5, 3, 2 and 1 mm. This analysis gives an idea of ​​the content in the sample of large stony inclusions, inclusions of quartz, carbonates, organics, etc. At this stage, the content and activity of large carbonate inclusions are also determined. The results of this analysis are used to decide on the required degree of grinding of the initial clay raw material.

To obtain information about the clay part of the sample, a granulometric analysis is performed using the pipette method, which makes it possible to determine the particle size of the clay raw material. So clay minerals with dimensions of several microns or less will naturally be in such fractions (0.005-0.001 and less than 0.001 mm.), And, for example, free quartz in the largest fractions (over 0.01 mm). To determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of clay raw materials, the data obtained using other analyzes are then compared with the results of granulometric analysis.

The plastic properties of clays are characterized by moisture and vary for the same clay depending on the amount of water. The transition of clay from one consistency to another takes place at certain moisture values, which are called the limits of plasticity. The moisture at which the clay passes from a plastic state to a fluid state is called the upper limit of plasticity, or the yield limit.

The moisture at which the clay passes from a plastic state to a brittle state is called the lower limit of plasticity or the rolling boundary. The difference between the upper limit and lower limits plasticity is a characteristic of the plasticity of clays, and is called the plasticity number. This characteristic is determined using the Vasiliev device. Abroad, they use the Atterberg plasticity index.

According to the plasticity number, clays are classified as highly plastic with a plasticity number of more than 25, medium plastic - 15-25, moderate plastic - 7-15, low plastic - less than 7 and non-plastic, which do not give a plastic dough at all. The index of plasticity correlates with the granulometric composition of the clay and, of course, with the mineralogical composition, i.e., it is determined by the content of the clay substance in the raw material.

The study of the drying properties of raw materials occupies a very significant place in laboratory and technological research. The drying properties of raw material, its formability are directly related to the amount of montmorillonite. The more it is, the higher the sensitivity of the raw material to drying. However, this statement applies to clays with a total clay content of at least 30-40%.

clay hydrocarbon acid plastic

2. Environmental impact of emissions from the Brick Factory LLC "Azhemak"

Emissions to the atmosphere occur during the firing of bricks in special kilns. Emissions occur due to the combustion of fuel to provide the heat required for firing, and from the effect of high temperatures on the clay itself. Dust emissions also arise from open pit clay mining. The following emissions are possible:

* Nitric oxide occurs when carbohydrate fuels are used in firing. This causes air pollution around the facility and is the cause of photochemical smog and acid rain.

* Sulfur dioxide is obtained from exposing clay to high temperatures. The amount of sulfur dioxide produced depends on the sulfur content of the clay. Low sulfur clay typically contains less than 0.1% sulfur in its composition. Sulfur dioxide causes local air pollution and causes acid rain. Additional sulfur dioxide emissions are possible if fuel oil is used in kilns.

*Emissions of chlorides and fluorides occur during firing due to the presence of these materials in the clay itself.

* Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are produced when hydrocarbon fuels are burned. Carbon monoxide causes local air pollution, and carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming.

* Possible release of additional organic components, including toxins such as dioxins, if waste products are used when firing bricks in special kilns.

* Dust and various particles can enter the atmosphere from kilns, appearing during the brick firing process and from the use of fuel oil, coal or reclaimed oil during firing.

*Dust generated by truck traffic on muddy or dirt roads or due to wind can spread outside the clay quarry and cause inconvenience or damage to property or nearby vegetation.

Possible contamination of the rainwater runoff with clay or brick dust, which can lead to discoloration or sludge if rainwater enters the main stream, which may also contain oil or fuel from motor vehicles.

If glazing salt or fuel is stored on site, there is a risk of soil contamination due to leakage harmful substances.

When mining clay, there is also a considerable impact.

The main types of impact on the environment:

Withdrawal natural resources(land, water);

Pollution of the air basin with emissions of gaseous and suspended substances;

Noise impact;

Change in the relief of the territory.

The negative impacts on the state of the ecosystem are maximum load technological process for each component of the environment. Impact on human health, wildlife and vegetation, and recreational areas.

It also has a negative impact on the atmospheric air as a result of dust and gas formation.

At work road transport and special equipment, air pollution in the zone of influence occurs during the operation of engines of road construction equipment and vehicles that emit nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, gasoline, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide and soot.

The main sources of external noise are the engines of road construction equipment.

2.1 Harmful impact on the atmosphere and the environment CO and NO2

The production of ceramic bricks in the tunnel dryer and tunnel kiln uses natural gas as fuel.

Fuel combustion products contain harmful substances CO and NO2, which are removed with flue gases and have a harmful effect on the atmosphere and the environment. natural environment. CO has harmful effects on the human body ( carbon monoxide). When inhaled, carbon monoxide blocks the supply of oxygen to the blood and, as a result, causes headaches, nausea, and, at higher concentrations, even death. MPC CO for short-term contact is 30 mg/m3, for long-term contact - 10 mg/m3. If the concentration of carbon monoxide in the inhaled air exceeds 14 mg / m3, then mortality from myocardial infarction increases. The reduction of carbon monoxide emissions is achieved by afterburning the exhaust gases.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas also known as carbon monoxide. It is formed as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) in conditions of lack of oxygen and at low temperatures. On average, 25.3758 tons/year was recorded for emissions from the Brick Plant LLC "Azhemak".

Rice. 3 Dynamics of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions

Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxide and dioxide) are gaseous substances: nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 are combined in one general formula NOx. During all combustion processes, nitrogen oxides are formed, and for the most part in the form of an oxide. The higher the combustion temperature, the more intense the formation of nitrogen oxides. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 7.2918 tons/year.

Rice. 4 Dynamics of nitric oxide emissions by Brickworks

Azhemak LLC

2.2 Environmental impact of sulfur dioxide (SO3)

Human activity leads to the fact that pollution enters the atmosphere mainly in two forms - in the form of aerosols (suspended particles) and gaseous substances.

The total amount of aerosols entering the atmosphere during the year is 0.214 tons.

Sulfuric anhydride is formed by the oxidation of sulfurous anhydride. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates respiratory diseases. Plants near such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid have settled. Acid rain causes severe consequences. Already at pH less than 5.5 freshwater fish feel oppressed, grow and multiply more slowly, and at a pH below 4.5 they do not multiply at all. A further decrease in pH leads to the death of fish, then amphibians, and finally insects and plants: organisms are not adapted to life in acids. Fortunately, the general death is prevented by the soil, which not only filters through itself rain water, but also chemically purifies it by exchanging H+ cations for sodium and potassium cations. Acid rain also affects the soil, causing its acidification, since the ion-exchange capacity of the soil is not unlimited. Acidification adversely affects the structure, state of aggregation soil, inhibits soil microflora and plants, causes their death. It harms forests and crops.

A feature of acid rains is their remoteness from the place of release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides and binding to certain geographical areas, which is due to the fact that the conversion of sulfur and nitrogen oxides proceeds relatively slowly, and emissions from factory pipes are carried by winds. Thus, the maximum concentration of sulfuric acid is reached at a distance of 250-300 km from the place of SO3 emission.

Rice. 4 Increase in sulfur dioxide emissions

2.3 Impact of hydrocarbons on the environment

Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. These include thousands of different air pollutants found in unburned gasoline, dry cleaning fluids, industrial solvents, and more.

Hydrocarbons - in addition to the fact that the hydrocarbons themselves are toxic, they additionally react with nitrogen oxides under the influence of sunlight, forming ozone and peroxides. The latter cause irritation of the eyes, throat, nose, and destroy plants. Causes of cancerous and precancerous lesions are very clear and this class of substances is probably the main cause of the recent increase in cancer rates.

Hydrocarbons move in the atmosphere in the form of microparticles suspended in the air. They are carried by air currents and settle in the form of dry or wet (rain, dew, etc.) deposits. Settling in lakes and rivers, they sink to the bottom. Some penetrate through the soil layer into groundwater.

The toxicity of hydrocarbons to aquaculture and birds ranges from moderate to high. Some damage and kill agricultural and ornamental crops.

2.4 Environmental impact of solid waste

Solid waste enters the atmosphere during the combustion of fuel, as well as as a result of various technological processes. During operation, for example, rotary kilns for roasting dust removal is 8--20% of dry raw materials.

Soot, like any fine dust, clogs the respiratory tract, irritates them and can cause chronic diseases of the nasopharynx. Once in the lungs, it causes lung diseases. But the main danger of soot is that it can be a carrier of carcinogens.

Rice. 3 Increasing solid waste emissions

2.5 Impact of VOCs on the environment

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are chemical substances that rise into the atmosphere when paint is sprayed, when solvents evaporate, combining with nitrogen oxide and ozone.

It should be noted that in addition to environmental pollution, volatile organic compounds have an extremely negative impact on human health, causing diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Rice. 7 Increasing VOC air pollution

W conclusion

The environment is a habitat, which is a combination of all material bodies, forces and phenomena of nature. It includes any human activity that is in direct contact with living organisms. The environment is the sphere of human activity.

The problem of the impact of industry and agriculture on the environment is global in nature, which determined its importance.

Industrial development entails the development of processes: industrialization, urbanization, population growth. This exacerbates the problem:

- damage caused by production to the natural environment;

- growing shortage of raw materials and energy;

- development of urban areas.

Almost any industrial product begins with raw materials extracted from the bowels of the planet or growing on its surface. On the way to industrial enterprises, raw materials lose something, a significant part of it turns into waste.

It is estimated that at the current level of technology development, 9% or more of raw materials go to waste. Therefore, mountains of waste rock are piled up, the sky is covered with the smoke of hundreds of pipes, the water is poisoned by industrial effluents, millions of trees are cut down.

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light.

However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. Responsible and efficient environmental policy will only be possible if we accumulate reliable data on state of the art environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if it develops new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to Nature by Man.

L literature

1. Bolyatko V. V., Demin V. M., Evlanov V. V., Ksenofontov A. I., Skotnikova O. G. Fundamentals of ecology and environmental protection. M.: MEPhI. 2008-320s.

2. Akhmadeev V.M., Baiburina T.A. Human ecology. Publisher: RIO BashGU. 1999 87 p.

3. Khakhanina T.I. (ed.) Chemistry of the environment. Publisher: Yurayt v.o., 2010 130 s.

4. Sokolov R. S. Chemical technology. Publisher: Humanitarian publishing center VLADOS, 2000. 370 s.

5. Motuzova G. V., Bezuglova O. S. Ecological monitoring of the soil. M.: Academic project, 2009 - 240p.

6. Zaitsev V. A. Industrial ecology. M.: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2012 - 389s.

7. Dovzhenko I.G. Intensification of sintering of ceramic bricks using a by-product of aluminum production. Journal, No. 12 for 2011 (part 2) - 341- 344p.

8. Nazarenko N.V. , Petin A.N. , Furmanova T.N. Environmental impact. Journal, No. 6, 2012.

9. Melnikov A. A. Problems of the environment and the strategy of its preservation. M.: Academic project, 2009 - 744 p.

10. Gridel T. E., Allenby B. R. Industrial ecology. M.: Unity-Dana, 2012 - 527p.

11. Applied toxicology. 2010, Volume I, No. 1(1). M.: Publishing House "VELT", 2010 - 81s.

12. Tarasov A. V., Smirnova T. V. Fundamentals of toxicology. M .: Educational and methodological center for education in railway transport, 2006 - 160s.

13. Khotuntsev Yu.L. Ecology and environmental safety: Proc. allowance. M.: ACADEMA, 2010. - 480s

14. Orlov D.S. Ecology and protection of the biosphere in case of chemical pollution: Proc. allowance / Orlov D.S., Sadovnikova L.K., Lozanovskaya I.N. - M.: Higher school, 2009. - 334 p.

15. Trifonova T. A., Selivanova N. V., Mishchenko N. V. Applied ecology. M.: Academic project, 2007 - 384 p.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher education

"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov"

Faculty of History and Geography

Department of Nature Management and Geoecology

FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

(BACHELOR'S WORK)

in the direction of preparation 05.03.06 "Ecology and nature management"

The impact of ZhBK No. 2 LLC on the environment

Completed by ______________________________ P.A. Martynov (ZIGF-23-14)

Eligible for defense

Supervisor ______________________ Candidate of Geological Sciences, Associate Professor A.A. Mironov

Department head

nature management and

Geoecology ________________________________ Candidate of Geological Sciences, Associate Professor O.E. Gavrilov

Cheboksary 2017

Introduction

Chapter 1. The negative impact of industrial enterprises

To the natural environment

atmospheric air………………………………………………………..…….4

1. Industrial enterprises as a source of pollution

water bodies…………………………………………..............................7

1. Industrial enterprises as a source of pollution

soil………………………………………………………………..…….12

Chapter 2. Assessment of the impact of ZhBK No. 2 LLC on the state of the environment

15

2.2. ZhBK No. 2 LLC as a source of environmental pollution

natural environment………………………………………………………….20

2.2.1. Characteristics of sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere………………………………………………………………………..23

2.2.2. Characteristics of sources of pollutant emissions into groundwater and surface waters………………………………………………..36

2.2.3. Solid household waste at the enterprise………………….……40

Chapter 3. Measures to reduce the negative impact of the enterprise on the environment

3.1. Proposals to reduce the negative impact of the enterprise on the environment………………………………………………………..….41 Conclusion………………………………………… …………………………...……..44

Applications…………………………………………………………………...…….45

List of used literature……………………………………………...50

Introduction

The current ecological situation in major cities not very favorable. Every day, emissions (discharges) of pollutants from the construction industry into the environment are made. At present, there are approximately 24,000 enterprises in the country that pollute the environment of our country.

According to GGO them. V.N. Voeikov every tenth city of the Russian Federation has high level pollution of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Of particular danger are large industrial construction enterprises, where the production of the main products entails serious environmental pollution. The largest amount of waste accumulates in sludge dumps, tailing dumps, landfills and unauthorized dumps. Emission (discharge) of pollutants into air environment is not limited to its pollution, but has a negative impact on water bodies and soil.

ZhBK No. 2 LLC is one of the largest enterprises in the construction industry in Novocheboksarsk and plays a significant role in shaping the quality of the environment.

The purpose of the work definition negative impact on the environment industrial enterprise for the production of reinforced concrete products on the example of ZhBK No. 2 LLC.

To achieve this goal, we have set the following tasks:

1. Reveal i unfavorable I environmental impact from industry;
2. Consider the creation and development of ZhBK No. 2 LLC;
3. Investigate sources of pollution from ZhBK No. 2 LLC;
4. Develop measures to reduce emissions (discharges) into the environment.

Object of study: enterprises of the construction industry.

Subject of research: environmental pollution of ZhBK No. 2 LLC on the environment.

When writing the work, we used the following research methods: statistical processing, mapping.

The work consists of chapters, figures, tables, applications.

During the processing of clay, dust is generated. Drying, grinding (crushing, grinding), screening, mixing and transportation of mixtures lead to the formation of particularly fine dust. A certain amount of dust is released during the firing of products. Dust emissions can be associated not only with raw materials, but also with fuel combustion.

Gaseous compounds are mainly emitted from raw materials during drying and roasting, although combustion various kinds fuels, pollutant gases are also formed, in particular CO2, SOx, NOx, HF. Water is consumed mainly during the dissolution of clay materials in the production process or during equipment washing; discharges into water also occur during the operation of wet gas scrubbers. Water added directly to the raw mix evaporates during drying and firing.

According to SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 "Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects", the Enem brick factory belongs to the III class of danger, therefore, the sanitary protection zone must be installed at a distance of 300 meters.

Pollutants generated during the production process also have a hazard class. Hazard class, frequency of pollutant control and MPC are given in Table 3.

Table 3. Waste classification of the Enem brick factory

Devices used to monitor pollutants generated during the production of ceramic bricks

There are many gas analyzers for monitoring pollutants. Various types of gas analyzers were selected for the Enem brick factory. See table 2 for details.

Table 4. Monitoring devices

Osh Technological University, Kyrgyz Republic

Keywords

extraction and delivery of raw materials, mass preparation and brick molding, brick drying, brick firing, storage and acceptance finished products, production and delivery of raw materials, weight training and molding of bricks, drying the bricks, fired brick, warehousing and inspection of finished products

Article View

Annotation to the article

The data of the study of the activities of the brick factory No. 1 of Osh Ak-Tash JSC and its impact on the environment of the city of Osh are presented. An assessment of the state of brick production was carried out and all technological stages were analyzed.

Scientific article text

The production workshops of the JSC "Osh Ak-Tash" are located in different districts of the city of Osh and the Osh region. Main technological stages brick production are: - extraction and delivery of raw materials; - mass preparation and brick molding; - drying bricks; - brick firing; - warehousing and acceptance of finished products. Formed brick - raw material is placed on six-shelf trolleys. The trolleys are loaded into tunnel-type dryers with an interval of 54 minutes. The number of tunnels in one block - 14 pcs. The heat of flue gases from brick kilns is used to dry bricks. Drying time for raw bricks is 24 hours at a temperature of 125 - 140°C. Drying of raw bricks is carried out to a moisture content of 8%. At present, due to the high cost of liquid fuel and gas, the plant has switched to coal from local deposits as fuel for furnaces. During the combustion of coal, solid substances (solid particles of ash and unburned fuel), sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are released into the atmosphere. Exhaust gases from the dryer are discharged into the atmosphere with the help of an exhaust fan. Flue gases are not fully used for drying raw bricks. A large proportion of flue gases are released into the atmosphere, after passing through the pipe. The height of the pipe above ground level is 7 meters, the diameter of the pipe is d = 12 m. The consumption of coal per day in the kiln is 3 tons per day. For six months of operation of the kiln, 720 tons of coal were consumed, and 360 tons of coal were used for drying raw bricks (data from the ecological passport of 2009). Table 1 Summary table of sources of emission and emissions of pollutants Name of the workshop, site Name of the source of emission of pollutants Name of pollutants Emission source Tyuleken loam quarry Development of a quarry by an excavator (excavation and loading works), Operation of vehicles. Inorganic dust Unorganized warehouse of raw materials Unloading of raw materials and burnable coal additives. Inorganic dust, coal dust Unorganized molding shop. Coarse grinding rollers Inorganic dust Cyclones TsN - 3 Drying area Tunnel dryers. Solids are flue gases from kiln roasting and drying. Sulphurous anhydride, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides Pipe Pipe Roasting section Tunnel kiln The same. Chimney Gypsum shop Boilers E - 19 Solids, Sulphurous anhydride, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, Gypsum dust Cyclone TsN - 3 Pollution source - drying chambers when working on coal. The amount of coal burned in 2009 is 360 tons. Operating time Т= 360 t: 3 t/day. x 24 hours = 2880 t/h. Calculations show that in a year, together with the exhaust gases from the drying chamber into the atmosphere through 2 pipes (pipe height - 5 meters), tunnel dried more than 7.13 tons of solid particles of coal, mass of sulfur oxides (SO2) - 11.52 t / year . , carbon oxides (CO) -2.88 t/year, nitrogen oxides (NO2) - 8.08 t/year. Total pollutants from drying chambers is: 7.13 tons per year of solid particles of coal + mass of sulfur oxides (SO2) - 11.52 t / year., + carbon oxides (CO) -2.88 t / year + nitrogen oxides (NO2) -0.35 t / year = 21.08 tons / year. Table 2 Number of pollutants escaping into the atmosphere from the brick kiln Name of pollutants Number of tons/year. solid unburned coal particles 14.26 sulfur oxides (SO2) 23.04 carbon oxides (CO) 5.76 nitrogen oxides (NO2) 0.08 Total pollutants 43.14 Coal from local deposits is also used for roasting. Consumption of coal per year is 720 tons. Brick firing time: T = 720t: 4 tons / day x 24 hours = 4320 hours. When coal is burned, the following are released into the atmosphere: solid unburned particles of coal 14.26 t/year; sulfur oxides (SO2) -23.04 t/year; carbon oxides (CO) - 5.76 t/year; nitrogen oxides (NO2) - 0.08 tons/year. In total, during the firing of bricks per year, the following leaves the air atmosphere: 14.26 tons / year of solid unburned particles of coal + 23.04 tons / year, sulfur oxides (SO) + 5.76 t / year carbon oxides (CO) + 0 .08 tons/year = 43.14 tons/year of pollutants. Total pollutants escaping into the atmosphere from the drying chambers and kilns will be: 43.14 tons/year + 23.04 tons/year = 66.18 tons/year. Pollutants in the amount of 66.18 tons / year under the influence of atmospheric phenomena return to the earth in the form of acid rain and other pollutants that negatively affect the ecology of the region. Environmental measures to reduce emissions at the brick firing site require the improvement of the technological process for the emission of pollutants. On the basis of experimental measurements, indicators of pollutants in the exhaust gases from the kiln were established (see Table No. 3). Table 3 Information on the results of calculating the amount of emissions in the exhaust gases from the kiln of a brick factory Name of pollutant. Emissions in 1 sec in city Emissions in an hour in city Emissions in a day in city Emissions in a month in tons Mass solids. 0.92 3312 79488 2.385 Sulfur oxide Mso2 1.48 5328 127872 3.836 Carbon monoxide Mso 8.08 29088 698112 20.94 Nitrogen oxide MNO2 0.05 1800 43200 1.296 Total 10.53 39528 285 and the ecology of the region, it is proposed to install an irrigation device inside the pipe that removes exhaust gases and pollutants. Irrigation device "Sprinkler" is installed on the way out of the drying chamber and the furnace for firing ZV. The rate of wet steam is set by adjusting the volume of steam supplied from the boiler room. The consumption of wet steam to clean the outgoing air from pollutants is based on the technical characteristics of the exhaust pipes. Irrigation devices are installed inside the exhaust pipes at a distance of 2 meters, through which wet steam is supplied into the pipe at a pressure of 1.2 - 1.5 atm. Wet steam, passing through the “thickness” of flue gases, enveloping and moistening, and according to the law of gravity, carries pollutants down to a special container for collecting pollutants. The degree of flue gas purification depends on the dispersity of the supplied wet steam. According to a preliminary test based on the data on the yield of volatile substances and the ash content of the tested coal. The purified exhaust air is released into the atmosphere. Humidified sooty pollutants fall onto a special container, then the latter, as they are filled, with the contents are sent to a special storage area. As they accumulate, containers with pollutants are taken to special sites, where they are dumped for drying. Observing the safety regime, the dry residue, the pollutant is packed in a special container made of cardboard, or polyethylene film and exported or transferred for further processing at special enterprises for the processing of pollutants. Land exposed to pollutants are recultivated. The efficiency of flue gas cleaning depends on the flue gas temperature of the kiln. For six months of operation of a brick factory for the production of bricks, emissions into the air amount to 171.t. preliminary calculations the efficiency of purification from pollutants of exhaust gases is achieved up to 80%. Measures for the efficient use of the heat of exhaust gases from the brick kiln. The temperature of flue gases from the kiln is in the range of 350 - 3100C. When changing the direction of the flow of exhaust gases, the condition for the efficient use of thermal energy is achieved. Created additional opportunity to ensure hot water manufacturing facility, household needs workers, laundry, barbershop and residential buildings. Technical characteristics of the exhaust gas pipe from the coal-fired kiln: Height H = 7 m. d = 1.2 m. The speed of movement of outgoing emissions, v=8 m/sec. Flue gas temperature 310-3000C. The volume of exhaust gases is calculated by the formula: V = Pd2:4 x v Where: V - Volume of exhaust gases with SV.m3 / s P-Value Pi = 3.14 d-diameter of the pipe = 1.2 m value, we determine the speed of air movement in the pipe: V \u003d Pd2: 4 x v V \u003d 9.04 m3 / s. Calculation of the need for wet steam to capture pollutants (pollutants) on the way out of the drying chambers and the kiln. Characteristics of the pipe for the removal of pollutants: Pipe diameter d = 1.0 m, pipe height H = 5 m. Air velocity in the pipe V = 13m / sec. Pipe volume \u003d N x PR2 \u003d 5 x3.14 x 0.5m2 \u003d 0.39 m3. The volume of pollutants in the amount of 0.39 m3 passes through the pipe in time T sec = 5 m: 13 m/sec = 0.38 sec. Emission is carried out through two pipes. The volume of wet steam supplied to the pipe for irrigation of exhaust gases containing Z.V. must be at least 0.4 m3/sec. Two irrigation devices are installed at a distance of 2.5 meters inside the pollutant outlet pipes. The total consumption of wet steam for cleaning pollutants inside two pipes will be: 0.4 m3 / s x 2 pipes = 0.8 m3 / s. The irrigation device for supplying wet steam consists of a pipe with a diameter of 40 mm, a length of 400 mm. with holes 10 mm in diameter. There are 4 holes on the "Sprinkler" of the outer surface. The hole diameter is 20mm. Wet steam with parameters Р=1.5 atm. T-temperature 120 - 1300C (temperature difference within 800C is possible) enters through a pipe built into the pipe to remove flue gases, at a level of 1.5 m. of the zero floor mark. Through the openings of the "Sprinkler" pipe, wet steam enters under a pressure of 1.4-1.5 atmospheres in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the exhaust gases from the brick firing kiln. Wet steam with a pressure of 1.5 atmospheres creates a turbulent and then aerodynamic movement of the mixture of wet steam and exhaust gases in the pipe. Diffused wet steam inside the discharge pipe creates a steam-water mist in the pipe. Outgoing gases, passing through the thickness of the steam-air medium for 5 meters, are released from soot particles and other pollutants. Humidified sooty and other pollutants settle to the bottom of the pipe, where containers are installed to collect soot and other pollutants. The efficiency of cleaning outgoing pollutants is achieved according to experimental data from 60 to 80%. Existing problems: - Ak-Tash JSC is located inside the city of Osh. In its activities, the plant produces building materials, for which loams of the Oshskoye V111 quarry, clay shales of the Kirgiz-Ata deposit, and loams of the Tuleyken deposit are used. - in the processing of building materials for brick factory No. 1 in the drying of raw bricks and its firing, the atmosphere monthly receives emissions in the amount of 28.5 tons. - for six months of operation, more than 171 tons of emissions enter the atmosphere. - the critical state of the air, polluted with dust, volatile and sooty substances leaving the drying chambers and kilns, creates a risk of disease for the population of Osh various diseases especially bronchial asthma and allergic diseases. - established technical means for cleaning exhaust gases do not provide a sufficient degree of purification, are not carried out sanitary norms imposed on MPC and MPV Due to the lack of facilities for wastewater treatment and wastewater disposal, waste water from industrial (1584 m3) and household (661.54 m3) premises are discharged into natural water bodies and local sewerage: the calcium content of discharged waters sometimes reaches 140 mg/l., MPC 130 mg/l; magnesium content 97 mg/l., when MPC is set within 130 mg/l; phosphate content 0.675 mg/l. The established MPC for phosphates is not more than 0.1 ml. - there are no conditions for meeting the requirements of SNiP KR 30-01-01, for the minimum planting of greenery on the territory of the plant. - no drainage of sewage and fecal water. Waste water is discharged into open water bodies, creating the danger of an outbreak of epidemiological diseases among the population. Ways to solve existing problems: - Improvement of the technological process with the introduction and use of the "Sprinkler" for the purification of emissions of pollutants into the environment, purification of exhaust gases (39% yield of volatile substances, ash content of 20.07% of coal from the "Sary - Monol" site of Alai district ) will reach up to 80%. - Use of coal from the Muz-Bulak deposit in the Uzgen region (volatile matter yield 9.97%, ash content 7.52%, lower calorific value of working fuel 30860 kJ/kg and 7370 kcal/kg). reduces the amount of emissions, increases the efficiency of using the heat of exhaust gases, improves the quality of brick firing.