Table of total time spent in space. The most interesting human records in space

51 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first man to go into open space: on March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in open space. After the flight, the shortest report in the history of cosmonautics was heard at the state commission: "It is possible to live and work in outer space."

The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.

oldest man in space

The oldest person to orbit is U.S. Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the shuttle Discovery into space in 1998. Glenn was one of the so-called first seven American astronauts, he was the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.

The youngest astronaut

Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years old when he went into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits around the planet in a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (decreased appetite, dizziness, headache).

longest space flight

Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.

The shortest flight

On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth in a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to a height of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard landed on the moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person to set foot on the moon's surface.

The furthest flight

The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, finding itself at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.

Longest in space

Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.
Krikalev also owns another, unofficial record: the last person who lived under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.

Longest inhabited spacecraft

This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously manned since November 2000.

Longest shuttle mission

The Space Shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. Initially, the descent was scheduled for December 5, but weather conditions delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.

Longest on the Moon

Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan were on the moon longer than other astronauts - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks with a total duration of more than 22 hours. This was the last manned mission to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.

The fastest flight

The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.

Most flights

Most often, the Americans flew into space: Fraanklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times as part of the space shuttle crews.

Maximum number of spacewalks

Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov during five space flights in the 80-90s made 16 spacewalks outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.

Longest spacewalk

On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent almost nine hours outside of the Discovery shuttle and the ISS, preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.

The most representative company in space

13 people gathered in space at once in July 2009, when the shuttle Endeavor landed on the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the most massive stay in space of people at the same time.

most expensive spaceship

The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998, and it was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical facility ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the passenger compartment of a Boeing 747.

For more than half a century of history of space exploration, many records have been set. The desire to be in space longer, to expand the boundaries of its study has already led humanity into a new era.

The furthest flight

The most distant object sent into the infinite expanses is Voyager 1. This is a spacecraft designed to explore the solar system and its environs. Its launch was made on September 5, 1977, and in less than 40 years it moved away at a distance of more than 19,000,000,000 kilometers from the Sun.

Longest in orbit

Thanks to the emergence of orbital stations, humanity has been able to send its delegates into the airless space for more than six months. The record holder for the amount of time spent in orbit is Russian cosmonaut Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev. Having made his first flight back in 1988, Sergei went to the stars five more times. Having spent a total of 803 days 9 hours and 42 minutes outside the home planet. And although not many of the representatives of the Earth have a chance to get into space, already during 2015 this record will be broken by another Russian cosmonaut - Gennady Padalka.

Longest in open space

Soviet pilot Alexei Leonov, with his first exit outside of a spacecraft in 1965, opened a new relay race for achievement. Since then, more than 370 EVAs have been conducted. The winner in this nomination is Anatoly Solovyov. During his 16 acts outside of ship activity, he spent 82 hours and 22 minutes in the midst of vacuum and eternal cold, performing a variety of experiments and maintenance work on station equipment.

Orbital communal apartment

In 1975, for the first time, docking of international spacecraft with astronauts on board was made. For 40 years, various modules were built in which astronauts were able to conduct experiments within the framework of international cooperation. Despite the Soviet Interkosmos program and its American counterparts, the first permanent international project was, in fact, the MIR station. In addition to Russian cosmonauts, shuttle expeditions with representatives of different countries flew to it. However, to date, the International Space Station holds the record for the number of visits. Since 1998, 216 people have visited the space laboratory. Moreover, some of them were at the station for two or even three expeditions.

Age records

At the time of the first recruitment into the cosmonaut corps, there were strict limits on various restrictions. In addition to health, there were weight, height and, of course, age limits. Since scientists could only guess what the pioneers would expect, it was considered logical to send a young spacecraft pilot.

If Yuri Gagarin was 27 years old at the time of the flight, then the youngest cosmonaut in history was his understudy - German Titov. At the time of takeoff, he was 25 years and 330 days old.

However, over time, the representatives of the Earth became older and older. Astronaut John Glenn went into space in 1988. The statistics of this man are extremely impressive, starting with the fact that he was the first American to make an orbital flight, he became the first astronaut to cross the line of 90 years. Ending with the fact that at the time of his last flight he was 77 years old.

Heavyweight

With the development of the space industry, there was a need to increase the number and mass of the launch vehicles. As a result, the development of super-heavy launch vehicles appeared. Many ideas have sunk into oblivion for one reason or another. For example, the Soviet launch vehicle Energia, capable of launching a payload weighing 100 tons into orbit. However, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, it was not a destiny. But if we go back to the time of the space rivalry between the two superpowers, we will be forced to look at the brainchild of the American lunar program - Saturn 5.

For the flight of the return modules to the Moon, truly infernal power was required. The creation of Wernher von Braun had a load capacity of 140 tons. What gives the palm in this category to American astronautics.

The fastest people

As is known from the school physics course, in order for an object to leave the orbit of another body, it is necessary to develop a second cosmic velocity, which will provide an opportunity to overcome the gravitational attraction. In the case of the American program for the exploration of the moon, it was necessary to overcome the second terrestrial space velocity.

If for a flight to the ISS it is required to develop about 8 km / s, then in order to go to our only satellite, you need to accelerate to 11 km / s.

During the Apollo 10 mission, a trio of astronauts moved through space at a speed of 39,897 km/h relative to the Earth.

Thomas Stafford, Eugene Senan and John Young pierced space at a speed of 11082 meters per second at the time of their return to Earth. As an example to give an idea of ​​their movement, we can use the time required to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The distance between our capitals in a straight line corresponds to 634 kilometers. Therefore, they would have covered this path in just 58 seconds.

About records in space for 60 years, the effect of breastfeeding on intelligence, the superpower of mushrooms and a solar eclipse in our review of science news.

50 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first man to go into outer space: on March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in open space. After the flight, the shortest report in the history of cosmonautics was heard at the state commission: "It is possible to live and work in outer space."

The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.

oldest man in space
The oldest person to orbit is U.S. Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the shuttle Discovery into space in 1998. Glenn was one of the so-called first seven American astronauts, he was the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.

The youngest astronaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years old when he went into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits around the planet in a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (decreased appetite, dizziness, headache).

longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.

The shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth in a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to a height of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard landed on the moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person to set foot on the moon's surface.

The furthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, finding itself at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.

Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.

Krikalev also owns another, unofficial record: the last person who lived under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.

Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously manned since November 2000.

Longest shuttle mission
The Space Shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. Initially, the descent was scheduled for December 5, but weather conditions delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.

Longest on the Moon
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan were on the moon longer than other astronauts - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks with a total duration of more than 22 hours. This was the last manned mission to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.

The fastest flight
The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.

Most flights
Most often, the Americans flew into space: Fraanklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times as part of the space shuttle crews.

Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov during five space flights in the 80-90s made 16 spacewalks outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.

Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent almost nine hours outside of the Discovery shuttle and the ISS, preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.

The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at once in July 2009, when the shuttle Endeavor landed on the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the most massive stay in space of people at the same time.

most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998, and it was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical facility ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the passenger compartment of a Boeing 747.

www.gazeta.ru

Breastfeeding affects the child's intelligence

A long-term study by Brazilian scientists led by Bernardo Lessa Horta of the University of Pelotas found that people who were breastfed for longer in infancy had, on average, higher IQs. The scientists described the results of the study in an article published in the journal The Lancet Global Health.

As part of the study, researchers tracked nearly 3,500 children. Most of them were breastfed by their mothers - some for less than a month, some for more than a year. The main comparisons were made between these two groups. The researchers emphasize that the sample contains children from families belonging to different social classes.

In addition to the level of intelligence (it was assessed using the Wechsler test), a relationship was also found with the average level of wages and the level of education. All these parameters were assessed approximately 30 years after birth.

The researchers emphasize that the duration of breastfeeding is not the only factor that affects the level of intelligence. Although, as part of the study, they tried to exclude the influence of factors such as mother's education, family income and birth weight of the child.

It was not the aim of the study to explain the nature of this connection, but Horta suggests that it may be in the nutrients in mother's milk, which have an important effect on the development of the child's brain.

scientificrussia.ru

The help of insects for reproduction is used not only by plants, but also by fungi.

The bioluminescent mushrooms that live near the roots of palm trees in the Amazon jungle glow for a reason. A recent study showed that by doing so, they attract insects that help in the spread of spores.

Neonothopanus gardneri is considered one of the champions in the field of bioluminescence - in the dark it shines brighter than any other of the 71 species of mushrooms capable of glowing. It was discovered back in the middle of the 19th century, but since then researchers have not come across it until 2011, when this rare mushroom was finally discovered again.

After that, he became one of the most attractive objects of biological research, and, of course, scientists were especially interested in his unique abilities for bioluminescence. And recently, an unusual experiment was set up to study the evolutionary foundations of this "superpower".

The researchers made exact plastic replicas of the fruiting bodies of the fungus and placed them in their usual habitat - closer to the roots of trees in the Brazilian jungle. Some of them were left like that, while others were illuminated in the dark by built-in greenish LEDs. Traps located right there were waiting for insects that flocked to these and other plastic mushrooms.

As scientists expected, luminous hats attracted them much more: in five nights, non-luminous copies attracted a total of 12 insects, and luminous ones - 42. For what purpose the mushrooms need insects, it remains to be established exactly, but the authors of the experiment make a quite reasonable assumption : for breeding. Of course, mushrooms are not plants, and you don’t need to pollinate them, but winged creatures are quite capable of spreading spores.

naked-science.ru

The day of the eclipse has come

On Friday, March 20, the inhabitants of our planet are waiting for a rare event - a total solar eclipse. At 12:06 Moscow time, the Moon will begin to obscure the Sun from the western side, at 13:13 it will cover it as much as possible, and at 14:21 it will leave from the northeastern edge. The eclipse parameters were calculated by the Laboratory of Astronomical Yearbooks of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to whose press service TASS.

It will not be possible to see the complete closure of the solar disk by the Moon passing in front of it on the territory of Russia. For example, in Moscow only about 65% of the surface of the heavenly body will be closed, in St. Petersburg - 78%, in Murmansk - 89%.

The total eclipse will be visible in a band of just 200 kilometers in the North Atlantic Ocean. Its maximum duration will be 2 minutes 47 seconds off the coast of Iceland, and the width of the shadow will reach 462 kilometers. Of the Russian territories in this strip, only the Svalbard archipelago is located, where an expedition of Russian astronomers is now located.

Total solar eclipses are rare in themselves, and besides, the total closure of the Sun is always visible only from certain areas of our planet. In August 2008, the inhabitants of Russia were lucky, the next time such a chance will appear only in 2061. So those wishing to observe the total eclipse earlier will have to specially go to the desired point on the planet. For example, the current eclipse can be seen from a plane that will take off from Murmansk, fly to the point of best view and return back.

Experts remind you that you can only watch the Sun through tinted glass, otherwise there is a risk of serious eye damage - you can take several pairs of dark glasses, or hold the glass over a candle to get "dark glass", in general, take something not completely transparent .

On April 12, 1961, an account was opened for space records of mankind - the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. However, in the 55 years that have passed since that momentous day, thousands of discoveries have been made in the space sector and more than a dozen records have been set. We present to your attention the most significant of them.

Yuri Gagarin

The oldest person in space

American John Glenn is the oldest person to fly into space. At the time of the flight on the Space Shuttle Discovery in October 1998, Glenn was already 77 years old. In addition, Glenn, who, among other things, is the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight (the third person in the world after Yuri Gagarin and German Titov), ​​holds another record. His first flight into Earth orbit took place on February 20, 1962, so 36 years 8 months passed between the first and second flights of an astronaut, this record has not been beaten so far.

John Glenn. NASA

The youngest person in space

The opposite record belongs to the Soviet cosmonaut German Titov. When in August 1961 he was on board the Soviet Vostok-2 spacecraft, he was in Earth orbit, German Titov was only 25 years old. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, and in 25 hours of flight circled the planet 17 times. In addition, German Titov was the first person to sleep in space, and reportedly the first to experience "space sickness" (sickness in space).

German Titov, Nikita Khrushchev and Yuri Gagarin. ANEFO

Longest space flight

Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest continuous stay in space. Having gone into space in January 1994, the astronaut spent more than a year on board the Mir orbital station, namely 437 days and 18 hours.

A similar record, but already on board the ISS, was set quite recently by two people at once - Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly - they spent 340 days in space.

A similar record for women belongs to the Italian Samantha Cristoforetti, who spent more than 199 days aboard the International Space Station in 2014-2015.

Valery Polyakov. NASA

The shortest space flight

Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961 became the first American to make a suborbital space flight. The flight of NASA's Freedom 7 spacecraft lasted only 15 minutes and 28 seconds, while the device reached an altitude of 186.5 kilometers.

Ten years later, in 1971, he was able to make up for such a short space mission by participating in NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record by becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the moon.

Alan Shepard. NASA

The farthest space flight

The record for the greatest distance from the Earth to which astronauts retired was set more than 40 years ago. In April 1970, the Apollo 13 manned spacecraft, carrying three NASA astronauts, drifted a record 401,056 kilometers from Earth as a result of several unplanned trajectory adjustments.

The crew of Apollo 13. Left to right: James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Hayes. NASA

Longest stay in space

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka holds the record for the longest total time spent in space - for five space flights, 878 days ran into the cosmonaut's piggy bank, that is, 2 years 4 months 3 weeks 5 days of his life Gennady Padalka spent in space.

For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson - she spent a total of more than 376 days in space.

Gennady Padalka. NASA

The longest habitable spacecraft

This record belongs to the International Space Station, and it is increasing every day. This $100 billion orbital lab has been carrying people continuously since November 2, 2000.

This time plus two days (the first station crew launched from Earth on October 31, 2000) also constitutes another record - the longest period of uninterrupted human presence in space.

Longest stay on the moon

In December 1972, NASA Apollo 17 mission members Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan spent more than three days (nearly 75 hours) on the surface of the Moon. Three walks on the Moon took the astronauts a total of more than 22 hours. Note that this was the last time a man set foot on the moon and generally went beyond the limits of near-Earth orbit.

Launch of Apollo 17. NASA

The largest number of space flights

This record belongs to two NASA astronauts at once - Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross. Both astronauts have flown into space seven times aboard NASA space shuttles. Chang-Diaz flights were made in 1986-2002, Ross - between 1985 and 2002.

"Shuttle". NASA

Most spacewalks

Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, who flew into space five times in the 1980s and 1990s, has completed 16 spacewalks. In total, he spent 82 hours and 21 minutes outside the spacecraft, which is also a record.

Anatoly Solovyov. NASA

Longest spacewalk

The record for the longest single spacewalk belongs to Americans Jim Voss and Susan Helms. On March 11, 2001, they spent 8 hours and 56 minutes outside of Space Shuttle Discovery and the International Space Station, performing maintenance work and preparing the orbital laboratory for the arrival of the next module.

ISS-2 crew: Jim Voss, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms. NASA

The largest number of people in space

The busiest time in Earth orbit was in July 2009, when NASA's Space Shuttle Endeavor docked at the International Space Station. The six members of the ISS mission were then joined by seven American astronauts from the shuttle. Thus, 13 people were in space at the same time. The record was repeated in April 2010.

"Endeavour". NASA

Most women in space

Four women in Earth orbit at the same time - this is the second record set in April 2010. Then NASA representative Tracy Caldwell Dyson, who arrived at the ISS on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, was joined by her colleagues Stephanie Wilson and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger and Japanese Naoko Yamazaki, who arrived to work in the orbital laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as part of the mission STS-131.

The most interesting human records in space

On April 12, 1961, mankind witnessed how cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin went into orbit and made a 108-minute flight high above the Earth.

Then Gagarin set a kind of record - he was the first man in space. Over the past 50 years, people have made many space records that have expanded the capabilities of man in the cold depths of space.

Below we list just a few of them, starting with the oldest person in space to the present day.

The oldest in space

US Senator John Glenn was 77 years old when he flew aboard the shuttle STS-95 on the Discovery mission in October 1998. This mission was for Glenn the second in a row. In the first, in February 1962, he became the first American to orbit the Earth.

Glenn has another record - the maximum difference between which was 36 years.

The youngest in space

Cosmonaut German Titov was only 26 years old when he first went into orbit aboard the Soviet Vostok 2 spacecraft in August 1961. He was the second person in Earth orbit to complete 17 orbits around our planet during his 25 hour flight.

Titov was the first person to sleep in outer space, and, according to the data received, the first to suffer from "space sickness" (sickness in space)

Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days aboard the Mir space station from January 1994 to March 1995. This is not a beaten record for the longest human spaceflight.

The shortest space flight

On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. He set a record in this mission that has not been broken to this day: the Saami short space flight of a man into space.

Shepard's suborbital flight lasted only 15 minutes, taking the astronaut to an altitude of 115 miles (185 km). It landed in the Atlantic Ocean just 302 miles (486 km) from the Florida spaceport.

Later, Shepard went to the moon with NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During that flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record by becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the moon.

The furthest flight

The record for the furthest distance from Earth was unattainable for over forty years. In April 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 headed for the Moon at an altitude of 158 miles (254 km), making a path 248,655 miles (400,171 km) from Earth. This is the farthest flight ever made from Earth.

Longest total time spent in space

Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev still holds this record with over 803 days credited during his six space flights. He spent two years and two months in total flying around the Earth.

For women, a similar record is held by NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who has spent more than 376 days in space.

Krikalev has another interesting achievement: He is the last citizen and cosmonaut of the Soviet Union. When the Mir space station ceased to exist in December 1991, the cosmonaut returned to Earth in Russia, not in the USSR.