The Kuznetsk coal basin is the undisputed leader in Russia in terms of coal production. Minerals of the Kemerovo region.docx - Minerals of the Kemerovo region

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news

• 20.03.2017
  In the current heating season, lignite was used as an energy carrier in one hundred and forty-six boiler houses in the Kemerovo region. In order to make this period more ergonomic, the regional authorities are planning to transfer another hundred boiler houses to brown coal and double its production within two to three years. Thus, by reducing transport costs for the delivery of coal from the central and southern regions of the Kemerovo region, some areas will be able to save from nine to sixteen million rubles during the heating season.
  
  
• 31.01.2016
  Last year, about two thousand jobs were created at the coal enterprises of the Kemerovo region. More are planned to open this year.
  
  
• 26.01.2016
  Russian Coal sold the Evtinsky and Zadubrovsky mines, its assets in the Kemerovo region. The new owner of the enterprises, a private investor from Kuzbass, plans to introduce advanced technologies into production.
  
  
• 25.01.2016
  According to the results of the 4th quarter of 2015, the production of run-of-mine coal at the Raspadskaya mine amounted to 2.5 million tons, this figure decreased by 6 percent compared to the 3rd quarter of 2015.
  
  
• 19.12.2015
  The foreign trade turnover of the Kemerovo region in the current year has most significantly decreased with China, Turkey and Ukraine.
  
  
• 21.11.2015
  Four coal mines, including two mines, are planned to be put into operation next year in the Kemerovo region.
  
  
• 26.10.2015 Russian Coal plans to mine 1.2 million tons of coal in Kuzbass
  The company "Russian Coal - Kuzbass" summed up the results of the 3rd quarter of 2015. The volume of production by mining enterprises in 2015 is higher than planned.
  
  
• 10.10.2015
  Kuzbass coal miners produced 155.2 million tons of coal during the period from January to September of this year.
  
  
• 06.10.2015 Mine "Aleksievskaya" increased the volume of coal production
  In the period from January to September of this year, 2 million tons of coal were mined at the Aleksievskaya mine.
  
  
• 17.07.2015
  In the first half of this year, Open Joint Stock Company Raspadskaya increased coal production by 15 percent to 5.07 million tons compared to the reporting period last year, when the figure was 4.43 million tons.
  
  

General information

Kuzbass is one of the largest basins in Russia in terms of coal reserves and production volumes and the main, and in some positions the only supplier of technological raw materials for the Russian industry in the country. Standard reserves of coal in Kuzbass exceed all world reserves of oil and natural gas by more than 7 times (in terms of standard fuel) and amount to 693 billion tons, of which 207 billion tons. - coking coals. For comparison: coking coal reserves in Donbass are 25 billion tons; Pechora coal basin - 9 billion tons; Karaganda 13 billion tons.

To date, the reserves of coking coals in Kuzbass account for 73% of the total volume of these coals in the developed coal basins of Russia, and more than 80% of coking coals in Russia are mined in Kuzbass. The volume of these reserves can provide the whole of Russia with raw materials for coke production in the volumes of consumption in the 80s for more than 1200 years.

Non-coking thermal coals account for about 70% of the total coal reserves in Kuzbass. The remaining bituminous coals are unique in the sense that, having the ability to sinter, they can, depending on the direction of their enrichment, serve as coke-chemical and energy raw materials.

Kuzbass coals are unique in their quality. They are represented by almost all technological grades and groups from brown to anthracite. But their most important natural advantage over coals from other basins of the world is a combination of such qualitative indicators as high calorific value (6250 kcal / kg), low sulfur content (0.4-0.6%), low moisture content (7.8- 10%) and average ash content (15.3-23.2%). These indicators are much better than the average for the Russian coal industry. Special attention deserves the unique Kuzbass coals, called sapro-mixites, from the Barza deposit ("Barza matting"), which contain a high amount of low-phenolic resin (up to 38%), which are a valuable chemical raw material for the production of gasoline products and asphalt concrete.

There are other types of fossil fuels in the Kemerovo region. This is peat (more than 20 deposits), a manifestation of oil and natural gas.

The geological conditions of the formation and development of the region of the Kemerovo region have led to the fact that most of the region, namely the central part, is a basin composed of a layer of sedimentary rocks with a thickness of about nine kilometers. The framing of this basin is represented by mountain structures in the relief and complexes of ancient sedimentary, metamorphic and other rocks, complex in deep structure, rich in various minerals, both ore and non-metallic.

To date, more than 90 deposits and 20 ore occurrences of various metals have been discovered within the Kuzbass. These are gold, silver, iron, aluminum, manganese, zinc, lead, copper, titanium, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, uranium, thorium. They are concentrated mainly in the areas of Mountain Shoria and Kuznetsk Alatau.

The potential of iron ore in Gornaya Shoria is estimated at 2 billion 169 million tons. The balance reserves are 808.2 million tons. The availability of iron ore reserves in Gornaya Shoria alone is 50 years.

magnesite bauxite Large deposits of this group (Tashtagolskoe, Sheregeshskoe, Shalymskoe, Kazskoe) were commissioned at different times and are the main raw material base for the metallurgical giants of our region. In the group of iron ore deposits of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the most significant are Lavrenkovskoye, Zapovednoye, Ampalykskoye. The balance reserves of iron ores of these deposits are about 230 million tons. In general, the potential of iron ore reserves in the Kemerovo region is estimated at 5.25 billion tons, of which the industrial category is over 1 billion tons. The iron ores of the region are represented mainly by magnesite, they are of high quality with a high content of pure iron from 34% to 48%. Of the seven explored deposits of aluminum ores, one is currently being developed - Kiya-Shantarskoye, in the north of the Kuznetsk Alatau. The ore is represented by urtites, contains a high amount of alumina (28%) and alkalis (12%) and does not require enrichment. The Kiya-Shantarsky mine is provided with reserves for 40 years. 17 deposits of aluminum-rich bauxite ores have been discovered in the region, which are not yet exploited.

More than 150 years ago, alluvial gold mining began in our region in the Tyazhinsky district at the Tsentralny mine. Currently, the mineral resource base of gold mining is represented by 9 ore and 77 placer deposits, located mainly within the Kuznetsk Alatau (31.9%), Gornaya Shoriya (43.7%) and Salair Ridge (24.4%). ). The balance reserves of gold are hundreds of millions of cubic meters with a metal content in the ore of 153 mg. up to 0.7 g per cu.

Since the end of the 18th century, lead-zinc ores have been mined on the northeastern slope of the Salair Ridge. At present, 5 barite-lead-zinc deposits, 3 copper-zinc deposits and one copper-sulfide deposit have been explored here. All polymetallic ores of these deposits are of high quality. A deposit of native copper was discovered and explored in Gornaya Shoria.

Geological reserves of all polymetallic ores are estimated at hundreds of millions of tons.

The region has the richest deposit of manganese. Among them are Usinskoye in Gornaya Shoria, Durnovskoye in the Leninsky district, etc. At the same time, the demand of the metallurgical industry of the region for manganese is provided by imported ores from Kazakhstan and Ukraine.

quartz dolomite In the Kemerovo region, a raw material base has been created for the main non-metallic minerals for metallurgy: flux limestone - 5 deposits (Tyazhinsky, Guryev, Tisulsky, Belovsky and Novokuznetsky districts), quartzites - 3 deposits (Gornaya Shoriya and Yaisky district), dolomites - 2 deposits ( Gornaya Shoria), refractory clays - 8 deposits (Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk and Guryev regions) and molding sands - 6 deposits (Chebulinsky and Izhmorsk regions).

Among the natural raw materials for the construction industry, a special place is occupied by marbles, which, according to experts, are the leaders among marbles in Russia in terms of color and pattern.

A valuable industrial raw material is fluorite, as a flux for aluminum smelting, mined in the Tisul region. Basalts of Gornaya Shoria and the Saltymakov Range of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the most valuable raw material for obtaining super-thin artificial fiber. High-quality talc from the south of the Kuznetsk Alatau, tremolites of the Mezhdurechensk region as a raw material for the electrical industry, as well as graphite, asbestos, expanded clay, zeolite and other types of industrial raw materials. Valuable chemical raw materials are deposits of mineral paints, barites and borates of complex ores. In addition to the listed minerals, our region is rich in gems: amethysts, jaspers, agates, carnelians and others, which are valuable ornamental and jewelry raw materials.

Minerals
The main mineral resource of the region is coal. Within the territory of
Kuzbass is located the Kuznetsk coal basin and the Western part
Kansk - Achinsk brown coal basin.
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Kuzbass is one of the largest in terms of coal reserves and volumes
production basins of Russia and the main, and in some respects the only
in the country a supplier of technological raw materials for the Russian
industry. Standard reserves of coal in Kuzbass
exceed all the world's reserves of oil and natural gas by more than 7 times (in
equivalent fuel) and amount to 693 billion tons, of which 207 billion tons.

coking coals. For comparison: coking coal reserves in the Donbass
25 billion tons; Pechora coal basin - 9 billion tons; Karaganda 13 billion tons.
Today, the coking coal reserves of Kuzbass amount to
73% of the total stock of these coals of developed coal basins
Russia, and more than 80% of coking coal in Russia is mined in
Kuzbass. The volume of these reserves can provide all of Russia with raw materials for
coke production in terms of consumption in the 80s over
over 1200 years old.
Non-coking thermal coals account for about 70% of the total
coal reserves in Kuzbass. The remaining bituminous coals are unique in
in the sense that, having the ability to sinter, they can, depending on
direction of their enrichment to serve as a coke-chemical and
energy raw material.
Kuzbass coals are unique in their quality. They are represented
almost all technological grades and groups from brown to
anthracites. But most importantly, their natural advantage over coals
other basins of the world is a combination of such qualitative indicators as
high calorific value (6250 kcal/kg), low sulfur content (0.40.6%),
insignificant moisture content (7.810%) and medium ash content (15.323.2
%. These indicators are much better than the average for the coal industry in Russia.
The unique Kuzbass coals, called
sapromixites,
Barza deposit ("Barza matting") containing high
the amount of low phenolic resin (up to 38%), which are valuable
chemical raw materials for the production of gasoline products and asphalt concrete.
There are other types of fossil fuels in the Kemerovo region.
This is peat (more than 20 deposits), a manifestation of oil and natural gas.
Geological conditions of formation and development of the Kemerovo region
areas have led to the fact that most of the region, namely the central
part, is a basin composed of a layer of sedimentary rocks,
with a capacity of about nine kilometers. Framing this basin
represent mountain structures in relief and complex in depth
structure of complexes of ancient sedimentary, metamorphic and other rocks,
rich in various minerals, both ore and non-metallic.
To date, more than 90
deposits and 20 ore occurrences of various metals. Is this gold,

silver, iron, aluminum, manganese, zinc, lead, copper, titanium, chromium,
tungsten, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, uranium, thorium. They are concentrated
mainly in the regions of Mountain Shoria and Kuznetsk Alatau.
The potential of iron ore in Gornaya Shoria is estimated at 2
billion 169 million tons. The balance reserves are 808.2 million tons.
reserves of iron ore in Gornaya Shoria alone is 50 years.
reserved,
Large deposits of this group (Tashtagol, Sheregesh,
Shalymskoe, Kazskoe) were put into operation at different times and are
the main raw material base for the metallurgical giants of our region. IN
group of iron ore deposits of Kuznetsk Alatau the most
significant are Lavrenkovskoe,
Ampalyk.
The balance reserves of iron ores of these deposits are about 230 million tons.
In general, the potential of iron ore reserves in the Kemerovo region is estimated
in 5.25 billion tons, of which the industrial category - over 1 billion tons. Iron
ores of the region are represented mainly by magnesite,
are
high-quality with a high content of pure iron from 34% to 48
%. Of the seven explored deposits of aluminum ores, at present
one is being developed - KiyaShantarskoye, in the north of the Kuznetsk Alatau.
The ore is represented by urtites, contains a high amount of alumina (28%)
and alkalis (12%) and does not require enrichment. KiyaShantar mine
provided with reserves for 40 years. 17 deposits of rich
aluminum bauxite ores, which are not yet exploited.
More than 150 years ago, placer mining began in our region.
gold in the Tyazhinsky district at the Tsentralny mine. Currently
the mineral resource base of gold mining is represented by 9 ore and 77
alluvial deposits located mainly within
Kuznetsk Alatau (31.9%), Mountain Shoria (43.7%) and Salair Ridge
(24.4%). Balance reserves of gold - hundreds of millions of cubic meters
with a metal content in the ore from 153 mg. up to 0.7 g per cu.
Since the end of the 18th century, lead-zinc ores have been mined in the north
eastern slope of the Salair Ridge. There are currently 5 explored here
barite-lead-zinc deposits, 3 copper-zinc and one copper
pyrite production.
All polymetallic ores of these
deposits are highly conditioned. Deposit discovered and explored
of native copper price Gornaya Shoria | Geological reserves of all
polymetallic ores are estimated at hundreds of millions of tons.
The region has the richest deposit of manganese. Among them -
Usinskoye in Gornaya Shoria, Durnovskoye in the Leninsky district, etc. At the same time,

the need of the metallurgical industry of the region for manganese
is provided by imported ores from Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
In the Kemerovo region, a raw material base of the main non-metallic
minerals for metallurgy: flux limestone - 5
deposits (Tyazhinsky, Guryevskoye, Tisulsky, Belovsky and
Novokuznetsk districts), quartzites - 3 deposits (Gornaya Shoria and
Yaya district), dolomites - 2 deposits (Gornaya Shoria), refractory
clay - 8 deposits (Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk and Guryevsky
districts) and molding sands - 6 deposits (Chebulinsky and
Izhmorsky districts).
Among the natural raw materials for the construction industry, a special place
are occupied by marbles, which, according to experts, are leading among
marbles in Russia by color and pattern.
A valuable industrial raw material is fluorite, as a flux for
aluminum smelting, mined in the Tisulsky district. Gornaya basalts
Shoria and the Saltymakov Range of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the most valuable raw material for
obtaining superthin artificial fiber. High quality talc
south of the Kuznetsk Alatau, tremolites of the Mezhdurechensk region as raw materials for
electrical industry, as well as graphite, asbestos, expanded clay,
zeolite and other types of industrial raw materials. Valuable chemical raw material
represent deposits of mineral paints, barites and borates
complex ores. In addition to the listed minerals, our region
rich in gems: amethysts, jaspers, agates, carnelians and others that
are valuable ornamental and jewelry raw materials.

The volume and cost of production in the Kuznetsk coal basin are of decisive importance for this sector of the Russian economy. In the past, the region has experienced difficult periods, but has managed to restore its role in ensuring the energy security of the country.

General information

The Kuznetsk coal basin, located in the Kemerovo region, is one of the world's largest deposits of this mineral. Unofficially, this region is called Kuzbass. It provides about 70% of Russian coal exports. The Kuznetsk basin plays a significant role in the country's economy. In the second half of the last century, the Soviet Union occupied the position of the leading supplier of coal on the world market, mainly due to the resources of Kuzbass and Donbass. In modern Russia, the Kuznetsk Basin continues to maintain its strategic importance in the energy sector. It is not only the largest, but also the most competitive deposit of the world's most sought-after fossil fuel. The cost of production in the Kuznetsk coal basin creates tangible economic benefits and contributes to the achievement of high profitability in this industry.

Nowadays, the importance of the coal industry has somewhat decreased. On the world stage, Russia is noticeably inferior in this area to the new leaders: China and the United States. Nevertheless, the level of production and reserves of coal in the Kuznetsk coal basin makes it one of the most important regions of the country in terms of the economy. The contribution of the Kemerovo region is about 12% of the total income of the Russian Federation.

Geological history

According to scientists, the process of formation of mineral layers in the territory of Kuzbass began earlier than in any other place on the planet. The appearance of the first coal deposits occurred approximately 350 million years ago. According to researchers, the geological history of the basin includes three epochs of intensive accumulation of fossil fuels. They formed a total of more than 130 coal seams of various types. Under the weight of rocks, the stratum containing the mineral was deformed and formed folds.

History of development

During the reign of Peter the Great, a research expedition was sent to Siberia under the leadership of the German botanist and cartographer Daniel Messerschmidt. In 1721, in the process of studying the animal and mineral worlds, the scientist discovered the presence in samples found near the Tom river. Daniel Messerschmidt became the first researcher to document the existence of fossil fuel deposits in the Kuznetsk Basin. The grandiose scale of the reserves was clarified only in the middle of the 19th century. In those days, the volume of production in the Kuznetsk coal basin per year did not exceed several thousand tons. The industry has developed slowly. In the last years of the existence of the Russian Empire, this figure was more than a million tons. Between the revolution and the Second World War, the coal industry experienced rapid growth, becoming one of the strategically important areas of the economy. The annual production volume has increased to 20 million tons.

Quality

In Kuzbass there are coals of all types. They have a variety of technological characteristics. Coals lying near the surface contain relatively little sulfur. This type of fossil fuel is called energy and is used in the chemical industry. It is of particular value as a high-quality fuel and is widely used in metallurgy for iron smelting.

Mining

The explored reserves of the coal deposit located in the Kemerovo region are estimated at 700 billion tons. The average depth of the mines is about 200 meters, which is considered to be close to the surface by world standards. in the Kuznetsk coal basin is carried out in several ways. Approximately two thirds of the energy carrier is extracted by the traditional underground method. In the Kuznetsk coal basin, the cost of open-pit mining is the lowest. This method is distinguished not only by low costs, but also by relatively safer working conditions.

The main disadvantage of the open method lies in the disturbances of the natural system, which inevitably occur as a result of its prolonged use. The ecological situation in some parts of the Kemerovo region is officially recognized as catastrophic. The cost of mining in the Kuznetsk coal basin by the underground method is much higher compared to the open method. The extraction of fossil fuels in quarries is much cheaper. in mines causes less harm to the environment, but poses a serious risk to workers.

The hydraulic method is considered the most progressive. It is based on the use of powerful liquid jets to transport minerals to the surface. This method is characterized by high productivity and safety, but only 5% of the natural resources in Kuzbass are extracted with its help.

Development prospects

The main difficulty lies in the cost of coal mining combined with transportation costs reduces competitiveness. Kuzbass is located at a distance from potential buyers, which complicates logistics. The volume of explored reserves allows for a significant increase in production in the future, but this requires serious investments.

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Feedback from the leader This topic was proposed for research and preparation of a presentation for the lesson of the surrounding world in order to introduce a regional component. In the process of preparing the work, the student studied the places of deposits and mining of the region, and also compiled an album of riddles. With this work, the student performed at the school festival "My land - Kuzbass". The presentation can be used in lessons and extracurricular activities.

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KEMEROVSK REGION, subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the south of the Asian part of Russia. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. The area is 95.7 thousand km 2. The population is 2823.5 thousand people (2008; 2786.0 thousand people in 1959; 3176.3 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Kemerovo. Administrative-territorial division: 19 districts, 20 cities, 23 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of state authorities of the region is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Charter of the Kemerovo region of 1997. State power in the Kemerovo Region is exercised by the Council of People's Deputies, the Governor of the Region, the highest executive body - the Board of Administration, and other executive bodies of state power in accordance with the Charter of the Region. The Council of People's Deputies of the Kemerovo Region is the permanent supreme and sole body of legislative power. It consists of 36 deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for 5 years (of which 18 deputies are elected from a single constituency in proportion to the number of votes cast for the lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations in accordance with the legislation on elections). The highest official is the governor, who heads the highest executive body of state power. It is empowered by the Council of People's Deputies of the Kemerovo Region on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Nature. Relief. The Kemerovo region is located mainly in the mountains of southern Siberia. In the south-west of the region, the low-mountainous and flat-topped Salair ridge stretches (average height 400-550 m), in the east is the Kuznetsk Alatau (altitude up to 2178 m, Mount Verkhniy Zub - the highest point of the region). Alpine-type relief forms in the mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau are combined with flattened bald peaks (1500-2000 m), with kurums and abundant snowfields. The mountain massifs are deeply dissected by river valleys, in the upper reaches of some of them traces of ancient glaciations have been preserved in the form of trough valleys, kars and clusters of moraines. The southern part of the Kemerovo region is occupied by medium-altitude massifs of Mountain Shoria (up to 1630 m, Mount Patyn). In the central part, the Kuznetsk Basin extends, occupying over 30% of the area of ​​the Kemerovo region. The flat, slightly hilly relief of the basin is disturbed by a number of ridges, ridges, and low ridges (Taradanovsky ridge, Saltymakov ridge, etc.). The lowest absolute heights (230-260 m) are located in the extreme north of the Kemerovo region, within the West Siberian Plain.

Geological structure and minerals. The territory of the Kemerovo region is mainly located in the northern part of the Altai-Sayan folded region of the Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt. The central part of the region is occupied by the vast Kuznetsk intermountain depression, which is a large synclinorium of irregular shape, elongated in a northwestern direction. The depression is filled with marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Devonian - Lower Carboniferous, a thick coal-bearing series of Carboniferous - Permian, Lower Triassic traps and continental coal-bearing Jurassic formations. The rocks of the synclinorium are deformed to varying degrees (zones of linear, brachymorphic, ridge-like folding and areas of inclined bedding of rocks are distinguished). The Kuznetsk depression is framed in the east and south by the Salair folded systems of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Gornaya Shoria, composed of Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian volcanogenic-sedimentary sequences, ophiolites, and Early Middle Paleozoic granitoids. The Hercynian folded structure of the Salair Ridge, formed by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Lower and Middle Paleozoic, stretches along the western border of the region. The late Hercynian Tom-Kolyvan fold zone is located in the northwest of the Kemerovo region. In the north, the folded formations of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Tom-Kolyvan zone submerge under the cover of Cretaceous terrigenous and Oligocene-Quaternary lacustrine-alluvial deposits of the West Siberian platform.

The most important mineral resource of the Kemerovo region is coal. The Kuznetsk coal basin, one of the largest in Russia in terms of reserves, as well as the western part of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin, is located on the territory of the region. Large iron ore deposits are concentrated in Gornaya Shoria (Tashtagol, Sheregesh, Shalym, Kaz); in the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Ampalykskoe, Lavrenovskoe, Zapovednoe deposits are important. There are deposits of manganese ores (Usinskoye, Durnovskoye). On the northeastern slope of the Salair Ridge, deposits of barite-lead-zinc (for example, Quartzite Sopka), copper-zinc and copper-sulfide ores are localized. A deposit of native copper was discovered in Gornaya Shoria. In the mountainous regions of the Kemerovo region, there are small primary and alluvial gold deposits. There are known deposits of nepheline syenites (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye), cement limestones (large - Yashkinskoye, Solominskoye), talc (Alguyskoye, Svetly Klyuch), flux limestones, dolomites, quartzites, brick, refractory and refractory clays, molding, glass and building sands, sulfur , phosphorites, facing stone, sand and gravel mixtures, carbonic mineral waters of the "Borjomi" type (Tersinskoe).

Climate. Natural conditions are generally favorable for the life of the population. The climate is temperate, sharply continental. Significant temperature fluctuations are typical for the seasons of the year, especially pronounced in the Kuznetsk Basin. Summers are short and warm, winters are long (about 5 months) and cold, mostly sunny; snowstorms with strong winds are possible in January. Average July temperatures range from 18.4°C in the north (Mariinsk) to 16.9°C in the south (Ust-Kabyrza); January -22.1°С and -18°С, respectively. The absolute maximum temperature is 35-38°С, the absolute minimum is from -57°С in the north to -54°С in the south. Precipitation per year is from 350-400 mm in the western part of the Kuznetsk depression to over 1500 mm in the highlands of the western macroslope of the Kuznetsk Alatau. In general, 30-40% of annual precipitation falls on winter. The thickness of the snow cover in the basin is 40-50 cm, in the mountains 200-250 cm, on the leeward slopes up to 300 cm. Avalanches are frequent in the mountains. In the Kuznetsk Alatau, there are small, mostly cirque, slope and hanging glaciers with a total area of ​​6.8 km2.

Inland waters. A fairly dense river network of the Kemerovo region belongs to the Ob basin. Main rivers: Tom with tributaries Mrassu, Kondoma; as well as Inya, Kiya, Yaya, Chumysh. Most of the rivers originate in the highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the middle mountains of Mountain Shoria; in the upper reaches they abound in rapids, rifts, and are distinguished by high water content. The share of spring-summer snowmelt accounts for 45% of the average annual river runoff, rainfall does not exceed 35%, underground - 20%. Within the Kuznetsk Basin, the share of rain and underground feeding of rivers increases. Many small lakes, mostly floodplain; on the Kuznetsk Alatau - moraine-dammed (Rybnoye, Srednetersinsky, etc.). The largest lake is Big Berchikul (25 km 2). The Belovskoye reservoir was created on the Inya River.

Soils, flora and fauna. On the territory of the Kemerovo region, mountain-taiga and southern taiga landscapes prevail. Forest cover averages over 60%, reaching 90% in the southern and eastern parts and decreasing to 20% in the center. Over 50% of the total forest area is covered by fir stands; among hardwoods, aspen dominates (20.9%). In the north and northeast of the Kemerovo region, there are significant areas of lowland dark coniferous forests of fir and spruce. In clearings and burnt areas, secondary birch-aspen forests were formed on soddy-podzolic, sometimes gleyic soils. In the mountains of Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria, altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed. In the low mountains of these massifs, as well as on the slopes of the Salair Ridge, aspen-fir ​​tall-grass forests (black taiga) dominate on mountain soddy-hidden podzolic soils. A unique phenomenon for the forest vegetation of the mountains of Southern Siberia is the presence in the tree cover of the black taiga of the Siberian linden (Altai-Sayan relict endemic), preserved in the area of ​​​​the village of Kuzedeevo and along the tributaries of the Kondoma River (Telbes, Mundybash). In places there are larch-pine forests on light gray forest soils. In the middle mountains, fir-cedar forests predominate, less often cedar forests on mountain forest brown soils. There are many secondary birch-aspen forests. The upper border of the forest has an uneven character: rare low-growing arrays of tree plantations are combined with tall-grass subalpine meadows. There are many typical alpine meadows separated by shrub tundra. Alpine complexes occupy insignificant areas in the Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria, where tundra dominates on the peaks: stony, lichen, moss-shrub.

In the Kuznetsk Basin, the northern and southern variants of forest-steppe landscapes are common. The southern forest-steppe is represented by combinations of meadow steppes and steppe meadows on leached and podzolized chernozems, with small tracts of birch forests on gray forest soils, and sections of steppes on ordinary chernozems, solonetzic and solodized chernozems. In the northern forest-steppe, the massifs of aspen-birch forests are more significant in area. Meadow-steppe areas are mostly plowed or used for grazing, often intensive.

The fauna includes over 50 species of land mammals, 178 species of nesting birds, 26 species of freshwater fish. 22 species of vertebrates are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, including reindeer (forest subspecies, highlands of the Kuznetsk Alatau), black stork, Siberian sturgeon (in the Kiya and Tom rivers). In the middle of the 20th century, such hunting and commercial species as the hare, American mink, and muskrat were acclimatized in the Kemerovo region. The fauna of taiga landscapes is the most diverse. Elk, bear, wolverine, squirrel, capercaillie, black grouse are common. The Siberian musk deer is endangered. The fauna of the forest-steppes is depleted, but in the steppe foothills of the Salair Ridge, ground squirrels and voles are numerous, and marmots are less common. The northern regions of the region are distinguished by large concentrations of waterfowl.

State and environmental protection. In the Kemerovo region, natural-technogenic and man-made landscapes are widespread, the formation of which is associated with open-pit mining of coal and other deposits. The territory from Mezhdurechensk to Anzhero-Sudzhensk is an alternation of coal mines and cuts, waste heaps, processing plants, hydraulic structures, etc. The area of ​​land disturbed by mining is 64.8 thousand hectares (2002). The concentration of metallurgical, chemical and other industries (Kemerovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, etc.) within the Kuznetsk Basin has led to severe pollution of the air, water, soil, and vegetation. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial enterprises amount to 1282 thousand tons (2006), including in the city of Novokuznetsk - 436 thousand tons, in the city of Kemerovo - 50.7 thousand tons (included in the list of industrial centers of Russia with the highest level of atmospheric pollution ). Discharge of polluted wastewater 695 million m3 (2006); a number of small rivers serve as collectors for polluted effluents. Degradation has affected not only forest-steppe, but also forest landscapes. 80% of the forests have been covered by intensive industrial felling, and some forest areas have lost their water and soil protection functions. Mountain Shoria is distinguished by the highest degree of preservation of natural landscapes widely used for recreation.

In connection with the current ecological crisis, the issues of environmental protection in the Kemerovo region are particularly relevant and include not only the organization of specially protected natural areas, but also the reclamation of disturbed lands, the creation of so-called green zones in industrial areas, water purification measures (for example, biochemical wastewater treatment) and the air basin (including the creation and reconstruction of gas cleaning and dust collection plants). The system of specially protected natural areas, occupying up to 15% of the area of ​​the Kemerovo region, is formed by the state nature reserve Kuznetsk Alatau, the Shorsky National Park, the natural monument of federal significance Lipovy Ostrov (11 thousand hectares). About 500 thousand hectares are occupied by 15 regional zoological reserves, including Barzassky, Sary-Chumyshsky (beaver protection), Chumaysko-Irkutyanovsky (deer protection), etc. industrial development of the Kuznetsk basin and improvement of the technology of biological reclamation of disturbed lands.

G. S. Samoilova; T. L. Korolek (geological structure and minerals).

Population. The majority of the population of the Kemerovo region are Russians (91.9%); among others - Tatars (1.8%), Ukrainians (1.3%), Germans (1.2%), Chuvashs (0.5%), Shors (0.4%), Belarusians (0.4%) , Azerbaijanis (0.3%), Mordovians (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Tajiks (0.2%) (2002, census).

Since the mid-1990s, a natural population decline has been characteristic: the death rate (17.3 per 1,000 inhabitants, 2006) exceeds the birth rate (11.3 per 1,000 inhabitants); infant mortality is 10.3 per 1000 live births. The proportion of women is 53.9%. The proportion of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 16.3%, older than working age is 19.8%. The average life expectancy is 63 years (men - 56.5, women - 70.3). There is a small migration inflow (16 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2006). The average population density is 29.5 people/km 2 (2008, the maximum figure for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Asian part of the country). The most densely populated are the western and northern regions of the region. The proportion of the urban population is 85% (2008; 77.1% in 1959; 87.4% in 1989). The largest cities (thousand people, 2008): Novokuznetsk (562.2), Kemerovo (520.0), Prokopyevsk (213.2), Leninsk-Kuznetsky (105.4), Mezhdurechensk (103.8), Kiselevsk (103 .8), Yurga (83.8), Anzhero-Sudzhensk (82.9), Belovo (75.8).

M. D. Goryachko.

Religion. The majority of believers are Orthodox. Active (2007): 267 parishes, 1 skete and 1 monastery belonging to the Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (separated from the Krasnoyarsk diocese in 1992). There are 8 parishes of the Roman Catholic Church and 2 - Greek Catholic Churches. Islam is represented by 14 organizations, Judaism - 6, Buddhism - 1. The following are registered in the Kemerovo region: 14 communities of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, 37 communities of Evangelical Christians (Pentecostals), 10 communities of Seventh-day Adventists, 14 communities of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Old Believers, Evangelical Christians in the spirit of the apostles, the Society for Krishna Consciousness and the Church of the Mother of God "Derzhavnaya" (Mother of God Center) each have 2 communities, Lutherans and the New Apostolic Church each have 1 community.

Historical outline. The oldest archaeological sites on the territory of the Kemerovo region belong to the Lower Paleolithic (a site and a workshop in the area of ​​the Mokhovo coal mine; about 400 thousand years ago). In the Upper Paleolithic, most of the Kuznetsk-Salair mountain region was developed; the camps of hunters during the last (Sartan) glaciation were located on the high banks of the rivers Tom, Kondoma, Kiya (the earliest - Shestakovskaya, more than 20 thousand years ago). For Mesolithic sites, tools on microplates are typical (parking on Lake Bolshoy Berchikul, etc.). In the Neolithic, almost the entire territory of the Kemerovo region was part of the zone of the Kuznetsk-Altai culture.

During the transition to the Early Metal Age, Neolithic traditions were preserved, and an increase in the role of fishing was noted. At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC, the forest-steppe of the Kuznetsk basin was occupied by the Bolshoi Mys culture (more than 40 dwellings were studied in the settlement near Lake Tanai). The developed Bronze Age is represented by the Samus culture, which bordered on the Okunev culture in the northeast. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, they were replaced by the Andronovo culture (burials in log cabins made of larch were studied in the Kemerovo region). Partly with its traditions, the formation of the Korchazhkin culture in the Kuznetsk basin is connected, the Mariinsky forest-steppe was part of the zone of the “andronoid” Yelov culture (see the article Elovka). At the end of the Bronze Age, with the interaction of these traditions, the Irmen culture was formed, and at the turn of the Early Iron Age, migrants from the Middle Ob region appeared.

In the early Iron Age, the Bolsherechenskaya culture, which developed on the basis of local and alien traditions, was widespread in the Upper Ob region; the forest-steppe in the north of the modern Kemerovo region from the turn of the 6th-5th centuries BC was part of the zone of the Tagar culture. In the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, carriers of the Kulai culture advanced from the Middle Ob region, occupying territories along the Tom River up to Mountain Shoria; this cultural tradition was preserved in the 1st half of the 1st millennium AD in the Upper Tom region and foothill regions. To the north, development took place with the participation of the population of the Tashtyk culture.

In the early Middle Ages, monuments associated with the Kulai culture continue to exist (Vaganovo, Elykaevsky and Lebedinsky treasures), but the traditions of the Turkic-speaking population who came from Eastern Siberia, which reflects the Upper Ob culture of the 5th-9th centuries, the Srostka culture, among whose carriers the Kipchaks are called . Monuments of the 1st half and the middle of the 2nd millennium (Saratovka, Sapogovo-2, etc.) reflect the process of formation of 3 main groups of the native Turkic-speaking population: the Shors in the south, the Teleuts in the Salair steppes and the Siberian Tatars in the north.

Since the 17th century, the settlement of the Upper and Middle Tom region by Russian colonists began, the Kuznetsk (1618), Sosnovsky (1657), Verkhotomsky (1665), Mungatsky (1715) prisons were founded. After the creation of a system of fortified prisons, the final formation of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region took place, the main population being state plowed and monastic peasants, service people. As a result of the arrangement in the 18th century of the Siberian tract (it passed through the city of Tomsk and the northern territories of the modern Kemerovo region), free peasant colonization expanded.

The territory of the modern Kemerovo region was part of the Siberian province (1708-79), Kolyvan region (1779-83), Kolyvan province (1783-96), Tobolsk province (1796-1804) and Tomsk province (1804-1925).

In 1742, part of the peasants of the Kuznetsk and Tomsk districts of the Siberian province was assigned to the Altai factories of the Demidovs. In 1747-1917, the territory of the modern Kemerovo region was part of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (since 1834 Altai) mountain district controlled by the Cabinet of His (Her) Imperial Majesty. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, factories were built: Tomsk iron-working (1771) on the Tom-Chumysh River, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe modern village of Tomskoye in the Prokopevsky district, Gavrilov silver-smelting (1795, based on the Salair silver mines), Guryev silver-smelting (1816, from 1826 smelted also iron, from 1844 stopped the smelting of silver, now a metallurgical plant). In the 1st half of the 19th century, gold was discovered and began to be mined in the Mariinsky taiga and in Mountain Shoria. In 1842, P. A. Chikhachev explored and described coal deposits in the Kuznetsk Basin (coal was discovered in 1721 by the ore miner M. Volkov), compiled the first geological map, introducing the geographical name Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass). The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to the growth of coal mining. Private Sudzhensky (1897) and state-owned Anzhersk (1898) mines were organized. In 1912, the Joint-Stock Company of the Kuznetsk Coal Mines (Kopikuz) was formed, which received the monopoly right to develop coal and iron ore deposits in the Kuzbass. In 1913 he mined 774 thousand tons of coal (3% of the total Russian production).

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, peasant settlers from the central provinces arrived in the region, during the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform, their influx increased. In 1916, the railway lines Yurga - Topki - Projectnaya and Topki - Kemerovo were built.

In the spring of 1918, Soviet power was established on the territory of the modern Kemerovo region. In June, after the Czechoslovak corps of the 1918 uprising, the entire territory of Kuzbass was occupied by the troops of this corps and the Siberian army of the Provisional Siberian government. In November 1918, power in the Kemerovo region passed to the "Omsk government" of Admiral A. V. Kolchak. In 1919, the region became one of the centers of the partisan movement in Siberia; during the Eastern Front of the offensive of 1919-20, the territory was occupied by the Red Army (however, anti-Bolshevik rebel detachments continued to operate until 1922).

In 1925-30, the territory of the modern Kemerovo region was part of the Siberian Territory, in 1930-37 - in the West Siberian Territory, in 1937-43 - in the Novosibirsk Region.

During the period of socialist industrialization, there was an active industrial development of Kuzbass. 23 new mines were built, the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (KMK; 1932, since 2003 Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works), an ore repair plant (1932, since 1945 a machine-building plant, since 1996 the Kiselevsky Machine-Building Plant named after I. S. Chernyh), the Prokopyevsk mine plant automation (1934, since 1999 NPO Razvitie), Kemerovo State District Power Plant (1934), nitrogen fertilizer plant (1938, now Khimprom). Kuzbass became the second coal base after the Donbass and the third metallurgical base of the USSR after the South of the country and the Urals.

During the Great Patriotic War, 82 enterprises from the central regions of the country were evacuated to the territory of the modern Kemerovo region: 5 ammunition factories from the cities of Sumy, Shostka, Kamensk, Novomoskovsk and Aleksin (entered the plant No. plastics plant "Karbolit" from the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo (1941, now TOKEM, city of Kemerovo), artillery factories "Bolshevik" (city of Leningrad) and "Barricades" (city of Stalingrad) to the plant "T" under construction near Yurga station (1943, Artillery Plant No. 75; now the Yurginsky Machine-Building Plant), etc. At the construction sites of Kuzbass, forced labor of prisoners from Gornoshorsky (1938-40), Siberian (1942-60), North Kuzbass (1947-65), South Kuzbass (1947- 1965) and other forced labor camps of the NKVD, special settlers, prisoners of war.

The Kemerovo region was formed on January 26, 1943, its territory was separated from the Novosibirsk region.

In the 1950s-80s, heavy industries dominated the economy of the Kemerovo region, a new Tomusinsky coal mining district arose, the Novokemerovo chemical plant (1956, now Azot), the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (1964, now the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant, the city Novokuznetsk). New coal mining enterprises were opened: the Vakhrushevsky coal mine (1955, the city of Kiselevsk), the Chernigovskiy open-pit mine (1965, now the Chernigovets open-pit mine, the city of Berezovsky), the Raspadskaya mine, the largest in Russia (1973, the city of Mezhdurechensk). New state district power plants were put into operation: Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya (1951, the city of Kaltan), Belovskaya (1964, near the city of Belovo), Tom-Usinskaya (1958, near the city of Myski).

V. V. Bobrov (archeology); A. A. Mit (history).

economy. The Kemerovo region is part of the East Siberian economic region and is one of the largest industrial regions of the Russian Federation. The volume of industrial production (manufacturing, mining, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water) is almost 19 times the volume of agricultural production (2006). The region is the leading Russian region in terms of hard coal mining (56.4% of Russian production, including about 80% of Russian coking coal). The Kemerovo region is one of the largest Russian metallurgical bases: it occupies one of the first places in terms of iron smelting (14.8% of Russian production), steel (14.1%), production of finished rolled ferrous metals (14.0%), section steel rolled products (over 20%), coke (about 20%), ferrosilicon (over 50%), aluminum (about 10%). In the country's economy, the region also stands out for the production of cord fabrics (about 40%), chemical fibers and threads (over 10%), cement (5.1%), synthetic resins and plastics (3.5%), mineral fertilizers (3. 5%), electricity generation (2.5%).

GRP structure by type of economic activity (%, 2005): industry - 50.1, wholesale and retail trade, various household services - 13.8, transport and communications - 9.4, construction - 5.6, real estate transactions, rent and services - 5.6, health care and social services - 3.8, agriculture and forestry - 3.5, education - 3.0, public administration and military security, compulsory social security - 2.8, other industries - 2.4. The ratio of enterprises by forms of ownership (by the number of organizations,%): private over 77, municipal 10.1, state 4.1, public and religious organizations (associations) 5.8, other forms of ownership 2.3.

The economically active population is 1476 thousand people, of which about 90% are employed in the economy. The structure of employment by type of economic activity (%, 2006): wholesale and retail trade, various household services 15.4, manufacturing 15.3, mining 10.6, education 9.1, transport and communications 9.0, health and social services 7.7, real estate operations 6.1, construction 5.8, agriculture and forestry 4.5, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 4.1, other utilities, social and personal services 3, 7, other activities 9.1. The unemployment rate is 7.3%. Cash income per capita 16.3 thousand rubles per month (December 2007; 83% of the average for the Russian Federation); over 10% of the region's population has incomes below the subsistence level (2006).

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 417.0 billion rubles (2006); Of these, 49.3% falls on manufacturing, 38.5% - on mining (93.7% of which are fuel and energy), 12.2% - on the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Sectoral structure of manufacturing industries (%): metallurgy and production of metal products 64.8, mechanical engineering 8.0, chemical industry 7.2, food industry 6.8, production of coke and oil products 5.4, building materials industry 4.1, others industry 3.7.

Coal mining is carried out within the Kuznetsk coal basin (Table 1; over 50% of mining is carried out by open-cast mining; about 1/3 of the coal mined is coking). There are more than 50 mines, about 40 cuts, as well as about 30 concentrating plants and installations. The largest open-pit coal mining companies are: Kuzbassrazrezugol, Yuzhny Kuzbass (part of Mechel), Chernigovets (part of the diversified holding company Siberian Business Union, SDS), Mezhdurechye. Mining companies include a branch of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky), Kuzbassugol, Yuzhkuzbassugol (part of Evraz Troup), Prokopyevskugol (managed by SDS), Raspadskaya Coal company (at the Raspadsky open pit, a unique technology of automated open-pit mining is used). Over 40% of the mined coal is exported. In the northeastern part of the region, within the Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin, brown coal is mined in small volumes (Itatskoye, Uryupskoye, Barandatskoye, Tisulskoye and Dudetskoye deposits).

On the territory of the Kemerovo region, aluminum ores are also mined (Kiya-Shantar deposit of urtites in the north of the Kuznetsk Alatau), gold (about 500 kg, 2006; in the areas of Gornaya Shoria and Kuznetsk Alatau). Preparing for development (2008) Usinsk deposit of manganese ores.

The basis of the energy sector of the region is 10 thermal power plants (the total installed capacity is about 5 thousand MW; they work on coal). The largest electricity producers (4 - as part of the Kuzbassenergo generating company): Tom-Usinskaya GRES (near the city of Myski, 1300 MW), Belovskaya GRES (near the city of Belovo, 1200 MW), West Siberian Thermal Power Plant (Novokuznetsk, 600 MW; included in Evraz Group), Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES (city of Kaltan, over 550 MW; part of the Mechel company), Kemerovskaya GRES (475 MW), Novokemerovskaya CHPP (over 450 MW; both - in Kemerovo).

Metallurgy is one of the basic industries of the Kemerovo region. A major supplier of iron ore is the mining company Evrazruda (part of the Evraz Group; it owns the Kazsky, Tashtagolsky, Gorno-Shorsky and Gurevsky mines, the Mundybashskaya and Abagurskaya concentrating plants, etc.), provides about 40% of the needs of metallurgical enterprises in the Kemerovo region in raw materials. The largest enterprises (located mainly in Novokuznetsk) are the metallurgical plants Novokuznetsk (the only manufacturer in the Russian Federation of the entire range of rails, including 100% of tram rails, about 80% of railway main rails) and West Siberian (both plants are part of Evraz Group ”), as well as Kuznetsk Ferroalloys (produces ferrosilicon), Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant (part of the United Company RUSAL; produces primary aluminum, raw materials are imported from Kazakhstan), Guryev Metallurgical Plant (Guryevsk; main products are steel, finished rolled products, steel balls for grinding mineral raw materials), a coking plant of the Koks group (Kemerovo).

Mechanical engineering is represented by the production of mining (about 30% of the cost of the industry's products; including 100% of the Russian production of mine drag conveyors) and electrical equipment, instrument-making and bearing products, equipment for the chemical, light and food industries, etc. The leading enterprises are the Anzher Machine-Building plant (the city of Anzhero-Sudzhensk), the Yurga Machine-Building Plant (the city of Yurga), Gormash (the city of Kiselevsk; all mining equipment), Kemerovokhimmash, Kuzbasselektromotor (both in Kemerovo), Sibtenzopribor (the city Fireboxes; automation equipment, electric meters, etc.), Electroprom (electric drives, DC machines, vacuum cleaners), NPO Razvitie (lighting products for coal mining, explosion-proof lighting, etc.), Siberian Bearing Company (rolling bearings; all - in the city of Prokopyevsk), etc.

The chemical industry of the region is a large manufacturer of various products. The leading enterprise of the industry is Azot (Kemerovo). Other large enterprises include Khimprom, TOKEM, located in Kemerovo, as well as Znamya (Kiselevsk; explosives), Organika (Novokuznetsk; finished medicines).

Among the enterprises for the production of building materials, Topkinsky cement (Topki city), Kuznetsk cement plant (Novokuznetsk), brick factory (Kaltan city), Sibsteklo (Anzhero-Sudzhensk city), Kuzbasskrovlya (Kemerovo) stand out.

The main products of light industry are silk fabrics, leather shoes, knitwear and garments. One of the leading enterprises in the industry is Orton (Kemerovo).

The food industry (more than 50 large processing enterprises operate) specializes in the production of dairy, meat and confectionery products. Leading producers: dairy products - a dairy plant (Kemerovo; products under the brand name "Salty"), "Skomoroshka" (Kemerovo), "Yurginsky Gormolzavod"; meat products - A. P. Volkov's Peasant Farm (Kemerovo), the Kuzbass Food Processing Plant (Novokuznetsk), the Renault sausage factory (Kiselevsk); confectionery products - food processing plant (urban-type settlement Yashkino), confectionery plant (Kemerovo), "Confectioner" (Kiselevsk). Firm "Yagoda Sibiri" (Kemerovo) is a large manufacturer of frozen mushrooms, berries and vegetables.

Large industrial centers: Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopievsk, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

The foreign trade turnover of the Kemerovo region is 7.0 billion US dollars (2006), including exports of 6.3 billion dollars (the share of the region in the Russian export volume is 2.1%). Exported (% of value): hard coal - about 80% of Russian coal exports; coke and semi-coke - about 53%; metals and products from them (semi-finished products, special profiles, iron and non-alloy steel rolled products, cast iron, primary aluminum, ferroalloys) - over 42%; products of the chemical industry (nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) - about 4%. Main export trading partners: China, Portugal, Great Britain, Turkey, Ukraine, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Japan, Iran. Imported (% of value) products of mechanical engineering (equipment and vehicles) - over 51%, chemical industry - 35%, metallurgical industry (mainly alumina) - 4.3%, from Kazakhstan, Germany, USA, Poland, China, Austria , Ukraine, etc.

Agriculture. The value of agricultural products is 22.4 billion rubles (2006), crop production accounts for about 54%. Agricultural land makes up about 20% of the region, of which arable land - 67%. They grow cereals (65.8% of the sown area; table 2), fodder crops (26.1%), potatoes and vegetables (about 7%). The main areas of animal husbandry: meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming (tables 3, 4). Beekeeping.

Most of the agricultural land (72%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations; 14.1% is occupied by the lands of farming (peasant) households, in the personal use of citizens 8.5%. The main part of grain (62%, 2007) is produced by agricultural organizations, more than 90% of potatoes and 76% of vegetables - in households.

Services sector. The region has a high tourist and recreational potential (the volume of services rendered is 1.8 billion rubles, 2006). The most developed sports and health tourism (mountain skiing, walking, water, equestrian). The main region is Gornaya Shoria (Tashtagol region); ski resorts "Tanay" (in the Promyshlenny district), near Mezhdurechensk, in the Guryev and Kemerovo districts. Rafting on the rivers Kiya, Mrassu, etc. Sports hunting and fishing are developed.

Transport. The transport system of the Kemerovo region is one of the most developed among the regions of the Asian part of the Russian Federation. A significant part of cargo transportation is carried out by rail (about 95% of the total volume of cargo turnover; including over 80% is coal, about 9% is ferrous metals and iron ore), most of the passenger traffic (about 60% of passenger traffic) is by road (mainly bus service). The length of railways is 1685 km (2006). The density of railways (176 km per 10 thousand km 2 of territory) is the highest in the Siberian Federal District. Main railway lines: Trans-Siberian (in the northern part of the region), South-Siberian (in the southern part). The length of paved roads is 7822 km. The federal highway "Baikal" (Novosibirsk - Kemerovo - Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk - Listvyanka) passes through the territory of the region. The length of inland navigation routes is 101 km. Navigation on the river Tom (passenger traffic Kemerovo - Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo - Tomsk). Kemerovo International Airport (since 1998 serves transit cargo flights from China). Two main gas pipelines pass through the territory of the Kemerovo region: Nizhnevartovsk - Parabel - Kuzbass and Surgut - Omsk - Novosibirsk with a branch Kuzbass - Altai.

M. D. Goryachko.

healthcare. There are 345 outpatient clinics, 129 hospitals, 31 specialized dispensaries, 521 feldsher-obstetric stations in the Kemerovo region; There are 36.0 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants, 92.5 nurses, and 99.8 hospital beds (2006). The overall incidence per 1 thousand inhabitants is 1549.2 cases; tuberculosis - 133.1, HIV infection - 37.7 per 100 thousand inhabitants (2006). The main causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system (51.4%), injuries and poisoning (17.3%), malignant neoplasms (12.1%) (2006). Balneological resorts Borisovsky, Tersinka; mud resort Prokopevsky and others.

A. N. Prokinova.

Education. Institutions of science and culture. There are (2008) 945 preschool institutions (over 96 thousand pupils), 958 general education institutions (263 thousand students), 160 institutions of additional education, 58 institutions of primary vocational education (22 thousand students), 51 institutions of secondary specialized education (over 50 thousand students). There are 10 state universities in Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk, as well as over 70 branches and representative offices of universities in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk in the cities of the Kemerovo region. The main libraries and museums are located in Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk. Other museums include local history museums in Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Yurga, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Prokopievsk, Kiselevsk and other cities; Museum of Children's Fine Arts of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East in Yurga; historical, cultural and natural museum-reserve "Tomsk Pisanitsa" (1988; an ancient monument of rock art; the village of Ust-Pisanaya, Yashkinsky district), the Museum of Ethnography and Nature of Mountain Shoria (Tashtagol city), the Eco-Museum "Cholkoy" (exhibits reflecting the life and culture of the Teleut people; the village of Bekovo, Belovsky district); literary and memorial museums - V. D. Fedorova (the village of Maryevka, Yaya district), V. A. Chivilikhin (the city of Mariinsk).

Among the scientific institutions are the Kemerovo Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology, Research Institute for Hygiene of Occupational Diseases (both in Novokuznetsk).

Media. Leading regional newspapers: Kuzbass (published since 1922, published 3 times a week, circulation 23 thousand copies), Kuznetsky Krai (since 1950, current name since 1991, weekly, 10 thousand copies, both - in the city of Kemerovo), "Kuznetsk Worker" (since 1930, 3 times a week, 63 thousand copies), "News of Kuzbass" (since 1998, 3 times a week, both - in the city of Novokuznetsk); city ​​newspapers: "Kemerovo" (since 1991, weekly, 5.2 thousand copies), "Evening Kemerovo" (weekly, 3.1 thousand copies, both in Kemerovo), "Kuznetskiye Vesti" (since 1996, 2 times a week , 35 thousand copies, Novokuznetsk), "Shakhtyorskaya Pravda" (since 1930, 2 times a week, 15 thousand copies, the city of Prokopyevsk) and others. (since 1992), etc.

Fine Arts and Architecture. On the territory of the Kemerovo region, rock paintings, petroglyphs of the 4th-1st millennium BC were found along the banks of the Tom River (between the village of Ust-Pisanaya and the city of Yurga). In 1618, the Kuznetsk jail was built (rebuilt in 1800-20), in 1846-1919 - the "Kuznetsk prison castle" (destroyed during the Civil War of 1917-22; restored). Buildings of the 19th - early 20th centuries have been preserved, among them about 20 churches: the Transfiguration Church in Novokuznetsk (1792-1835; of the “octagon on a quadrangle” type, crowned with 5 domes, with an attached 3-tier bell tower) and the Church of the Prophet Elijah in the village of Ilyinka Novokuznetsky district (1803-18) in the Siberian baroque style; the unique Church of Saints Peter and Paul made of larch on a stone foundation in the city of Kiselevsk (the former village of Afonino, 1882), the Church of the Holy Trinity in the village of Krasnoye, Leninsk-Kuznetsk District, in the neo-Russian style (1907-10, restored in 1992-95). Examples of civil architecture: in the city of Mariinsk - wooden houses decorated with carvings (late 19th century), stone buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, the building of a transit prison; in the village of Tisul - stone houses of the 19th century in the Siberian baroque style.

Notable among the architectural structures of the 20th century are the low-rise blocked buildings of the Krasnaya Gorka district (1926-1927, Dutch architect J. B. van Lohem), the Znamensky Cathedral (1989-96, architects M. S. Sokolov, G. M. Nekrashevich) and other buildings in Kemerovo; residential buildings (1930-34, architect E. Mai), the first sound cinema in Siberia "Kommunar" (1933), the building of the Opera and Drama Theater in Novokuznetsk (1963, architects A. I. Zaitsev, S. P. Chalay, engineer A V. Efimova). In the 20th century, landscape painters V. D. Vuchichevich-Sibirsky and N. I. Bachinin, primitivist I. E. Selivanov, portrait and landscape painter Yu. I. Preiss worked in the Kemerovo region. Among contemporary artists are painters N. M. Shemarov, primitivist Yu. N. Yurasov, sculptors V. V. Treska, A. P. Khmelevskoy.

S. M. Gracheva.

Music. In Kemerovo there are: the A. K. Bobrov State Musical Theater of Kuzbass (1947; founded in 1944 in Novosibirsk); The State Regional Philharmonic Society of Kuzbass (1954), which includes: the Governor's Symphony Orchestra of Kuzbass (1981), the Governor's Chamber Choir of Kuzbass (1994), the Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments (1990). Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts (1969). Folklore ensembles: "Zabava" (city of Kiselevsk), "Gornitsa" (Tisulsky district), "Razgulay" (Chebulinsky district), "Babiy Razgulay" (Yashkinsky district), "Sporina" (Kemerovo district), "Spring" (Yurginsky district ). International festivals: "Jazz at the Old Fortress" (Novokuznetsk, since 1991), culture "Creativity of Hearts - to the World" (Kemerovo, since 2000); All-Russian: the author's song "Indian Summer" (the city of Yurga, since 1987), Choral Assemblies of Kuzbass (since 1996); Days of Culture in Kuzbass (since 2006). All-Kuzbass competition of collectors and performers of folklore "Musical casket" (since 2000).

Theatre. In the Kemerovo region there are: the Regional Drama Theater named after A. V. Lunacharsky (1934), the Regional Puppet Theater named after A. Gaidar (1942), the Theater for Children and Youth (1991) - in Kemerovo; Drama Theater (1931), Puppet Theater "Skaz" (1942), Musical Theater "Seventh Morning" (2001) - in Novokuznetsk; Drama Theater named after Lenin Komsomol (1945, Anzhero-Sudzhensk; since 1951 in Prokopyevsk). Since 2003, the international Orthodox theater festival "Kuzbass Ark" (Kemerovo) has been held.

Lit .: History of Kuzbass. Kemerovo, 1967-1970. T. 1-3; Okladnikov A.P., Martynov A.I. Treasures of Tomsk petroglyphs. M., 1972; Yavorsky V.I. Kuznetsk Land from ancient times to the present day. M., 1973; Martynov A.I. Forest-steppe Tatar culture. Novosib., 1979; Balibalov I. A. Kemerovo yesterday, today, tomorrow. Kemerovo, 1982; Otkidach V. A. Artists of Kuzbass. L., 1983; Markin SV Paleolithic sites of the Tom river basin. Novosib., 1986; Rational nature management and nature protection in the USSR. M., 1989; Sorokin M.E. Kuznetsk Land. (XVII century). Kemerovo, 1992; Ilyichev A.I., Solovyov L.I. Geography of the Kemerovo region. Kemerovo, 1994; Historical Encyclopedia of Kuzbass. Poznan, 1996. Vol. 1; Sedykh G.V., Sergienko V.A., Tiviakov S.D. The Kuznetsk land - the history of Siberia. Kemerovo, 1997; Uskov I. Yu. Administrative-territorial division of Kuzbass (1920-2000). Kemerovo, 2000; The system of specially protected natural areas of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. Kemerovo, 2001; Tuleev A. G. Kuzbass, Siberia, Russia ... Kemerovo, 2002; Shuranov N. P., Savintsev V. V. Cities of Kuzbass. Novosib., 2002; Galaganov Z. P. Essays on the history of Mountain Shoria. Kemerovo, 2003-2007. Book. 1-4; Troitskaya T.N., Novikov A.V. Archeology of the West Siberian Plain. Novosib., 2004; History of Kuzbass. Kemerovo, 2006.