Penza region. Reference information about the Penza region. Presentation on the topic: Geographical position and relief of the Penza region

Symbols of the city of Penza
Coat of arms of the city of Penza: three golden sheaves (wheat, barley and millet) standing on golden land in a green field - mean wealth and noble agriculture of the local land. The coat of arms of the city of Penza was approved on May 28, 1781 (according to the old style).
The image was borrowed from the emblem of the Penza regiment, compiled by the Italian Count Francis Santi in the 1720s. In 1964, changes were made: the sheaves are framed by a part of the clock mechanism - an escape wheel (industrial development); in it is a swallow (aspiration to the future). In 2001, the old coat of arms was returned to Penza.

The flag of Penza is based on the coat of arms of the city of Penza.

Territory of Penza- 304.7 km2.
The length of Penza from north to south is 18.998 km, from west to east - 25.543 km.

City population:
The population is 517.1 thousand people, including 234 thousand people - men, 283.1 thousand people - women (according to the results of the 2010 census).
The composition of the population of the city of Penza is multinational. Representatives of the Slavic, Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples live in it.

Geography of the city:
Penza is located in the center of the European part of Russia, southeast of Moscow, in the Volga region. Distance from Moscow by railway - 709 km, by road (M5 Moscow-Chelyabinsk highway) - 629 km. The region borders in the north with Mordovia, in the east - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the south - with the Saratov region, in the west - with the Tambov region, in the northwest - with the Ryazan region.

Penza lies on seven hills and is located on both banks of the Sura River - the main water artery of the city (see also more details about Sura). In addition to Sura, rivers flow through the city: Penza, Penzyatka, Staraya Sura, Prokop, Moika, Barkovka, Bezymyanny stream.

The city is territorially divided into four districts - Zheleznodorozhny, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky and Pervomaisky.

Climate
Moderate continental.
Winter is moderately cold and long, lasts from late October to early April, the coldest month is February. Summer is warm, lasts from late May to early September. Average temperatures in January are up to -12 °С, in July 19 °С.

Nature
The Penza region is located in the zones of forest-steppe and partially broad-leaved forests. Chernozems occupy about 65% of the total area. Forests occupy about 23% of the territory, arable land - about 75%. The main forest species: oak, pine, birch, aspen. On the territory of the region there is a reserve - the Volga forest-steppe.

Animal world:
Mole, fox, pine marten, weasel, ermine, ferrets, badger, elk, hares (hare and hare), squirrel, etc.

Timezone:
Moscow Time Zone. Moscow (+ 3 hours GMT).

Phone code of the city:
841-2

Cultural Penza:
As of January 1, 2016, the network of institutions of culture and arts of the Penza region is 1056 institutions.

The territory of the region from west to east - 330 km, from north to south - 204 km; area - 43.3 thousand square meters. km. The administrative center is the city of Penza (519.3 thousand inhabitants). The population of the region is 1489.7 thousand people; it includes representatives of almost 80 peoples and nationalities.

The Penza region within its present borders was formed on February 4, 1939. It is located on the East European (Russian) Plain and occupies the middle and western parts of the Volga Upland.

The territory of the region from west to east - 330 km, from north to south - 204 km; area - 43.3 thousand square meters. km.

The administrative center is the city of Penza (519.3 thousand inhabitants).

The population of the region is 1489.7 thousand people; it includes representatives of almost 80 peoples and nationalities.

The rural population is 35.7%. There are 11 cities and 16 urban-type settlements in the region. Among the largest cities: Kuznetsk - 96.3, Kamenka - 43.5, Serdobsk - 39.3.

The Penza region lies in a temperate geographical zone, at the junction of forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones.

The proximity of large industrial centers, convenient transport and geographical position allow the use of imported raw materials and fuel, provide communications for cooperation, marketing of finished products.

The geopolitical position of the region - the position on the political and administrative map - is quite favorable, due to the proximity to regions that are politically stable, with a similar ethnic and religious composition of the population, and remoteness from external borders. Due to the relatively small size of the territory and the high availability of transport routes, the region is characterized by the permeability of space for investment.

Due to the favorable combination of natural conditions for the development of agriculture, it is quite independent in terms of food.

Since 1961, the region has been part of the Volga economic region.

The natural conditions of the region are quite diverse. The flat, slightly hilly relief creates favorable conditions for human economic activity. A vast part of the territory is occupied by the western slopes of the Volga Upland, and only the extreme west is the eastern edge of the Oka-Don Plain.

There are over 200 rivers in the region. The largest of them are Sura, Moksha, Khoper, Vorona.

Chernozem soils prevailing in the territory of the region (68% of the land area) are one of its main riches. The most common are leached chernozems, and to a lesser extent, podzolized and typical ones. Significant areas in the north and northeast are occupied by gray forest soils.

Natural vegetation has been preserved on about 1/3 of the area. Meadow-forest landscapes in the north and northeast are replaced in the south by meadow-steppe and steppe landscapes. Mixed and broad-leaved forests occupy 20% of the territory. The value of forests is not so much industrial as water protection, soil protection and recreation. The steppes are mostly plowed up. Only small areas of virgin steppes have survived (Poperechenskaya, Kuncherovskaya, Ostrovtsovskaya reserved steppes).

The animal world is very diverse. Within the region there are about 60 species of mammals, 30 species of fish, more than 200 species of birds. There are many reserves and hunting grounds in the region. The territory of the region belongs to the regions with the most favorable combination of natural conditions for human health (flat relief, moderately hot summers, moderately cold winters, low waterlogging, relatively high forest cover, etc.).

The territory of the region stretches from west to east for 330 km and from north to south for 204 km. Area - 43.3 thousand square meters. km.

The climate in the region is temperate continental. Continentality gradually increases from west to east. Precipitation is the most unstable element of the climate. The annual precipitation in the region ranges from 450-500 mm, in dry years it drops to 350 mm, and in wet years it rises to 775 mm. Spring droughts are typical, as well as summer and autumn droughts are not uncommon.

Russian Civilization

The Penza region within its present borders was formed on February 4, 1939. It is located on the East European (Russian) Plain and occupies the middle and western parts of the Volga Upland.

The territory of the region from west to east - 330 km, from north to south - 204 km; area - 43.3 thousand square meters. km.

The administrative center is the city of Penza (507,047 inhabitants).

The population of the region is 1379.8 thousand people; it includes representatives of almost 80 peoples and nationalities.

The position of the region is rather favorable due to its proximity to politically stable regions with a similar ethnic and religious composition of the population, remoteness from external borders. Due to the relatively small size of the territory and the high availability of transport routes, the region is characterized by the permeability of space for investment.

Due to the favorable combination of natural conditions for the development of agriculture, it is quite independent in terms of food.

The territory of the Penza region is located on the Precambrian platform, formed 2-2.5 billion years ago.

The surface relief is flat, slightly hilly. A vast part of the territory is occupied by the western slopes of the Volga Upland. The Surskaya Shishka hill is the highest hill in the region. The extreme west of the region belongs to the eastern outskirts of the Oka-Don Plain.

The climate in the region is temperate continental. Continentality gradually increases from west to east. Precipitation is the most unstable element of the climate. The annual precipitation in the region ranges from 450-500 mm, in dry years it drops to 350 mm, and in wet years it rises to 775 mm. Spring droughts are typical, as well as summer and autumn droughts are not uncommon.

There are over 3,000 rivers and streams in the region with a total length of 15,458 km. The river runoff is tentatively estimated at 5 - 5.5 km³. The largest of the rivers - Sura, Moksha belong to the inland basin of the Caspian Sea (Volga River); Khoper, Vorona (drainage basin of the Don River). The Penza River, a tributary of the Sura, gave its name to the regional center.

One of the most unique natural phenomena of the region is the sources of the Khoper River, originating from the purest springs.

Some of the lakes are taken under protection as a natural monument.

There are about 1500-2000 springs on the territory of the region. Some of them are taken under protection as a natural monument. Many springs are classified as holy springs.

In the region, a large area is occupied by artificial reservoirs, including:

* Vadinsky reservoir

* The Surskoye reservoir (Surskoye Sea) is the largest reservoir in the region.

Chernozem soils are predominant in the region - 67.5% of the land area (according to other sources - 50.7%). The most common are leached chernozems, and to a lesser extent, podzolized and typical ones. Powerful chernozems with a humus layer thickness of 80 - 100 cm of two steppe plots - Poperechensky and Ostrovtsovsky - are the reference for this type of soil and are proposed for inclusion in the Red Book of Soils of Russia. Significant areas in the north and northeast are occupied by gray forest soils (14.5%).

Natural vegetation has been preserved on about a third of the territory of the Penza region; forests occupy almost 20% of its area. The value of forests is not so much industrial as water protection, soil protection and recreation. The steppes are mostly plowed up.

On the territory of the Penza region, there are about 1500 species of higher plants.

The list of rare and endangered species of the Red Data Book of the Penza region includes 166 species of vascular plants and 40 species of fungi.

More than 800 species of vascular plants (over 60% of the species composition of the flora of the Penza region and 40% of the flora of the Middle Volga region), 108 species of lichens, 72 species of bryophytes and 119 species of fungi grow on the territory of the Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe Reserve.

316 species of vertebrates live within the region, including:

* About 10 species of amphibians;

* About 200 species of birds;

* About 8 species of reptiles;

* About 68 species of mammals (fox, hare, polecat, badger, squirrel);

7 species of animals were acclimatized in the region: American mink, muskrat, raccoon dog, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, red and spotted deer. In parallel, work was underway to reacclimatize the steppe marmot, beaver and muskrat.

In the reservoirs of the Penza region, there are about 50 species of fish. There are about 30 species in the largest one, the Sursky Reservoir. Commercial species include: bream, pike perch, silver bream, ide, catfish. In the rivers and small reservoirs of the region - roach, perch, crucian carp, carp, pike. The most valuable fish living in natural reservoirs is the sterlet. It occurs singly and is listed in the Red Book of the Penza region. In total, 10 species of fish are listed in the Red Book of the region.

The mineral resource base of the region consists, for the most part, of raw materials for the construction industry. On the territory of the region there are deposits of clays, gypsum, glass sands, marl and chalk, coarse-grained molding sands, as well as small accumulations of phosphorites suitable for grinding into phosphorite flour. Fuel and energy resources: Peat, oil. Ore minerals: Manifestations of placer metals (titanium, zirconium) with an industrial content of 30 to 90 kg/m3 of rock were found on the territory of the region. On the territory of the Penza region, reserves of mineral waters and brines have been explored and approved in 9 areas of mineral water deposits. Used by the sanatoriums "Khoprovskiye Zori", "Birch Grove", them. Volodarsky, Niva, Nizhne-Lipovsky, Nadezhda.

The Penza region lies in a temperate geographical zone, at the junction of forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. It belongs to the regions with the most favorable combination of natural conditions - flat terrain, moderately hot summers, moderately cold winters, low waterlogging, relatively high forest cover.

According to an estimate approved by Rosstat, as of January 1, 2007, the resident population of the Penza Region was amounted to 1396.0 thousand people. and decreased in 2006. by 12.0 thousand people, or by 1.0%.

Natural population decline in 2006 amounted to 11.9 thousand people, migration - 0.1. Decrease in natural population decline for 9 months of 2007 compared to the same period in 2006. by 2431 people, or 26.4%, due to a decrease in the number of deaths by 8.6% and an increase in the number of births by 9.7%. General migration growth of the population in January-September 2007 amounted to 1011 people.

According to the All-Russian census, Russians live in the region - 86.4%, Tatars - 6.0%, Mordovians - 4.9%, Ukrainians - 0.9%, Chuvash - 0.5%, Armenians - 0.3%, Belarusians - 0.2%, Roma - 0.2%, Azerbaijanis, Jews, Germans, Uzbeks - 0.1% each. Representatives of other peoples make up less than 0.1% each.

Currently, the Penza region is an industrial and agricultural region of the country.

Industry is the leading sector of the region's economy, influencing the socio-economic state of the Penza region. The industrial complex includes more than 1500 enterprises. The industry produces up to a quarter of the gross regional product, employs about 100 thousand people. The share of industry in the region's tax revenues is about 45%.

The industrial production of the region is represented by the following industries: electric power, fuel, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, building materials, glass and porcelain-faience, light, food, flour-grinding and mixed fodder.

The agro-industrial complex of the Penza Region (AIC) is represented by a set of economic sectors that provide the production of agricultural products, their processing and production of food products, as well as their sale to consumers. The agro-industrial complex occupies one of the leading places among the branches of material production in the region. It produces about one fifth of the gross regional output. Food self-sufficiency and social development of the village depend on its condition.

Natural and climatic conditions allow the agriculture of the region to specialize in the production of grain, sunflower, factory-made sugar beets, meat of cattle, pigs and poultry, milk, eggs.

The region is a major producer of food products and belongs to those regions of Russia that almost completely meet the needs of the population through their own production.

A powerful transport system has been formed in the Penza region.

The largest railways of the country - Kuibyshevskaya and South-Eastern, partially Moscow - run through the territory of the region. The operational length of public railways is 828 km. They connect Penza with the Center and South of Russia, the Volga regions, Ukraine, the South Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Far East. There are railway stations in Penza, Kuznetsk, Serdobsk, Kamenka and other cities.

Air lines of national importance pass through the Penza region. There is an airport in the city of Penza.

The road network of the region is 9 thousand km. The most important of them: Moscow - Chelyabinsk, Volgograd - Nizhny Novgorod, Penza - Tambov. All district centers and most settlements have reliable road links. The density of paved public roads is 156 km per 1000 sq. km. km of territory, their share is 99.95%.

Freight transportation services are provided by more than 120 motor transport enterprises of various forms of ownership, most of which are private. Transportation of the population of the region and the city of Penza is provided by 28 public passenger transport enterprises. The total number of vehicles in the region, employed in the field of passenger transportation on a professional basis, is: buses - 3200 units (46% - private carriers), passenger taxis - 1300 units (100% - private owners), the share of trucks owned by private persons is 55%.

Together with public transport, private carriers also participate in the transport services market. Today, these two sectors complement each other.

On November 15, 2006, the Department of the Consumer Market, Tourism and Services of the Government of the Penza Region held an open seminar-conference in Penza “Prospects for the Development of Inbound Tourism in the Penza Region”. The main purpose of the seminar-meeting is to highlight the problems and prospects for the development of inbound tourism in the Penza region, to unite the efforts of state bodies and commercial organizations to support and develop tourism in the Penza region. According to the participants of the meeting, events of this kind should be held regularly in order to timely address many issues related to the development of the tourism potential of the Penza region, while focusing on the development of domestic and inbound tourism.

The Penza region has unique natural and man-made monuments, many of which deserve to take their place in the list of outstanding achievements of mankind. Places of centuries-old battles, underground cells of monks, inspired by a special aura, the cradle and last refuge of the great Lermontov, a unique forested area and the work of modern builders - the Burtasy gymnastics palace - all this is the Penza region. And today you have a great opportunity to get acquainted with the wonders of the Sursky region - a heritage of world history and culture! In the Penza region in 1989 the reserve "Privolzhskaya forest-steppe" was created. The purpose of its creation is to protect and study the unique zonal meadow steppes of the northern type and typical forest complexes of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. Morozov arboretum

The Morozovsky Arboretum is located 170 km from Penza on the border with the Tambov Region on the outskirts of the ancient village of Studenka, a few kilometers from the village of Poim. It was founded as a nursery in 1900, and since 1921 it has been named after the famous forestry scientist G.F. Morozov.

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)- a state entity within the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The largest region of Russia. In addition, Yakutia is the largest administrative-territorial unit in the world. If Yakutia were an independent state, it would take eighth place in the world in terms of territory. However, the population of Yakutia is less than one million people, which makes the population density in it one of the lowest in Russia (only the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug have a lower density). Yakutia is a region with a high level of natural resource economic potential. The capital is the city of Yakutsk. The Republic of Sakha was founded on April 27, 1922. The total area of ​​Yakutia is 3103.2 thousand km². Yakutia is located in the northeastern part of Siberia. It borders in the east on the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Magadan Region, in the southeast - on the Khabarovsk Territory, in the south - on the Amur Region and the Trans-Baikal Territory, in the southwest - on the Irkutsk Region, in the west - on the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the north its natural the borders form the Laptev and East Siberian seas. The total length of the sea coastline exceeds 4.5 thousand km. More than 2/5 of the territory of Yakutia is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

Natural formations as a result of the impact on the surface layers of the lithosphere of water, air and living organisms. It has fertility, is the main means of production in the village. household Penz. region located on the territory forest-steppe. The areas occupied by soil groups, uneven. The main place belongs to chernozems (67.5%). The share of gray forest soils is 14.5%. Meadow-chernozem, chernozem-meadow and meadow, are similar in nature. fertility to chernozem, occupy 3.1%. On potentially rich floodplains. soil accounts for 4.3%. Washed away (eroded) together with the soils of the ravine-gully network make up b. 20%. Other 3.7%.

Chernozems of Penz. region characterized by varying degrees of leaching, and in sowing. districts have signs of podzolization. In the leach In chernozems, the humus content in the arable layer (0–20 cm) ranges from 6.5 to 9.5%, and the amount of absorbed bases (calcium and magnesium) varies from 37 to 50 mg/eq per 100 g of soil. The degree of saturation with bases is usually high and ranges from 81 to 93% of the sum of absorbed bases. The total nitrogen content ranges from 0.27 to 0.46%, phosphorus - from 0.13 to 0.22%. The content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen varies from 11.6 to 14.1 mg, mobile phosphorus - from 3.5 to 8.1 mg, potassium - from 5.6 to 13.3 mg per 100 g of soil. Natural fertility leach. chernozems in the 1980s–90s. decreased greatly. Unsystematic introduction of physiologically acidic minerals. fertilizers led to a sharp increase in areas with an acid reaction of the environment, and these soils began to need liming. The content of humus is falling. Until 1991 Col. and sovkh. oblasts exported to the fields an average of 3–4 t/ha organic. fertilizer, and after 1991 only approx. tons. To ensure a deficit-free balance of humus, it is necessary to apply manure at the rate of 7–8 t/ha.

Gray forest soils in the main. are under the forests of the state. fund. According to the degree of manifestation of the sod process, subtypes are distinguished: light gray, gray and dark gray. Gray forests are characterized by low natural fertility, so they require a thorough filling with manure and other organic matter. fertilizers. For creation of optimum reaction of the environment at cultivation of various page - x. crops need liming.

Soils of river valleys are diverse in genesis, composition, properties and structure. In the valleys of Sura, Moksha, Khopra, and others, Ch. arr. hidden and slightly podzolic and chernozem-meadow soils. All in. districts of the region they are strongly leached, and in the southern there are even solonchak varieties; in the middle part of the region, they are close to the chernozem. According to the granulometric composition of the soil near the river floodplain, the preim. sandy and sandy varieties, the central and terraced floodplains are loamy and clayey. Washed out (eroded) are widespread throughout the region. Their development is influenced by various factors, including those associated with the plowing of slopes and deforestation. Their fertility is reduced by 20–50% or more compared to unwashed ones. Eroded soils require the use of special agricultural techniques to increase their fertility.

Lit.: Classification of soils of the Penza region. P., 1913; Dorogov A.I. Soils of the Penza region. P., 1951; Agrochemical and agro-productive characteristics of the chernozems of the Penza region / Kuznetsov K. A. et al. M., 1963; Soils of the Penza region / Kuznetsov K. A. et al. Saratov, 1966; Questions of geography of the Penza region. Issue. 2, 3; Increasing soil fertility. Saratov, 1976.

Soil map of the Penza region

[G. B. Galdin. SOILS / Penza Encyclopedia. M.: Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 2001, p. 491-493.]

The most common are leached chernozems, and to a lesser extent, podzolized and typical ones. Powerful chernozems with a humus layer thickness of 80-100 cm of two steppe plots - Poperechensky and Ostrovtsovsky - are reference for this type of soil and are proposed for inclusion in the Red Book of Soils of Russia. Significant areas in the north and northeast are occupied by gray forest soils (14.5%).

The territory of the Penza region is located on the Precambrian platform, formed 2-2.5 billion years ago. Of interest is a rich complex of fossils in the outcrops of the Cretaceous system: shells of bivalve mollusks, parts of the internal skeleton of cephalopods - rostra (cigar-shaped, popularly called "Devil's fingers"), needles and mineralized casts of the shell of sea urchins, parts of the skeleton of aquatic reptiles and other fossils. Parts of the skeletons of extinct mammals were found in glacial deposits: mammoth (elephant family) and woolly rhinoceros (equids family).

Hydrography

There are over 3,000 rivers and streams in the region with a total length of 15,458 km. The river flow is approximately estimated at 5-5.5 km³. The largest of the rivers - Sura, Moksha - belong to the inland basin of the Caspian Sea (Volga River); Khoper, Vorona (drainage basin of the Don River). The Penza River, a tributary of the Sura, gave its name to the regional center. One of the most unique natural phenomena of the Penza region is the sources of the Khoper river, originating from the purest springs. Some of the lakes are taken under protection as a natural monument. There are about 1500-2000 springs on the territory of the region, the most famous of them is Kuvaka in the village of the same name. Part of the springs is taken under protection as a natural monument, many are classified as holy springs. In addition, a large area in the region is occupied by artificial reservoirs, including the most significant of them - reservoirs; Sursk (Sursk Sea) and Vadinsky.

Water monuments of nature:

• Lakes: "Chkalovskoye", "Borovoye", "Big", "Mokhovoe", "Tsarkovskoye", "Forest Lakes", "Shevokal".
• Springs: "Alive", "Chapel", "Big", "Life-giving", "Klyuchevsky".
• Bogs: "Cranberry swamp", "Nikolskoe swamp".
• Ponds: "Chistye Prudy", "Orlovsky".

Climate

State natural reserves (zoological). Reserves are organized for the conservation and restoration of animals and birds. As of 06/01/2000, 15 of them were allocated on a total area of ​​106.6 thousand hectares (Adamovsky, Barabanovskiy, Belinsky, Demkinsky, Zemetchinsky, Kadadinsky, Kamzolsky, Kondolsky, Kuznetsky, Lomovsky, Maloserdobinsk, Mokshansky, Nizhnelomovsky, Penza, Sosnovoborsky).

The list of rare and endangered species of the Red Book of the Penza region includes 156 species of vascular plants and 40 species of fungi, including:

• Stipa: the most beautiful (very rare), pinnate, pubescent, Zalessky.
• Helmet-shaped orchis, burnt orchis (very rare), real lady's slipper, red pollenhead, Loesel's elk (very rare), neottianta klobuchkovaya.
• Russian hazel grouse, Litvinov's goiter, floating water chestnut (chilim).
• Altai anemone, two-eared ephedra, common bearberry

More than 860 species of vascular plants (over 55% of the species composition of the flora of the Penza region and 40% of the flora of the Middle Volga region), 108 species of lichens, 72 species of bryophytes and 119 species of fungi grow on the territory of the Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe Reserve.

Fauna

316 species of vertebrates live within the region, including:

• About 10 species of amphibians;
• About 200 species of birds; eagle, hawk, waxwing, etc.
• About 8 species of reptiles;
• About 68 species of mammals (fox, hare, polecat, badger, squirrel);

7 species of animals were acclimatized in the region: American mink, muskrat, raccoon dog, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, red and sika deer. In parallel, work was underway to reacclimatize the steppe marmot, beaver and muskrat.

In the reservoirs of the Penza region, there are about 50 species of fish. There are about 30 species in the largest one, the Sursky Reservoir. Commercial species include: bream, pike perch, silver bream, ide, catfish. In the rivers and small reservoirs of the region - roach, perch, crucian carp, carp, pike. The most valuable fish that lives in natural reservoirs is sterlet. It occurs singly and is listed in the Red Book of the Penza region.

In total, 10 species of fish are listed in the Red Book of the region.

Minerals

The mineral resource base of the region consists, for the most part, of raw materials for the construction industry. On the territory of the region there are deposits of clays, gypsum, glass sands, marl and chalk, coarse-grained molding sands, as well as small accumulations of phosphorites suitable for grinding for phosphorite flour.