Agriculture of the Belgorod region. Characteristics of the Belgorod region
The Belgorod Region was formed on January 6, 1954. It is located in the south-west of the Russian Federation, is part of the Central Black Earth Economic Region (TsChR) and the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. In the south and west, the Belgorod region borders on the Lugansk, Kharkiv and Sumy regions of Ukraine, in the north and northwest - on the Kursk region, in the east - on the Voronezh region (Fig. 1.1). The total length of the borders is about 1150 km, including 540 km with Ukraine. In terms of area occupied (27.1 thousand km 2, 0.2% of the territory of Russia), the region as part of the Central Chernobyl region is inferior to Voronezh (52.2 thousand km 2), Tambov (34.5 thousand km 2) and Kursk (30 .0 thousand km 2) regions, but exceeds the Lipetsk region (24.0 thousand km 2) (Table 1.1). There are 21 administrative districts, 10 cities, 20 urban-type settlements and 1577 rural settlements in the region. The population as of January 1, 2010 was 1,530 thousand people (1.1% of the country's population). The region is characterized by a high population density - 55.8 people/km2, while in Russia it is 8.4 people/km2. The density of the rural population has reached 19.3 people/km2, in Russia - 2.3 people/km2. 66.5% of the population live in urban areas, 33.5% live in rural areas.
The Belgorod Region is located within the southwestern slope of the Central Russian Upland, which is part of the East European (Russian) Plain. The eastern part of the region is partially located within the Pridonskaya elevated plain. In general, the entire territory of the region has a general slope of the surface in the southern and south-western directions. The surface of the territory is a somewhat elevated plain along which the southwestern spurs of the so-called Oryol-Kursk Plateau of the Central Russian Upland pass, dissected by numerous river valleys and a dense network of ravines and gullies. This plateau is the main watershed elevation separating the river system of the tributaries of the Dnieper (the rivers Seim, Psel, Vorskla) from the river system of the tributaries of the Don (the rivers Seversky Donets, Oskol). Absolute marks on watersheds reach 250 m and more. The highest mark (277 m) is located in the upper reaches of the river. Korochi near the villages of Olkhovatka and Istobnoye, Gubkinsky district. The bottom of the valleys is deepened by 100-150 m relative to the watersheds. The main direction of the valleys and watersheds is meridional. The eastern regions of the region are strongly dissected by ravines and gullies, to the west the gully decreases. In the upper reaches of the beams and hollows, landslides are observed in places. In the eastern part of the region, among the surface of the watershed of the Ubli and Potudan rivers, there are significant areas with sinkholes. Of the modern geomorphological processes, the territory of the region is characterized by intense erosion and erosion of soils and soils (Agroclimatic resources ..., 1972; Natural resources ..., 2007).
Belgorod region - region of the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia, 500-700 km south of Moscow, on the border with Ukraine
Physical and geographical characteristics
Geographical position
The Belgorod Region is part of the Central Black Earth Economic Region and the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. In the south and west, it borders on the Luhansk, Kharkiv and Sumy regions of Ukraine, in the north and northwest - on the Kursk region, in the east - on the Voronezh region. The total length of its borders is about 1150 km, of which with Ukraine - 540 km.
The area of the region is 27.1 thousand km², the length from north to south is about 190 km, from west to east - about 270 km. The region is located on the southwestern and southern slopes of the Central Russian Upland in the basins of the Dnieper and Don rivers, in the forest-steppe zone on an elevated hilly plain with an average height of 200 m above sea level. The highest point, 277 m above sea level, is located in the Prokhorovsky district. The lowest is in the bottom of the valleys of the Oskol and Seversky Donets rivers. The territory is cut by beams (logs), ravines, along which oak forests are scattered.
Climate
The climate is temperate continental with rather mild winters with snowfalls and thaws and long summers. The average annual air temperature varies from +5.4 degrees in the north to +6.7 degrees in the southeast. The coldest month is January. The frost-free period is 155-160 days, the duration of solar time is 1800 hours. The soil freezes and heats up to a depth of 0.5 meters. Precipitation is uneven. Their greatest number falls in the western and northern regions of the region and averages 540-550 mm. In the eastern and southeastern regions, in some years it decreases to 400 mm.
Districts
| Area | Administrative center |
|---|---|
| Alekseevskiy district | Alekseevka |
| Belgorodsky district | May |
| Borisovsky district | Borisovka |
| Valuysky district | Valuyki |
| Veydelevsky district | Veydelevka |
| Volokonovsky district | Volokonovka |
| Grayvoronsky district | Grayvoron |
| Gubkinsky urban district | Gubkin |
| Ivnyansky district | Ivnya |
| Korochansky district | short |
| Krasnensky district | Red |
| Krasnogvardeisky district | biryuch |
| Krasnoyaruzhsky district | Red Yaruga |
| Novooskolsky district | New Oskol |
| Prokhorovsky district | Prokhorovka |
| Rakityansky district | Rocket |
| Rovensky district | Builder |
Belgorod region is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region, the economy of which is based on the colossal wealth of mineral resources and unique black soil.
Trade and economic relations
The Belgorod region has traditionally had and still has strong ties with the economy and agro-industrial complex of neighboring Ukraine. Despite its small size, the region accounts for one fifth of the modern commodity turnover of the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
Transport
The most important railway and highways of interstate significance pass through the Belgorod Region, connecting Moscow with the southern regions of Russia and Ukraine, including the federal highway M-2 "Crimea" and the railway line "Moscow-Kharkov-Sevastopol". The operational length of public railways is 694.6 km, the length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 8.5 thousand km, or 87.7% of the total length.
Distinctive features. The Belgorod region was once part of the Kursk and Voronezh regions. When the Russian state was just getting on its feet, fighting with its southern neighbors and protecting peace and prosperity, these lands were border territories and fortresses grew on them like mushrooms after rain, which made up the Belgorod defensive line. In addition to protection from the enemy, these lands have long been a breadbasket thanks to the black earth, which is in abundance here. Another wealth of the Belgorod region is its minerals, especially ores. On the territory of the region there is also the famous village of Prokhorovka, near which in 1943 the largest tank battle in World War II took place.
Geographic location. The Belgorod region is located in the west of the Russian Federation, in the Central Federal District, on the border with the Kharkov region of Ukraine. Thus, important transport routes from Moscow to Crimea pass through Belgorod. The territory of the region is a forest-steppe zone, and although it is located on the Central Russian Upland, the average height above sea level is only 200 m. There are relatively few rivers, especially large ones, but there are many ponds, as many as 1100.
Population. Before the Great October Revolution, the local population was divided into those who spoke the Great Russian dialect and those who spoke Little Russian, and the latter were no less than 40% of the population. Then people began to be divided by nationality, and now it turned out that the vast majority of the population are Russians (91.66%). Despite the fact that the region borders on Ukraine, there are not very many Ukrainians here - 2.73%.
By 2013, the population of the Belgorod region was 1 million 540 thousand people. Population density - 56.79 people / sq. km., which is a completely normal indicator for the central regions. As in many regions of Russia, the beautiful half of humanity makes up the majority of the region's population (54%). Although fewer people are born here than die, the population is growing due to migration. They come here mainly from the Far North, as well as from the former republics of the USSR.
Crime. The Belgorod region is one of the most prosperous regions in terms of the absence of crime. This confirms the 72nd place in the criminal rating of the regions. But that doesn't mean there are no crimes. On the contrary, cases of fraud and petty theft are not uncommon. Mobile phones are one of the most popular targets for quick money hunters. You should also beware of frame accidents, thefts from homes and offices.
Unemployment rate. The Belgorod region is among the ten regions with the lowest unemployment rate. Thus, in 2012 it was only 3.75% of the economically active population, although the official average level in Russia is 5.45%. Moreover, the unemployment rate in the Belgorod region is declining, while the number of the economically active population is growing. Let's try to understand this phenomenon.
First of all, it should be noted the good work of the regional administration, which provides subsidies to the unemployed to open their own business or develop a farm. Such a stormy business activity, deployed in the region, is reflected in the wallets of its residents. The average salary in the Belgorod region is one of the highest in the Central Federal District (second only to Moscow, Moscow and Kaluga regions) and amounts to 20,350 rubles.
Real estate value. Construction is actively underway in Belgorod, since there is always a demand for new real estate. The average cost per square meter in Belgorod is 59,689 rubles, which is quite comparable with real estate prices in Rostov-on-Don or Kazan. The cost of one-room apartments starts from 1.7 - 2 million rubles, two-room apartments - 3 - 4 million rubles.
Climate Belgorod region temperate continental. The winter here is mild, the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is -8°C. In July, the temperature is +21°C, that is, not very hot. One thing pleases that the summer here is long. The amount of precipitation is 500 mm per year. But this is an average figure, and it does not happen time and time again. There are years that just flood with rain, and there are quite dry years, when the annual rainfall is only 200 mm. But the most severe droughts are quite rare here - about once every 40 years.
Cities of the Belgorod region
- the second largest city in the Belgorod region (224 thousand people). The former southern outpost of the Russian kingdom, Stary Oskol became the center of ferrous metallurgy. The economy is based on the enterprises of Metalloinvest and the Stoilensky Mining and Processing Plant. It is also necessary to add to them the traditional food industry for the Belgorod region.
Despite the fact that 40% of the region's industry is concentrated in Stary Oskol, it remains a very prosperous city in terms of ecology. For several years now, the city has received the title of "The most comfortable city in Russia." But the city also has its disadvantages: the availability of work, the relatively low cost of housing, cleanliness and developed infrastructure attract migrants from various parts of Russia, especially from the Caucasus. And the former fraternal republics of the USSR are also not far behind, sending their sons and daughters here.
Gubkin- the third largest city in the region, the population is about 100 thousand people. It got its name in honor of the geologist Ivan Gubkin, who explored the deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, some of which are located in the Belgorod region. Located in the north of the region, Gubkin is the center of the KMA. He received such fame for the fact that there were constant deviations of the magnetic compass needle, which caused a lot of trouble for the pilots.
The history of the city is inextricably linked with mining. Steel is smelted from ore, pellets and sponge iron are made here. Of other industries, we note the food industry, as well as the production of building materials. An excellent infrastructure was created in the city at the end of the 20th century. Of the shortcomings, it should be noted environmental problems that are typical for any industrial city.
Climate. In winter, the territory is dominated by easterly winds, which bring continental air from temperate latitudes. During the winter, cyclones often break from the southwest and south, bringing sea air with snowfalls and blizzards. On such days, the air temperature rises and thaws are observed. Arctic air has a significant influence, the intrusion of which leads to the establishment of calm, clear or slightly cloudy weather with severe frosts. In the summer, continental air of temperate latitudes prevails over the territory of the region, coming with western or northwestern winds. In summer, continental tropical air masses from the southern and southeastern regions also arrive. In the transitional seasons of the year, air masses of temperate latitudes prevail. In the spring months, the dominance of winds of eastern origin is preserved, and in autumn - of western origin. Features of the region's climate: throughout the territory, summers are hot, winters are cold; the amount of precipitation decreases in the direction from northwest to southeast; most of the precipitation falls during the first half of the year. The continentality of the climate increases when moving from west to east. The winter period is characterized by frequent thaws, while the spring-summer period is characterized by droughts. The first snow falls in October-November. The highest midday height of the sun above the horizon in the region is observed on the day of the summer solstice (June 22) and varies from 62 ° in the north to 63 ° 45 "in the south. the height of the sun above the horizon is celebrated on the day of the winter solstice (December 22) and varies from 15 ° 10 "in the north to 16 ° 55" in the south. The length of the day at this time is respectively 7 hours 54 minutes in the north and increases to 8 hours 10 minutes in the south. A small difference in the length of the day (20 min) and the height of the sun above the horizon (1 ° 45 ") is determined by the length of the region from north to south by 192 km. The sum of active temperatures is 2800-3000°C. The growing season is 180 days in the north, 197 days in the southern regions.Relief. The surface of the region is an elevated plain with gently undulating watershed spaces, dissected by a valley-beam and ravine network. The main watershed elevation runs in a northeast-southwest direction. Interfluve plateaus depart from the central watershed - flat gently undulating uplands with a maximum height of 276 m near the villages of Podolkhe and Istomnoye of the Gubkinsky district. In general, the relief of the central interfluves is a calm, softly undulating open plain. Against the background of the general flatness, separate elevated or low places stand out. Significant elevation of the territory of the region above the ocean level, looseness of surface sediments contribute to the widespread development of both slope and deep erosion.
Hydrography. surface waters. Under water ≈ 0.93% of the territory. More than 480 small rivers and streams flow. The largest of them in the northwest are Seversky Donets, Vorskla, Vorsklitsa, Psel, in the eastern regions - Oskol, Silent Pine, Chernaya Kalitva, Valuy. The total length of the river network is 5000 km. There are 1100 ponds and 4 reservoirs in the region. Bogs occupy ≈ 0.83% of the area.
The groundwater. In watershed areas, groundwater is deep.
Aquatic bioresources. Fishes live in the reservoirs: pike, carp, bream, crucian carp, pike perch, roach, perch, ruff, rudd, silver carp, fish, tench, ide, carp, chub, bleak, catfish, silver bream.
Vegetation. Northern forest-steppe, which is characterized by the alternation of forests with meadow steppe. Zonal vegetation - upland and steppe meadows. Extrazonal vegetation - meadows, species of shrubs and edges, phytocenoses of Cretaceous deposits and synanthropic communities. Natural forests and forest plantations occupy ≈ 12.3% of the territory.
Forest resources. According to the composition of forest-forming species, 88% of Belgorod forests are represented by oak forests, 6% by pine forests and 65% by aspen and willow thickets. The largest forest areas are located in Shebekinsky, Alekseevsky, Krasnogvardeisky, Valuysky and some other districts of the region. Pure oak forests are rare. On the territory of the region there are 4 chalk forests.Soils. Distributed by area shares: typical chernozems - 36.6%, ordinary chernozems - 20%, dark gray forest - 12%, podzolized chernozems - 11.8%, leached chernozems - 7.2%, floodplain slightly acidic and neutral - 4, 9%, gray forest - 4.4%, chernozems without separation, mostly underdeveloped - 2.2%, meadow-chernozem - 1%.
The most common soil-forming rocks in the region are loess-like loams and clays. In the most elevated part of the region (between the valleys of the rivers Seim and Seimitz) leached chernozems predominate; when moving towards Prokhorovka and Gubkin, typical chernozems begin to dominate. The entire territory of the region is divided into three parts according to the nature of the soil cover: 1) western forest-steppe; 2) central and eastern forest-steppe; 3) southeastern steppe. The western forest-steppe part of the region stretches to the Seversky Donets River and the upper reaches of the Seim. It includes Rakityansky, Krasnoyaruzhsky, Borisovsky, Graivoronsky, Ivnyansky, Yakovlevsky, the western parts of the Belgorod and Prokhorovsky districts. Typical and leached chernozems predominate here. The thickness of the humus layer of these soils is on average 75-90 cm, the humus content is 4.5-5.5%. In the western forest-steppe part, 12% of the area is occupied by podzolized chernozems, and 13% by a complex of ravine soils. A characteristic feature of the territory is the small distribution of carbonate chernozems - 3.5%. Chernozems and gray forest soils are located on watersheds and slopes; floodplain soils are represented in river floodplains. Meadow-chernozem soils are developed on the river terraces. The central and eastern forest-steppe part of the region includes the eastern parts of the Belgorod and Prokhorovsky districts, as well as Shebekinsky, Korochansky, Gubkinsky, Starooskolsky, Chernyansky, Novooskolsky, Volokonovsky, Krasnensky and the northern parts of the Valuysky and Krasnogvardeysky regions. Here the role of gray forest soils is enhanced, and the areas of leached and typical chernozems are decreasing. The area occupied by the complex of beam soils increases up to 16%. In contrast to the western part, the chernozems in the central and eastern parts of the region are medium-thick, medium-humus and low-humus: the thickness of the humus layer is 60-85 cm and the humus content is 5.5-6.5%. In the Starooskolsky and Chernyansky districts, massifs of sandy soils are found near the Oskol River. The southeastern steppe part of the region is located beyond the Tikhaya Sosna River and includes the territories of the Veydelevsky, Rovensky, parts of the Valuysky, Krasnogvardeysky and Alekseevsky districts. Here on the watersheds common chernozems are common, medium thick, medium humus. The thickness of the humus layer is 60-70 cm, the humus content is 6-7.5%. Gentle slopes are occupied by typical chernozems, steeper slopes are occupied by residual carbonate. Among ordinary chernozems solonetzes occur in separate patches. The soil warms up and freezes to a depth of 0.5-1 m. The nature of the relief contributes to the development of erosion processes leading to the formation of ravines and gullies.
Agriculture. Agricultural land occupies ≈ 79% of the territory, of which arable land ≈ 77%, perennial plantations ≈ 0.2%, hayfields ≈ 2.6%, pastures ≈ 18.7%.
Animal husbandry and crafts. They breed cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), pigs, poultry (chickens, turkeys), fish (trout, sturgeon, carp, silver carp, grass carp, crucian carp, pike), sheep, goats, horses, bees.
Plant growing. They grow barley (spring, winter), wheat (spring, winter), rye (winter), oats, triticale (winter), buckwheat, millet, sorghum, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sugar beet, sunflower (grain), soy, mustard, camelina, potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, green peas, pumpkin, zucchini, coriander, gourds, apples, plums, cherries, pears, nuts, grapes, fodder beets, swede, turnip, annual herbs, perennial leguminous herbs.
Approximate calendar of agricultural work in the Belgorod region
| Month | Decade | Events |
|---|---|---|
| January | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| February | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| March | 1 | |
| 2 | Winter crops | |
| 3 | Top dressing of winter crops; sowing of spring barley, oats, wheat, peas, annual grasses | |
| April | 1 | Sowing of spring cereals, sugar beets, annual grasses; top dressing of winter crops |
| 2 | Sowing of spring cereals, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, annual grasses; top dressing of winter crops | |
| 3 | Sowing of corn, sugar beet, sunflower, soybeans | |
| May | 1 | Sowing of corn, sunflower, soybean, sugar beet |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | Sowing soybeans | |
| June | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | Forage harvesting | |
| July | 1 | Forage harvesting; harvesting cereals, legumes |
| 2 | Harvesting of wheat, peas; fodder preparation (mowing of perennial grasses); soil preparation for winter crops | |
| 3 | ||
| August | 1 | Wheat harvesting; fodder harvesting |
| 2 | Harvesting of winter wheat, barley, triticale, corn, peas; fodder preparation; soil preparation for winter crops | |
| 3 | Harvesting grain, corn for silage, buckwheat, sugar beet; fodder preparation; soil preparation for winter crops | |
| September | 1 | Harvesting cereals, sugar beets |
| 2 | Harvesting cereals, grain corn, sugar beet, soybeans; winter wheat sowing | |
| 3 | Harvesting of cereals, buckwheat, legumes, corn for grain and silage, sugar beets, soybeans; sowing of winter crops; fall plowing | |
| October | 1 | |
| 2 | Harvesting sugar beet, fruit and berry crops; winter sowing | |
| 3 | Harvesting corn for grain, sugar beets, soybeans | |
| November | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| December | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 |
Districts of the Belgorod region
Alekseevsky district.
Located in the east of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1765.09 km2. The area is located in the zone of risky agriculture. It is dry in summer, and frosty in winter, the temperature difference is at least 40 ° C. The main rivers are Quiet Pine, Black Kalitva. The area is located in the forest-steppe zone. Soils are represented by fertile chernozems. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding, horse breeding, poultry breeding (hens), goat breeding, beekeeping. They grow wheat (spring, winter), rye (winter), barley (spring, winter), oats, triticale (winter), millet, buckwheat, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sunflower (grain), sugar beet, soybeans, mustard, camelina, potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, green peas, pumpkin, zucchini, coriander, gourds, fruits, berries, grapes, fodder beet, swede, turnip, annual and perennial herbs .
Belgorod region.
The area of the territory is 147 thousand hectares. Pig breeding. They grow wheat, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, peas, sugar beets, sunflowers, apples, plums, cherries, pears.
Borisov region.
Located in the southwestern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 650 km2.
The climate is temperate continental. The average annual air temperature is +6.4°C. The lowest average monthly air temperatures are observed in January (-8.5°С), the highest - in July (+19.9°С). Absolute minimum -37°С, absolute maximum +40°С. The maximum soil temperature on arable land is +50°C. The frost-free period is 155 days a year. The snow cover is often unstable due to winter thaws, it lies for 3-4 months, its average thickness is 20-25 cm. The average annual precipitation is 537 mm/year, from 360 mm in the driest year to 802 mm in the wettest. The prevailing winds are southwesterly. Sometimes there are southern dry winds, causing a drought in the middle of summer.
The terrain is complex, ridge-valley-beam.
Rivers flow through the territory: Vorskla, its tributaries Gostenka, Gotnya, Loknya, etc. There are swamps in the Vorskla floodplain, incl. relic sphagnum. Groundwater mainly occurs at a depth of 15-20 m. The water regime is non-leaching. More than 20 species of fish (pike, roach, perch, tench, crucian carp, etc.) have been found in the Vorskla, its tributaries and closed reservoirs.
The vegetation is typical for the forest-steppe zone. Forest areas alternate with treeless spaces. The main primary forest type is upland oak grove; most of the treeless spaces were occupied by meadow steppe, almost completely destroyed (plowed up, etc.). Oak groves, steppe areas and ravine forests are characteristic zonal natural landscapes of the region; interzonal floodplain and marsh landscapes are the richest in plant and animal species. In oak forests, the main species of the first tier are oak, linden, maple, ash, elm. The undergrowth is characterized by wild pears and apple trees, spindle trees, hawthorns, and black elderberry. On more or less preserved areas of the meadow steppe, feather grass, fescue, wormwood, sage, thyme, etc. grow.
In the upland part of the right bank of the river. Vorskla (the northern part of the district) predominantly distributed gray and dark gray forest soils, podzolized and leached chernozems. The floodplain contains a complex of floodplain meadow and bog soils. For the gentle left bank of the river. Vorskla (the southern part of the district) is characterized by typical black soil. A complex of gullet soils is represented in the ravine-gully network. Among typical chernozems, heavy loamy and light loamy varieties predominate.
Cows (dairy cattle breeding), pigs, poultry (chickens) are bred. They grow cereals and sunflowers.
Valuysky district.
Dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming. They grow wheat, rye, millet, buckwheat, corn, sunflower, sugar beet, coriander.
Veydelevsky district.
Located in the southeastern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1356.5 km2.
The climate is temperate continental with occasional droughts.
There are no large rivers in the region, but small rivers Uraeva, Demino, Rostosh originate here. There are many ponds in the area.
The soil cover is represented by chernozems of various types.
Cows are bred (dairy cattle breeding). They grow wheat, barley, buckwheat, corn, peas, sugar beet, sunflower, perennial grasses.
Volokonovsky district.
Located in the south of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1287.66 km2. The area is located on the southern slope of the Central Russian Upland in the Don River basin on a hilly elevated plain. The highest point is located in the northeast near the border with the Krasnogvardeisky district and is 231.2 m above the Baltic Sea level. The lowest point is located in the Oskol river valley in the south on the border with the Valuysky district and is about 87 m above sea level. Geomorphologically, the surface of the region is a highly dissected hilly plain with a developed ravine-gully network and landslide processes. Rivers flow through the territory: Oskol, Volchya (with a tributary of the Roach), Silent Pine. The area is located in the forest-steppe zone. Most of the territory is occupied by arable land. Large forest areas are confined mainly to the Oskol River valley and are oak forests and pine forests. Dairy cattle breeding, beekeeping, pig breeding. Grow sugar beets.
Grayvoron city district.
Located in the southwestern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 853.8 km2.
Cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), pigs, sheep, poultry are bred. They grow wheat, rye, barley, millet, buckwheat, corn (grain, fodder), sunflower, sugar beet, soybeans, potatoes.
Gubkinsky g / o.
Located in the north of the Belgorod region. They grow cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers.
Ivnyansky district.
Located in the northwestern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 871.1 km2.
Cows are bred (dairy cattle breeding). They grow wheat and peas.
Korochansky district.
Located in the northeast of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1464.14 km2.
The climate is temperate continental.
Perennial plantations occupy ≈ 0.9% of the area. Cows, pigs, sheep, poultry, bees, horses are bred. They grow wheat (winter, spring), barley (spring), triticale (winter), oats, millet, buckwheat, sorghum, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sugar beet, sunflower, soybeans, potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, green peas, pumpkin, zucchini, apples, nuts, berries, grapes, fodder root crops, annual and perennial herbs.
Krasnensky district.
Located in the northeast of the Belgorod region. Territory - 851.9 km 2. Dairy farming.
Krasnogvardeisky district.
It is located in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland, in the eastern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1762.6 km2. Pig breeding.
Krasnoyaruzhsky region.
Located in the western part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 479.2 thousand km 2.
Bred cows (dairy cattle breeding), pigs. They grow cereals and sunflowers.
Novooskolsky district.
Cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, horse breeding, rabbit breeding, poultry farming, fish farming. Grain legumes, sugar beets, and sunflowers are grown.
Prokhorovsky district.
Located in the north of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1378.7 km2.
The climate is temperate continental with rather mild winters with snowfalls and thaws and long summers. The average annual air temperature is +5.4...+6.7°C. The coldest month is January. The frost-free period is 155-160 days, the duration of solar time is 1800 hours. The soil freezes and heats up to a depth of 0.5 m.
The highest point above sea level is 277 m.
Bred cows (dairy cattle breeding), pigs. Growing cereals.
Rakityansky district.
Located in the northwestern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 900.9 km2.
The climate is temperate continental.
Located in the forest-steppe zone.
Breed cows (meat and dairy cattle), fish, poultry (turkeys), pigs. They grow cereals, sunflower, sugar beet, fodder.
Rivne region.
Located in the southeastern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1369 km2. The climate is steppe, arid. According to the natural and climatic division of the Central Black Earth regions, the northern part of the region belongs to the Kamennaya Steppe subzone, and the southern part to the Don Steppe subzone. The main composition of soils is chernozems, according to the mechanical composition - loams. A small part of the territory is occupied by chalk outcrops on the slopes of the beams, and sandy loam in the floodplain of the Aidar River. Grow sugar beets. The average annual rainfall is 450-500 mm, which is somewhat insufficient for the optimal vegetative development of many crops. The Aydar River, the left tributary of the Seversky Donets, originates on the territory of the district. Its total length is 264 kilometers, within the Rovno region - 45 kilometers. Here it has two tributaries - the rivers Loznaya and Nagolnaya. Dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding. They grow buckwheat, peas, sugar beets.
Starooskolsky urban district.
Located in the northeast of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1693.45 km2.
Vegetation period - 150-155 days. Dry periods are observed every 3-4 years, i.e. the region belongs to the zone of risky agriculture.
Located in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland, the territory is wedged in its southern part by the Oka-Don Lowland.
Groundwater occurs from a depth of 25-28 m, perched water is observed at depths of up to 10 m.
Vegetation - steppe and forest-steppe. Such medicinal plants as immortelle, oregano, St. John's wort, nettle, hawthorn, linden, coltsfoot, tansy, plantain, shepherd's purse, motherwort, yarrow, thyme, string, celandine, dog rose, water pepper, wormwood grow on the territory. The total area of suburban forests is 2763 hectares. The most widespread are: oak (up to 40%), common pine (up to 15%), black alder, aspen, birch, maple, poplar.
The soils are mostly typical and leached chernozems. On the northeastern, southwestern and southeastern outskirts there are gray and dark gray forest-steppe soils on loess-like loams underlain by sandy-argillaceous and marl-chalk rocks.
Bred cows (dairy cattle breeding), goats, sheep, horses. They grow wheat (winter, spring), barley (spring), rye (winter), triticale (winter), oats, buckwheat, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sugar beet, sunflower, soybeans, mustard, potatoes, vegetables, melons. , fruits, nuts, berries, grapes, fodder root crops, perennial herbs.
Chernyansky district.
Located in the northeastern part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1227.47 km2. Rivers flow through the territory: Oskol, Khalanka, Olshanka, Orlik, Kholok. Dairy farming.
Shebekinsky urban district.
Located in the south of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1865.97 km2.
The climate is continental, with cold winters and hot summers. The average annual air temperature is +7.7°C. Absolute minimum temperature -38°C, maximum +41°C. The first frosts are observed from the 1st of October, the last - in the 3rd decade of April. The duration of the frost-free period is 153 days. The formation of a stable snow cover is observed in the 1st decade of December. The duration of stable snow cover is 109 days. The average annual number of cages reaches 520 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation falls in the summer. On average, the winds of the northwestern and southeastern directions prevail over the year.
The district is located within the Central Russian Upland. The surface, dissected by river valleys and a ravine-gully network, is generally of a wavy-gully character. The beams, for the most part, are turfed, with steep slopes and wide bottoms.
The hydrographic network is represented by several rivers and lakes. The Seversky Donets River flows from northwest to south. Its large left-bank tributary is the Nezhegol River with tributaries Koren, Korocha. There are small lakes on the territory: Krugloye, Mokhovoe, Bannoe and Lebyazhye. All lakes are shallow and overgrown with reeds.
Vegetation - steppe and forest-steppe. Remains of steppe vegetation have been preserved on the slopes of the ravines and forest edges. Extensive watershed oak forests have been preserved, concentrated on the interfluves of the Seversky Donets and Korn, Korny and Korocha, Korocha and Nezhegol.
Soils: thick and leached chernozems, gray forest soils, soils of river valleys, sandy loam soils. The predominant soil difference is chernozems.
Cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), sheep, pigs, horses, poultry (hens), bees are bred. They grow wheat (winter, spring), rye (winter), triticale (winter), barley (spring), oats, sunflower.
Yakovlevsky city district.
Located in the western part of the Belgorod region. The area of the territory is 1089.77 km2.
Rivers flow through the territory: Seversky Donets (with tributaries Lipovy and Sazhensky Donets), which flows into the Don, and Vorskla (with tributaries Vorsklitsa and Penka), which flows into the Dnieper.
Cows, sheep, pigs, poultry are bred. They grow wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, and potatoes.
Sources of information:
- Unified State Register of Soil Resources of Russia
Target: Formation of students' knowledge about the features of water surfaces of the Belgorod region
Tasks:
1. To ensure the perception, comprehension and primary memorization by students of the topic “Water surfaces of the Belgorod region”.
2. Continue to form the skills of working with various sources of information, analyze the information received, structure, identify the main thing.
3. To cultivate the ability to work in a small group, developing such a quality as mutual assistance, a culture of communication.
4. Promote the moral and value attitude of schoolchildren to water resources
Formed UUD:
Personal: to promote the formation of a positive attitude towards educational activities, to form ideas about the water surfaces of the Belgorod region.
Regulatory: accept the learning task of the lesson, exercise control in the form of comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard.
Cognitive:
formation of the ability to search for information on the map;
training in working with the information presented in the presentation;
the formation of the ability to compare and highlight the common and different.
Communicative: planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers; the ability to express one's thoughts, proactive cooperation in the search and collection of information.
Basic concepts: water surfaces (rivers, ponds, reservoirs, lakes, swamps).
Equipment and tools:
1) physical map of the Belgorod region, multimedia presentation, computer, projector, screen;
2) workbook, atlas of the Belgorod region, drawing of a tree, evaluation sheet.
During the classes
I. Organizational stage.
Hello guys! I'm glad to see you! Check your readiness for the lesson: workbook, atlas, writing materials.
Before each of you on the table are assessment sheets, which you will have to fill in sequentially during the lesson. Each correctly completed task is worth one point. Points are not awarded for incorrect assignments. All scores are then added up to give you a grade for the lesson. You complete assignments in notebooks. In the lesson, you use the teacher's explanation, atlas maps. A training presentation is projected onto the screen, which will also help you learn new material.
I wish you success!
II. The stage of updating the subjective experience of students.
Today in the lesson we will continue to study the nature of our native land.
Listen to the poem:
Fields, forests and mountains
And water spaces
There are guys on Earth
In any land, in any country
About water spaces
You will know very soon...
- What will be discussed in our lesson?
What are water areas?
Why are they also called water surfaces? (they are on the ground, not inside)
What can be attributed to water surfaces? (rivers, lakes, swamps, seas, oceans…).
State the topic of today's lesson.
And what reservoirs are found on the territory of the Belgorod region, we will learn in our lesson.
III. The stage of learning new knowledge and methods of activity.
1. Guess the riddle:
Slightly shaking in the breeze
Ribbon in space.
The narrow tip is in the spring,
And wide - in the sea.
Rivers are one of the greatest wealth of the Belgorod region. The importance of rivers in nature, one economy, in the life of society is inestimable.
Most of the rivers originate in the region, smoothly cross the plains. Rivers participate in the water cycle in nature, soften the climate. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of rivers in human life. They are sources of water supply for industrial enterprises and various branches of agriculture; they nourish the fields and gardens with life-giving moisture, providing high yields of agricultural crops. The role of rivers in fisheries is great.
The rivers of the Belgorod region form a relatively dense network, but their water content is small. 480 rivers and streams with a total length of more than 5 thousand km flow through its territory. The predominant part of the rivers belongs to the category of small ones, having a length of 10 to 100 km. There are four rivers over 100 km long in the region: Oskol (220 km), Vorskla (118 km), Seversky Donets (110 km) and Tikhaya Sosna (105 km). All rivers, with the exception of the river. Oskol, originate inside the region on the southern slope of the Central Russian Upland. More than 90 rivers are tributaries of the river. Don and belong to the Azov Sea basin, 39 rivers are tributaries of the river. Dnieper, belong to the Black Sea basin.
Work in a notebook.
Now open your workbooks and do task number 1
Check the correctness of the assignment with the slide, put a score if there are no errors.
2) Guess the riddle:
What is a fishing spot?
But not a lake, not a river,
Beavers live there as a family,
Their native house is old ... (pond)
There are over 1100 ponds and 4 reservoirs in the Belgorod region. Most of them were created by blocking beams, hollows, streams and small rivers with earthen dams. The ponds are fed mainly by melted spring waters, partly by summer-autumn precipitation.
The ponds are mainly used for water supply, waterfowl breeding, fish farming and various domestic purposes.
With the development of industry, agriculture, improvement of the life of the population in cities and rural areas, water consumption increases significantly. Therefore, there is a need to regulate surface runoff, especially river runoff. For this purpose, 4 large reservoirs were built in the region: Soldatskoye (Rakityansky district), Moravinsky (Chernyansky district), Starooskolskoye (Starooskolsky district) and Belgorodskoye - near Belgorod.
Work in a notebook.
Group work.
And now in workbooks do task number 2
(Group Report)
3) - Guess the riddle:
Worth a trough
Full of water poured.
Lakes. There are relatively few lakes in the region. They are mainly found in river floodplains. In the valleys of the Vorskla, Seversky Donets, Tikhaya Sosna, Oskol and other rivers, there are several hundred predominantly small floodplain lakes. They have the appearance of narrow and elongated strips ranging in length from several tens of meters to several kilometers. Floodplain lakes during the spring flood are connected with rivers, and after the flood their bowls are filled with melt water. In summer, as a result of evaporation, they lose a lot of water, and the smallest ones dry up completely. In autumn, the water level rises noticeably due to precipitation. Due to their small size and lack of water, they are of no economic importance.
Work in a notebook.
Now in workbooks do task number 3
4) - Guess the riddle:
Not water and not dry
You can't sail on a boat
And you won't walk.
Swamps. The swampiness of the territory of the Belgorod region is small. Bogs are distributed mainly along the lowered bottoms of river valleys (riverine), in places where springs come out at the foot of slopes (near-slope), along the edges of ponds and floodplain lakes - that is, where there are favorable conditions for stagnant surface and spring waters. These are predominantly low-lying marshes, overgrown with grassy vegetation. There are also riding (or sphagnum), the most famous of which is the so-called Mossy swamp, located near the city of Grayvoron. It is covered with white sphagnum peat moss. This plant is typical for the wetlands of the north of our country, and is extremely rare in the Belgorod region. Lake-bog Mokhovatoe, which is located four kilometers west of the city of Graivoron. It is known that it is located in a hollow left by an ancient glacier; unique plants are found here: sphagnum moss, floating salvinia, marsh cinquefoil. In 1978, the lake-bog Mokhovatoe was classified as a natural monument and taken under state protection. Many swamps and wetlands after reclamation work can be used in agriculture to obtain high yields of crops, especially vegetables.
Work in a notebook.
And now in workbooks do task number 4
Come one person from each pair to the board and show your signs.
Put each one on your score sheet for this task.
IV. The stage of generalization and systematization.
Work in a notebook.
a) (1 student works at the board on the lapel on the workpiece)
And now in workbooks do task number 5
Check the correctness of the task with the board, put a point if there are no errors.
b) In workbooks, complete task number 6
Check the correctness of the assignment with the slide, put a score if there are no errors.
V. The stage of summing up the results of the training session and grading.
Take your scorecards and put down the final score.
In your opinion, have we coped with the tasks that we set at the beginning of the lesson?
What new knowledge would you share with friends, parents?
VI. Homework information stage.
1) Find poems about the large rivers of Belogorye.
2) Suggest original options for protecting rivers.
VII. Stage of reflection.
Here is a drawing of flags. Each flag is a position on which you need to express your opinion by painting in the appropriate color.
Green - for me the topic was important and interesting.
Yellow - learned a lot.
Red - it was difficult for me.
Black - there was not enough information for me.
Goncharova T.V., Shiyanova I.V.