List the conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants. What does a plant need to grow

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"School №91"

Project

Necessary conditions for the development of a plant from a seed

Completed by: Antipina Polina,

student 6 "B" class

Leader: Demeneva G.V., biology teacher

Novokuznetsk, 2017

Content

1.Maintaining……………………………………………………………………………3

2. General characteristics leguminous plants…………………………………..3

3. Biological features………………………………………………….4

4.Practical part…………………………………………………………...4

5. Results of the experiment………………………………………………………………..4

6.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………5

7. Literature………………………………………………………………………5

Introduction

Seed germination is a very exciting and amazing process. Watching the development of a plant from seed germination to the appearance of the first flowers or fruits is the magic of nature in action. It takes a lot of time and patience before growing a full-fledged plant.

We were interested in the question: "What conditions are necessary for the germination of seeds?". To answer this question, we reviewed the literature on the subject. It turns out that for seed germination, following conditions: water, heat, air, sunlight and nutrients. We decided to test this by experimenting.

Target: consideration of the influence of external factorsfor sprouting seeds of beans

Tasks: 1. Study the literature on the germination of plant seeds.

2. Conduct experiments on the germination of bean seeds.

3. Summarize the results obtained and draw conclusions.

Project Methods: theoretical methods- study of literature;

experiment - experience

Problem : establish that air, light, heat and moisture are necessary for seed germination.

General characteristics of leguminous plants

beans- a term, as a rule, denoting the fruits or seeds of any leguminous crop, as well as plants of the legume family (Fabaceae) in general.

Bob as a fruit

In botany, the word "bean" refers to plants of the legume family. It consists of two long thin wings connected by edges. The fruit contains no a large number of seeds in a line. The seeds are short attached to the ventral suture. The shape of the fruit is usually elongated straight or curved, but in some plants the bean is coiled. A ripe bean usually dries up and opens, seeds spill out of it. However, in many plants the bean falls unopened to the ground.

Bob is like a seed

ATeveryday lifeword« bean» denoted plantsfamilieslegumes. ItIt hasrounded, butnon-sphericalform. Mostfrequentmeetscurvedovalthe form. Seedcoveredthin-skinned. Containsverybigamount , enoughlotvegetableoils . Manyseeds are appliedinfood.

Biological features

germinating seed- this is the transition of seeds from a state of dormancy to the growth of the embryo and the development of a seedling from it.

The main conditions for the germination and development of a seed are water, air, heat and sunlight.

Getting water into the seed is very important. After water enters, the seed swells, the nutrients dissolve in the water and the embryo can already use them to start its growth and development.

Still very importantair, or rather the oxygen in it. After all, the germ of the seed, like all living organisms, breathes. Even dry seeds breathe, albeit very weakly. Therefore, seeds should not be stored in containers that do not allow air to pass through, for example, in plastic bags.

Temperature also plays an important role in seed germination. If the temperature is too low, the seed will freeze and die. And if the temperature is too high, the seed will dry out and also die from lack of moisture.

When sowing beans, the depth at which the seed is planted is important. Since the bean is a rather small seed, it needs to be planted 4-5 cm.

Why do plants need light?

Only in the light in plants occurs the process of photosynthesis: organic substances are formed from carbon dioxide and water, and oxygen is released. The process of photosynthesis is called air nutrition of plants. If there is not enough light for the plants, the plants grow weak and pale.

Why do plants need heat?

Warmly - necessary condition life. Plants need to live a certain amount of heat in environment in soil and air. Each species grows where favorable conditions are formed for it. temperature conditions. For the same plant in different periods of life, a different amount of heat is needed.

Why do plants need water?

Plant cells contain 85-90% water. Only mineral and organic substances dissolved in water can move through the plant and participate in metabolic processes.

Practical part.

I have experimented with bean seeds.

Experience 1. Germination in favorable conditions

3 beans and placed them in favorable conditions for germination:

it is air, water, light and heat.

Experience 2. Germination in a lack of oxygen, in the light and in heat

2 beans and placed them in a large amount of water, thus causing a lack of air, but having light and heat.

Experience 3. Germination in a lack of oxygen, light and heat

2 beans I put them in a container with water, but lack of air, heat and light.

Experience results

Conclusion:

Seeds need air, heat, and moderate moisture to germinate.

the plant must receive good access to light for proper development.

water affects the growth and development of plants. With moderate watering, the plant develops quickly. And with insufficient watering, plants develop much worse or do not develop at all.

This work helped me develop such a quality as patience. Growing a crop of any plant is a huge job. And when you need to observe, compare and analyze - this is an exciting and informative work. It was interesting to me. I learned a lot and learned a lot.

Conclusion

In the process of studying the theoretical part on this topic, I learned that a seed is needed for full growth: light, air, water, and I confirmed it in the practical part of my work.

Literature.

Textbook « Biology.6 Class".V.V.Beekeeper. Moscow, "Drofa" ,2015.

The most favorable temperature for the growth, development and fruiting of heat-loving crops is above 20°C. Of practical importance in some increase in the cold resistance of heat-loving crops are methods for hardening seeds and seedlings with low and variable temperatures, as well as increased doses of potassium during top dressing.

It increases the resistance of plants to diseases and their cold resistance, increases content dry matter, increases sugar content, improves the taste of fruits and potatoes.

With a decrease in it even by 10%, the leaves tie, their work is disrupted.

Irrigation water temperature. All heat-loving crops, especially cucumbers, need to be watered with water at a temperature of at least 20 ° C. Watering cold water- one of the causes of mass disease of plants and a sharp decrease in yield. In greenhouses and greenhouses, water for irrigation is heated.

What to do if the site is not provided with enough water? With a lack of water for irrigation, it can be replaced to some extent by “dry irrigation”. This is the name of the timely loosening of the soil between the rows after watering or rain. Such loosening prevents the formation of a crust, breaks the capillaries through which water flows from the lower layers of the soil to the upper ones, and significantly reduces the evaporation of moisture from the soil. This also provides free access of air to the roots, and also enhances the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms.

Antirrhinum large, or snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), is the most valuable ornamental perennial plant used as an annual. It has numerous strong branched shoots from 15 to 100 cm high (depending on the variety). The leaves are narrow, in varieties with a dark color of flowers they are darker, with red veins. fragrant flowers, original form, large, simple or double, of various colors are collected in spike-shaped inflorescences.

The need for nitrogen is especially high in plants, since it is part of the protein and is the basis of all life processes. With a lack of assimilable nitrogen in the soil, plants develop poorly, become light green, the yield decreases sharply, and its quality deteriorates. An excessive amount of nitrogen in the soil is also undesirable, especially with a lack of phosphorus.

Root crops and legumes especially need water in the first period of growth. Subsequently, developing long roots (up to 130-300 cm), they use moisture from the lower layers of the soil and need watering only during prolonged drought. The same moisture requirements are imposed by pumpkin, melon, watermelon.

AT open field for uniform illumination of plants, timely weeding and thinning are necessary. However, among vegetable plants there are shade-tolerant crops, which allows them to be grown in row-spacings. fruit trees or in several shaded places (onions on a feather, multi-tiered onions, leeks, sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus).

In the autumn, before harvesting, frosts of 4-5°C do not adversely affect the quality of the product if the heads of cabbage thaw on the vine before cutting. Winter-hardy crops winter well in the ground under snow cover at frosts of 30.

Huge in the life of plants and the role of phosphorus. It is part of complex proteins, participates in the construction of plant cells, increases the absorption and action of other nutrients. So, with the combined action of phosphorus and potassium, plants become more resistant to lodging, Phosphorus accelerates the formation of fruiting organs, improves product quality.

However, seedlings can be planted in autumn, in September. When planted in spring from autumn, they should be stored dug in cold cellars, or storehouses, or in glazed greenhouses. spring planting start early, as soon as soil conditions allow.

In the II millennium BC. in Crete, roses were painted on the walls of palaces, they were depicted a thousand years later on tombs in ancient Egypt.

In fruit vegetable crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, squash, etc.), an increased demand for moisture is manifested at the time of fruit set and fruiting. At this time, long breaks between waterings are especially dangerous. Without a sufficient amount of moisture, the growth of fruits, heads and root crops stops, and in sunny weather their surface tissues quickly cork and lose elasticity.

There are also special methods of growing plants without watering, based on the use of moisture from the lower layers of the soil to provide it to the sown and planted plants.

This is undesirable, since the latter quickly dries out, cracks, and the roots with a mass of suction root hairs are torn, many of them are damaged when the soil is loosened. A temporary break in watering causes the roots to rush to the lower part of the arable layer in search of water, which improves the supply of plants not only with water, but also with food. Cucumbers, cabbage, green crops, radishes, as well as seedlings of vegetable crops are especially moisture-loving.

With a lack of nitrogen in the soil, the leaves of the plant become pale green. Growth is slowing down. New leaves, if formed, are very small and thinly lamellae.

The duration of these processes and the temperature are different and depend on the crops.

Antirrinum prefers sunny areas, but can also grow in partial shade, tolerates frosts down to -3-5 ° C. It develops well on fertilized, breathable, deeply cultivated medium loamy soils with a pH of 6-7.

When digging, the soil is fertilized with decomposed manure at the rate of 5-6 kg per 1 m2. At the same time, 300 g of C st. spoons) of the preparation of organic fertilizer "Deoxidizer", superphosphate, 2 tbsp. spoons of potassium sulfate. Planting roses outdoors better in spring. At autumn planting plants often do not have time to take root and suffer from frost.

Watering the soil, especially by sprinkling, somewhat increases the humidity of the air and is therefore more effective for plants. Excessive air humidity also adversely affects plants, enhancing various fungal diseases. In greenhouses, greenhouses and under the film, excess moisture is reduced by ventilation.

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Probably, the ancient Greeks were the first to take the rose seriously. The poetess Sappho sang of the rose, calling her the “queen of flowers,” and Theophrastus, “the father of botany,” gave detailed description roses and their care.

Prefers sandy or loamy, non-acidic soils.

to plants short day include eggplants, peppers, most varieties of tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, squash, squash, and outdoor cucumber varieties.

Heat is necessary for plants in all periods of their growth and development. The heat requirements different cultures are not the same and depend on the origin, species, biology, phase of development and age of the plant.

Plant moisture requirements. Vegetable plants are especially demanding on moisture, which is explained by its significant content in vegetables (from 65 to 97%, depending on the crop), as well as the large evaporating surface of the leaves. The moisture content in leaf tissues should be at least 90-95%.

Conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants.

With an acute lack of nitrogen, the leaves turn yellow and fall off.

In tomatoes, in addition, the leaves become brittle and twist down.

The relative humidity of the air also has a significant effect on the development of plants. The drier the air, the more the plants evaporate water and the higher their temperature, and all this increases the consumption of nutrients to the detriment of those deposited in the reserve. With a prolonged decrease in air humidity, air drought occurs, which can turn into soil.

How to increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air? In greenhouses, the content of carbon dioxide is increased artificially to 0.4-0.7%, using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and carbon dioxide from cylinders. In open ground, it is possible to slightly increase the content of carbon dioxide in the surface layer of air by introducing higher doses into the soil. organic fertilizers(manure, peat, compost), liquid dressings from diluted mullein, slurry, bird droppings and mineral fertilizers.

The exactingness of plants to moisture for periods of growth and development is not the same. It is especially high during seed germination. That's why recommended sow wetted and germinated seeds in well-spilled grooves. During the formation of the root system, the moisture content in the soil layer of 5-15 cm is of decisive importance. At the same time, you need to know that rare abundant watering is much more useful than frequent, but insufficient. At frequent watering the soil is strongly compacted, requires loosening, the roots of plants begin to settle down in the upper soil layer.

Plants with a short period of development (early) are the most demanding on the supply of nutrients in the soil, as they form a crop in a shorter period. This exactingness increases if early maturing plants are densely placed and have an underdeveloped root system. Such plants include all greens (lettuce, spinach, dill), some spices, as well as radishes and summer radishes.

This causes increased growth of leaves, stems, shoots. Flowering and fruiting are delayed, which reduces the overall yield and especially the early one.

The main conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants are heat, light, air, water, nutrition. All these factors are equally necessary and perform certain functions in the life of plants.

By artificially shortening or lengthening daylight hours, you can increase the yield and significantly improve its quality. AT vivo in open ground, this is achieved by early spring and late summer crops.

How does the lack of moisture affect the quality of products. With a lack of moisture in the soil, plants of green crops and radish age prematurely without forming a crop. Leaves and root crops coarsen, acquiring a bitter taste. Same going on and with the fruits of cucumbers.

With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves acquire a dull dark green color, which later turns into purple, and along the veins of the leaf from the underside to purple-red. When dried, the leaves turn black, not yellow.

For normal growth and development, plants require various elements nutrition. Plants receive oxygen, carbon, hydrogen from air and water; nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron - from the soil solution. These elements are consumed by plants in large quantities and are called macronutrients. Boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, silicon, cobalt, sodium, which are also necessary for plants, but in small quantities are called trace elements.

Especially it needs to be reduced at night, because when high temperature Without light, plants stretch and weaken, which not only delays the timing of the harvest, but also negatively affects its size. During the period of budding, flowering and fruiting, an elevated temperature is necessary for all plants, both day and night, especially for crops grown in greenhouses and hotbeds, in which fruit growth occurs mainly at night.

In addition to these basic ones, there should be other macronutrients in the soil, as well as microelements. With a lack of any of them, the normal development of the plant is disturbed. The lack of one or another nutrient element can be detected by some external signs of the plant.

Planted in open sunny areas. Water abundantly, but not excessively. Does not withstand even the slightest frost.

In this case, fertilizing and mulching are also performed for the entire flower garden according to a single scheme, and not selectively for each crop.

About 5 thousand years ago, Western civilization was born in the Mediterranean. At the dawn of its development, writing appeared, cities arose, people learned to use metals, and the wheel was invented. and began to show interest in roses.

Blooms profusely from July until frost.

Water the plants in sundial Not recommended. The exception is cucumbers, the "poultice" of which is done during the day when they are grown in greenhouses, greenhouses and under film shelters. Watering heat-loving crops is best done in warm weather in the evening, and during prolonged drought - at night. Excessive soil moisture is also undesirable, since excess moisture displaces oxygen from the soil, which disrupts the respiration of the roots. This is observed more often in low places with high rainfall.

Plants with a long period of development consume more nutrients, but their demands on the reserves of these substances in the soil are lower, since the period of their use is more extended. This applies to late varieties of cabbage, carrots, beets. The ability of plants to take nutrients out of the soil is not the same and depends on the crop and crop.

The need for plants in nutrients varies depending on the crop, age, early maturity and the ability to carry nutrients with the crop from the soil. young plant from the first days of life, enhanced mineral nutrition is necessary. Therefore, earth mixtures for growing seedlings are seasoned with fertilizers. Young plants consume less nutrients, but, having an underdeveloped root system, they are more demanding on their presence in the upper layers of the soil, and in an easily digestible form.

Plants weaken, wilt, apical buds die.

Flower growers.

The main conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants are heat, light, air, water, nutrition. All these factors are equally necessary and perform certain functions in the life of a plant.

The site in a popular form tells about the development garden plot. The peculiarity of the site is that it provides answers to numerous questions of amateur vegetable growers.

Approximate removal of the main elements of mineral nutrition from the soil, depending on the crop and yield (in kg per 1 ha)

Young plants adapting to conditions external environment and for self-root nutrition, the temperature both during the day and at night is lower than for seeds during germination. This is also necessary for the uniform development of above-ground organs and the root system, on which the normal growth and development of plants depends. With the development of leaves and stems, when air nutrition of plants begins, the temperature should be higher. During this period, the right balance between temperature and lighting is especially important. In sunny weather, an increase in temperature does not adversely affect the development of plants; in cloudy weather, the temperature should be reduced as much as possible.

Seeds of heat-loving crops germinate at temperatures above 10°C. Such plants do not tolerate not only frosts, but also prolonged cooling, especially in rainy weather. At temperatures below 10-12°C, their growth and development stops, they weaken and are more quickly affected by fungal and bacterial diseases. At lower temperatures they die.

Life cycle growth and development is divided into certain stages - phases. Environmental conditions strongly influence the growth and development of plants. It has been established that the effect of low temperature on germinating seeds and the heating of dry seeds can accelerate the development of plants and increase yields. Based on this, science has developed, and practice is widely used, special recommendations for heating, germinating, hardening seeds of some vegetable crops, as well as potato tubers.

The main source of light is the sun. Only in the light do plants create complex structures from water and carbon dioxide in the air. organic connections. The duration of illumination greatly affects the growth and development of plants.

From the air, plants receive the carbon dioxide they need, which is the only source of carbon nutrition. The content of carbon dioxide in the air is negligible and amounts to 0.03%. Air enrichment carbon dioxide is mainly due to its release from the soil. An important role in the formation and release of carbon dioxide by the soil is played by organic and mineral fertilizers applied to the soil. The more energetic the processes of vital activity of microorganisms in the soil, the more actively organic matter decomposes, and, consequently, the more carbon dioxide is released into the surface layer of air.

With a lack of magnesium, chlorosis develops primarily on the lower leaves. green coloring disappears, appear between the veins yellow spots giving variegation to the leaves. The yellowed areas of the leaf acquire a different color. Gradually they turn brown and die.

With a lack of calcium, plant growth slows down, they become dwarfed. Old leaves remain green, stems become stiff. Tomatoes are characterized by yellowing of the upper leaves, while the lower ones remain green.

Seeds of cold-resistant crops germinate at temperatures below 10°C. The temperature of 17-20°C is most favorable for the development and fruiting of plants of this group. With a decrease in temperature, the growth of cold-resistant crops continues, however, if seedlings are exposed to prolonged exposure to low temperatures (2-0 ° C), many plants prematurely throw out flowering shoots, without forming either a full-fledged crop or seeds. This is especially pronounced in beet and celery plants. Cabbage after planting it in the ground can carry not only lengthy low temperatures, but also short-term frosts, which do not affect further growth and development.

Another source of air replenishment with carbon dioxide is living beings that release it during respiration. An increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air has a positive effect on all processes in plants, especially accelerates fruiting.

Gardener.

With and more, and in the spring they begin to grow after the melting of snow.

With a lack of iron (on any soil) in plants, the apical shoot is the first to be affected. The leaves at the top of the plant turn pale green and then yellow (chlorosis), but the leaf tissue does not die. Tomatoes are characterized by yellowing and dying off of young leaves.

Cabbage stops the growth of heads of cabbage, and the colored heads, not reaching the proper size, turn yellow and crumble.

Roses successfully grow in one place for up to ten years. For roses allocate a site facing south and protected from the north winds, where ground water are deeper than one meter. The soil is light loam, enriched with humus.

Seedlings with a lack of moisture age prematurely, the leaves turn pale, coarsen. When planted in the ground, such seedlings do not take root well, the crop is delayed, and the cauliflower does not form heads.

Magnesium plays an important role in many plant life processes. It is involved in the construction of tissues, and together with phosphorus in all metabolic processes occurring in the plant.

The appearance of external signs indicates a prolonged starvation of the plant. In order to prevent violations in the nutrition of plants, it is necessary to constantly monitor them and carry out appropriate feeding in a timely manner.

Flaw potassium causes the appearance of a pale yellow border along the edges of the leaves, and subsequently bright yellow. In acute starvation, the leaves become irregular shape, brown spots appear in the middle of them, the border becomes brown-brown and crumbles. It is characteristic that with a lack of these basic nutrients, a change in color, and with acute starvation and death begins from the lower leaves.

Ageratum Mexican (Ageratum mexicanum) is a perennial, forming a spherical bush plant, from 10 to 60 cm high, grown as an annual. The leaves are small, triangular, pubescent. The flowers are fragrant, small, blue, white or pink, collected in inflorescences - baskets.

Greatest practical value light is acquired when growing seedlings and vegetables in greenhouses in winter. At this time, the plants experience the greatest lack of light, since, firstly, this is the darkest time of the year and, secondly, a significant part of the light flux is absorbed by passing through the glassed surface of the greenhouse and shaded by sprouts. To enhance the illumination, various electric lamps and light installations are used.

In open ground conditions, water is heated in the sun, for which it is poured into barrels, vats in advance, or it is heated in small reservoirs specially arranged in areas.

It participates in the creation of organic substances and, in a dissolved form, carries them throughout the plant. Thanks to water, carbon dioxide dissolves, oxygen is released, metabolism occurs, and the desired temperature of the plant is provided. With a sufficient supply of moisture in the soil, growth, development and fruit formation proceed normally; lack of moisture sharply reduces the yield and product quality.

To avoid this, diversion grooves, furrows are made from places of stagnant water, and after water is drained, the soil is loosened as soon as possible.

Meaning individual elements nutrition. Vegetable plants take out most of the potassium from the soil, but this does not mean that it needs to be added to the soil more than nitrogen and phosphorus (the exceptions are floodplain and peat soils). This is explained by the fact that although potassium is washed out of the soil by rains, it is more easily absorbed by the soil and better absorbed by plants.

Light, heat, water, nutrients - these are the environmental conditions necessary for the growth and development of vegetable plants. All of them are equal and irreplaceable. The effect of environmental factors on plants is interdependent. For example, watering contributes to a more efficient use of nutrients by plants.

Therefore, in the process of growing plants, it is necessary first of all to strengthen the factor that is at a minimum. This will increase the effectiveness of other factors. During the year and even days, the effect of environmental conditions changes. The harvest will be ensured if the state of the environment can be brought closer to the optimal level for this crop.

The more the combinations of external conditions deviate, the more less harvest and its quality. So, with a lack of moisture, root crops and other vegetables turn out to be small in size, the pulp becomes coarse, and in cucumber it becomes bitter. Without knowledge of the exactingness of vegetable plants to growing conditions, it is difficult to properly care for them. Consider the effect of each factor.

Warmly

Knowing the requirements of plants for the thermal regime allows you to correctly set the timing of sowing and planting crops, artificially create the most favorable conditions for growth and development. Both at excessively high and at low temperatures, irreversible changes occur in the cells, leading to the death of plants.

With an increase in temperature, the absorption of carbon dioxide and the formation of organic substances accelerate in plants, but the intensity of respiration also increases when the accumulated substances are consumed. When the temperature drops, the influx of substances exceeds its consumption for respiration.

It is important to be able to create such a thermal regime for plants in which they would accumulate the largest reserves, depositing them in those organs that we eat. Vegetable plants and even varieties of the same crop differ in their requirements for heat. According to this indicator, cultures are divided into five groups.

1. Frost- and winter-hardy perennial plants: sorrel, perennial onion, horseradish, asparagus, rhubarb, tarragon, katran can endure significant frosts, and their underground organs overwinter well in frozen soil. Optimum temperature for these cultures 15-19 ° C.
2. Cold-resistant: biennial plants - cabbage, root crops, onions, garlic; annuals - peas, beans, lettuce, dill, spinach, radish. They tolerate early spring frosts down to minus 5 ° C, the optimum temperature for growing is 17-20 ° C.
3. Semi-cold-resistant - potatoes, which occupy an intermediate position between plants of the second and fourth groups. The ground part of the potato dies at a temperature just below 0 ° C, it grows best at 18-21 ° C.
4. Demanding heat: pumpkin (cucumber, zucchini, squash) and nightshade (pepper, tomato, eggplant, physalis). Seeds begin to germinate at 10-15°C. In these crops, the optimum growing temperature is 20-30°C, they do not tolerate even short-term frost, and at a temperature of +40°C they retard growth and development.
5. Heat-resistant plants: melon, watermelon, pumpkin, beans, corn. They grow and develop best at a temperature of 30-35°C, they do not tolerate frost, they are able to accumulate organic matter even at a temperature of + 40°C and above.

The thermal regime is regulated by sowing (planting) on ​​the southern or northern slopes, optimal timing sowing, applying organic fertilizers, creating ridges, ridges, soil mulching, using rocker crops (cucumber and corn), temporary film shelters.

To combat frost, smoke and sprinkling are used. I achieve an increase in frost resistance and cold resistance of plants! seed hardening, winter sowing (lettuce, carrots, radishes, etc.), seedling hardening, phosphorus-potassium top dressing.

Light

Plants need light as a source of energy for photosynthesis. The main source of light is the sun. According to the level of need for light energy, vegetable crops can be divided into three groups.

Plants that can grow in low light: onion, parsley, celery, table beets when forcing them into greens.

Plants with an average need for light: root plants, onion, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, tarragon.

The most demanding plants for light are: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, tomato, pepper, eggplant, physalis, peas and other vegetables in which fruits are eaten.

Plants are not indifferent to the duration of exposure to light during the day. Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, beans, pumpkins, watermelons, melons, cucumbers, squash, squash, corn belong to the cult of short days. Cabbage, swede, radish, radish, peas, lettuce, spinach, dill, sorrel are long-day plants.

Opportunities to control the light regime are small and come down to choosing the timing of sowing and a place with a slope to the south or north. Excessive illumination summer days can be weakened by increasing the number of plants on one square meter or growing them backstage. Conversely, timely removal of weeds and timely thinning of seedlings improves illumination.

Air-gas mode

For the normal growth and development of the ground parts of plants and roots, oxygen is needed for respiration and carbon dioxide for the creation of organic matter. These gases are found in the air. If the soil is poorly cultivated, heavy but mechanical, the gaps between the soil units are filled with moisture, the roots lack oxygen. The crust prevents the penetration of oxygen from the atmosphere into the soil especially strongly.

Due to compacted or moisture-saturated soil, significant amounts of carbon dioxide can accumulate in the root-inhabited space, the excess of which acts depressingly.

The easiest way to improve the air-gas regime is the timely and correct tillage, the destruction of the crust, and the fight against excessive moisture. The supply of carbon dioxide to plants can be improved by introducing organic fertilizers into the soil, during the decomposition of which, as is known, a lot of CO 2 is released.

The ratio of plants to moisture

The lack of water supply to plants leads to a sharp decrease in yield, coarsening of tissues, the appearance of bitterness and the loss of other taste and commercial qualities. Excessive water supply can also reduce yields, promote the spread of diseases and pests, and make vegetables tasteless and difficult to store and process.

According to the requirements for moisture, vegetable plants can be divided into groups:

1. very demanding - all vegetables from the cabbage group, cucumber, lettuce, spinach, dill, onion per leaf, celery, eggplant;
2. vegetables with moderate requirements: potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, carrots, parsley, parsnips, table beets, legumes, perennials;
3. drought-resistant crops: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, corn, beans. Plants have different water requirements throughout their lives.
4. All plants are especially in need of moisture in the phase of swelling and seed germination. With the growth of the root system, plants become more resistant to fluctuations in soil moisture. Those vegetables that are grown by seedlings are extremely sensitive to the lack of water in the soil during planting and rooting of seedlings.

Flowering, pollination are better with increased dryness. During the growth of fruits, the formation of heads, the growth of root crops, high soil moisture is necessary, and during the ripening of fruits, seeds, bulbs, root crops, the need for moisture decreases and excess water at this time is harmful.

The creation of a favorable water regime will ensure snow retention, retention of spring waters, moisture closure, proper tillage, plant care, regulation of the number of plants per 1 m 2, irrigation. Mulching the soil prevents evaporation of moisture and the formation of a crust.

plant nutrition

The main part of the weight of vegetables is accounted for by water. And yet, with the harvest of most vegetable crops, a significant amount of nutrients is removed from the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. Early maturing plants: lettuce, spinach, radish do not take out a lot of nutrients in the crop, but they consume this amount in 1-1.5 months; consequently, their daily removal is very large and these crops need very fertile soil.

Cabbage grows for half a year, its daily nutritional requirement is low, so it can be cultivated on less fertile lands. The need of plants for soil fertility depends on the structure of the root system.

Onions, for example, have a relatively small and shallow root system. To be satisfied in nutrition, it is necessary to provide him with fertile, well-moistened soils.

Beets have a developed root system and are able to produce crops on less fertile lands. Cucumber roots can perform their function only at elevated temperatures, and no matter how fertile the land, the cucumber will starve at low temperatures.

Different cultures show different exactingness to the main elements of soil nutrition. For example, cabbage is demanding on nitrogen. Tomatoes need more potassium, beets - phosphorus. In order to prevent malnutrition, it is necessary to constantly monitor the plants, feed them in a timely manner, without waiting for signs of starvation. The lack of a particular battery can be detected by some external signs.

With a lack of nitrogen in the soil, growth slows down, young leaves are pale green, small, and fall off in case of an acute deficiency.

The lack of phosphorus causes a dull dark green color of the leaves, even purple, purple-red stripes appear along the veins on the underside of the leaf. When falling, the leaves do not turn yellow, but blacken.

With a lack of potassium, a pale yellow border is formed along the edges of the leaves, and subsequently a bright yellow one. With severe starvation, the leaves become irregular in shape with brown spots in the middle and brown-brown border. It is characteristic that with a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, changes begin from the lower leaves.

With a lack of calcium, growth slows down, the plants become dwarfed, the stems become stiff. In a tomato, the upper leaves turn yellow, the lower ones remain green, the apical buds die off.

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Plants are our green friends. They absolutely deservedly received such a name, because for people and animals, flora and its components are a source of nutrition, materials for household needs, medicines, chief controller of cleanliness atmospheric air etc.

To date, over 350,000 various kinds plants. All of them have peculiar morphological and genetic features, delight us with pomp and multicolor, and give real aesthetic pleasure. At the same time, their life forms may be different, but always important, unique and beautiful. And their existence is directly affected by the conditions necessary for plant life.

Plant life forms

This classification can be given from the point of view of different sciences: taxonomy and ecology. We are more interested in the systematic, since it is based on external signs plants. From this position, the entire kingdom of flora can be divided into groups that have been formed evolutionarily, and which have been influenced by the living conditions of plants.

1. Trees- a pronounced trunk, a height of at least two meters.
2. shrubs- from 50 cm to 2 m high, several trunks extending from the ground itself.
3. Shrubs- formed from the previous form, but the size is up to 50 cm.
4. Subshrubs- formed from the forms of shrubs, however, the upper parts of multiple trunks are dead.
5. Herbs - undersized plants, for the winter period freezing their above-ground shoots.
6. creepers- characterized by branching and creeping stems, equipped with hooks, tendrils and other clinging devices.
7. succulents- Plants that can store a large amount of water in the stem and leaves.

What conditions are necessary for the life of plants of each of the listed groups? Let's consider them in more detail.

Environmental factors as plant life conditions

These include the following.

1. Abiotic:

• sunlight;
• moisture (water);
• temperature regime;
• nutrition.

2. Biotic: all living organisms that surround given plant(animals, microorganisms, fungi).

3. Anthropogenic - the influence of man and his activities in various sectors of life and industry.

What conditions are most necessary for plant life? That is, which of the following factors are decisive? It is difficult to answer such a question. Only their combined competent combination allows plants to feel as comfortable as possible, safely and quickly grow, develop and multiply.

Influence of light

The most important difference between plant organisms and all other organisms is the autotrophic mode of nutrition. That is, the ability to convert the energy of sunlight into the energy of chemical bonds contained in the formed organic compounds. This whole complex biochemical process, built from two phases, is called photosynthesis. The product of such transformations is starch as a reserve nutrient for plants and oxygen gas as a source of life on our planet.

It becomes obvious that without photosynthesis there would be no life. And without sunlight there will be no this process. This means that the energy of natural solar radiation and additional sources of illumination are the conditions necessary for growth, and the role of these factors is decisive.

In relation to light, several groups of organisms can be distinguished.

1. Shade plants. Such representatives do not tolerate direct sunlight, very diffuse low lighting is enough for them. For example, a significant part forest herbs, sheltered under the shade of trees - oxalis, minnik, backache, saxifrage, corydalis, snowdrop, bitter gourd, blueberry, ivy, bracken, celandine and others.
2. Shade-tolerant. These plants prefer moderate lighting and are quite tolerant of even prolonged blackouts. However, they still love sunlight and react positively to short exposures to direct sunlight. These are, for example, currants, lily of the valley, blueberries, elderberries, lingonberries, kupena, cuff and others.
3. Light-loving- plants that most need bright direct sunlight. Only under such conditions, the process of photosynthesis occurs in them as quickly and completely as possible. Examples: coltsfoot, clover, lavender, immortelle, lemon balm, lotuses, water lilies, cereals, cacti, most of trees and others.

   

   So, what do plants need to live in the first place? Sunlight, which is the source of the main plant process - photosynthesis.

   The value of water

   Hydrogen dioxide is the most important substance in the life of not only plants, but all living beings on the planet. It is known that life on Earth became possible due to the presence of liquid water. Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate its importance. A universal solvent in which all biochemical reactions of a living organism take place, it is an integral structural part, a component of every cell.

   The importance of water for plant life is no less important than sunlight. After all, water creates turgor pressure on the cell walls, it is in it that all compounds are transported, it is the medium for chemical reactions. In short, for plants, water is a source of vitality.

   Not all representatives of the flora are equally related to water and its quantity. So, we can distinguish three main ones in relation to hydrogen oxide.

   1. Xerophytes- inhabitants of the most arid regions who have managed to adapt to a lack of moisture. Examples: desert and semi-desert plants, inhabitants of sea coasts. Eschsholzia, cacti, wheatgrass, sand-loving, bryophyllum, and so on.
   2. Mesophytes- Inhabitants of places with a moderate water content. These are meadow plants, forest dwellers. They normally tolerate moist soil, but do not tolerate excessive moisture or drought. Timothy, chamomile, cornflowers, burnet, love, lilac, hazel, clover, lungwort, goldenrod, all deciduous trees and shrubs.
   3. hydrophytes. Such plants feel best when they are partially in water (fresh, salty) or completely immersed in it. Examples: algae, aquatic buttercups, hornworts, water lilies, sedonias, pondweeds, altemias, naiads and others.

      

      So, what conditions are necessary for plant life? Water is on their list.

      The role of temperature

      Warm days are a joy for all living beings. However, among the plants there are those that endure low temperatures quite easily. All representatives of the flora in relation to this factor can be divided into three groups.

      1. thermophilic. The conditions necessary for the life of plants in this group are a temperature index not lower than +5 0 C. The best option for them is approximately + 25-26 0 C. Such plants do not tolerate sharp fluctuations in air temperature, they cannot withstand even light frosts. Examples: rice, cotton, cocoa, palm, bananas, almost all tropical and subtropical inhabitants.
      2. Cold hardy plants. They prefer moderate temperatures, but are able to tolerate quite low ones, they survive frosts without damage. Examples: potatoes, all root vegetables, greens, many types of cruciferous, cereals and others.
      3. frost-resistant. Able to winter under a snow cover, while maintaining viability. Examples are garden plants such as rhubarb, perennials, onions, garlic, sorrel and others.

      Conclusion: temperature regime - important condition for the normal growth and development of all plants on Earth.

      mineral nutrition

      This factor is extremely important for fruit and berry, fruit and vegetable crops cultivated by man. Indeed, in natural conditions, plants inhabit such habitats to which they are able to adapt. Including the content of mineral salts in soils.

      But cultural representatives need help. Each owner knows what complex of mineral fertilizers should be applied to a particular plant in order to obtain the required yield.

      

      In general, minerals are important element nutrition of all individuals, which is absorbed by plants from the soil by absorption along with water. But for plants, an overabundance of fertilizers is fatal, and their lack leads to slow growth and poor harvest.

      Composition of air

      What conditions are necessary for plant life, in addition to those discussed above? The composition of the air is also important. After all, at night, plants, like other living beings, breathe, consuming oxygen. Therefore, it should be enough in the air for their normal development. This means that in conditions of increased concentration of harmful gases, dust, fungi and microorganisms, plants will feel extremely bad.

      Biotic factors and their influence

      We have considered all the abiotic factors of plant life. Heat, light, air, water are the main and inalienable conditions for their normal growth and development.

      

      Biotic factors are the influence of the surrounding biomass on them, that is, other plants, animals, fungi, insects, and so on. To consider all aspects of the impact of these conditions, the science of ecology was created. It should only be noted that biotic factors are no less important than abiotic ones.

      The main conditions for the life of indoor plants

      Environmental conditions necessary for life indoor plants, are no different from those that we considered for everyone in general. They also need sunlight, warmth, water, mineral nutrition protection from harmful insects.

      In order for potted flowers to feel good and look beautiful, you should approach them individually, taking into account the characteristics of a particular genus and type of plant.

In order for vegetable plants to grow well and provide us with their fruits (regardless of whether they are roots or leaves), they require certain conditions. Factors without which the existence and development of plants is impossible - heat, light, air, nutrients. Only their presence and rational combination will allow vegetable crops to grow, develop and bear fruit. At the same time, it must be remembered that environmental factors are equally important and non-interchangeable, i.e. increased watering does not compensate for the lack of light or nutrition; that the fluctuation of any one of them will change the effect of the others; that different cultures have different needs, they can change even in one plant, depending on the phase of its development.

Thermal regime

To increase the yield and quality of vegetables, one must not only know how environmental factors affect them, but also be able to regulate them in accordance with the periods of plant development.

Vegetable crops grow normally, lay productive organs only under a certain thermal mode. The source of heat energy needed by plants(and not only to them) is solar radiation. Organic substances introduced into the soil also play an important role, because the decomposition of manure and compost is accompanied by the release of heat.

The reaction of vegetable crops to the thermal regime is different, which is largely determined by their origin. In relation to heat, vegetable crops are divided into several subgroups:

✓ frost- and winter-hardy, which include sorrel, perennial bows, tarragon, garlic, etc. They easily tolerate small cold snaps (down to -8-10 ° C), and their underground organs (roots and rhizomes) winter well under the snow. Vegetables begin to grow when the air temperature rises to +1 degree, it is clear that intensive growth is observed at more high rates(+15-20 °С);

✓ cold-resistant (root crops, spinach, onions, biennial cabbage plants, etc.). A distinctive ability of plants of this group is that they tolerate small cold snaps (down to -1-2 ° C) for a long time, so that without any harm to themselves, they can withstand temperatures of -3-5 ° C for several days without any harm to themselves. For the germination of seeds of cold-resistant crops, a temperature of + 2-5 ° C is required, and for active growth and development - + 17-20 ° С. A further increase in temperature (more than +25-28 ° C) leads to the inhibition of plants, and if the indicators rise above +30 ° C, then the development of vegetable plants stops, which is associated with the peculiarities of their physiology;

✓ Moderately cold hardy. This group includes potatoes, the tops of which die already at 0 degrees (as in heat-loving plants), and for intensive growth and development of tubers, a temperature of + 15-20 ° C is required;

✓ heat-loving, for which even short-term frosts are contraindicated (plants die if the temperature drops below 0 ° C). The optimal thermal regime for tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers and others is + 20-30 ° C, but they are also able to withstand temperatures close to +40 ° C;

✓ heat-resistant, for which the best temperature will be the same as that of heat-loving plants, but the indicator of +40 ° C and more does not cause them any noticeable harm.

In different phases of the growing season, the need for heat in vegetable crops is different (table), which must be taken into account when growing seedlings (this will be discussed later).

The need of vegetable plants for warmth depending on the growing season

Table (final)

It is realistic to create the optimal thermal regime for vegetable crops in protected ground conditions, i.e. in greenhouses and greenhouses. In open ground, this is somewhat more difficult to do, since you will have to resort to certain agricultural practices. If you plan to grow early and heat-loving vegetables, then it is advisable for them to prepare high beds that warm up faster with the sun; mulching the soil will help, since covering it with various non-woven and organic materials increases the temperature of the soil by several degrees, and the accumulation of heat in it increases by about 40-45%; the thermal regime stabilizes and improves if the path to the prevailing winds is blocked by a curtain of tall crops, such as corn, sunflower, etc.

light for plants

Without light, photosynthesis and the accumulation of plastic substances are impossible. Only when it is present, vegetable plants synthesize and accumulate organic substances, lay fruits. In this case, the intensity of illumination (20,000-30,000 lux is enough for the main part of plants) and the spectrum of sunlight, namely its visible part, are of particular importance. Among areas % of the spectrum of solar radiation highest value for plants have red, orange, violet and blue rays.

Vegetable crops have different needs for light, its duration, spectral composition and intensity. According to the last sign (it must be taken into account when planning a garden), they are divided into the following groups:

✓ very demanding (beans, tomato, cucumber, eggplant, etc.);

✓medium rowing ( perennial vegetables, spinach, cabbage, etc.); S undemanding (parsley, celery, lettuce, etc.).

Depending on how long during the day the plant needs lighting, they are represented by the following groups:

✓ short-day plants (cucumber, eggplant, beans, zucchini, some varieties of tomatoes, etc.), for the normal development of which a light day of less than 12 hours is required;

✓ long-day plants (cabbage, carrots, parsley, parsnips, beets, turnips, etc.) that need more than 13 hours of daylight;

✓ plants of a neutral day (watermelon, asparagus, certain varieties of cucumbers and tomatoes, etc.), which feel good under any conditions.

If you correctly influence the light conditions, you can regulate the timing of flowering plants, increase their productivity. For example, everyone knows that radishes, spinach, onions are often prone to bolting and flowering. To prevent these undesirable phenomena, it is possible to artificially reduce the daylight hours by installing portable frames and at a certain time (as a rule, such a kind of screen is installed from 20 to 8 hours) throw a material that does not transmit light well on them, and remove it with the onset of morning.

Another method that is also used is late summer sowing, i.e. radishes, lettuce, onions, radishes and other crops planted in the second half of July will surely please with their harvest.

In addition, such agricultural practices as thinning out dense crops, weeding, and the correct orientation of the beds (the latter is directly related to garden planning) can achieve optimal illumination in open ground.

In closed ground, the light regime is easier to regulate, in particular, if there is not enough light, additional lighting is used with special lamps, if there is a lot of it, then they resort to shading the beds.

It is especially important to strive for compliance with the light regime when growing seedlings, since seedlings stretch very quickly at high temperatures and poor lighting. Most of all, plants need light with the emergence of seedlings (we will return to this topic and consider it in more detail).

Carbon dioxide

Like all living things, plants, including vegetables, breathe, and they need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Plants are supplied with oxygen by the atmosphere. root system gets it from the soil air. If everything is clear with the first, then with the second, the matter is complicated by the fact that the root system of plants has competitors, which are aerobic microorganisms. In addition, if the soil is compacted and covered with a crust that has arisen after watering, then air access is much more difficult. Therefore, when you loosen the soil or mulch it, you save the plants from oxygen starvation, which can result in the death of seeds (they simply will not germinate) and seedlings, and adults will begin to lag behind in growth and development. Violation of agricultural technology, in particular waterlogging of the soil, in which water displaces air from the soil pores, also leads to a lack of oxygen.

No less important is the amount of carbon dioxide, the source of which, in addition to air, is the soil (it has been established that with proper agricultural technology, 1 m2 of soil emits 1-2 g of carbon dioxide). In it, carbon dioxide is a product of the vital activity of microorganisms. When loosening, applying organic fertilizers, the above-ground layer of air and the upper layers of the soil are enriched with carbon dioxide, since oxygen intensifies the respiration of the roots and the work of microorganisms that decompose organic matter, during which carbon dioxide is released.

Gas exchange in protected ground conditions is also amenable to regulation. To do this, it is enough to put a container, one third filled with mullein, and fill it with water. To prevent plants from experiencing a lack of oxygen, greenhouses and greenhouses must be ventilated.