Heat pump installation. Specifications of the pump

Become less profitable and lose their relevance. Combustion of gas or liquid fuels in boilers weighs down the budget like never before. Significant savings can be achieved by using heat pumps for home heating. They are based on the principle of consuming free natural energy, which is everywhere. It only needs to be taken.

Investment efficiency

Liquefied gas and diesel fuel cannot compete with heat pumps either in terms of running costs or operating comfort. Use for heating solid fuel difficult to automate and labor intensive. Electricity is a comfortable, but expensive form of energy. To connect an electric boiler, you need a separate powerful line. Until now, in domestic conditions, natural gas has remained the most popular and convenient type of fuel. But it has a number of disadvantages:

1. Issuance of permits.
2. Coordination of the project in the regulatory authorities and with neighbors.
3. Part of the tie-in and connection operations can only be performed by authorized organizations.
4. Periodic verification of the meter.
5. Limited network distribution and remoteness of connection points.
6. High costs for laying the supply line.
7. Gas-using equipment is a source of potential threat and requires regulated control.

A significant disadvantage heat pump only high capital investments at the stage of equipment purchase and installation can be considered. Standard price heating system on a heat pump with a geothermal heat exchanger, it consists of the cost of the work of drillers and specific equipment with installation. The kit includes:

• set of probes;
• propylene glycol;
• boiler indirect heating for hot water;
• set pumping equipment and automation.

The work is carried out by qualified personnel professional tool. The slightly higher upfront cost is balanced by significant benefits:

1. The heat pump installation is very economical, which allows you to recoup the additional costs in just a few seasons.
2. There are ample opportunities for implementing flexible automated control with a minimum of maintenance.
3. Comfort of use.
4. Good suitability for residential installations thanks to its aesthetic and modern design.
5. Cooling of premises based on the same set of equipment.
6. When working for cooling, in addition to the active mode of operation, it is possible to use a lower temperature of natural water and soil to implement a passive mode without extra costs energy.
7. The low power of the equipment does not require the laying of a large cross-section power cable.
8. No need for permits.
9. Possibility of using the existing wiring of heating devices.

For the production of 1 kW of thermal power, it is enough to spend no more than 250 watts. For heating a private household for 1 sq.m. area consumes only about 25 W / h. And that's with hot water. You can further increase energy efficiency by improving the thermal insulation of your home.

How it works

The heat pump, the principle of operation of which is based on the Carnot cycle, consumes energy not for heating the coolant, but for pumping external heat. The technology is not new. Heat pumps have been working in our homes as part of refrigerators for decades. In the refrigerator, the heat from the chamber moves to the outside. In the latest heating installations, the reverse process is implemented. Despite the low temperature outside, there is plenty of energy there.

It becomes possible to take heat from a colder body and give it to a hotter one, thanks to the property of a substance to consume energy during evaporation and release it during condensation, as well as increase its temperature as a result of compression. The necessary conditions for boiling and evaporation are created by changing the pressure. Freon is used as a working fluid with a low boiling point.

In a heat pump, transformations occur in 4 stages:

1. Cooled below the ambient temperature, the liquid working fluid circulates through the coil in contact with it. The liquid heats up and evaporates.
2. The gas is compressed by the compressor, causing its temperature to be exceeded.
3. In the colder inner coil, condensation occurs with the release of heat.
4. The liquid is bypassed through a throttling device to maintain a pressure difference between the condenser and the evaporator.

Practical implementation

Direct contact of the evaporator and condenser with external and internal environment oh is not typical for heating systems based on heat pumps. Energy transfer takes place in heat exchangers. The coolant pumped through the external circuit gives off heat to the cold evaporator. The hot condenser passes it on to the home's heating system.

The efficiency of such a scheme strongly depends on the temperature difference between the external and internal environments. The smaller it is, the better. Therefore, heat is rarely taken from the outside air, the temperature of which can be very low.

According to the place of energy intake, installations of the following types are distinguished:

• "ground-water";
• "water-water";
• "air-water".

As a heat carrier in ground and water systems, safe antifreeze liquids. It could be propylene glycol. The use of ethylene glycol for such purposes is not allowed, since if the system is depressurized, it will cause poisoning of soils or aquifers.

Ground-water installations

Already at a shallow depth, the temperature of the soil depends little on weather conditions, so the soil is efficient external environment. Below 5 meters, the conditions do not change at any time of the year. There are 2 types of installations:

• surface;
• geothermal.

In the first, extended trenches are dug on the site to a depth below the freezing level. In them, plastic pipes of a continuous section are laid out in rings and covered with earth.

AT geothermal systems heat exchange occurs at depth, in wells. High and constant temperatures in the depths of the earth give a good economic effect. On the site, wells are drilled with a depth of 50 to 100 m in the required quantity according to the calculation. For some buildings, 1 well may be enough, for others, 5 will not be enough. Heat exchange probes are lowered into the well.

Water-to-water installations

Such systems use the energy of water that does not freeze in winter at the bottom of rivers and lakes or groundwater. There are 2 types of water installations depending on the place of heat exchange:

• in a pond;
• on the evaporator.

The first option is the least expensive in terms of capital investments. The pipeline simply sinks to the bottom of a nearby body of water and is secured against resurfacing. The second is used in the absence of water bodies in the immediate vicinity. 2 wells are being drilled: supply and receiving. From the first, water is pumped to the second through a heat exchanger.

Air-to-water installations

The air heat exchanger is installed simply next to the house or on the roof. It flows through it outdoor air. Such systems are less efficient, but cheap. Installation in lee places helps to improve performance.

Self-assembly of the system

With a strong desire, you can try to install a heat pump with your own hands. A powerful freon compressor is purchased, bay copper pipes, heat exchangers and others expendable materials. But there are many subtleties in this work. They consist not so much in fulfillment installation work, how much in the correct calculation, tuning and balancing of the system.

It is enough to unsuccessfully pick up a freon line so that the liquid that gets into the compressor instantly disables it. Difficulties may also arise with the implementation automatic regulation system performance.

The main difference between a heat pump and all other heat sources lies in its exceptional ability to use renewable low-temperature energy. environment for heating and hot water needs. About 80% of the output power, the heat pump actually "pumps out" from the environment, using the scattered energy of the Sun.

How a heat pump works

The refrigerator, everyone knows, transfers heat from the internal chamber to the radiator and we use the cold inside the refrigerator. A heat pump is a refrigerator "in reverse". It carries the dissipated heat from the environment into our home.

The coolant (which is water or brine), having taken a few degrees from the environment, passes through the heat pump heat exchanger, called the evaporator, and gives off the heat collected from the environment to the internal circuit of the heat pump. The internal circuit of the heat pump is filled with refrigerant, which, having a very low boiling point, passing through the evaporator, turns from a liquid state into a gaseous state. This occurs at low pressure and a temperature of 5°C. From the evaporator, the gaseous refrigerant enters the compressor, where it is compressed to high pressure and high temperature. Next, the hot gas enters the second heat exchanger - the condenser, where heat is exchanged between the hot gas and the coolant from the return pipe of the house heating system. The refrigerant gives off its heat to the heating system, cools down and goes back to liquid state, and the heated coolant of the heating system enters the heating devices.

Advantages of a heat pump

• - Economy. Low power consumption is achieved through high efficiency(from 300% to 800%) and allows you to get 3-8 kW of thermal energy per 1 kW of actually consumed energy, or up to 2.5 kW of output cooling power.
• - Environmental friendliness. Environmentally friendly method of heating and air conditioning for both the environment and the people in the room. The use of heat pumps is the saving of non-renewable energy resources and environmental protection, including by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The heat pumps of the plant, carrying out a reverse thermodynamic cycle on a low-boiling working substance, draw renewable low-potential thermal energy from the environment, increase its potential to the level required for heat supply, spending 1.2-2.3 times less primary energy than with direct fuel combustion.
• - Security. There is no open flame, no soot, no exhaust, no smell of diesel fuel, no gas leakage, no fuel oil spill. There are no fire hazardous storage facilities for fuel.
• - Reliability. Minimum moving parts. High resource of work. Independence from the supply of furnace material and its quality. Power outage protection. Virtually maintenance free. The service life of a heat pump is 15-25 years.
• - Comfort. The heat pump operates silently (no louder than a refrigerator), and weather-dependent automation and multi-zone climate control create comfort and coziness in the premises.
• - Flexibility. The heat pump is compatible with any circulating heating system, and modern design allows you to install it in any room.
• - Versatility in relation to the type of energy used (electric or thermal).
• - Wide power range (from fractions to tens of thousands of kW).

Applications of heat pumps

The scope of heat pumps is truly limitless. All the above advantages of this equipment make it easy to solve the issues of heat supply to the urban complex and objects located far from communications, whether it is a farm, a cottage settlement or a gas station on the highway. In general, the heat pump is universal and applicable both in civil and industrial, and in private construction.

Today, heat pumps are widely used all over the world. The number of heat pumps operating in the US, Japan and Europe is in the tens of millions.

The production of heat pumps in each country is primarily focused on meeting the needs of the domestic market. In the United States and Japan, air-to-air heat pump units (HPUs) for heating and summer air conditioning are most widely used. In Europe - HPI of the "water-to-water" and "water-to-air" classes. In the US, more than sixty firms are engaged in research and production of heat pumps. In Japan, the annual production of HPP exceeds 500,000 units. In Germany, more than 5,000 installations are commissioned annually. In the Scandinavian countries, mainly large HPPs are operated. In Sweden, by 2000, more than 110 thousand heat pump stations (HPS) were in operation, 100 of which had a capacity of about 100 MW and more. The most powerful HPS (320 MW) operates in Stockholm.

The popularity of heat pumps in Western Europe, USA and countries South-East Asia largely due to mild climatic conditions in these regions (with a positive average temperature in winter), high prices for fuel and the availability of target government programs support for this area of ​​the climate market.

The situation with heat pumps in our country is fundamentally different, and there are reasons for that. First, features Russian climate with low temperatures in winter time make special demands on the parameters of heat pumps and the conditions of their installation. In particular, with an increase in the power of the heat pump, the problem of heat removal arises, since the heat transfer of the media (reservoir, soil, air) is limited and rather small.

In addition, gas prices are artificially low in Russia, so there is no need to talk about tangible economic benefits from the use of this kind of equipment, especially in the absence of a culture of consumption and saving electricity. We do not have state support for the energy substitution program, there was not and is not domestic manufacturers heat pumps.

At the same time, Russia's needs for such equipment are huge, and the entire "line" of heat pumps with a capacity of 5, 10, 25, 100 and 1000 kW seems to be in demand. Yes, in middle lane In Russia, for heating a house with an area of ​​100 m2, it is necessary to have a thermal power of 5-10 kW, and a pump with a thermal power of 100 kW is sufficient for heating typical schools, hospitals and administrative buildings. Heat pumps with a capacity of 1000 kW are convenient for the tasks of recovering heat waste, using hot springs. According to experts, the cost of installing a heat pump in Russian conditions is estimated at about 300 US dollars per 1 kW of thermal power with a payback period of equipment from two to four years, which primarily depends on fuel prices and climatic conditions of a particular region.

The commissioning of about 100,000 heat pumps with a total heat output of 2 GW will make it possible to supply heat to 10 million people with an average service life of a heat pump of 15 years. The volume of sales of such equipment can be more than half a billion dollars a year.

Doctor of technical sciences V.E. Belyaev, chief designer of OMKB Horizon,
d.t.s. A.S. Kosoy, Deputy Chief Designer of Industrial Gas Turbine Units,
chief project designer,
Ph.D. Yu.N. Sokolov, head of the heat pump sector, OMKB Horizon,
FSUE MMPP Salyut, Moscow

The use of heat pump units (HPU) for energy, industry and housing and communal services is one of the most promising areas of energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies.

A fairly serious analysis of the state and prospects for the development of work in this area was made at a meeting of the subsection "Heat supply and district heating" of the NTS of RAO "UES of Russia" on September 15, 2004.

The need to create and implement a new generation HPP is associated with:

♦ huge backlog Russian Federation and the CIS countries in the field of practical implementation of HPP, the ever-increasing needs of large cities, remote settlements, industry and housing and communal services in the development and use of cheap and environmentally friendly thermal energy (TE);

♦ the presence of powerful sources of low-potential heat ( ground water, rivers and lakes, thermal emissions from enterprises, buildings and structures);

♦ ever-increasing restrictions in use for heat generating installations natural gas(PG);

♦ opportunities to use progressive conversion technologies accumulated in aircraft engine building.

In the conditions of market relations, the most important technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of power generating plants are the cost and profitability of the energy produced (taking into account environmental requirements) and, as a result, the minimization of the payback period of power plants.

The main criteria for meeting these requirements are:

♦ Achieving the maximum possible fuel utilization factor (FUFR) in a power plant (ratio of useful energy to fuel energy);

♦ maximum possible reduction of capital costs and terms of power plant construction.

The above criteria were taken into account when implementing a new generation HPP.

First time for practical implementation For large-scale HPPs, it is proposed to use water vapor (R718) as a working fluid. The very idea of ​​using steam for HPP is not new (moreover, it was used by W. Thomson when demonstrating the efficiency of the first such real machine back in 1852 - ed.). However, due to the very significant specific volumes of water vapor at low temperatures ah (compared to traditional refrigerants), the creation of a real compressor on water vapor for use in vapor-compression HPPs has not yet been carried out.

The main advantages of using steam as a working fluid for HPP in comparison with traditional refrigerants (freons, butane, propane, ammonia, etc.) are:

1. Ecological cleanliness, safety and ease of technological maintenance, availability and low cost working body;

2. High thermophysical properties due to which the most expensive HPI elements (condenser and evaporator) become compact and cheap;

3. Significantly more high temperatures coolant to the consumer (up to 100 OS and above) compared to 70-80 OS for freons;

4. The possibility of implementing a cascade scheme for increasing the temperature from a low-potential source to a heat consumer (according to the Lorentz cycle) with an increase in the conversion factor in HPI (kHPU) compared to traditional ones by 1.5-2 times;

5. Possibility of generating chemically purified water (distillate) in HPP;

6. Possibility of using HPP compressor and condenser for:

♦ suction of water vapor from the outlet of heating turbines with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer, which additionally leads to an increase in the vacuum at the outlet of the turbine, an increase in its generated power, and a decrease in consumption circulating water, the cost of its pumping and thermal emissions into the atmosphere;

♦ suction of low-grade water vapor (waste) from energy technology installations

wok of chemical production, drying, etc. with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer;

♦ creation of highly efficient ejectors for steam turbine condensers, suction of multicomponent mixtures, etc.

circuit diagram HPI operation on water vapor and its design features

On fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of HPI operation when using water vapor (R718) as a working fluid.

A feature of the proposed scheme is the possibility of organizing the selection of heat from a low-temperature source in the evaporator due to the direct evaporation of a part of the water supplied to it (without heat exchange surfaces), as well as the possibility of transferring heat to the heating network in the HPI condenser both with and without heat exchange surfaces (mixing type ). The choice of the type of construction is determined by the binding of the HPI to a specific source of a low-potential source and the requirements of the heat consumer for the use of the coolant supplied to it.

For the practical implementation of a large-scale HPI on water vapor, it is proposed to use a commercially available aircraft axial compressor AL-21, which has the following important features when used for steam operation:

♦ large volumetric productivity (up to 210,000 m3/h) with a compressor rotor speed of about 8,000 rpm;

♦ the presence of 10 adjustable steps to ensure efficient operation of the compressor in various modes;

♦ Possibility to inject water into the compressor to improve efficiency, including power consumption reduction.

In addition, in order to increase the reliability of operation and reduce operating costs, it was decided to replace the rolling bearings with plain bearings, using a water lubrication and cooling system instead of the traditional oil system.

To study the gas-dynamic characteristics of the compressor when operating on water vapor in a wide range of determining parameters, to develop structural elements and to demonstrate the reliability of the compressor under field test conditions, a large-scale test bench (closed type, diameter pipelines 800 mm, length about 50 m).

As a result of the tests, the following important results were obtained:

♦ the possibility of efficient and stable operation of the compressor on steam at n=8000-8800 rpm with a volume flow of steam up to 210 thousand m3/h was confirmed.

♦ the possibility of achieving a deep vacuum at the compressor inlet (0.008 ata) was demonstrated;

♦ the experimentally obtained compression ratio in the compressor πκ=5 exceeded by 1.5 times the required value for a HPI with a conversion ratio of 7-8;

♦ worked out robust design plain bearings of the compressor on the water.

Depending on the operating conditions of the HPI, 2 types of its layout are offered: vertical (HPU in one unit) and horizontal.

For a number of modifications of the proposed vertical layout of the HPI, it is possible to replace the tubular condenser with a spray-type condenser. In this case, the HPI working fluid condensate is mixed with the coolant (water) to the consumer. At the same time, the cost of HPP is reduced by about 20%.

The following can be used as a HPP compressor drive:

♦ built-in turbo drive with power up to 2 MW (for HPP with capacity up to 15 MW);

♦ remote high-speed turbo drives (for HPP with capacity up to 30 MW);

♦ gas turbine engines with utilization of fuel cells from the output;

♦ electric drive.

In table. 1 shows the characteristics of HPP on steam (R718) and freon 142.

When used as a low-grade source of heat with a temperature of 5-25 °C, for technical and economic reasons, freon 142 was chosen as the working fluid of the HPP.

Comparative analysis shows that for HPI running on water vapor, capital costs are between the water coolant and the working fluid (freon).

temperature range of the low-potential source:

♦ 25-40 OS - 1.3-2 times lower than for traditional domestic HPI on freon and 2-3 times lower than for foreign HPP;

♦ 40-55 OS - 2-2.5 times lower than for traditional domestic HPI on freon and 2.5-4 times lower than for foreign HPP.

Table 1. Characteristics of HPI on water vapor and freon.

*- when working on freon, the evaporator and condenser of HPP are made with heat exchange surfaces

**-T - turbo drive; G- gas turbine (gas piston); E - electric drive.

In the work under the conditions of actual operation of HPP at CHP, the possibility of efficient transfer of waste heat from steam turbine with HPI conversion factor equal to 5-6. In the proposed in and shown in Fig. 2, the HPI conversion coefficient will be significantly higher due to the exclusion of the HPI evaporator and, accordingly, the absence of a temperature difference between the low-temperature source and the working steam at the compressor inlet.

At present, the creation of highly efficient and environmentally friendly heat generating power plants based on HPP is extremely urgent task.

The results of the introduction of HPS are described in various types for the needs of heat supply, industrial enterprises and housing and communal services.

On the basis of real tests of HPI at CHPP-28 of OAO Mosenergo, 2 specific schemes for transferring waste heat to cooling towers with the help of HPI to the heating network (direct transfer to the return heating main and for heating the make-up network water).

The ways of creating high-performance compression heat pumps on water vapor when used as a low-grade heat source in the temperature range from 30 to 65 °C with a gas turbine drive of the compressor and utilization of the heat of exhaust gases from the gas turbine are analyzed. The results of the feasibility study showed that, depending on the conditions, the cost of heat generated by the HPP can be several times lower (and the KIT is several times higher) than with traditional heat generation at a CHP.

In the analysis of the effectiveness of the use of heat pumps in centralized systems hot water supply (DHW). It is shown that this efficiency significantly depends on the current tariffs for energy carriers and the temperature of the low-grade heat used, therefore, the problem of using HPI must be approached carefully, taking into account all specific conditions.

TNU as alternative source Domestic hot water supply district heating in heating period

In this paper, based on the accumulated experience, the possibility and technical and economic indicators of a more in-depth compared to the use of heat pumps for hot water supply, in particular, almost 100% displacement of heat from traditional CHPPs for these purposes during the heating period, are analyzed.

For example, the possibility of implementing such an approach for the largest Moscow region of the Russian Federation is considered when two sources are used as waste heat:

♦ heat of natural water sources: Moscow rivers, lakes, reservoirs and others with an average temperature of about 10 °C;

♦ Waste heat from sewage and other sources;

♦ Waste heat to the cooling towers (from the outlet of the CHP steam turbines during the heating period in the ventilation pass mode with a steam temperature at the outlet of 30-35 °C). The total value of this heat is about 2.5 thousand MW.

Currently on DHW needs The Moscow region consumes about 5 thousand MW of heat (approximately 0.5 kW per 1 person). The main amount of heat for hot water supply comes from the CHPP through the district heating system and is carried out at the central heating station of the Moscow city heating network. Heating of water for hot water supply (from ~ 10 °C to 60 °C) is carried out, as a rule, in 2 heat exchangers 7 and 8 connected in series (Fig. 3), first from the heat of network water in the return heating main and then from the heat of network water in the direct heating main . At the same time, ~650-680 tce/h of SG is consumed for the needs of hot water supply.

The implementation of the scheme for the expanded (complex) use of the above sources of waste heat for hot water supply using a system of two HPPs (on freon and water vapor, Fig. 4) allows almost 100% compensation of about 5 thousand MW of heat during the heating period (respectively, to save a huge amount of GHG , reduce thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere).

Naturally, in the presence of existing CHPPs in the non-heating period of time, it is not advisable to transfer heat with the help of HPIs, since CHPPs, due to the lack of heat load, are forced to switch to the condensing mode of operation with discharge to cooling towers. a large number heat of the burned fuel (up to 50%).

The heat pump unit HPU-1 with freon (R142) working fluid can provide water heating from ~10 °C at the inlet to the evaporator 10 to ~35 °C at its outlet, using water with a temperature of about 10 °C as a low-temperature natural source with kHP of about 5.5. When used as a low-temperature source of waste water from industrial enterprises or housing and communal services, its temperature can significantly exceed 10 °C. In this case, kHNU will be even higher.

Thus, HPI-1 can provide 50% water heating for hot water supply with a total value of transferred heat up to 2.5 thousand MW and more with great efficiency. The scale of implementation of such HPI is quite large. With an average unit heat output of HPI-1 of about 10 MW, about 250 such HPIs would be required for the Moscow region alone.

When kHP=5.5, it is necessary to spend about 450 MW of electrical or mechanical power on the drive of HPP compressors (when driven, for example, from GTP). Heat pump units HPU-1 should be installed close to the heat consumer (at the central heating station of the city heating network).

Heat pump units HPP-2 are installed at the CHPP (Fig. 4) and used during the heating period as a low-temperature source of steam from the outlet of the heating turbines (ventilation passage of part low pressure(CHND)). At the same time, as noted above, steam with a temperature of 30–35 °C enters directly into compressor 13 (Fig. 2, there is no HPI evaporator) and, after its compression, is fed into condenser 14 of the HPI-2 heat pump unit to heat water from the return network line.

Structurally, steam can be taken, for example, through the safety (discharge) valve of the LPP of steam turbine 1. Compressor 13, creating a significantly lower pressure at the outlet of the LPP of turbine 1 (than in the absence of HPI-2), respectively, reduces the condensation (saturation) temperature of the steam and “turns off” the turbine condenser 3.

On fig. Fig. 4 schematically shows the case when waste heat is transferred by condenser 14 to the return heating main to PSV 4. In this case, even when all the waste heat is transferred from the output of the LPR of the turbine to the return heating main, the temperature in front of the PSV will increase by only ~5 °C, while slightly increasing the pressure of the heating steam from turbine extraction at PSV 4.

It is more efficient to first transfer part of the waste heat to heating make-up network water (instead of its traditional heating with selective steam from the turbine), and then transfer the rest of the waste heat to the return heating main (this option is not shown in Fig. 4).

An important result of the proposed approach is the possibility of displacing up to 2.5 thousand MWe (transmitted by peak hot water boilers). With a unit power of HPI-2 operating on water vapor equal to ~6-7 MW, 350-400 such units would be required to transfer such an amount of heat.

Given the very low level of temperature difference in HPI (~15 °C between the low-temperature source and the temperature of the return network water), the conversion factor of HPI-2 will be even higher (kHPI ~6.8) than for HPI-1. At the same time, in order to transfer ~2.5 thousand MWe to the heating network, it is necessary to spend a total of about 370 MW of electrical (or mechanical) energy.

Thus, in total, with the help of HPI-1 and HPI-2 during the heating season, up to 5,000 MW of heat can be transferred to the needs of the Moscow region's hot water supply. In table. 2 gives a technical and economic assessment of such a proposal.

As a drive for HPI-1 and HPI-2, a gas turbine drive with N=1 -5 MW and an efficiency of 40-42% (due to the heat recovery of exhaust gases) can be used. In case of difficulties associated with the installation of a GTP city heating network at the central heating station (additional SG supply, etc.), an electric drive can be used as a drive for HPI-1.

Technical and economic assessments were made for fuel and heat tariffs at the beginning of 2005. An important result of the analysis is a significantly lower cost of heat generated by HPP (for HPI-1 - 193 rubles/Gcal and HPI-2 - 168 rubles/Gcal ) compared with traditional way its generation at the CHPP of OAO Mosenergo.

It is known that at present the cost of fuel cells, calculated according to the so-called " physical way separation of fuel for the production of electricity and heat”, significantly exceeds 400 rubles/Gcal (heat tariff). With this approach, heat production even at the most modern thermal power plants is unprofitable, and this unprofitability is compensated by an increase in electricity tariffs.

In our opinion, this method of splitting fuel costs is incorrect, but it is still used, for example, in OAO Mosenergo.

In our opinion, given in table. 2 payback periods of HPP (from 4.1 to 4.7 years) are not large. When calculating, 5 thousand hours of HPP operation per year were taken. In reality, in summer period time, these installations can work according to the example of advanced Western countries in the mode of centralized refrigeration, while significantly improving the average annual technical and economic performance.

From Table. It can be seen from Table 2 that the CIT for these HPPs varies in the range from ~2.6 to ~3.1, which is more than 3 times higher than its value for conventional CHPs. Taking into account the proportional reduction of thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere, the cost of pumping and the loss of circulating water in the system: turbine condenser - cooling tower, increasing the vacuum at the outlet of the LPP turbines (when HPI-2 is operating) and, accordingly, the generated power, technical and economic advantages this offer will be even more significant.

Table 2. Feasibility study for the use of HPP on water vapor and freon.

* - additional heat in the process of utilizing the heat of flue gases from gas turbine drive units can be used to displace part of the heat from the CHP plant to the district heating supply.

Taking into account the inevitable rise in energy prices upon Russia's accession to the WTO, restrictions on the use of GHG for energy and the need for the widespread introduction of highly efficient energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies, the technical and economic benefits of introducing HPP will steadily grow.

Literature

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2. Andryushenko A.I. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of cycles of thermal power plants. - M.: Higher. school, 1985

3. Belyaev V.E., Kosoy A.S., Sokolov Yu.N. The method of obtaining thermal energy. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2224118 dated July 5, 2002, FSUE MMPP Salyut.

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compressor under the influence of water evaporation in its flowing part, MMPP "Salyut"-CIAM // Thermal power engineering. 2004. No. 11.

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6. Devyanin D.N., Pishchikov S.I., Sokolov Yu.N. Development and testing at CHPP-28 of OAO Mosenergo of a laboratory stand for approbation of schemes for the use of heat pumps in the energy sector // Heat Supply News. 2000. No. 1. S. 33-36.

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Heat pump units (HPU) use natural renewable low-potential thermal energy of the environment (water, air, soil) and increase the potential of the main heat carrier to more high level, while spending several times less primary energy or organic fuel. Heat pump installations operate according to the thermodynamic Carnot cycle, in which low-temperature liquids (ammonia, freon, etc.) serve as the working fluid. The transfer of heat from a source of low potential to a higher temperature level is carried out by the supply of mechanical energy in the compressor (steam-pressure HPI) or additional heat supply (in absorption HPI).

The use of HPP in heat supply systems is one of the most important intersections of low temperature technology with thermal power engineering, which leads to energy saving of non-renewable energy sources and environmental protection by reducing CO2 and NOx emissions into the atmosphere. The use of HPP is very promising in combined systems heat supply in combination with other technologies for the use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, bioenergy) and allows you to optimize the parameters of the associated systems and achieve the highest economic performance.

Let us choose as a working refrigerant - R 22, which has the following parameters: refrigerant flow Oa = 0.06 kg / s; boiling point Т0 = 3 °С; condensation temperature Тk = 55 °С; coolant temperature at the inlet to the evaporator from a low potential source Ґн = 8 °С; coolant (water) temperature at the condenser outlet f = 50 °C; coolant flow rate in the condenser Ok = 0.25 kg/s; coolant temperature difference in the condenser D4 = 15 °C; power consumed by the compressor, N = 3.5 kW; HPI heat output = 15.7 kW; conversion factor tsnt = 4.5.

A schematic diagram of a vapor compression HPP is shown in fig. 7.2 and includes the evaporator, compressor, condenser and throttle.

4 - expansion throttle valve; 5 - refrigerant evaporation coil;

6 - evaporation tank; 7 - water low-grade energy source

8 - drain to NIE; 9 - water from the heating system or plumbing;

Heat pump installations can be successfully and effectively used in installations of combined winter heating and summer air conditioning; in installations for the joint production of cold and heat; in evaporating desalination and distillation plants; at hydroelectric power plants to use the heat of air and hydrogen, cooling electrical generators; at oil refineries and petrochemical plants when using the heat of hot oil products and hot water (t 60 H - 120 C) to produce water vapor with a pressure of 10 kg / h2 and hot water with a temperature of 130 - 150 C.

The heat pump plant, which is used to heat the spa hall in winter, uses sea water as a source of heat. How will it change thermal power installation, if it works according to the internal reversible Carnot cycle at the same temperature differences in the evaporator and condenser. How will the heating coefficient change if external irreversibility is eliminated in the heat exchangers of an installation operating according to the reverse Carnot cycle.

It is most expedient to use heat pump installations to satisfy a constant heat load in the presence of a constant source of low-grade heat and with a relatively small required heat rise, i.e. with a small & TTS-Ta value or with a TS / TB ratio close to one. Such conditions usually take place when satisfying with the help of heat pump installations a relatively constant industrial heat load of low potential or a load of hot water supply, in the presence of low-grade industrial heat waste with a temperature of 20 - 40 ° C and above. Under these conditions, heat pump installations, both in terms of energy indicators (fuel consumption) and reduced costs, are quite competitive with highly economical boiler installations.

Heat pump plant (Heat pump plant) consists of a heat pump, installation for the selection of heat from its source and other equipment.

A heat pump installation generally has a higher initial cost than boiler-based heating.

It is most expedient to use heat pump installations to satisfy a constant heat load in the presence of a constant source of low-grade heat and with a relatively small required heat rise, i.e. with a small & TTV-Ts value or with a TB / TV ratio close to one. Such conditions usually take place when satisfying with the help of heat pump installations a relatively constant industrial heat load of low potential or a load of hot water supply, in the presence of low-grade industrial heat waste with a temperature of 20 - 40 ° C and above. Under these conditions, heat pump installations, both in terms of energy indicators (fuel consumption) and reduced costs, are quite competitive with highly economical boiler installations.

Two-stage heat pump installations are sometimes used in heat supply systems that cover the heating load.

For the first time, a vapor compression ammonia heat pump plant was used for space heating in 1930. Since then, it has been built big number heat pumps. There is reason to believe that in the future the use of heat pumps will be more widespread.