How to make roofs of houses. Sprengel roofing system

The roof is one of the most complex and important architectural elements of the house. Its construction must be approached very responsibly - mistakes are too expensive. No wonder roofers are considered the most paid builders, the durability and comfort of the building largely depend on their skill. The construction process itself consists of several steps.

Step 1. Selecting a project

The main differences between roof projects are not design, although they are primarily striking, but structural. When selecting a specific project, the maximum number of specifications buildings and climate zone its location.

What roof options are offered to developers today?

Step 2. Selecting materials

After a specific roof option has been selected, it is necessary to decide on the materials for the construction of the truss system and the type of roofing.

Important. At the same stage, you need to decide whether the roof will be warm for living quarters or cold.

truss system

For the truss system, you only need quality materials not below the second grade.

Practical advice. To save money for the rafter system, you can buy not dry, but raw boards they are much cheaper. But it should be remembered that raw lumber must be used no later than 7-10 days later, during this time the rafter system must be installed and the roof covered. Boards under load will dry in optimal mode, and strong mechanical bonds will not allow them to warp.

Mauerlat is made from a bar 100 × 100 mm or a board 50 × 200 mm. Rafter legs are made of boards 50 × 150 mm or 50 × 100 mm. The linear dimensions of the rafter legs should take into account the maximum possible static and dynamic forces. The width of the boards can be changed by using various vertical and angular stops. Each truss system has its own characteristics, the master must have a large practical experience in order to properly solve problems that arise during construction. And, of course, a project must be ordered for a residential building, a self-built building is considered illegal and will not be accepted for operation. And this means that it is impossible to connect light and heating to it, they do not register in such a room, it cannot be given and bequeathed. The project, among others, has working drawings of the truss system, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of the engineers.

The type of crate depends on the type roofing, for soft roofing materials it is required to make a solid one, for hard ones any one is suitable. For solid, it is necessary to prepare sheets of plywood or OSB, the thickness is at least one centimeter, but it can be changed depending on the pitch of the rafter legs.

You can make a continuous crate of edged rails, although this option is difficult to consider optimal - it is very expensive and time consuming. Under solid roofing materials, the lathing is made of slats or unedged boards. Unedged lumber definitely needs to be sanded.

Roofing materials

For residential buildings, bituminous or metal tiles are considered the most budgetary options.

Less commonly used profiled sheet or roll coatings.

Very rarely natural or artificial piece tiles.

The rafter system largely depends on the type of materials. At the stage of its design, it is necessary to take into account the weight and features of fastening roofing.

Heaters

Warm roofs are installed only in cases where the attic space is planned to be made residential attic. Currently, two types of heaters are used: mineral wool or foam.

The distance between the rafters should take into account the factory width of the heaters, due to this the amount of unproductive waste is reduced and work is accelerated.

The weight of the heaters is minimal and during the design of the truss system it can be neglected. But you should keep in mind the climatic zone of the location of the house, the thickness of the insulation and, accordingly, the width of the rafters depend on this.

Practical advice. For all climatic regions, the thickness of the insulation should be at least 10 cm, for the middle lane this parameter increases to 15 cm. If the insulation layer is less than the recommended values, then the heat saving efficiency drops sharply.

Additional materials for the roof

If the roof is warm, then it is necessary to provide for the installation of steam and hydro protection, the arrangement of a counter-lattice to ensure natural ventilation of the under-roof space. The range of materials is huge, but by and large they are not much different from each other. The performance characteristics are more influenced by the observance of the laying technology than the physical indicators of the roofing membranes. Even very cheap material can be used in such a way that it satisfies all building codes and requirements. Conversely, the most modern innovative material can be mounted in such a way that, apart from harm, there will be no positive effect.

And the last thing to think about during the planning of the construction of the roof is the drainage system and special elements for bypassing chimneys and ventilation pipes. Under some strokes and snow retainers, it is necessary to provide additional fixing points on the rafter system. It is much more expedient to do this at the stage of its construction than after fixing the roofing materials. Although modern technologies allow the use of both mounting options for additional and special elements roofs.

On this preparatory stage finished. If all building materials are prepared, the type of roof, roofing is selected, the truss system is calculated, then you can proceed to the direct construction of the roof.

Construction of the truss system

Important. Mistakes made during the construction of the truss system are very difficult to correct. Most of them will become noticeable already during the operation of the building, this is extremely unpleasant. There are situations when, in order to correct the shortcomings of the truss system, it will be necessary more money than to build a new roof. And this is even in the case when, due to leaks, it is not necessary to repair the interior.

For example, we will consider step-by-step instructions for one of the most complicated roof- four-sided. Understanding the construction technology of this truss system, it will not be difficult to understand the technology and assemble simpler single-pitched or gable ones on your own.

Step 1. Take two long boards, with their help it is easier to determine the length of the rafter legs, the angle of inclination of the slopes and the height of the roof. Temporarily fix the boards to a vertical support on the wall of the house. Raise or lower them until you find an acceptable position. If the size of the house allows, then it is better to design the rafter system so that the length of the legs does not exceed 6 m. You can buy such lumber, there will be no need to build it up. Building up not only takes a lot of time, but also weakens the structure, requires the installation of additional supports.

Step 2 Fill in the reinforcing belt. It not only increases the height of the attic space, but also makes it possible to lengthen the overhang of the rafter legs and additionally protect facade walls from precipitation. The width of the belt should be at least 30 cm, the height depending on the size of the house.

How to pour a reinforcing belt?

Important. The difference in height at the corners of the reinforcing belt should not exceed ± 2 cm. To check, you need to pull the rope, with its help it is much easier to level the concrete surface.

Allow at least three days for the concrete to set. Remember that it will gain 50% strength only after two weeks, only then can the structure be fully loaded. If the weather is very warm and windy, then the concrete belt should be watered at least twice a day with plenty of water. Concrete gains strength not during drying, but during favorable flow chemical reactions, it constantly requires moisture.

The construction of the truss system conditionally consists of four stages: the installation of the mauerlat, the installation of the ridge beam, the installation of rafters (hip and diagonal) and the arrangement of the batten.

Mauerlat installation

Work begins after the concrete of the reinforcing belt has gained sufficient strength and the formwork has been dismantled. For Mauerlat, a beam of 200 × 100 mm is used. This is very important element rafter system, serves to stop the rafter legs and evenly distribute point loads over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe facade walls.

Step 1. Lay the beam next to the reinforcing belt, accurately mark the exit points of the anchors. It is easier to do this without a tape measure. Turn it narrow side down and put it on your belt, mark the position of the anchors with a pencil. Then transfer the marks to the wide side of the beam, in these places it is necessary to drill holes.

Practical advice. If there is any doubt about the accuracy of taking measurements, then drill holes for anchors with a diameter of 2–3 mm larger than the diameter of the studs. This will not have a negative impact on the strength of the Mauerlat fastening, but it will make it much easier to install it in place.

Step 2 Drill holes, hold the drill as vertically as possible, do not skew. The work must be carried out by an experienced carpenter. A beginner can ruin the beam, you will have to shift all the holes by reducing its length.

Practical advice. If there is doubt about the strength of the concrete of the reinforcing belt, then do not tighten the nuts with great force. They can be pulled up later during the construction of the truss system.

Step 3 Prepare strips of waterproofing under the Mauerlat, it is better to buy an ordinary cheap roofing material. The strip is cut off from the roll, no need to roll it out. The material is perfectly cut by a grinder with a metal disc.

Step 4 Spread strips of waterproofing on the reinforcing belt. Making holes is much easier with a hammer. Place the roofing material on the anchors and carefully punch holes in the waterproofing for the studs with a hammer. Just do it carefully, you can not hit hard. Otherwise, there is a risk of damaging the upper threads, problems will arise during the tightening of the nuts. If you are afraid, then before laying the roofing material on all the studs, screw the nuts, after unscrewing they will automatically align the damaged turns.

Step 5 Install the beam on the anchors and tighten with nuts. Be sure to put large washers under them. If the Mauerlat is tight on the studs, then you will have to score with a sledgehammer. This situation indicates the lack of qualifications of roofers.

It is better to make Mauerlat from pine, and not from spruce, it has a lot more resin, respectively, it is not damaged by putrefactive diseases longer. How to distinguish a pine tree from others conifers wood? On several grounds. The first - the tree smells of resin and turpentine. The second - pine has a bright yellow tint, large and lively knots. Third - the presence of black spots on pine lumber indicates a high content of resin, it acquires this color after oxidation in air. Spruce is whiter, lighter in weight, has few knots and has an unpleasant smell of cat feces.

At the corners and along the length, the bars are connected into half a tree, it is advisable to fix these places with long nails or self-tapping screws made of stainless alloys.

Installation of a ridge beam

For horizontal support, vertical posts and the upper ridge run, you can use a beam of 50 × 150 mm. The lower element must be fixed with anchors, between concrete slab floors and wood to put waterproofing. All fasteners are made with nails, they should be driven in obliquely. If you wish, you can use metal corners. To calculate the dimensions of the ridge beam, you need to subtract its width from the length of the house, the resulting value is the length of the element. The calculation is needed so that all four overhangs are the same.

Installation of rafters

This is the most difficult stage in the construction of the truss system. The system will be non-spreading, special cuts are made on the rafter legs to rest on the Mauerlat. In this position, they do not push the walls apart, but press them, this rafter system is more stable than the layered one.

Step 1. Install diagonal rafters. For their manufacture, a board of 50 × 150 mm is used, if the length is not enough, then the materials should be spliced. During splicing, it is necessary to strictly observe the existing recommendations, while at the junction points it is imperative to install a backup in the future, this should be borne in mind when choosing a place to build. Make sure that all four elements are at the same angle. If the overhang value is slightly different - not a problem, the parameter can be easily adjusted to the required value by fillies.

Practical advice. To increase the strength of the diagonal rafters, it is recommended to knock down two beams, as a result, the thickness will increase to 100 mm. It is necessary to shoot down with a shift, due to this, the length of the element is simultaneously increased.

Step 2 Proceed with the installation of ordinary rafters. In places of emphasis with a Mauerlat, it is necessary to cut down the platform, the upper end is fixed to the ridge run.

Drive all connections with three nails at an angle. Two nails are driven into the sides and one into the edge of the beam.

Important. If the roof is insulated, then the pitch of the rafters is 60 cm, which is the width of most heaters. But dimensions should not be taken along the side planes of the lumber, but along the axis of symmetry.

To increase stability, additionally fix the rafters with metal corners. It is not necessary to screw in the screws, it is much more convenient to use nails, the stability of the structure does not decrease from this. The fact is that they work on a cut, and not on pulling out.

It is necessary to expose the rafters under the rope. First, two extreme legs are mounted, their position is carefully checked. Everything is within the normal range - pull the rope between them and already under it, install all the remaining elements.

Step 3 Trim the reach of the rafter legs under the eaves. It should be marked with a chop construction rope, it is easier to cut it off with a gasoline saw.

Practical advice. If piece tiles are used to cover the roof, then it will be necessary to strengthen the truss structure. This is easy to do, you just need to install additional runs and rest your feet on them.

Lathing installation

As we mentioned above, the type of lathing depends on the type of roofing. But in all cases, it is recommended to treat the materials for the crate with antiseptics. The fact is that they work in difficult conditions for natural ventilation, additional protection against decay is very important. Building codes require that all wooden elements be impregnated with fire protection, now there are dual-action preparations that protect both from fire and from rotting. Requirements must be met. But in practice, both protected and unprotected houses burn with equal success.

Video - Installation of the crate under the metal tile

Roof installation

The technology depends on the selected materials. For all cases, there is universal advice - you need to cover the house as quickly as possible. If insulation is to be installed, then this must be done from the inside of the building, thus eliminating the risks of wetting mineral wool. Wet cotton is a problem for roofers. It will have to be taken out to dry, during dismantling a large number of falls into disrepair, increases significantly total time construction of the roof of the house.

Video - Do-it-yourself metal roofing installation

Video - Errors in the installation of metal tiles

Installation of a drainage system

Video - Installation of gutters

To install yourself gable roof, enough average carpentry skills and understanding of the technology of its manufacture. All this is easy to understand. It is also necessary to involve an intelligent assistant in the process, because many operations cannot be performed by one person alone. Therefore, many without a doubt take up this work and successfully cope with it.

Do-it-yourself gable roof device

The construction of a country house is associated with considerable costs. Therefore, many people are looking for options to reduce the cost of this process through the use of modern materials and technologies. Currently very popular frame buildings with double pitched roofs. This happens largely for the reason that even a person with minimal knowledge of the construction business, with appropriate preliminary preparation, can carry out such a design.

A gable roof is formed by triangular trusses connected to each other by a longitudinal upper beam (ridge run) and a crate

However, the construction of the roof is a crucial moment that requires serious attitude. Need to calculate:

• correct angle of inclination;
• rafter length;
• the distance between them;
• ways to connect different parts to each other.

Without experience in the production of such work, you should not take on complex structures, but build small house with a simple gable roof, do it yourself.

Design features of gable roofs

Such a roof consists of two inclined planes located at a certain angle. Gables are arranged along the end walls, which are a vertical continuation of the walls. In shape, they are isosceles or arbitrary triangles, if the slopes are arranged under different angles to the horizontal. In the case of a gable sloping roof, the gables are trapezoid-shaped.

When building a roof, a rafter system is created, which is the supporting element of the roofing pie. The rafter system can be made in the form of hanging rafters if there are no capital partitions inside the building box. If available, a floor frame is arranged when the span is supported by three or more points.

Depending on the configuration of the building, a gable roof can be built according to different schemes.

How to make a gable roof yourself

Depending on the design of the truss system, its main elements may be different, but the main details are present in all options:

1. Rafters are the main load-bearing element of the structure, on which roofing material is mounted through the crate.
2. The ridge run - also called the spinal beam, combines all the rafter legs into a single whole, evenly distributes the load on the Mauerlat.
3. Rack - used in floor structures as an additional support on a major internal partition.
4. Lying - a horizontal bar on which the racks rest, serves to evenly distribute the loads on the Mauerlat.
5. Mauerlat - a support beam between the walls and the upper structure of the building, intended for attaching rafters.
6. Lathing - flooring from a board 25 millimeters thick for fastening finish coat roofs.

Regardless of the type of truss system, there are always several basic elements in it.

Roof design

In the process of designing the truss system, it is necessary to optimally place all the elements of the frame in order to ensure a uniform load on the roof over its entire area. The main types of load are:

1. Snowy - occurs under the action of a layer of snow lingering on the roof. At high rates for the construction region, the angle of inclination of the roof is increased so that the snow descends from it as it accumulates.
2. Wind - associated with the force of the impact of the wind. In open, blown places, it is higher. The means of counteracting wind loads is to reduce the angle of inclination of the roof.

Thus, it is necessary to find the optimal combination of these indicators with simultaneous exposure to wind and snow. Data about specific loads for the region of construction can be found on the Internet.

Gable roofs with a simple design give the house an elegant and festive look.

Photo gallery: projects of houses with gable roofs

The gable roof allows you to arrange a small attic room on the second floor. The angle of inclination of the gable roof is selected based on the intensity of the winds and the average snow load in the construction area Despite the simplicity of design, a gable roof can be central element overall design building
Roof slopes do not have to be the same

Calculation of the parameters of a gable roof

Determination of the main characteristics of the roof is necessary already at the stage of designing the foundation to calculate the effect of the total weight of the building on the support base.

Area calculation

With a symmetrical gable roof, it is enough to determine the area of ​​​​one slope and double the result.

The height of the roof depends on the chosen angle of inclination of the slope. Usually it is in the range of 30-45 degrees. In the first case, the height will be half the distance from the projection of the ridge to the Mauerlat axis. Using the Pythagorean theorem and after doing the calculations, we get that the length of the slope for a building of 10x9 m will be 5.05 meters. The slope area is defined as 5.05 x 10 = 50.5 square meters. And the total roof area will be 50.5 x 2 \u003d 101 m 2.

In cases where a gable roof has a non-equilibrium roof, i.e., the axis of the ridge is offset from the axis of the building, the area of ​​\u200b\u200beach slope separately is calculated using the same method and the results are summarized.

However, this calculation does not take into account the area of ​​the roof overhangs. Usually they are 0.5–0.6 meters. For one slope, the overhang area will be 0.5 x 5.05 x 2 + 0.5 x 10 \u003d 4.1 + 5 \u003d 9.1 m 2.

The total roof area will be 101 + 9.1 x 2 = 119.2 m 2.

Most rafter calculations are done according to the Pythagorean theorem, reducing the design to a set of rigid figures - triangles

Calculation of the section of the rafters

The size of the cross section of the rafters depends on several factors:

• the magnitude of the load on them;
• the type of materials used for rafters: log, timber - homogeneous or glued;
• rafter leg length;
• types of wood;
• the distance between the axes of the rafter legs.

All these parameters have long been calculated, and to determine the cross section of the rafter legs, you can use the data below.

Table: rafter section size

With an increase in the installation step of the rafters, the load on each of them increases, which leads to the need to increase the cross section.

Common sizes of the main parts of the truss system:

Determining the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination of the roof slope is determined by the requirements of its finishing coating:

One of the reasons for reducing the angle of inclination is the desire to make the attic or attic space as large as possible. This intention is also the reason for the installation of a sloping roof.

Calculation of the distance between the rafters

This parameter depends on the type of finish coating, or rather, its weight. For the heaviest material, the distance should be minimal, from 80 centimeters. In the case of using a soft roof that is light in weight, the distance can be increased to 150 centimeters. The calculation of the number of rafters and translations is carried out as follows:

1. The length of the building (10 meters) must be divided by the distance between the rafters, presumably 120 centimeters: 1000 / 120 = 8.3 (pieces). We add 1 to the result, we get 9.3.
2. Since the number of rafters cannot be fractional, the result is rounded up to an integer - 9.
3. The distance between the rafters is finally set: 1000/9 = 111 centimeters.

With this distance, all rafters will be equidistant, and the load from the roof will be distributed evenly.

The length of the rafters is calculated according to the Pythagorean theorem, as already shown above.

Do-it-yourself installation of a gable roof

Work on the installation of the truss system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mounting the carrier on the wall

Mauerlat is made from high strength wood - oak, larch, etc. In the absence of such materials, pine can be used.

The bar is of standard length - 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, the connection of several parts along the length is inevitable. It is made with a gash of the connected ends “half a tree”, for example, for a bar with a section of 150x150 millimeters, a sample of 75x150 with a length of 300 mm is made. The ends are overlapped. Fastening is carried out with two or four screws M12 or M14 with the installation of washers of large diameter. By the same principle, the bars are connected at the corners. The finished structure is a regular rectangle, which is installed on the upper plane of the wall around the perimeter.

Two beams are spliced ​​by sampling wood on each of them. Then they are bolted together.

The Mauerlat installation technology provides for its placement strictly along the axis of the wall or with an offset in any direction. In this case, you can not place the support beam closer than 5 centimeters from the edge. To increase the service life, the Mauerlat should be installed with waterproofing on the wall surface. Most often, ruberoid is used for this.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

1. Anchor bolt installation. Perfect option with monolithic walls. Threaded studs are immured into the wall when it is cast.
2. Wood dowels. They are hammered into the drilled hole. With such fixation, additional metal fasteners are used.
3. Forged staples. They are used with pre-installed embedded parts made of wood.
4. Stud or armature. The pins are immured during the laying of the wall and are removed through the support beam along drilled holes. The diameter of the fasteners should be 12–14 millimeters, the protrusion above the surface of the timber should be 10–14 centimeters.
5. Steel wire. A bundle of two or four wire strands is installed when laying the wall 2–3 rows before its completion. The Mauerlat is tightened using a crowbar. Often used as an additional fastening of the support beam.
6. When constructing a reinforcing belt, fastening to studs or anchor bolts is also used.

The mounting points should be located approximately in the middle between the rafter legs.

Video: installing a Mauerlat on an armored belt

Photo gallery: ways to mount the Mauerlat on the wall

The studs are immured into the wall during its pouring, then a Mauerlat is put on them and fixed with bolts. The wire is also installed at the stage of laying the wall.
Between wall blocks wooden plugs are inserted, in which the staples are then strengthened

Types of roof systems and their installation

The choice of roof truss design is determined by the configuration of the building. If there are no internal capital partitions, a hanging truss system is constructed.

In the presence of capital partitions, it is necessary to use a floor mounting scheme.

Manufacturing of truss pairs

This is the name of a pair of rafter legs connected in an arch with the installation of a spacer element in the form of a puff for a hinged system or a crossbar for a flooring system.

Installation of truss pairs is carried out in three ways:

1. Assembly is done at the top after the translations are installed. They are covered with a flooring made of wood, nailed.
2. The formation of truss pairs is performed on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the house. Only blanks are assembled, which are a rigid triangular structure. The lifting of products is carried out when the rafter pairs for the entire system are ready. For this, it is possible to use lifting devices in the form of a manual or powered winch, which presents certain inconveniences and additional costs. On the other hand, assembly on the ground is much easier and more accurate.
3. The assembly of the roof directly at the installation site is carried out in detail.

With any option, the rafter legs are mounted according to the template, which is the first truss. For higher assembly accuracy of the parts of the next pair, it is desirable to fix them to the previous one with clamps.

When assembling roof systems on the ground, all structures are made according to the template, which is the first manufactured truss. This makes installation more accurate.

The procedure for installing the truss system

Prefabricated roof elements are installed in the following sequence:

1. First of all, you need to install the front rafter pairs and fix them with temporary fasteners. by the most important point is the verticality, which is checked by a plumb line. This installation order is possible when all rafter pairs are at the top.

   Front truss structures are installed first

2. Between opposite frontal structures, a construction cord must be pulled to control the coincidence of the supporting surfaces of subsequent rafter pairs.
3. Next, the trusses are installed one by one on each side. Each arch is carefully installed in its place, its location in space is verified in all planes, and then regular connections are mounted with the previous rafter pair.

   Intermediate trusses are mounted one on each side and are connected by standard jumpers to previously installed structures

4. After installing the last arch in the middle of the roof, you need to establish all the connections for the project and attach the ridge beam.
5. It is recommended to connect parts using metal plates - flat and in the form of corners. The most loaded nodes are best connected with bolts, the rest - with self-tapping screws. Nails are used only for initial fixation during installation.

   Rafter legs are attached to each other and to the Mauerlat using metal corners

Fastening parts of the truss system

For reliable connection of the elements of the roof frame, various auxiliary elements are used, made of galvanized steel up to 1.5 mm thick.

The use of additional fasteners ensures a solid assembly of the truss system

When assembling with the use of additional connectors, labor productivity increases and the strength characteristics of the structure increase.

For joining roof elements wooden buildings special fasteners are used. So, the upper joint of the rafters is often connected using a hinge. This is due to the frequent movements of the building, including seasonal ones.

The swivel joint avoids high voltage at the junction of the rafters with seasonal movements of the log house

For the same purpose, sliding fasteners are used on houses made of this material.

Reliable sliding connection of rafters with Mauerlat relieves this node from stress during structural deformations

Video: quick rafters

Before installing the crate, the roof is insulated. For this:

1. The inner crate is stuffed from the side of the attic or attic.
2. The vapor barrier film is stretched.
3. The heater is installed.
4. A moisture-proof film or membrane with one-sided permeability is laid.

Thus, in addition to warming, it creates ventilation system roof space. It starts to work after the installation of the coating.

It is more convenient to lay a layer of insulation from the outside on the inner crate with a vapor barrier coating

Under certain conditions, roof insulation can be performed from the inside, it is not so convenient, but you can safely work at any weather conditions. The formation of the roofing cake is carried out in the reverse order. Each layer of insulation as the flooring needs to be strengthened in the openings between the rafters.

Creating a frame gable

Before proceeding with the design of the pediment, you need to arrange the crate and lay the finish coating of the roof.

When forming the crate, the type of future roofing is taken into account. It is made from edged board 25 millimeters thick. The crate happens:

1. Solid - boards are stuffed at a distance of 2-4 centimeters from one another. It is applied when using a tile or a soft roof.
2. Sparse - the distance between the boards is 15–25 centimeters. Such a crate is arranged under a metal tile, corrugated board, slate and other similar materials.
3. Rare - the distance between the boards is from 0.6 to 1.2 meters. It is used when the length of the coating sheets is equal to the length of the slope with an overhang. This cover is only made to order.

The crate should be taken out of the gable rafters for the overhang device.

On the front rafter trusses, a frame is mounted for fastening the material of the front finish

Roofing installation

Before laying the crate, the roof is insulated and a moisture-proof layer is laid. Further:

1. Roof covering is being laid. The installation sequence is from bottom to top in order. The straightness of the first row is controlled by a stretched cord.
2. Roofing sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws using shock-absorbing pads.

When installing a roof finish, you can not save on fasteners, protective layer must be strong, able to withstand wind and snow loads.

Sheets of metal tiles are laid from the bottom up, starting from the corner of the roof

Installation of gables

The crate of the frame gables is made based on the characteristics of the material intended for the front finish. For this, the following products can be used:

After installing the crate, it is necessary to lay moisture protection from polyethylene film 200 microns thick. It can be fixed with building brackets. This work is done outside. On the film, you can sheathe the outer surface with the selected finishing material.

Gables need to be insulated with rolled or tiled heaters. The thickness of the protective layer should be at least 10 cm, and for areas with a cold climate - at least 15 cm. An internal moisture-proof film layer is stretched over the insulation.

On top of it, a crate for the front finish is stuffed, for which bars measuring 50x50 millimeters are used. Finishing of the entire building is carried out simultaneously, after the insulation of the roof.

In the process of facing the pediment, windows are installed if they are provided for by the project, and in some cases doors.

Gable wooden house with a gable roof is most often finished with clapboard

Registration of overhangs

Roof overhangs, both gable and cornice, except for a purely decorative function, are designed to protect walls and foundations from water or snow. Their sizes are usually 50-60 centimeters. Overhangs are made with various materials:

• planed board, installed end-to-end or overlapped;
• grooved lining;
• lining block house;
• sheet plastic;
• sheet profiled or smooth metal;
• finished products made of metal or plastic - soffits.

There are several ways to arrange overhangs:

1. By the rafter. In this case, the filing of the space under the roof on the overhang is carried out with fastening directly to the ledges of the beams.

   Hemming along the rafters is made along the lower edge of the rafter leg

2. On the rafters inside. Planks are attached to the rafter leg, to which the board is hemmed. The lower part of the rafter remains open, and the opening under the roof is closed.

   When filing along the rafters from the inside, the rafter beams remain open

3. In a box For this method, a bar is installed perpendicular to the wall from the end of the rafter. The second bar is installed on the wall and attached to the rafters. Sometimes a jib is installed between them. Hemming is done to these slats.

   For filing with a box, it is necessary to make a frame from mutually perpendicular bars

Ventilation holes must be made along the lining. They can be of any size, but large ones must be covered with a fine mesh of any material. This avoids the penetration of birds and harmful insects into the under-roof space. Soffits are sold with ready-made ventilation grilles.

Ventilation and arranged only on cornice overhangs, for gable ledges it is not needed.

When finishing with soffits, the ventilation holes do not need to be drilled - they are already made at the factory

Video: do-it-yourself gable roof device

With modern abundance building materials and their quality, you can install a gable roof yourself. The cost savings will be quite significant. But it can also turn into losses if you do not carefully consider every step you take during construction. I wish you success!

The construction of the roof is one of the most important stages in the construction of a house. The simplest designs include gable roofs with straight slopes. If it is decided that a gable roof will be built with your own hands, then you need to carefully read the step-by-step instructions and video. The functional parameters of the roof also depend on proper insulation, characteristics and quality of installation of the finishing coating.

Preparatory stage

To determine the configuration and size of the roof, it is necessary to take into account the snow and wind load in the existing climatic conditions - the smaller the angle of inclination, the better design resists stress. But a small angle of inclination (40 degrees or less) does not allow full use of the attic space.

The shape and design of the roof are developed in accordance with the design plan of the house: the key points of support of the roof truss system must coincide with the lines and points of location of the supporting structures of the underlying floor. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the width of the house, the presence of a longitudinal bearing wall in the center. If the attic is not planned to be used as an additional usable area for permanent or seasonal residence, a reliable roof with layered rafters can be made. In this case, the rafters are attached to the ridge run, which is supported by racks resting on an internal load-bearing wall.

Hanging rafters are the most practical and economical option for light structures. In this case, the rafter legs are connected in pairs with crossbars - horizontal lintels, which provide the necessary rigidity of the structure. System with hanging rafters rests on the side walls of the building.

If the width of the house exceeds 6 meters, in addition to the crossbars, which act as the basis for the ceiling, runs and racks are installed. The run is a horizontal bar that acts as an additional support for the rafters that form the roof slope. Installation of the run requires the use of racks. Racks, in turn, rely on beds - a special beam laid along the slope. Beds and racks perform the function of the frame of the walls of the attic room. Such a layered design allows you to make an attic or a spacious attic for economic needs with your own hands.

If construction is required simple and reliable roof, optimally suited gable construction with a tilt angle of 45-50°. Such a truss system is suitable for mounting on residential buildings and buildings for various purposes. When calculating materials, it must be taken into account that the truss system must be light enough to avoid excessive load on the foundation, but at the same time strong. The cross section of lumber should be selected based on the size roof structure.

Mauerlat installation

Consider step by step how to build a do-it-yourself roof with layered rafters and an attic. At the first stage, the installation of the upper strapping - the Mauerlat - is carried out on the longitudinal walls of the house. The strapping absorbs the pressure of the entire roofing system and evenly transfers it building structures- walls and foundations.

Mauerlat is made of timber (section from 50 × 150 to 150 × 150 mm), treated with special protective equipment to protect against decay and fire.

Mauerlat can be done in various ways:

• rolled wire is embedded in the brickwork, by means of which the beam is fixed on the wall (the wire is threaded through specially made holes and twisted tightly);
• long metal studs with a diameter of 12 mm or more are embedded in the masonry;
• in the upper part of the wall, a monolithic concrete beam with embedded steel studs.

Studs should be located with a step of no more than 120 mm. The height of the protruding end of the fastener should be 20-30 mm higher than the total thickness of the waterproofing and the beam, in which holes should be made in advance. The beam is put on the studs and tightly attracted by nuts with wide washers.

The construction of the truss system

The truss system, which you can do with your own hands, consists of a number of elements combined into a single whole. The A-shaped truss truss is a rigid structure that works "for expansion". If the roof is being built on a timber house, the opposite walls should be reinforced with 100 × 150 mm timber couplers at the level of the ceiling beams. This is done so that the walls do not move apart under load.

On the ceiling beds are laid - additional elements from a bar 150 × 150 mm or more, which serve as a support for the racks and redistribute the point load on the floor surface. Do-it-yourself laying of beds should be done along the lines of the walls of the future attic space. If the attic is not planned to be used, the bed can be laid directly under the ridge for mounting. support legs. If necessary, you can splice the timber, but only in places where the joint will lie on the beam. spike connection reinforced with a bracket or metal plate.

The repeating parts of the rafter system should be made completely identical to each other in order to build an isosceles gable roof, the weight of which will be distributed evenly even under atmospheric loads. For this purpose, templates of identical parts are made with their own hands.

Boards 50 × 150 mm are laid out on the floor of the house, a triangle of the required height is made from two rafter legs and a rack board (its length corresponds to the height of the future roof), connected by a nail. Together or three of us, the structure rises - the rack is installed on the central axis of the ceiling, the rafters are installed on the Mauerlat.

In the process of preparing the template, you can lengthen the elements by varying the height of the roof and choosing the most suitable option.

Having decided on the dimensions, it is necessary to make curly cuts on the rafters at the points of their contact with the strapping. The rafter leg should firmly rest against the Mauerlat. There are a number of mounting methods, you should choose the most convenient and reliable, it is advisable to use metal lining. The intricacies of the technology can be found in the video. The resulting truss structure subsequently acts as a template, and the support board helps to control the height of the installed trusses.

Gable

The pediment is a continuation of the wall, bounded by the slopes of the roof. If a gable roof is provided, the gables of the house are in the shape of a triangle. When installing the rafter structure, first of all, extreme trusses are installed, which later serve as a frame for the gables. It is necessary to strictly check the verticality of the structures and ensure that they have the same height. Attached to the top of the gables ridge run, to which the rest of the truss structures are subsequently mounted.

Usually the gables are sewn up after the completion of the roofing work, but this can be done at an earlier stage. Installation of boards 50 × 100 or 50 × 150 mm is carried out in a vertical or horizontal direction. The pediment, which you can build with your own hands, is often equipped with windows.

It is necessary to provide for the insulation of the gables.

Roof insulation and roof installation

A crate is stuffed onto the truss system, the pitch of which is calculated based on the characteristics of the roofing material - its size and rigidity, installation method. If the use of flexible materials (bituminous tiles, PVC film, rolled bitumen roofs), it is necessary to make a continuous, even flooring.

Roof insulation must be taken as carefully as possible, because otherwise heat loss will be very significant. Usually, a gable roof is immediately carried out taking into account the use of certain materials for insulation - when building a rafter system with your own hands, the step of the rafters is calculated relative to the width of the sheet insulation. This allows you to build a roof with minimal economic costs, since the material for insulation does not have to be cut. In addition, this approach speeds up and simplifies the installation of the insulation and vapor barrier system.

In this high-quality video, you can see in detail how to make a gable roof yourself and make sure that there is nothing complicated about it.

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To save money, the owners of country houses prefer to carry out part construction works with your own hands. How to make a roof in a private house - many developers ask this question. But before carrying out work, you should study all the information about the roofs. You need to know what roofs exist, get acquainted with their shapes and design features. It is no secret that these elements perform many functions. The range of their characteristics is not limited to the fence inner space houses from the penetration of moisture, cold air currents and snow. Our article will tell you all about the features of roofs, and the construction of the roof will also be described in detail.

The device of the roof of a private house and their types

Modern construction has found application for various types of roofs of houses. Of course, each type requires an individual. Let's talk about the most common, as well as their advantages and features.

Do-it-yourself roof of a private house: preparation

In addition to choosing the type of roof, consider what material will be used to cover it (more: ""). Based on this, the parameters of the truss system are determined. The weight of the roofing affects its pressure and loads. Therefore, it is important to resolve the issue with the method of attachment roofing elements. Finally, it is worth deciding on the additional parts of the truss system.

The best option for calculating the material for the rafter system and roofing is the presence of a roof drawing. The diagram usually indicates all the attachment points of the truss system. They, in turn, reinforce the elements.

The roof has the highest weight. ceramic tiles. The rafter system and foundation (+ walls) must take into account the weight of this material. For the rafter system, coniferous wood is most often used. At the same time, its humidity should be no more than 20%. Wood should not contain knots and blue.

Tools for arranging the truss system:

• vapor barrier material;
• waterproofing film;
• insulating material;
• iron staples;
• self-tapping screws, nails, screws;
• roofing tools.

How to build a roof of a private house: truss system

The device of the rafter system implies the support of the lower end of the rafter on the Mauerlat. In this case, the upper end rests both on the skate and on the opposite rafter. As a result, they create roof trusses. They are connected using a ridge beam or two boards that form a ridge. To strengthen the rafter legs, special spacers, struts, struts, stretch marks and crossbars are installed. All these elements make the truss structure sufficiently rigid and durable.

When equipping a gable roof, the first two structures of the truss system (triangles) must be assembled on the ground. Only after complete assembly, you can lift them to the roof. Spacers are used for temporary reinforcement. Then, the elements are connected using a ridge beam or boards on both sides. Next, the installation of the remaining rafter legs is carried out. For the convenience of workers, floor beams are usually laid on the Mauerlat. Also, a temporary flooring must be present.

For fastening the truss system, they use not only tie-ins and cuts, but also iron staples, metal corners, self-tapping screws and nails. The rigid frame of the truss system will provide struts, crossbars, ties and stops. Sometimes it becomes necessary to lengthen the rafter legs. In this case, the first step is to splice two rafter boards. At the junction, shorties are installed on both sides.

Roof construction of a private house: crate

Having finished installing the rafters, you can fill the crate. For its arrangement, you will need boards (2.5 cm thick) or bars. The crate can be either solid or have gaps. But before that, waterproofing should be laid along the rafters. When creating a living room in the attic, it is best to insulate the roof in advance. Insulation is placed in the space between the rafters. The material can be mineral wool or polystyrene.

To create a residential "warm" room in the attic, lay the insulation in a double layer. The thickness of one layer should not be less than 50 mm. The insulation layer contributes to the absorption of noise from outside the room. Placed on the heater vapor barrier membrane. It protects the material from the formation of condensation on it. In order not to spend money on repairing the roof of a private house once again, follow all the instructions and recommendations. Try to properly lay the layers of the roofing cake.

Roofing

Perhaps, main stage all work. The arrangement of the frame with roofing material is a very important procedure. Today you can meet wide range of materials for every taste and price category. The most affordable and reliable material is slate. However, many are confused by its appearance. Alternatively, modern polymer options slate - euroslate or ondulin.

Today, more and more developers prefer another roofing material- metal tiles. The coverage is relatively inexpensive, while it has its customers appearance and excellent performance. The downside of the metal tile coating is the low level of sound absorption.

Roof shapes, professional advice, video details:

Thus, the roofs of houses are made both by hand and by specialists. But it is worth noting that the first option can sometimes outperform the work of experienced installers. This is due to the fact that the owners of country houses are trying to make high-quality roofing work. It is logical that a well-designed and executed roof will last long years Therefore, it is worth ordering from trusted specialists. At the same time, it is very important not to spend your financial resources on additional repairs. It is better to carry out all the work with high quality once and arrange comfortable housing for yourself and your loved ones.

After completing the assembly of the roof, you can begin to equip the drainage system. How to carry out such work can be found in the article: "". We recommend that you watch photo and video materials on this topic in order to be aware of all the innovations in the construction market.

Do it yourself and correctly install the roof? It is not always easy to find the answer to these questions.

It is necessary to have a constructive understanding and knowledge of the necessary information: awareness in disassembly individual elements, assemblies, parts, applied roofing and correct equipment technology.

Today, a large number of the most diverse types of roofs are beyond the usual idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthem. Forms of pitched roofs and structural elements may vary depending on the design and architectural objectives. Under the roof, you can organize the used space - an attic (living space) or a technical room.

Scheme of the components of the roof structure

Types of modern roofs

There are many types of roofs: flat and pitched, monotonous and multi-colored, thatched and iron, attic and mansard.

Experts classify roofs into flat and pitched (sloped) roofs. A flat roof is a roof whose slope does not exceed 5º.

Pitched roofs according to their geometric shape are divided into:

• Shed
• gable
• Multi-slope
• tongs
• broken lines
• Round
• Tent
• Hip

There are many more geometric shapes of the roof, and it all depends on your preferences.

The form pitched roof depends on the architectural composition of the building as a whole and performance characteristics attic space

The frame of a pitched roof is a rafter system or truss. On the rafters, a roofing deck or crate is arranged. The latter is the basis for the roof and gives the structure rigidity.

Materials that will be needed when building a roof

When you already know for sure for coating on buildings, you will need to decide on the choice of coating. This directly affects the strength and quantity necessary materials for the truss system (framework).

The most strong system must hold the tiling. Compared to metal and slate, fired clay tiles weigh the most. Therefore, before you make a roof, it is better to decide on the material of the roof.

When installing a rafter system for building a roof with your own hands, you will need boards, slats, timber, as well as a waterproofing film, insulation, nails and screws.

Material consumption directly depends on the size of the building, the complexity of the roof and the nature of the coating.

Components of the truss system

rafter, or rafter leg, is the main element of the frame, this is the skeleton of the roof

For a correct understanding of the design of the truss system and the perception of installation instructions, you need to understand the names of the components of the rafter system and their main functions.

Mauerlat is a detail of the truss system, which acts as a transition from a non-wooden (brick, concrete, metal, etc.) structure to a wooden one. Represents a bar from coniferous breeds of wood.

The most common Mauerlat sizes are 150×150 mm, 150×100 mm, less commonly used sizes are 100×100 mm and 200×200 mm.

Such a frame element as a bed is designed to remove a weight point load from the ceiling (floor), which is transmitted through the racks from the roof structure. That is, through the bed, the load is distributed over a larger area of ​​support. You can draw an analogy with skis: if a person is on the snow on skis, he does not fail, if without skis, he fails.

The size of the beds is affected by the size of the racks. The main condition is that the rack must be completely put on the bed.

Racks in the truss system act as columns holding the run and resting on the beds. They are designed to support the run.

A run is a wooden beam that supports the rafters (more precisely, preventing them from bending). Runs are used for heavy roofing on long slopes.

The rafter, or rafter leg, is the main element of the frame, this is the skeleton of the roof. Any calculations related to are reduced to . Their size is taken according to the calculations of the project.

What determines the angle of the roof

Depends on the height of the truss structure and the size of the building in width

The slope of the roof is the angle of its inclination relative to the horizontal level. Roofs are divided depending on the angle of inclination of the slopes into:

• low-slope
• Medium inclination
• Highly inclined

The assembly of a low-slope roof is based on the smallest recommended slope of the slope. There is a recommended minimum angle of inclination for every roof covering.

Depends on:

• Protective ability from external influences.
• Roofing material, different types of which have their own minimum recommended angle of inclination.
• Wind loads, which are the greater, the greater the slope of the roof. With a steep slope, windage increases and wind resistance decreases. To reduce the load on bearing structures roofs, in places with strong winds it is better to design roofs with a minimum slope.
• Atmospheric precipitation: snow and dirt will not accumulate on a steep slope, which cannot be said about a flat roof.
• Architectural visions, solutions, traditions.

How to correctly measure the slope of the roof

In the drawings, the roof slope has the designation of the Latin letter "i". It is measured in degrees or percentages. The slope angle is measured with an inclinometer or mathematically.

To measure the angle of inclination, you need to know the vertical height from the ridge to the eaves and the horizontal distance from top point slope to bottom

If such devices are not available, then a mathematical calculation of the angle of inclination can be carried out. To do this, you need to know the values:

• Vertical height, measured from the ridge to the eaves,
• Laying - the horizontal distance from the top of the slope to the bottom.

The calculation formula is as follows:

i \u003d H / L, where i is the angle of inclination of the slope, H is the height of the roof, L is the foundation.

To express this ratio as a percentage, it must be multiplied by 100.

Minimum pitch slopes for different roof coverings

• For roofing made of bituminous rolled materials (3 and 4-layer) - 0-3 ° or up to 5%.
• For bituminous roofing roll coatings(2-layer) - up to 15%.
• Ondulin flooring requires a minimum slope of 5°.
• For slate, this angle is 9° or 16%.
• The minimum slope for ceramic or bituminous tiles is 11°.
• With metal tiles, the slope should be 14 °.

Roof slopes at various types roofs must have structures that make up its load-bearing part

roof truss system

Sprengel systems are called rod systems, which, in addition to the main elements, contain additional ones designed to reduce bending caused by an off-node location of the external load, and for even greater rigidity of the system as a whole.

It is better to use metal or wooden trusses as trussed systems.

Sprengels are widely used in strengthening the structure. When calculating the trussed system, both its main elements and simple trusses are taken into account, in whose nodes additional trusses formed by trusses are mated.

Elements of the trussed system

• The main elements on which the main load is placed.
• Elements that are affected by the local load closest to them.
• Elements related to both the main farm and the sprengel.

To determine the load on the latter, the values ​​of the loads on the trusses and the main elements are summed up.

How to make a roof with thermal insulation

"Roofing cake" allows you to create optimal humidity

Before coating, it is necessary to equip the roof protection. The protective layers themselves should be arranged in this order:

• A vapor barrier that protects the insulation.
• Insulation.
• Waterproofing.
• Finishing roofing.

It is best to first lay insulation between the rafters. In its quality, special mineral wool is often used. It is resistant to wear, durable, light and harmless. Styrofoam is not recommended for use due to its high flammability and toxicity.

The insulation layer ranges from 5 to 10 cm, depending on the climate of the area.

How to make the roof ventilated

In an insulated roof, ventilation of the under-roof space between the roof or its base and the insulation is mandatory. This need is due to:

• To avoid the formation of condensate on the surface of the crate from the side of the cold attic; natural ventilation the attic should be provided with ventilation openings - exhaust shafts, ventilation windows, etc.
• The need to remove moisture from wooden structures and thermal insulation.
• Reducing the possibility of roof icing (along with vapor barrier and insulation).

The air inlet is provided by a device on bottom surface cornice gaps with a total width of at least 20 mm with wooden filing; when filing with aluminum or plastic siding- by using perforated types.

In order for the air circulating due to the pressure difference to leave the under-roof space, a ventilation exhaust outlet is arranged to the ridge from the eaves at a distance of no more than 1 m from the ridge.

How to make a ventilation gap on the roof?

The ventilation gap is an element of the under-roof space ventilation system. Accordingly, it is arranged under the roof. The ventilation gap is a gap between the roof and the hydrobarrier, through which air circulates from the roof eaves to its ridge, deflectors, aerators and other ventilation outlets located in the upper part of the slope (most often near the ridge).

The ventilation gap can be installed using wooden beam(counter-slats) made of coniferous wood, 50 × 50 mm in size. This is due to the fact that in the cross section along the width of the rafters they have a size of 50 mm.

The lower ventilation gap under the deck along the entire length of the structure must be at least 100 mm

Calculation of a beam (counter-rail) for a ventilation gap device

The dimensions of the inlet ventilation openings and the height of the ventilated ducts depend on the slope of the roof and the humidity of the inner layer of the roof.

So, with a roof slope of up to 5 °, the height of the ventilation duct should be 100 mm, from 5 to 25 ° - 60 mm, at 25-40 ° - 50 mm, and at 45 ° or more - 40 mm. These values ​​​​for the height of the ventilation duct are appropriate for a slope length not exceeding 10 m. If the slope length is greater, the height of the ventilation gap is increased by 10% or the installation of exhaust devices - aeration pipes is additionally considered.

The height of the ventilation gap is also the size of the counter rail. standard length bars offer sawmills - 3 m.

You need to install the counter-rail over the hydro-barrier, which is mounted on the rafters. The beam is fastened with 90 mm ruffed nails. The nails themselves are hammered at a distance of about 5 cm from the edges with a gap of no more than 0.5 meters.

Connecting the roof to the pipes

The bypass of the pipe for each type of coating is carried out in different ways, with the help of roofing accessories

Often the question arises about the correct connection of the roof to the pipe. After all, it is necessary to do everything not just aesthetically, but also correctly.

Cutting the roof (tiles, slates, etc.) will not be difficult. But the installation of the entire junction is especially important to prevent leaks and the reliability of the roof.

The bypass of the pipe for each type of coating is carried out in different ways, with the help of roofing accessories. For example, for metal profiles, metal tiles and other similar materials metal junction strips are used, matched to the color of the coating. For a slate roof, less expensive galvanized strips are used. For bituminous tiles, the valley carpet serves as an abutment to the pipe. For ceramic and other natural tiles, a special adhesive tape in a set with a metal apron (salary), matched to the color of the roof.

And it is worth recalling that if you make the roof of the house yourself, it is better to take care of insurance when performing high-altitude work. Remember that everyone can make a roof with their own hands - you just need to prepare as best as possible.