Activation of thinking is the best methods. Psychological activation of creative thinking

T. "METHODS OF ACTIVATION OF CREATIVE THINKING" Questions 1. STRUCTURE OF METHODS OF ACTIVATION OF CREATIVE THINKING 2. COLLECTIVE CHARACTERISTIC METHODS AND THEM

Relevance ONE OF THE TOOLS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHODS OF IMITATION GAMES IS THE PROCEDURE OF ACTIVATION OF THE CREATIVE THINKING OF PARTICIPANTS OF GROUP INTERACTION IN THE PROCESS OF SOLVING PROBLEMS. IN THE STRUCTURE OF METHODS FOR OBTAINING SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS, HEURISTIC METHODS TAKE AN IMPORTANT PLACE TOGETHER WITH THE METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS AND ARE BASED ON THE Illumination of the PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROCESS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW OF SYNERGY OF SYSTEMS.

TYPICAL CONDITIONS FOR APPLICATION OF HEURISTICS - LACK OF TIME FOR CONSIDERING THE SITUATION; OVERLOADING WITH INFORMATION, HARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS PROCESSING; - LOW SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERCEIVED OBJECT, MAKING THE EXACT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IT ENOUGH INDIFFERENT; - SIMPLY INSUFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION FOR A MEANINGABLE CONCLUSION; - INDIVIDUALITY OF QUICK SOLUTION. CREATION OF THE NEW IS A CREATIVE PROCESS.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING CREATIVITY ■ ABILITY TO SEE THE PROBLEM; ■ FLUENCE, THE ABILITY TO SEE THE PROBLEM AS MORE POSSIBLE PARTIES AND RELATIONS; ■ FLEXIBILITY AS THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND A NEW POINT OF VIEW, AS WELL AS TO REFUSE THE LEARNED POINT OF VIEW; ■ ORIGINALITY, DEPARTURE FROM THE PATTERN; ■ ABILITY TO REGROUP IDEAS AND CONNECTIONS; ■ ABILITY FOR ABSTRACTION OR ANALYSIS; ■ ABILITY FOR SPECIFICATION OR SYNTHESIS; ■ A FEELING OF SHARED ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS.

GENERAL THOUGHT PROCESSES FOR CREATIVITY ARE COMBINING AND ANALOGIZING, TOGETHER WITH SUCH TECHNIQUES AS REVEALING NEW RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSFER OF THE FUNCTION OF ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER. PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE ESTABLISHED THAT UNLIMITED IMAGINATION CONTROLS THE GENERATION OF COUNTERNAL MORE OR LESS RANDOM ASSOCIATIONS. THE ORIGINAL CAUSE AND BASIS OF CREATIVE THINKING IS THE WORK OF OUR BRAIN WHICH IS UNIQUE IN THAT IT DEVELOPS ONLY IN THE PROCESS OF ITS OPERATION.

BASIC METHODS OF INFLUENCE ON CREATIVITY EMOTIONALITY IS A METHOD OF COMBINING LEFT-SIDE AND RIGHT-SIDE BRAIN PROCESSES FOR THOSE WHO DOMINATE LEFT-SIDE THINKING. EMOTIONS PROMOTE REGISTRATION OF INFORMATION IN THE RIGHT BRAIN. INFORMATION PROCESSED BY BOTH PARTS OF THE BRAIN IS MORE RELIABLE. ORIENTATION TO THE FEELINGS OF THE STUDENT PROMOTES RIGHT BRAIN INFORMATION PROCESSING. PROFESSIONAL OR BEHAVIORAL COMPETENCE PLAYS AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN A MANAGER'S CAREER AND HIS WORK WITH PEOPLE. PSYCHOLOGISTS ALSO RELATE OTHER METHODS OF INTERACTION OF THE HEMISPHERES TO THE NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE BRAIN PROCESSES.

BASIC METHODS OF INFLUENCE ON CREATIVITY VISUALIZATION - IMAGINATION, VISION, FOR EXAMPLE, THE FUTURE PRODUCT, THE FINAL RESULT OF CREATIVE WORK OR THE PROBLEM AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT. WHO VISUALLY REPRESENTS THE DESIRED RESULT, THAT IS MORE PROBABLY TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL. ENHANCEMENT OF BRIGHT IMAGINATION IS HELPED BY DEVELOPING SITUATIONS. VISION IS A RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTION AND AT THE SAME TIME A METHOD OF DEVELOPING STRATEGIC COMPETENCE. GRAPHS, CHARTS, CHARTS, KI DRAWINGS, PICTURES ENCOURAGE CREATIVE PROCESSES WITH THE HELP OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL THINKING. ANALOGIES ARE COMPARISONS FROM DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES. THIS METHOD MOTIVATES INTUITION AND SYNTHESIZES THINKING DEVELOPING SYSTEM ANALYTICS.

The main methods of influence on creativity metaphor - this method of motivation of creativity is based on the combination of two different things or deeds according to the general principle, for example, electricity is associated with a directed movement of charged particles or even easier - with water currently on the pipes, time -harsh years are attributed to time, severe years, harsh years, harsh years. HAPPY DAYS, TROUBLED TIMES. METAPHORS PROMOTE PLAYING WITH CONCEPTS. METAPHORICAL THINKING IS A CREATIVE PROCESS BASED ON COMPARISONS BETWEEN PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICE TO ASSIST THE SEARCH OF A SOLUTION. COMPARISON OF PROBLEMS OF BUSINESS AND BIOLOGY LEADS TO CONCEPTS, FOR EXAMPLE, SURVIVAL, ADAPTATION TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, SANATIONS. HUMOR - ACTIVELY COMBINES THE RATIONAL PROCESSES OF THE LEFT BRAIN AND THE CREATIVITY OF THE RIGHT. DURING LAUGHTER, THE BRAIN PRODUCES A NATURAL HORMONE, ENDORPHIN, THAT HAS ANANESTHELIC AND TRANQUILIZING PROPERTIES AND PROMOTES A FEELING OF WELL-BEING.

HEURISTIC METHODS 1. INDIVIDUAL METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: ■ ASSOCIATIVE: - METHODS OF ANALOGY AND RANDOM STIMULATION; ■ GEOMETRIC: - INTERMEDIATE AUXILIARY POINT; - CRUSHING AND RESTORATION ON A NEW BASIS; - EQUIDISTANT POINT; - U-turn; - ROTATIONS OF ATTENTION (MATRIX STRUCTURES); - INCLUSIONS (SUPERPOSITIONS); - ASYMMETRIES; ■ DYNAMIC: - MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM; - CONTINUITY OF USE; - PROSKOKA; - PERIODIC ACTION; ■ PARAMETRIC: - WEAKENING CONDITIONS (RELAXATION); - REPLACEMENTS.

HEURISTIC METHODS 2. COLLECTIVE METHODS: ■ BRAIN ATTACK AND COLLAPSE BRAIN ATTACK; ■ MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; ■ ASSOCIATIONS; ■ SCENARIO; ■ VESSELS; ■ SYNECTICS; ■ GORDON; ■ CONTROL QUESTIONS; ■ "METRA" INTEGRAL METHOD; ■ TARGETED DISCUSSIONS (COMMISSIONS).

THE METHOD OF BRAIN STORMING (BRAINSTORMING) IS PROPOSED IN 1938 by an AMERICAN SPECIALIST OF THE SCHOOL. A. On the method is based on the psychological and pedagogical laws of collective activity and is based on the fact that the creative activity of each person is often restrained for one reason or another, among which various barriers occupy a significant place: psychological and communicative, social and pedagogical. The main function of the brainstorming is to ensure the process of generating ideas without their analysis and discussion by participants, and the success of the assault depends on the observance of two main principles: ■ The group can produce a higher quality idea when joint work of the same people due to the synergistic effect of the synergistic effect ; ■ IF A GROUP IS IN THE STATE OF GENERATING IDEAS, THEN THE PROCESS OF CREATIVE THINKING DOMINANT AT THIS MOMENT CANNOT BE BRAKED BY A PREMATURELY SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF THESE IDEAS.

METHOD OF BRAIN STORMING (BRAINSTORMING) ESSENCE OF THE METHOD: EACH PARTICIPANT OF THE GROUP IS GRANTED THE RIGHT TO EXPRESS DIFFERENT IDEAS REGARDING OPTIONS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM REGARDLESS OF THEIR SUSTAINABILITY, FEASIBILITY. THE MORE DIFFERENT OFFERS, THE BETTER. THE LEADER LEADS THE ATTACK. THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE GROUP WORK GET IN ADVANCE WITH INFORMATION ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM. ALL SUGGESTIONS ARE LISTENED WITHOUT CRITICISM AND EVALUATION (FOLLOWED BY THE LEADER) AND THEIR ANALYSIS IS MADE CENTRALLY AFTER THE PROCESS OF EXPOSING IDEAS ON THE BASIS OF RECORDS PRODUCED BY THE SECRETARIAT IS COMPLETED. AS A RESULT, A LIST IS FORMED IN WHICH ALL PRESENTED OFFERS ARE STRUCTURED ACCORDING TO CERTAIN PARAMETERS (CRITERIA),

STAGES OF BRAIN STORMING 1. preparation - the formation of the C, the selection of participants, the decision of the org. questions. 2. generation of ideas - a) regulations - formulation of ideas, their analysis, comparison of the list of ideas; b) rules - freedom, creativity, fixation of statements, time for reflection; 3. analysis and evaluation of ideas a) diagnostics; b) classification; c) evaluation of implementation; d) choice original ideas; e) a list of eligible.

WHEN PREPARING FOR A BRAIN STORM, IT IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE PLACE OF ITS CONDUCTION (“ROUND TABLE”), AND THE PARTICIPANTS. The most successful composition of the group is from 4 to 12 people, while to solve the problem it is necessary to invite both specialists and non -specialists: practice shows that the most valuable ideas most often belong to people who are not specialists in a given field, but are indirectly related to the solved PROBLEM. BRAIN STORMING "REVERSE", OR "COLLAPSE BRAIN ATTACK", AS A METHOD REMINDERS A LOT OF CONVENTIONAL "BRAIN ATTACK", BUT THE PARTICIPANTS ARE NOT ONLY ALLOWED, BUT ALSO PROPOSED TO EXPRESS CRITICAL COMMENTS ON THE FORMULATED IDEAS. DIFFICULTIES IN THIS PROCESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEED FOR A CORRECT ATTITUDE OF THE PARTICIPANTS TO EACH OTHER. USUALLY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS METHOD, THE PARTICIPANTS SHOULD NOT ONLY FIND AS MANY WEAK POINTS IN EACH IDEA AS POSSIBLE, BUT ALSO PROPOSE WAYS TO REMOVE THEM. THIS METHOD IS USED USUALLY WHEN THERE IS A SUFFICIENCY OF TIME ALLOWED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM. IN ESSENTIALLY, THIS IS A FASTED OR "FOLDED BRAIN ATTACK". ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENCE OF THE BRAIN STORMING METHOD LEADS TO TWO

CONTRADICTIONS OF BRAIN STORMING THE ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENCE OF THE BRAIN STORMING METHOD LEADS TO TWO CONTRADICTING CONCLUSIONS. ON THE ONE PART, IN ORDER TO DEVELOP AN IDEA AT THE GENERATION STAGE, IT IS NECESSARY TO CRITICIZE IT, AND CRITICISM IS FORBIDDEN BY THE RULES OF STORMING. ON THE OTHER - IN ORDER TO DIRECT THE DECISION IN ONE WAY, IT IS NECESSARY TO MANAGE IT, AND THE ESSENCE OF THE METHOD IS IN THE CHAOTIC GENERATION OF IDEAS.

THE SYNECTICS METHOD REMOVES THE MARKED CONTRADICTIONS, WHERE THE STORM IS CARRIED OUT BY A PERMANENT GROUP WITH A SPECIALLY SELECTED COMPOSITION. W. GORDON (THE AUTHOR OF THE METHOD) IN 1960 INTRODUCED A CONSCIOUS SEARCH OF ANALOGIES WITHIN A PARTICULAR PROCEDURE IN 1960 INTRODUCED A CONSCIOUS SEARCH OF ANALOGIES WITHIN A PARTICULAR PROCEDURE. THE PURPOSE OF ANALOGIES IS TO BREAK THE USUAL CONCEPTION ABOUT WELL KNOWN THINGS, TO LOOK A NEW AT THE “LEGACY FROM FROZEN WORDS” AND WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING.

FACTORS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYNECTICS METHOD ■ DIRECT ANALOGY CONSIDERATION OF METHODS USED IN OTHER FIELDS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE; ■ PERSONAL ANALOGY, OR EMPATHY, SUGGESTS TO "GET STARTED" IN THE IMAGE OF THE OBJECT IN CONSIDERATION, TO FEEL ITS STATE AND ON THE BASIS OF YOUR OWN FEELINGS TO OFFER THE MOST OPTIMAL OPTION OF SOLUTION; ■ SYMBOLIC ANALOGY - FINDING A BRIEF SYMBOLIC DESCRIPTION OF A PROBLEM OR OBJECT, USUALLY IN THE FORM OF A COMBINATION OF THE ADJECTIVE WITH A NOUN, WHICH IN THE FORM OF A PARADOX CHARACTERIZE THE ESSENCE OF THE OBJECT ( FOR EXAMPLE, HAMMER HEAD, WOOD. ■ FANTASTIC ANALOGY PROPOSES TO SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS IN FANTASTIC LITERATURE, AS WELL AS TO STATE THE PROBLEM IN TERMS OF FAIRY TALES, MYTHS, LEGENDS.

SYNECTICS METHOD: PURPOSE AND ESSENCE IS INTENDED TO GENERATE ALTERNATIVES BY ASSOCIATIVE THINKING, SEARCH FOR ANALOGIES TO THE SET TASK AND IS AS FOLLOWS. 1. A GROUP OF 5 7 PEOPLE IS FORMED WITH FLEXIBLE THINKING, EXPERIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY, SOCIETY, MOBILITY. 2. SKILLS FOR JOINT GROUP WORK ARE DEVELOPED. 3. NOT ONLY KNOWN SIMILAR SOLUTIONS ARE CUT OUT, BUT ALL POSSIBLE AND IMPOSSIBLE (FANTASTIC) SOLUTIONS. 4. IT IS FORBIDDEN TO DISCUSS THE PROS AND DISADVANTAGES OF GROUP MEMBERS. 5. EVERYONE IS PERMITTED TO STOP WORK AT ANY TIME WITHOUT EXPLANATION OF REASONS. 6. THE ROLE OF THE LEADER PERIODICALLY TRANSFERS TO OTHER MEMBERS OF THE GROUP.

STAGES OF THE SYNECTICS METHOD THE WORK OF THE GROUP GOES TWO STAGES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE FIRST STAGE IS TO MAKE THE UNUSUAL HABILOUS. FOR THIS THING, BY GENERALIZING DIFFERENT SITUATIONS, THE UNUSUAL PROBLEM OR OBJECT IS PLACED WITH THE METHOD OF ANALOGIES INTO A FABLISHED CONTEXT, AND ITS UNFAMILIARITY DISAPPEARS. AFTER THIS, THE SECOND STAGE BEGINS, THE OBJECTIVE OF WHICH IS TO MAKE THE USUAL UNUSUAL (BACK TO THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM).

SEQUENCE OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM 1) FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM; 2) PURIFICATION OF OBVIOUS SOLUTIONS - A DISCUSSION IN WHICH THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP EXPLAIN THEIR VIEWS ON OBVIOUS SOLUTIONS WHICH HAVE NEED TO GIVE SOMETHING MORE THAN A SIMPLE COMBINATION OF EXISTING SOLUTIONS (THIS BRAIN STAGE IS REMINDERING); 3) the transformation of the unusual into the usual one - the search for analogies that allow you to express a “given problem” in terms that are familiar to members of the group of work experience (in an attempt to penetrate the essence of the problem and unravel the proposals ball, it is allowed to ignore physical laws and agreements); 4) THE PROBLEM, AS IT IS UNDERSTOOD - THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES AND CONTRADICTIONS THAT OBSTRUCT THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM ARE DEFINED; 5) LEADING QUESTIONS - THE CHAIRMAN PROPOSES TO GIVE A DECISION USING ONE OF THE TYPES OF ANALOGIES. THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP LOSE EVERY GUIDING QUESTION IN A FREE MANNER.

THE DELPHI METHOD IS FREQUENTLY USED IMPOSSIBLE. IN IN CASES WHEN THE GROUP GROUP GROUP IS NOT ALLOWED TO MEET AND EXCHANGE OPINIONS ON THE PROBLEM SOLVED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROCEDURE, INDEPENDENCE OF OPINIONS IS ENSURED. THE PROCEDURE IS THE FOLLOWING. 1. MEMBERS OF THE GROUP ARE SUPPOSED TO ANSWER A WHOLE LIST OF QUESTIONS FORMULATED IN DETAILS ON THE PROBLEM IN CONSIDERATION. 2. EACH PARTICIPANT ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS ANONYMOUSLY. 3. THE RESULTS OF THE ANSWERS ARE COLLECTED IN THE CENTER, AND AN INTEGRAL DOCUMENT IS COMPILED ON THE RESULTS OF PROCESSING THE ANSWERS, 4. EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP RECEIVES A COPY OF THE DOCUMENT. 5. READING THE DOCUMENT (ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSALS OF OTHER GROUP MEMBER) MAY CHANGE THE OPINION OF SOME GROUP PARTICIPANTS REGARDING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS. 6. STAGES 3 TO 5 ARE REPEATED AS MANY TIMES AS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE A AGREED SOLUTION. THIS METHOD IS APPLICABLE WHEN THERE IS NO LIMIT ON THE TIME FOR DEVELOPING A DECISION AND THE DECISIONS ARE MADE BY EXPERTS.

METHOD OF ASSOCIATIONS IN THE METHOD OF GENERATION OF ASSOCIATIONS OF IDEAS THE MAIN SOURCES ARE RANDOMLY SOURCES CHOSEN FOR THE CONCEPT, ARISING ASSOCIATIONS AND METAPHORS. FOR EXAMPLE, ASSOCIATIONS TO THE WORD "ICE": GLASS (FRITTLE, TRANSPARENT, SLIPPER, ETC.), NEG (ICE - A DERIVATIVE FROM SNOW, IF THE LAST IS POURED WITH WATER IN THE Frost), OIL (THELTS, LIKE ICE). NEXT - THE NEXT ASSOCIATION: BUTTER - KNIFE - NARROW BLADE! MAYBE ANOTHER CHAIN ​​OF ASSOCIATIONS: GLASS - GLASS CUTTER (BROKEN) - AGAIN FRAGILE. ANOTHER OPTION: ICE - WET FROZEN SNOW - MELTS UNDER THE SUN - ABSOLUTELY BLACK BODY - WATER - WATER PILLOW. FOR THE APPEARANCE OF ASSOCIATIONS AND THE GENERATION OF IDEAS, IT IS ADVANTAGEABLE TO USE VARIOUS METAPHORS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE MYSTERY METAPHOR (THE ROOM IS FULL OF PEOPLE - A CUCUMBER). FREE ASSOCIATION TECHNOLOGY IS BASED ON PRINCIPLES SUCH AS FREE ASSOCIATION, ANTICONFORMISM, DELAYED CRITICAL ANALYSIS.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS METHOD THE METHOD IS BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS OR THEIR FEATURES IN THE PROCESS OF SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. WITHIN THIS METHOD, ALL POSSIBLE ELEMENTS ON WHICH THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM MAY DEPEND, THE POSSIBLE VALUES OF THESE ELEMENTS ARE LISTED, AND THEN THE PROCESS OF GENERATING ALTERNATIVES BY SUMMERING ALL POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF THESE VALUES COMES. FOR THE FIRST TIME THE METHOD WAS USED FOR SOLVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN 1942, WHEN F. ZWICKY STARTED DEVELOPING ROCKET ENGINES IN THE FIRM "AERODEMN ENGINEERING CORPORATION".

THE METHOD OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL MATRIXES ALLOWS YOU TO ORIENT FASTER AND MORE ACCURATELY IN THE VARIETY OF CONCEPTS AND FACTORS. CLASSIFICATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF CREATIVE ACTIVITY. WHEN USING THIS METHOD, THE TECHNICAL OBJECT SHOULD BE DIVIDED INTO FUNCTIONAL PARTS (FUNCTIONALLY MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES), SO WITHOUT WHICH THE OBJECT WILL NOT PERFORM ITS FUNCTIONS. THEN, YOU SHOULD WRITE OUT THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES SEPARATELY AND RECORD THE INFORMATION ABOUT THEM (IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS) WITHOUT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE OBJECT (PRODUCT), i.e., APPLY THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES TO OTHER SIMILAR PRODUCTS.

SCENARIOS METHOD SCENARIOS ARE HYPOTHETIC ALTERNATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF WHAT MAY HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE. SCENARIOS REASONABLE MODELS OF THE FUTURE, A SPECIAL STORY ABOUT WHAT WILL HAPPEN, SLI. . . » . « SEVERAL SCENARIOS ARE USUALLY DEVELOPED: OPTIMISTIC, POSSIMISTIC AND INTERMEDIATE. BEFORE THE SCENARIO IS DEVELOPED, LISTS OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE COURSE OF EVENTS AND AVAILABLE RESOURCES ARE DEVELOPED. THE SEARCH FOR NON-STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF A NEW PROBLEM IS CARRIED OUT BY METHODS OF GENERATING ALTERNATIVES. THE COMPARATIVE PREFERENCE OF DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES IS ASSESSED BY THE METHOD OF DETERMINING RATINGS OR METHODS OF FORMING EVALUATION SYSTEMS, WHICH INCLUDED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF CRITERIA, RULES FOR SELECTING THE MOST PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE. THIS METHOD IS USED WHEN THE GOAL IS UNCLEAR AND THERE IS ONLY THE INITIAL STATE OF THE SYSTEM. EVENTS OF THE LOWER LEVEL OF DECOMPOSITION ARE RANKED BY PREFERENCE AND PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE. THE MOST PREFERRED OPTION IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM.

GORDON'S METHOD THE METHOD ASSUMES THAT PARTICIPANTS IN GROUP WORK DO NOT KNOW WHAT PROBLEM WILL BE DISCUSSED IN ADVANCE, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT LIMITED BY USUAL PATTERNS. LEADING IN THE MOST GENERAL WORDS EXPLAINS SOME CONCEPT RELATED TO THE PROBLEM CONSIDERED. PARTICIPANTS EXPRESS THEIR IDEAS FOR "ACCELERATION", THEN, UNDER THE LEADER'S LEADING, THE INITIAL CONCEPT IS REFINED. AFTER THIS THE SAME PROBLEM IS REVEALED FOR WHICH THE DISCUSSION IS STARTED. AS A RESULT, ALREADY "WARMED-UP" PARTICIPANTS START TO EXPRESS COMPLETELY SPECIFIC PROPOSALS AND THINK HOW TO IMPLEMENT THEM.

TARGETED DISCUSSION METHOD THE ESSENCE OF THE METHOD IS TO HAVE A MEETING DIRECTED BY THE FADE TO ENGAGE ALL PARTICIPANTS IN AN OPEN AND INTERESTED DISCUSSION AND DO NOT LET THE MEETING DEVELOP IN A SERIES OF PASSIVE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. THE DIFFERENCE FROM THE BRAIN ATTACK METHOD AND THE GORDON METHOD IS THAT THE PARTICIPANTS PRELIMINARY PREPARE THEIR POINT OF VIEW ON THE PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED. THIS IS BOTH GOOD AND BAD. GOOD BECAUSE EVERYONE CAN SERIOUSLY PREPARE FOR THE DISCUSSION, SLOWLY WEIGH THE PROS AND CONS, IF NECESSARY, APPLY INDIVIDUAL HEURISTIC METHODS FOR DEVELOPING IDEAS. BAD BECAUSE THE ONE WHO COMES TO A SOLUTION THEN WILL BE DIFFICULT TO REJECT IT.

THE METHOD OF CONTROL QUESTIONS THE ESSENCE OF THE METHOD IS THAT THE GENERATION OF DECISION OPTIONS IS AS LIKE "GUIDED" BY THE LISTS OF CONTROL (GUIDE) QUESTIONS WHICH ARE COMPILED BY DIFFERENT PARTICIPANTS OR EXPERTS. THESE ARE USUALLY GENERAL QUESTIONS: “WHAT IF EVERYTHING IS REVERSED? ; WHAT IF YOU CHANGE THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM? ; WHAT IF YOU TAKE ANOTHER MATERIAL OR CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE OBJECT? » THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE DISCUSSION ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS IN WRITING (VERY BRIEFLY) AND PASS TO THE FRIEND AROUND THE CIRCLE. THUS, EVERYONE GET TO KNOW EVERYONE'S SOLUTION OPTIONS AND GIVES THEIR OPINIONS ON THIS ACCOUNT. THEREFORE, THE DECISIONS ARE ACCUMULATED ON ONE SHEET OF EACH PARTICIPANTS OF THE DISCUSSION. DO NOT REPEAT THIS. P

INTEGRAL METHOD "ETRA" M METHOD COMBINES INDIVIDUAL TECHNIQUES OF BRAIN STORMING, SYNECTICS, MORPHOLOGICAL TABLES AND THE METHOD OF ANALOGIES. ANALOG METHOD OF "METER" CONSISTS OF SIX PHASES. 1. THE TASK IS SET IN THE DESIRED FORMULATION, AND THE LEADER CALLS THE PARTICIPANTS TO A FREE DISCUSSION OF THE PROBLEM (THE OBJECTIVE IS TO FAMILIARIZE THE PARTICIPANTS WITH THE ESSENCE OF THE PROBLEM). 2. THE ORIGINAL VIEW OF THE PROBLEM IS “SPLITTERED” IN THE MOST VARIOUS ASPECTS: ABOUT THE OBJECT, SUBJECT, SUBJECT, RELATIONSHIPS (THE PROBLEM IS “CHEWED”). 3. REVISION OF THE ORIGINAL FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM AND AN ATTEMPT OF A NEW STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (THE PROBLEM IS EXPANDED AND ITS STATEMENT IS SIMPLIFIED). 4. DEVELOPMENT OF ANALOGIES IN A NEW STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM, ALLOWING IT TO BE DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF SUB-PROBLEMS 5. FREE SEARCH FOR ANALOGIES AND ASSOCIATIONS AS MORE FANTASTIC AND LEAN AS POSSIBLE (PHASE OF "FREE FLIGHT"). 6. RETURN TO THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM, AND THE ANALOGIES PUT OUT ARE "TRANSLATED" INTO THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS TERMS.

OBJECTIVE TREE METHOD THIS METHOD IS DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF A SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM SITUATIONS AND ASSUMES THE USE OF A HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OBTAINED BY DIVISION OF THE GENERAL GOAL INTO SUBGOALS. THE TREE OF GOALS IS CREATED TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEM SITUATION AND VISUALIZE THE RESULTS OF SUCH ANALYSIS. THE IDEA OF DEVELOPING THE TREE OF GOALS BELONG TO THE AMERICAN RESEARCHER CHURCHMAN, WHO APPLIED SUCH APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS CASE, THE TREE OF GOALS IS A CONNECTED GRAPH WITHOUT CYCLES, SO THE FOLLOWING DEFINITION IS POSSIBLE. THE TREE OF GOALS IS A GRAPH EXPRESSING THE SUBORDINATION AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ELEMENTS WHICH ARE GOALS AND RESOURCES. WHEN CONSTRUCTING THE GOALS TREE, THE TRENDS IN THE EXPECTED DEVELOPMENT OF EVENTS ARE DETERMINED BY EXPERT FORECASTS. DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITUATION IS PRODUCED BY THE SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT METHOD.

Now let's turn to how you can promote the development of thinking.

First of all, it is necessary to note the special role of self-organization, awareness of the methods and rules of mental activity. A person must also manage such stages of thinking as setting a task, creating optimal motivation, regulating the direction of involuntary associations, maximizing the inclusion of both figurative and symbolic components, using the advantages of conceptual thinking, and reducing excessive criticality when evaluating the result. All this allows you to activate the thought process, make it more effective.

Enthusiasm, interest in the problem, optimal motivation are the most important factors in the productivity of thinking. So, weak motivation does not provide sufficient development of the thought process, and vice versa, if it is too strong, then this emotional overexcitation leads to incorrect use of the results obtained, previously learned methods in solving other new problems, a tendency to the appearance of stereotypes arises. In this sense, competition does not contribute to the solution of complex mental problems.

A number of factors impede a successful thought process:

• inertness, stereotyped thinking;
• excessive commitment to the use of familiar methods of solving, which makes it difficult to look at the problem in a new way;
• fear of error, fear of criticism, fear of "turning out to be stupid", excessive criticality to one's decisions;
• mental and muscular tension, etc.

To activate thinking, you can apply special forms of organization of the thought process, for example "brainstorm”(the method proposed by A. Osborne (USA) is intended for the production of ideas and solutions when working in a group).

Basic rules for brainstorming:

1. The group consists of 7-10 people, it is desirable that they have different professions(to avoid stereotyping in approaches); there are only a few people in the group who are knowledgeable in the problem under consideration.
2. "Prohibition of criticism": someone else's idea cannot be interrupted, criticized, you can only praise, develop someone else's idea or offer your own.
3. Participants must be in a state of relaxation, i.e. mental and muscular relaxation, comfort. Chairs should be arranged in a circle.
4. All expressed ideas are recorded (on a tape recorder, in shorthand notes) without attribution.
5. The ideas collected as a result of brainstorming are transferred to a group of expert specialists dealing with this problem in order to select the most valuable ideas. As a rule, they turn out to be about 10%. Participants are not included in the "jury" of experts.

The efficiency of this method is high. So, in one of the American firms, 15 thousand ideas were put forward at 300 brainstorming sessions, and 1.5 thousand of them were immediately implemented. Brainstorming conducted by a group gradually gaining experience in solving various tasks, is the basis of the so-called synectpic. It was proposed by the American scientist W. Gordon.

During the “synectic assault”, the obligatory implementation of four special techniques is provided, which are based on an analogy:

• direct (think about how problems similar to this one are solved);
• personal, or empathy (try to enter the image of the object given in the task and reason from this point of view);
• symbolic (give a figurative definition of the essence of the task in a nutshell);
• fantastic (imagine how fairy-tale wizards would solve this problem).

Another way to activate the search - focal object method. It consists in the fact that the signs of several randomly selected objects are transferred to the object under consideration (focal, in the focus of attention), as a result of which unusual combinations are obtained that make it possible to overcome psychological inertia and inertia. So, if a “tiger” is taken as a random object, and a “pencil” as a focal object, then combinations such as “striped pencil”, “fanged pencil”, etc. are obtained. Considering these combinations and developing them further, it is possible to come up with original ideas.

Method of morphological analysis consists in the fact that first the main characteristics of the object (axis) are distinguished, and then all possible options (elements) are recorded for each of them.

So, considering the problem of starting an automobile engine in winter conditions, you can take as axes sources of energy for heating, methods of transferring energy from a source to an engine, ways to control this transfer, etc. The elements for the axis "energy sources" will be a battery, a chemical heat generator, a gas burner, a running engine of another machine, hot water, steam, etc. Having a record along all axes and combining combinations of different elements, you can get big number all options. At the same time, unexpected combinations that hardly came to mind can also get into the field of view.

Contributes to the intensification of the search and method control questions , which involves the use of a list of leading questions, for example: “And if you do the opposite? And if you change the shape of the object? And if you take other material? And if you reduce or increase the object?

All considered methods of activating creative thinking capabilities provide for targeted stimulation of associative images (imagination).

It is possible to develop and stimulate the mental activity of a person through various tasks. So, to develop the ability to separate the main from the secondary, tasks are used with redundant data that lead away from right decision. The ability to reformulate the problem in order to understand it more deeply, develop tasks with partially incorrect data. In this case, it is required to correct the formulation of the problem or indicate the impossibility of solving it. The ability to distinguish between tasks that allow only a probabilistic solution also develops human thinking. After analyzing the solution of creative problems, scientists have established a number of patterns.

First, primary, automated methods of solving are used (which corresponds to the lower levels), and they are implemented until it becomes clear that this method cannot solve the problem. The next step is to reflect on failures. middle level), their cause is realized, namely, the inconsistency of the means with the task, a critical attitude is formed to one's own means and methods of action. As a result, a wider range of means is applied to the conditions of the problem (the third stage, the middle level), programs of the "search dominant" are developed. Then, at the lowest (unconscious) level, an intuitive solution is sought, a “solution in principle”, and at the last stages ( highest level) there is a logical justification, verbalization and formalization of the decision.

Rice. 12.1. The structure of methods for obtaining new knowledge

As G.M. Andreeva - doctor economic sciences, professor of the department social psychology Moscow State University, numerous experiments have established the most typical conditions application of heuristics:

1) lack of time to think about the situation;

2) information overload, making it difficult to process it;

3) the relatively low significance of the perceived object, which makes precise knowledge about it rather indifferent;

4) simply insufficient information for a meaningful conclusion;

5) involuntary quick decision.

The creation of something new is a creative process. Creative skills- creativity - can be assessed using eight selected criteria:

1. The ability to see the problem.

2. Fluency, the ability to see as many possible sides and connections in a problem as possible.

3. Flexibility as the ability to understand a new point of view, as well as to abandon the learned point of view.

4. Originality, departure from the template.

5. Ability to regroup ideas and connections.

6. Ability to abstract or analyze.

7. Ability to concretize or synthesize.

8. Feeling the harmony of the organization of ideas.

Common thought processes for all types of creativity are combining and analogizing along with such techniques as identifying new connections and transferring the function of one object to another. Psychologists have established that an unfettered imagination governs the generation of innumerable more or less random associations.

The root cause and basis of creative thinking is the work of our brain, the uniqueness of which lies in the fact that it develops only in the process of its exploitation.

The list of the main methods of influencing the client's creativity looks like in the following way:

1. Emotionality is a method of combining left- and right-handed brain processes for those who have left-handed thinking. Emotions contribute to the registration of information in the right hemisphere. Information processed by the hemispheres of the brain is remembered more reliably. Orientation to the feelings of the learner contributes to the right-brain processing of information. Professional or behavioral competence is increasingly important role in the career of a manager and his work with people. Among the successful tools for the development of creative brain processes, psychologists also include other methods of interaction between the hemispheres.

2. Visualization - imagination, vision, for example, of the future product, the final result creative work or problems and ways to overcome them. Who visually represents desired result, which is more likely to reach the target. Encouraging vivid imagination is facilitated by developing situations. Vision is a right-brain function and at the same time a method for developing strategic competence. Graphs, diagrams, diagrams, drawings, paintings encourage creative processes through the development of visual thinking.

3. Analogies are comparisons from different disciplines. This method motivates intuition and synthesizes thinking, developing system analytics.

4. Metaphor - this method of motivating creativity is based on the combination of two different things or deeds general principle, for example, electricity is associated with the directed movement of charged particles, or even more simply - with water flowing through pipes, human qualities are attributed to time - harsh years, happy Days, troubled times. Metaphors help play with concepts. Metaphorical thinking is a creative process based on comparisons between problems in various fields of science and practice to help find a solution. Comparison of business and biology problems leads to concepts such as survival, adaptation to external environment, sanitation.

5. Humor - actively combines the rational processes of the left hemisphere and the creativity of the right. During laughter, the brain releases the natural hormone endorphin, which has analgesic and tranquilizing properties and promotes a sense of well-being.

Structural scheme expert methods decision making is shown in fig. 12.2.

Individual methods can be conditionally divided into four groups:

a) associative, one way or another using the concept of "associativity", these include methods of analogy and stimulation by chance;

b) "geometric" methods:

intermediate auxiliary point;

Crushing and restoration on a new basis;

equidistant point;

Rice. 12.2. Structure of expert decision making methods

reversal;

Rotations of attention (of matrix structures);

Inclusions (superpositions);

asymmetries;

c) dynamic methods:

The maximum number of degrees of freedom;

Continuity of useful action;

breakthrough;

Periodic action;

d) parametric methods:

Weakening conditions (relaxation);

Among the collective methods, consider the following set:

Method of "brainstorming" and collapsed "brainstorming";

Morphological analysis;

Associations;

Scenarios;

Synectics;

Gordon method;

Method of control questions;

Integral method "Metra";

Method of targeted discussions (commissions).

Brainstorming method

The method of "brainstorming" "Brainstorming" was proposed in 1938 by the American specialist A. Osborne; is based on the psychological and pedagogical laws of collective activity and is based on the fact that the creative activity of each person is often restrained for one reason or another, among which a significant place is occupied by various barriers: psychological and communicative, social and pedagogical.

The main function of brainstorming is to ensure the process of generating ideas without their analysis and discussion by the participants, and the success of the brainstorming depends on the observance of two main principles:

The group can produce joint work ideas more High Quality than at individual work the same people through a synergistic effect;

· if the group is in a state of generating ideas, then the process of creative thinking, which dominates at this moment, cannot be hampered by a premature subjective assessment of these ideas.

The essence of the method: each member of the group is given right to speak the most various ideas about the options for solving the problem, regardless of their validity, feasibility and logic. The more different offers, all the better. Leads the attack leading. With information about the nature of the problem, participants group work get to know each other in advance. All proposals are considered without criticism and evaluation(the presenter is following this), and their analysis is carried out centrally after completion of the ideation process based on the notes produced by the secretariat. As a result, a list is formed in which all the presented sentences are structured according to certain parameters (criteria), as well as their effectiveness in terms of solving the problem under discussion.

A graphical model of the content of the stages of "brainstorming" is shown in fig. 12.3.

When preparing for a brainstorming session, it is necessary to determine the venue and participants. Best Places – « round table”, behind which all participants could feel like equal colleagues. The assault can be carried out with any number of participants, but the most successful group composition is from 4 to 12 people. At the same time, to solve a certain problem, it is necessary to invite both specialists and non-specialists: practice shows that the most valuable ideas most often belong to people who are not specialists in a given field, but are indirectly related to the problem being solved.

Brainstorming in reverse or "folded brainstorming" as a method is much like regular brainstorming, but participants are not only allowed, but encouraged to make critical comments on the ideas formulated. The main difficulties here are related to the need for a correct attitude of the participants to each other during the discussion. Usually, during the implementation of this method, participants should try not only to find as many weaknesses in each idea, but also suggest ways to eliminate them. Analysis of the essence of the brainstorming method leads to two contradictions.

On the one hand, in order to develop an idea at the generation stage, it must be criticized, and criticism is prohibited by the rules of the assault. On the other hand, in order to direct the course of a decision in one direction, it is necessary to manage it, and the essence of the method lies in the chaotic generation of ideas.

This method is usually used when there is a shortage of time allotted to solve the problem. In fact, this is an accelerated or "folded brainstorming".

Rice. 12.3. Graphical model of the content of the stages of the "brainstorming" method

Synectics method

The noted contradictions are partially eliminated in the method "synectics" where the assault is carried out by a permanent group with a specially selected composition. The implementation factors of the synectics method are shown in fig. 12.4.

In 1960, the author of Synectics, W. Gordon, introduced a conscious search for analogies within a certain procedure in an effort to turn a productive process that occurs in the subconscious when solving a problem, from implicit to explicit, from spontaneous to consciously controlled. The purpose of analogies is to change the usual idea of ​​good famous things, to take a fresh look at the "legacy of frozen words" and ways of understanding. To activate and control thinking, Gordon used four types of analogies:

direct analogy offers consideration of the methods used in other branches of theory and practice - how similar problems are solved there;

personal analogy, or empathy, offers to "get used to" the image of the object in question, to feel its state and, on the basis of own feelings find and suggest best option solutions;

symbolic analogy– finding a brief symbolic description of the task or object, usually in the form of a combination of an adjective with a noun, which characterize the essence of the object in the form of a paradox (for example, the head of a hammer, a decision tree, suppress resistance, etc.);

fantastic analogy suggests looking for solutions in science fiction literature, as well as presenting the problem in terms of fairy tales, myths, and legends.

Synectics method designed to generate alternatives by associative thinking, search for analogies to the task and is as follows.

1. A group is formed of five to seven people with flexible thinking, experience, psychological compatibility, sociability and mobility.

2. Skills of joint group work are developed.

3. Not only known similar solutions are tried, but all possible and impossible (fantastic) solutions.

5. Everyone is allowed to stop working at any time without explanation.

6. The role of leader periodically passes to other members of the group.

Rice. 12.4. Implementation factors of the synectics method

Unlike "brainstorming", this requires special and lengthy preparation of the group. The work of the group takes place in two stages. The task of the first stage is to make the unusual habitual. To do this, by generalizing various situations An unusual problem or object is placed in a familiar context with the help of the method of analogies, and its unusualness disappears. After that, the second stage begins, the task of which is to make the familiar unusual (to return to the original problem).

The sequence for solving the problem is as follows:

1) the problem as it is set - the formulation of the problem;

2) clearing of obvious solutions - a discussion during which group members clarify their views on obvious solutions, which are unlikely to give anything more than a combination of existing solutions (this stage is reminiscent of "brainstorming");

3) the transformation of the unusual into the familiar - the search for analogies that allow us to express the "given problem" in terms that are familiar to the members of the group by experience (ignoring physical laws and conventions is allowed in an attempt to penetrate the essence of the problem and unravel the tangle of sentences);

4) the problem as it is understood - the main difficulties and contradictions that impede the solution of the problem are determined;

5) leading questions - the chairman proposes to give a solution using one of the types of analogies. Each member of the group plays a leading question in a free manner. If the analogies become too abstract, the discussion will veer towards the "problem as understood." When a promising idea appears, it is verbally developed until the group members can make and test rough prototypes of the device.

Delphi method

This method is often used in cases where when group gathering is not possible. In accordance with the procedure, members of the group are not allowed to meet and exchange views on the problem being solved, and independence of opinions is ensured. The procedure is as follows.

1. Group members are invited answer whole list questions formulated in detail on the problem under consideration.

2. Each participant answers questions anonymously.

3. The results of the answers are collected in the center, and after processing the answers, a integral document, containing all proposed options solutions.

4. Each member of the group gets a copy integral document.

5. Familiarization with the specified document (analysis of the proposals of other group members) may change your mind some members of the group regarding possible solutions.

6. Steps 3 to 5 are repeated as many times as necessary to achieve agreed decision.

This method is applicable when no time limit decision making, and decisions are made by experts. When developing solutions for a specific organization for the purpose of subsequent implementation, it is advisable to use other methods group work, allowing to find consensus, and in the process of searching decisions from group members (leadership of the organization) may form team of like-minded people.

association method

In the method of associations, the main sources for generating ideas are randomly selected concepts, associations and metaphors arising from this. For example, associations to the word “ice”: glass (brittle, transparent, slippery, etc.), snow (ice is a derivative of snow, if the latter is poured with water in the cold), oil (melts like ice). Next association: butter - knife - narrow blade! There may be such a chain of associations: glass - glass cutter (break) - again fragility. Another option: ice - wet frozen snow - melts under the sun - a completely black body - water - a water cushion. Or another option: ice rings - ringing -
sound - ultrasound (use of ultrasound). In these examples of associations, the object is ice, but what if we make the ship the object of changes.

As can be seen from the example, it is advisable to use various metaphors to create associations and generate ideas. For example: binary analogous metaphors (“a bell sings under an arc”, “horseshoes of eyebrows”); metaphors-catahreses containing contradictions (“land sailor”, “round square”); riddle metaphors (“a full room of people” - a cucumber). The technology of free associations is based on such principles as free associations, anti-conformity, delayed critical analysis.

The rules for the implementation of the method provide for their own specifics for both organizers and participants (Fig. 12.5).

Development and generation of new ideas for solving the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise is not easy. Often, a creative specialist does not know where to start, how to get together and focus his attention on the right object, to activate his creative abilities.

Exist simple methods focus and activate creativity for better analysis in the right direction. A huge number of emerging non-standard problems and the constant human desire for innovation explain the numerous developments of methods for enhancing creative thinking.

Here is a list of methods for organizing the creative process:

brainstorming method,

TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving),

synectics method,

morphological method.

They were all developed in this order:

1) brainstorming method - invented by the head of the advertising agency Alex Osborne in 1930;

2) morphological method- developed by the famous Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky, in 1942;

3) the synectics method - proposed by V.J. Gordon, is an improvement on the brainstorming method, work on the method was started in 1944;

4) TRIZ - started by Heinrich Altshuller and his colleagues in 1946, and first published in 1956.

So let's consider the methods aimed at organizing the creative environment Vanyurikhin G.I. Creativity in management // Bulletin of the International University. Series "Management". - M., 2005. - Issue. 3..

Brainstorm- this is a group method of creative activity in the absence of any evaluation criteria and directions for searching for ideas. It is divided into the following steps:

Spontaneous generation of any ideas (usually 60 - 80 ideas in 40 minutes);

Examination of ideas (selection of 1-2 most successful ones).

The disadvantage of this method is the low productivity when high costs time.

Synectics- this is a type of brainstorming with the assumption of discussion (screening) of ideas at the stage of their nomination and determination of methods for generating ideas, various verbal techniques can be used in the generation process:

Direct analogy - analysis of how a similar problem is solved in other areas;

Personal analogy - getting used to the image of an object (problem) and understanding it based on one's own feelings;

Symbolic analogy - a brief symbolic description of the problem in the form of a paradox or metaphor (a living corpse, hot snow, a viscous state, etc.);

Fantastic analogy - search for solutions in myths, fairy tales, fantasy, etc.

Disadvantage of the method: a synectic group requires high cohesion and good preliminary training, otherwise, in pursuit of the productivity of creative activity, the criticality of the group increases and the harmony of the creative environment is disrupted, which, in turn, drastically reduces the productivity of generating ideas.

Methods for optimizing the accumulation and structuring of knowledge about the problem. This group includes various block diagrams collecting and analyzing preliminary information, building hypotheses, testing intuitive ideas, here are some of them:

TRIZ- this technique is a complex structural-logical program to identify and eliminate the contradictions of the problem, focused on the ideal end result. Data on the analyzed problem are entered in a special table according to the algorithm proposed below Vikentiev I.L. A functional approach to solving creative and business problems. Consulting firm TRIZ-chance, 2003.

TRIZ algorithm

Notes:

A system is an association of heterogeneous elements, designed to perform the main function and create a new property that none of the elements that make up the system has.

OF - an action for the implementation of which a certain system has been created.

PD - the law by which the system performs the main function.

SS - elements of the analyzed system involved in the implementation of the main function.

NE - an action harmful to the user of the system that occurs during the execution of the OF; most often occurs when the user changes the system or imposes increased requirements on it.

SU is a change in the system itself, including with the help of additional factors, leading to the elimination of NE. If the introduction of SU does not lead to harmful effects for the user, then the problem is solved. But, as a rule, the introduction of an ES that eliminates one NE leads to the emergence of a new NE and, as a result, to a logical contradiction.

LP is a property of a connection between two interacting elements, in which a change in one of the elements of the system in a direction useful to the user causes an undesirable change in another element. LP is formulated in the form of a causal relationship: "if ... - then ... - but ...". When formulating a LP, it is necessary to use specific formulations that reflect the essence of the occurring phenomena.

X-element - a kind of ideal element that helps eliminate NE and lead to an ideal end result. At the first stage, the X-element is a fantastic assumption that psychologically reduces the complexity of the task, while this element must have very specific useful properties.

OZ - the zone in which the conflict occurs, leading to the LP, it may or may not coincide with the zone in which the main function of the system is performed.

OB - consists of the time the system performs the main function - T3, the pre-conflict period - T2 and the conflict time T1: T = T1 + T2 + T3.

A contradiction at the macro level is the opposite requirements for the properties of the operational zone, where it is necessary to indicate in what period and for what purpose the EP should have this property.

A contradiction at the micro level is the opposite requirements for particles (details) of the properties of the EP, which ensure the fulfillment of the conditions for the operation of the system.

The ideal end result (IFR) is achieved when the system itself provides the presence between the elements of such details that contribute to the performance of the system RP without the appearance of NE.

For the preparation of creative results, there are certain creative methods, of which there are five classic Kirsanov K. Creative and heuristic management. 3/5/2004. www.ovsem.com:

1) Evolution- method of incremental improvement. New ideas come from other ideas, new solutions from previous ones, new ones are a little better than old ones. By doing something a little better here, a little better there, gradually the result is much better, or even completely different from the original. illustrative examples is the history of the automotive industry or any other product of technological progress, where improvements are made with each new model. Each new model builds on the collective creative expertise of previous models so that economy, comfort and durability improve over time. In this case, creativity is in the process of improvement, step by step improvement, and not in some completely new product. The evolutionary method of creativity operates according to the following critical principle: “Every problem that has been solved can be solved again and the best way". Creative thinkers did not share the idea - "once a problem is solved, it can be forgotten", or "Works? Do not touch!". The creative thinker's philosophy is that "there is no such thing as minor improvement."

2) Synthesis- In this method, two or more existing ideas are combined into a third, new idea.

3) The revolution- the method operates on the principle: the best new idea- completely different, significantly different from previous ideas. For example, if we consider the evolution of technology for photo and video filming, then here the manufacturer did not follow the path of improving photo and video film, but rather a revolutionary step was taken in development using digital technologies, and instead of film, electronic media becomes the carrier of information.

4) Reuse - this method makes us look at something old from a new angle, not obsessing over the opinions of predecessors, eliminating prejudices, expectations and assumptions, and makes it possible to see what can be reused. The essence of the method is to look beyond the previous or existing applications for each particular idea, solution, or thing and understand that another application is possible.

5) Change of direction - is to switch attention from one perspective of the problem to another, this can also be called creative insight. It consists in solving a problem; sometimes it is necessary to look at it from the other side and sometimes find unexpected decision when one solution doesn't work, switch to another. You don't have to follow a specific path, you need to follow specific purpose. Getting stuck on one solution path can sometimes be a problem for those who don't understand it; they become fixated on one solution that doesn't work, and as a result, they get only disappointment with the results.