Types and scope of various waterproofing materials. An example of the use of bituminous mastic for waterproofing a foundation

It is necessary to protect from water all surfaces and structures that in one way or another can come into contact with water. AT country house this is the foundation, basement, roof. Inside the house or apartment is a bathroom and a bathroom, where leaks and flooding are possible. Inside the structures of the house - this may be a heater that must be protected from condensation or precipitation. Please note that it is necessary to protect against water not only where its penetration is possible, but also where washing or condensate waters can adversely affect the material of construction. For this there are different kinds waterproofing, which differ in purpose, place of application, as well as materials. Over the past decades, the market for waterproofing materials has expanded significantly, absolutely innovative solutions have appeared, but old methods of protection against water, such as laying roofing felt, have not been forgotten either. Among all the variety it is not difficult to get lost. To make it easier to understand which type of waterproofing is right for you, we will try to classify all types, as well as indicate their purpose, the pros and cons of the technology and installation features.

Types of waterproofing

Before proceeding directly to listing the types of waterproofing, I would like to clarify a very important point. Why is it necessary to protect from water? Is she really that scary this H2O? Of course, if you have knee-deep water in your basement, then everything is quite clear here - you need to protect the basement from water penetration, plug the leak. Approximately the same principle is used for roof waterproofing - the main task is to prevent leakage. But this is not the only problem that water can cause. For example, you can cover the inside of the basement with mastic, and the basement will become dry. But is this enough? Water brings much more harm by seeping into the structure of the material. Salts dissolved in water gradually destroy the material, reducing its strength and durability. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the basement from the outside, preventing water from penetrating inside the concrete.

And this is the basic rule that needs to be remembered - it is better to protect both the material of construction and the room than just the room.

There are several classifications of waterproofing technologies: according to the method of arrangement, according to the main purpose, according to the name of the materials used, as well as according to the place and time of application.

By place of application exist internal and external waterproofing. Obviously, internal waterproofing is a set of water protection measures that are carried out indoors, for example, waterproofing walls and floors in a bathroom. External waterproofing is carried out outside the structure, for example, protecting the foundation from ground water or roof protection.

By application time distinguish primary and secondary waterproofing. Primary waterproofing of structures is carried out immediately at the stage of construction of the facility. Secondary is a repair measure. For example, if due to old age or for another reason the primary waterproofing is damaged and does not cope with its task, then a set of measures for secondary waterproofing is carried out. In this case, the old coating is removed, the surface is thoroughly cleaned and a new waterproofing layer is applied. It is also possible to apply a new layer on top of the old one, but this is not recommended.

Purpose and features

• Anti-pressure. Works "on a clamp".
• Non-pressure. Works "out of the box".
• Anticapillary.
• Sealing seams and interfaces.
• Surface and complex purpose.

Anti-pressure waterproofing serves to protect against positive water pressure. For example, if the groundwater level around the basement is very high, then outside the basement wall, anti-pressure waterproofing is equipped with materials that can easily withstand positive water pressure. Sometimes this technology is also called "acts on the clamp." This means that the weight of the water presses the waterproofing material against the walls. It does not make sense to use the same materials on the inner walls of the foundation, since there is a different water pressure.

Non-pressure waterproofing serves to protect against negative water pressure. For example, if water has accumulated around the foundation due to heavy rainfall or spring floods, then it can be protected from it from the inside of the basement. Its pressure is small and acts to “separate” the material from the surface.

Anti-capillary waterproofing protects the construction material from rising moisture in it through the capillaries. After all, many building materials suck in water, which then rises through the capillaries. These materials include both concrete and brick.

According to the arrangement There are different types of waterproofing:

• Painting.
• Coating.
• Plaster.
• Okleyechnaya.
• Cast or sprayed.
• Impregnation.
• Injection.
• Zasypnaya.
• Mounted - protective sheets.
• Structural - additives in concrete at the construction stage.
• Various film materials - for the protection of insulation and roofs.

Coating waterproofing is a surface coating with various mastics, one-component or two-component elastic compositions with a thickness of 2 mm to 5 - 6 cm.

Purpose. It is used for external waterproofing of the building - foundation treatment to protect against groundwater, flat roof treatment to protect against precipitation. Also used for internal waterproofing - basement wall treatment, bathroom floor and wall treatment. With the help of coating waterproofing, cracks on the walls are closed. It is enough to remember how waterproofing works panel houses. From the outside, they look like boxes lined into rectangles.

Bitumen and all bitumen-containing materials are used as coating waterproofing.

Advantages. Cheap material.

disadvantages:

• Bitumen becomes brittle at temperatures below 0 °C and loses its elasticity. Any deformations during the period of negative temperatures will inevitably lead to the appearance of cracks and ruptures, and over time the material will peel off from the surface. Service life of a waterproofing from bitumen 5 - 6 years. Sometimes even 3-4 winter cycles are enough for the material to fail.
• Working with hot bitumen is dangerous. Possible injury at work.
• Careful surface preparation is required. It is necessary to clean the surface of the base from dust, debris and sagging mortar, seal all cracks, ruts and sinks.
• Work can only be carried out in dry weather - the concrete must be dry.
• Required high-quality processing primer.
• It is necessary to protect the waterproofed surface from possible mechanical influences - punctures and damage.
• Restoration of coating waterproofing due to damage can cost 3 to 4 times more than the initial application.

Conclusion: Coating waterproofing can be used only when the likelihood of leakage is already small. For example, if the groundwater level is low, then you can coat the foundation walls with bitumen, make drainage around the building and drain rainwater. The use of coated waterproofing on the roof is no longer relevant, since bitumen cracks in cold weather, and ice makes gaps in it with its sharp edges. As a result, by spring the surface is not airtight.

Please note that polymer resins, bitumen-polymer and bitumen-rubber mastics have appeared on the market that can be applied cold. This method of application is easier and faster than hot. But the disadvantage of polymer mastics is the same instability to deformations. Any vibrations and mechanical impacts will lead to cracks and breaks.

Pasting waterproofing is rolled materials glued to the base. Most often, materials are stacked in several layers from 2 to 5.

Purpose. It is used only for external anti-pressure waterproofing. Rolled materials can be glued both to vertical surfaces - foundation walls, and to horizontal ones - the surface of a flat roof.

The most common materials for pasting waterproofing are roofing material, glassine, roofing felt, polymerized bituminous materials based on fiberglass and polyester, rubber bitumen. For example, TechnoNIKOL, Bikrost, Ruflex Grand, Gidroizol, Plastfoil, Stekloizol, Bireplast Norma and others.

Modern materials with polymer additives are more durable, do not rot and mold, unlike roofing material, the cardboard base of which quickly fails.

Advantages. Pasting materials can be laid on concrete, metal, wood, old roll coating, flat slate, asphalt concrete. The materials are resistant to aggressive environments, waterproof and economical.

Disadvantages:

• Careful surface preparation is required. Irregularities greater than 2 mm are not allowed.
• Bonding and fusing materials should be done with great care.
• The temperature during work must not be lower than + 10 ° C (there are exceptions - elastomeric and thermoplastic materials).
• The coating can be torn under the action of mechanical loads or sharp objects, so it is desirable to protect it. In the case of waterproofing the foundation, a pressure wall should be made.
• The concrete surface must be absolutely dry when gluing. There is no adhesion to wet concrete.
• It is necessary to control the quality of all welds and material overlaps.
• It is necessary to glue the material in several layers. It is difficult to get around the corners and complex reliefs of the base.

Despite the shortcomings, modern roll materials based on polymerized bitumen are successfully used for waterproofing foundations and roofs. It is better if gluing waterproofing is used in combination with other measures.

Painting waterproofing involves the application of mastics in liquid form with a layer of 3 - 6 mm. The resulting film has no seams and is quite elastic.

Purpose. It is used for external and internal waterproofing. With the help of painting materials, you can deal with cracks in the walls, their crumbling and erosion. Also, the waterproofing of the room from the inside can easily be provided with similar mastics. For example, painting the floor and walls of the bathroom will protect neighbors from flooding and destroying the wall material.

materials: bituminous mastics with various additives from talc, asbestos, as well as mastics based on synthetic resins.

Advantages. Simple, cheap, fast, no special skills required to work with the material. The coating is abrasive-resistant and vapor-permeable.

disadvantages. Fragility - serves about 5 - 6 years.

Spraying of polymer-bitumen emulsion on water based also called "liquid rubber". One-component and two-component compositions are applied using special equipment in a mechanized way - by spraying.

Purpose. Roof waterproofing. Sometimes liquid rubber is used to waterproof basements from the inside, but this is wrong. Please note - liquid rubber is not able to withstand the negative pressure of water, it simply breaks off from the base. Therefore, spraying it in the basement is just a waste of money. If the water pressure is positive, such as on the roof, then you can safely use this material.

materials. Synthetic rubbers. Technoprok, Rapidflex, Elastopaz, Elastomiks, Master Ruf, Inopaz H2O and others.

Advantages. When sprayed, liquid rubber fills even the smallest pores, creating an airtight coating. The surface is processed quickly due to the mechanization of work.

Disadvantages:

• Temperature not lower than +5 °C is required.
• The coating is puncture resistant.
• The substrate surface must be dry and not frozen before application.
• Strong wind makes spraying difficult. Work must be done in calm weather.
• High price.
• Difficult terrain requires more material, which leads to an overall rise in cost.
• Requires special expensive equipment.
• If the conditions for storing liquid rubber were not met, for example, it froze in a warehouse, then the “sintering” of the molecules will not occur, a porous pancake will turn out on the surface of the base, which simply will not perform its functions.
• You can use it only outside, it works "on the clamp".

Please note that waterproofing with liquid rubber is advertised from each iron, it is proposed to isolate flooded basements with it. As you may have guessed, the coating will last no longer than one season, and the money will be spent in vain. Use liquid rubber only on outdoor surfaces.

Penetrating waterproofing prevents the capillary rise of water in the pores of concrete. The composition for application to the concrete surface is a mixture of Portland cement, finely ground quartz sand and active chemical additives. Penetrating waterproofing is applied to a wet surface, the composition reacts with water, resulting in the formation of crystals that fill all pores, cracks and capillaries and become part of the concrete itself, preventing water from penetrating. The depth of penetration of the composition into the concrete thickness can reach 15 - 25 cm. Some manufacturers of penetrating materials claim that their composition is able to penetrate 90 cm deep into the concrete thickness.

Purpose. Penetrating waterproofing is used to treat concrete surfaces in basements. If it is not possible to dig out the foundation, then it can also be treated from the inside with a penetrating compound. Various concrete containers, such as silo pits, are also waterproofed with penetrating materials.

materials. "Penetron", "Peneplug", "Penekrit", "Maxplug", "Hydrohit" and other analogues.

Advantages of penetrating waterproofing:

• All work can be done inside the basement, there is no need to dig out the foundation.
• It is not necessary to dry the concrete. The more deeply the concrete is moistened, the better the crystallization reaction will occur and the composition will penetrate deeper.
• High-quality materials ("Penetron") are able to penetrate to a depth of 60 - 90 cm into the thickness of concrete with a common layer.
• The material is protected from the inside, not just from the outside. The penetration of water into the concrete is completely excluded.
• The composition has the function of "self-healing". If a crack appears in the concrete, it is immediately filled with crystals.
• Long service life, equal to the service life of the concrete itself.
• The concrete remains vapor permeable.
• The frost resistance and strength of the concrete itself increases.
• No additional expensive equipment is required.
• The processed concrete is not afraid of mechanical influences. For example, if you need to clear a silo pit with a metal scraper, you don't have to worry about breaking the waterproofing. Concrete can be drilled, dowels can be screwed into it and other work that is traumatic to concrete can be carried out.
• Environmental friendliness of the material. Can be used on surfaces in contact with potable water.
• Some penetrating compounds can be used to seal gushing leaks.

Disadvantages of penetrating waterproofing:

• Only concrete, mortars, plasters and screeds based on cement grade not lower than M150 can be treated with penetrating compounds. Brick and stone are not affected by penetrating waterproofing.
• Works can be carried out only at a temperature not lower than +5 °C.
• Before starting work, it is desirable to remove all finishes and loose plaster up to the concrete. It is also necessary to open all cracks and degrease the concrete surface if waterproofing of old structures is performed.
• Concrete should be thoroughly moistened.

Penetrating (impregnating) waterproofing is more suitable for processing fresh concrete. old concrete it is necessary to thoroughly clean and degrease the surface, since during operation all the pores are clogged. For this, a sandblasting tool is used. Please note that penetrating waterproofing does not work on brick and stone.

Injection waterproofing consists in injecting a repair liquid waterproofing composition into cracks, pores, abutment seams and the thickness of the old crumbled material. Works not only on concrete, but also on brick, rubble and masonry.

Purpose. Device for waterproofing seams and joints at the junction of walls and soil, eliminating leaks in walls, increasing the bearing capacity and strengthening dilapidated foundations made of brick and rubble, cutting off capillary suction of water from the soil.

materials. Acrylate gels, foams, resins, polymer compositions, rubbers, cement-based injection materials and other materials. Vitrapur, Vitracryl Gel, Penepur Foam, Maxclear Injection, Maxgrout Injection, Manopur, PeneSplitSil, Manopox-S, Manopox-15.

Advantages:

• No need to dig a foundation.
• Works not only on concrete, but also on brick and stone.
• Works effectively when restoring the waterproofing of various expansion joints.
• Eliminates capillary suction in brickwork.
• Ability to eliminate pressure and gushing leaks.

disadvantages:

• High cost of materials and equipment.
• Complete disassembly required.
• Work can only be carried out by specialists.
• You need to know exactly where the leak is.
• The work is a complex complex operations according to the technological instructions and are used on an industrial scale.

The decision to carry out injection waterproofing can only be made by a specialist.

Superdiffusion membranes are a highly vapor-permeable material, the structure of which is reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Used for waterproofing pitched roofs and ventilated facades. These membranes can be laid directly on the thermal insulation material.

Diffusion membranes require the mandatory presence of two ventilation gaps: between the insulation and the material, as well as between the membrane and the roofing material.

Purpose. In pitched roofs, the use of superdiffusion membranes allows the use of lighter materials.

Advantages. The high vapor permeability of the membranes creates a favorable indoor climate by releasing steam from them. The walls or roof seem to "breathe". They fit very simply, serve for a long time, do not require increased attention.

disadvantages. The pores can become clogged, which reduces the vapor permeability of the membrane. Not used with euroslate and metal tiles.

Bentonite mats - the so-called mounted waterproofing. Mats are bentonite clay granules sandwiched between two layers of cardboard or geotextile. When mounted to a surface to be waterproofed, such as a recessed foundation, the cardboard decomposes, leaving the clay to act as a shield between the foundation and rainwater.

Bentonite, upon contact with water, swells and turns into a gel. During installation, the mats are overlapped, and bentonite granules wake up at the joints.

At this method there is only one waterproofing flaw- high price. It can be used for waterproofing vertical and horizontal surfaces. For example, lay next to the foundation of the house on the ground, preventing rainwater from seeping into the soil next to the house.

All work on waterproofing a building or structure is best done at the construction stage, taking care of the safety of the object in advance. For monolithic concrete construction, it is recommended to use special additives in concrete that increase its water resistance. The hydraulic additive "Admix" increases the water resistance of concrete from W4 to W18-20 and is used for the construction of critical facilities, and "Hydrohit" from W4 to W12 and is used for low-responsibility facilities. Such additives differ not only in composition, but also in the principle of action. It is better to entrust the choice of one or another type of waterproofing work to professionals, especially if everything is not clear, such as with foundation waterproofing.

All existing structures and surfaces that directly interact with the aquatic environment must be protected from unwanted moisture. In a house located, but a city, this is primarily a foundation, a roof and a basement. Inside the apartment is a bathroom, a toilet, where various kinds of flooding are quite likely. Inside the hearth itself, these are insulating elements that need to be additional protection from condensation and all kinds of precipitation. We draw your attention to the fact that it is necessary to protect against moisture damage not only where it can penetrate directly, but also where condensate and washing water can adversely affect the materials of the entire structure. In order to prevent this from happening, there are numerous types of waterproofing, which differ in their direct purpose, application, as well as all kinds of materials.

Types of waterproofing coatings

To begin with, we suggest that you study all the available types of waterproofing, and here it would be quite appropriate to explain a number of important aspects. Why is it so important to protect yourself from water? Does everyone familiar with H2O bring such hardships? Of course, if it happened that a lot of water got into your basement, then everything is clear in this situation - you should more reliably protect your basement from water ingress, clog the leak in other words. Approximately this principle is applied in the installation of waterproofing on roofs - the fundamental task of which is to prevent leakage. But after all, this trouble, unfortunately, is not the only one that strong moisture can cause. For example, you will process the basement with mastic from the inside, and the basement will become drier. But will this be enough? Much large quantity water can cause harm by seeping into the thickness of the material. Salt formations present in the water will gradually wear down the material, reducing its durability and the hardness specified by the standard. The main aspect that should not be forgotten is that it is better to protect the material and the room in advance than the room itself.

Now several classifications of waterproofing technologies are widely known: according to the method of arrangement, according to the intended purpose, according to the name of the materials used, and also according to the time of use.

By location exist waterproofing external and internal. Internal waterproofing- this is a list of measures aimed at protecting against water, carried out inside the building, for example, waterproofing the floor and bearing walls in the bathroom. External, in turn, is arranged outside, for example, to protect the foundation from groundwater.

By Device Moment classified into primary and secondary as for the primary waterproofing works, they are carried out immediately at the time of the direct construction of the construction site. Secondary waterproofing is nothing more than necessary measures for repair work. For example, if the waterproofing of the primary plan is damaged due to wear or for a number of other reasons and does not cope with its function, then the waterproofing of the secondary plan is performed. At the same time, the obsolete coating is dismantled, the surface is thoroughly cleaned and a new layer is piled up.

By appointment

There are the following types of waterproofing coatings:

• Anti-pressure. Operates on the principle of "clamp".
• Non-pressure principle "on separation".
• Anticapillary.
• Sealing.
• Surface.

Anti-dialing needed to protect against the effects of pressurized water (positive). For example, if the groundwater mark near the basement is quite high, waterproofing is built on the basis of materials that can withstand pressure from water in the ground. This technique is sometimes referred to as "clamping action". This means nothing more than water pressing the waterproofing against the surface of the walls with its pressure. It makes no sense to use similar materials inside.

Non-pressure waterproofing help you deal with negative water pressure. For example, if, due to heavy rainfall or a flood situation, water has come close to the foundation, then waterproofing of this type can completely protect it from it. Its pressure is relatively small and works on the principle of "tearing off" the material from the outer layer.

Anticapillary promotes protection structural material from rising water through capillary networks. After all, most wall materials suck moisture into their structure, which rises to certain heights through capillary networks. Concrete can also be referred to materials of this kind.

By device method There are different types of waterproofing:

• Painting.
• Plaster.
• Cast.
• pasting
• Coating
• Impregnation.
• Zasypnaya.
• Mounted.
• Structural.
• And another

Below we will analyze the main types of waterproofing technologies according to the method and material of the device.

Coating

Coating is a kind of coating based on various mastics. These mastics, such as bitumen, can be one-component or 2-component formulations. The thickness of the coating can vary from 2 mm to 6 cm.

Purpose. It is mainly used for waterproofing that is located outside - foundation processing, roof processing for non-leakage at joints. It is also well suited for protection against moisture indoors - processing basement walls, processing floor covering and walls in bathrooms and bathrooms. With its help, you can easily close the cracks on the wall.

Advantages. Cheapness.

disadvantages:

• Bitumen becomes brittle over time, especially at low temperatures, which inevitably leads to a loss of elasticity. Any even slight deformations in the cold season will inevitably cause cracking and tearing.
• Working with molten bituminous composition very dangerous. The wave is likely to cause injury at work.
• It is necessary to carefully prepare the surface for applying the material. It is necessary to clean it from dust, cement influx, close up holes and so on.
• Work with bitumen is carried out only in the dry season.

Gluing waterproofing

Represents roll materials glued to the material. Most often, materials are stacked in several layers from 2 to 5.

Purpose. It is used only for external anti-pressure waterproofing. Roll-type materials can be glued to both vertical surfaces and foundation walls, they can also be adapted for use in flat roof conditions.

Most known species pasting waterproofing today: roofing felt, roofing felt, polymer bitumen in the composition having fiberglass.

The existing waterproofing, equipped with polymer inclusions, is much more durable, practically does not rot, unlike standard roofing material.

pros. Gluing waterproofing can be easily laid on concrete, wood, metal, old coating, slate, asphalt concrete. The materials are quite resistant to aggressive environments, moisture-proof and quite economical.

Disadvantages:

• Careful surface preparation. Irregularities are practically excluded.
• Gluing should be carried out as carefully as possible.
• The temperature during laying should not exceed + 10 °C.
• The coating breaks if subjected to various kinds of mechanical stress, so it requires protection.

To increase the life of any structure, it is necessary to protect it from excessive external moisture. In addition, excess moisture in the indoor air negatively affects the condition of the building and reduces the comfort of the microclimate.

All kinds of waterproofing materials are called upon to solve these problems. It is protection against the penetration of external water that helps to protect the house from constant dampness and mold.

To prevent waterlogging of walls and foundations with water from the soil or through the action of precipitation, a variety of insulating materials are used, the scope of which directly depends on their properties.

The main types of waterproofing

Classification modern materials to protect against external and internal moisture is very extensive. The first main feature for dividing into classes is the method of application. According to it, two types of waterproofing are distinguished: surface and volumetric.

The first option involves processing only the surface, regardless of the form in which the waterproofing material is produced. The second option is used mainly for concretes and is intended to be introduced during the preparation of the mixture. These are water-repellent additives that can protect the structure from gradual waterlogging throughout the entire volume.

Constantly emerging new types of waterproofing have led to a gradual expansion of their classification. According to the mechanism of action, all surface materials are divided into:

• penetrating;
• covering.

If we consider the form of release, then the following options are distinguished:

• mastics;
• liquids, including emulsions;
• ready-to-use mixtures;
• films and membranes;
• rolled.

Modern waterproofing materials are very diverse and in their basis, providing all their properties. The four most common varieties are:

• bituminous;
• based on polymers;
• on a mineral binder component;
• based on inorganic and polymeric components.

The composition of all mixtures, regardless of the base, can vary significantly, which determines the scope of their application and the level of protection against moisture penetration.

Bitumen and polymer compositions additionally exhibit sealing properties, which significantly increases the efficiency of their use.

To understand which waterproofing materials are best used in a given situation, it is necessary to compare them and study the properties of each option in more detail.

Volumetric

This type of protection against waterlogging is used only in the production of concrete or mortar, so it does not raise the question of where to apply it and how to choose. Also in Soviet time was developed new way modification of building materials based on Portland cement, which consisted in the introduction of water-repellent additives based on organosilicon emulsions.

Its effectiveness remains controversial, because in addition to the positive effects in the form of water-repellent properties throughout the volume of concrete, there are negative sides. First of all, they include insufficient strength and a decrease in such an indicator of durability as frost resistance.

That is why organosilicon-based compositions are increasingly being used for surface application.

In comparison with the volumetric method, such an application is more efficient and does not affect the parameters of the main building material.

superficial

From the first attempts to protect houses from moisture penetration, this type of waterproofing remains one of the most popular and used. Modern waterproofing materials applied to the treated surface are very diverse.

Given such a wide range, the question inevitably arises of how to choose the most suitable option.

Composites for impregnation

One of the most simple ways protection of the structure is the impregnation of its surface. Most often, in this case, polymer-based waterproofing materials are used.

Initially, natural and mineral oils were used, which perfectly repel water. But gradually they were replaced by more modern oligomeric compositions based on acrylic, epoxy, silicone and other macromolecular compounds.

In addition to the water-repellent effect, such compositions are able to additionally polymerize in the pores and defects of the base, penetrating deeply into the material, which increases the protection period and increases the durability of the entire structure.

Such composites are mainly used for processing concrete and brick surfaces with sufficient porosity. Polymer emulsions in pure form rarely used for wood. In this case, hybrid composites are used on bitumen-polymer and polymer cement base or special paints.

Coating compositions

The most unpretentious to use are bitumen-based mastics. Such waterproofing materials have excellent adhesion to any surface, are able to penetrate into any open pores and sinks. They are used for processing concrete, brick, wood, composite blocks.

Bitumen and its composites with various polymers, such as rubbers, additionally have a sealing property, which helps to use only one type of treatment when sealing seams and corner joints.

But unlike impregnations, such materials are not capable of deep penetration into the base, so they protect the material only on the surface.

As a result, if the waterproofing layer is broken, its effectiveness drops significantly. This area must be further processed to restore the integrity of the coating. For some structures, such as foundations, such repairs are often not possible.

In addition to bitumen, coatings often include compositions based on mineral binders in the form of ready-made mixtures. Such composites are applied to the surface of the base, but they cannot be called coatings in their pure form, because as a result of the hydration of the mineral components, crystals are formed that penetrate deeply into the body of the base, whether it be concrete, brick or wood. That is why over time a separate classification appeared for them.

The principle of operation of such compositions is based on additional crystallization of calcium hydrosilicates in the thickness of the base. Such composites can be produced in liquid and powder form for mixing with water, but their principle of operation remains unchanged.

Some options are used only for concrete or brick structures, because for full-fledged work they need an external source of calcium, which is the base. After application, silicate anions penetrate into the body of the structure to a depth of up to 30 cm and form new crystalline structures in the pores and capillaries, closing them for water penetration.

The shape of the resulting crystal also plays a special role, because silicates are formed in the form of directed needles or their clusters. In fact, neoplasm growth implies complete or partial closure of the capillary along the entire length, which significantly reduces the likelihood of water penetration and wetting of the crystals themselves and the pore walls.

Other varieties do not require external calcium, so they may well be used for wood, also strengthening the cellulose fibers and closing the pores with crystalline neoplasms that are insoluble in water. The main disadvantage similar materials is the uncontrolled growth of crystals that can partially destroy the structure of the base. Therefore, they are of little use for light and cellular concretes of low strength.

This type of protection against external moisture is in great demand when processing outer surface foundation and walls ground floors as well as flat roofs. Bitumen or its mixture with polymers is applied to a fiberglass web or non-woven polyester material. The binder is sprinkled on top with mineral aggregate or sand for hardening, and the substrate is protected with a film to prevent contamination.

Such waterproofing materials are able to withstand significant loads, they have high strength and durability. Variants with fiberglass backing are excellent for foundations due to their high dimensional stability.

Products with backing polyester fabric more elastic, so they are often used for flat or pitched roof with a small angle. They are easily laid out on the surface and are perfectly amenable to processing.

The main disadvantage of roll products is the difficulty of using on vertical structures. Significant weight and fragility of the material significantly reduce the scope of its application.

Films and membranes

Film materials for waterproofing are most often used in the organization of internal and external thermal insulation, as well as in carrying out roofing works. They protect the insulation from waterlogging, and also contribute to the natural removal of moisture from the indoor air.

Now there is a huge selection of similar products that differ in throughput. Some versions of the films additionally serve as protection against the weathering of materials, and also ensure the removal of condensate from under the roofing material.

Manufacturers of all types of waterproofing give a detailed description of its properties and methods of application.

A variety of materials and mechanisms of their action allows you to find the best option for solving a specific problem, whether it is protecting the load-bearing elements of a building or creating a comfortable microclimate.

This article will talk about types of waterproofing and their purpose. Modern construction market presented with many options waterproofing materials, which are designed to effectively protect the foundation, roof, walls, floors of the building from the harmful effects of groundwater moisture, precipitation. Carrying out protective work should be carried out with high quality using the waterproofing that should be used in each individual case according to the rules of construction work. Each type of waterproofing has its own advantages and disadvantages and can be used in various construction works. Let's take a closer look at each type of modern protective materials that are used today.

Paint waterproofing is waterproof film, which is formed by applying liquid or plastic materials to the surface, such as bitumen (the most common waterproofing material), mastic or special paint and varnish, which have the appropriate properties, that is, resistance to moisture.

Bituminous mastics have different fillers - lime, asbestos, talc, which will make waterproofing of high quality and guarantee protection against capillary moisture in the wall or floor of a building structure. Modern waterproofing paints or varnishes have synthetic resins and plastics in their structure, which will also create excellent protection against a humid environment. The main types of paint waterproofing material are bituminous, rubber, acrylic, polyurethane and silicone mixtures.

Application of bituminous paint waterproofing

To apply bituminous hot mastics, the mixture should be heated to 170 degrees Celsius so that it is easy to apply and penetrates well into all cracks and irregularities through which moisture can penetrate. For cold mastics, heating is not required, they immediately ready for use, but are more expensive than the first option. Cold mastics require warming up at an ambient temperature of + 5 degrees. They are made from furyl, epoxy, perchlorovinyl and other resins on a synthetic basis.

Before waterproofing with bituminous mastic, the surface should be treated with a composition of one part of bitumen itself and three parts of white spirit or gasoline. Then composition applied with a roller, brush or more quickly with a spray gun or airbrush. Flame spraying is also considered paint waterproofing, in which the paint is applied in at least two layers with a time interval of about 15 hours. The thickness of the bitumen should be 2 mm.

Gluing waterproofing

This type of waterproofing combines two types at once - this is paint protection, and actually pasting, therefore it is more effective, perfectly protecting brick, concrete, metal and other surfaces. Gluing waterproofing involves covering the surface rolled or sheet materials , for example, such as or extruded polystyrene foam, which are glued to bituminous mastics of cold or hot application.

The main type of gluing materials is rolled waterproofing, which is represented by a huge selection in modern building supermarkets designed for various waterproofing works. The most affordable roll material is ruberoid.

Installation of adhesive waterproofing

When carrying out pasting waterproofing, bituminous mastic is used, and not bitumen-rubber. It is necessary to paste the roll material in several layers, while maintaining a certain interval, allowing the layer to dry. One of the types roll materials are folgoizol, metalloizol, hydroisol, steklobit, reinforced asphalt mats, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride films. Glass roofing material, isol, brizol are also used.

When carrying out waterproofing work with gluing materials, it is tightly rolled out and glued with bitumen or similar mastic, overlapping the edges by 10-15 centimeters. Last layer required covered with bituminous mastic hot type and, if possible, covered with a brick or other wall. Such waterproofing can be strengthened by digging with clay.

Depending on the type of material used for waterproofing the surface, hot or cold coating is used. You should know that bituminous mastics and sealants on the same basis are good insulate dry surface, but have toxicity, which should be considered. If you do not want to use toxic waterproofing, then you will have to increase the budget and purchase two-component polyurethane mixtures that are free from this disadvantage and are completely non-toxic.

Depending on the materials used, plaster waterproofing can be divided into three subspecies.

• First - cement plaster, which is applied to the surface with a layer with a thickness of 5 to 40 millimeters. Application cement-sand mortar with the addition of water repellents or mineral fillers is produced in layers. The solution is mixed in a ratio of 1 to 1 or 1 to 2. The total thickness of the plaster is a durable waterproofing layer.
• Second - asphalt plaster, which is applied with a layer of up to 4 millimeters in several layers, usually 2-3 layers, but more is possible. The coating is a protection of hot or cold mastics. After application, you need to create brick protection layer or when creating vertical waterproofing. At horizontal waterproofing 2 layers of 7-8 millimeters are created, which is protected by a screed made of.
• The third - cast asphalt waterproofing. represents hot mastic solution, which is poured into the cavity between the protective wall and the insulated surface. This is with vertical waterproofing. With horizontal protection against moisture, the solution should be leveled over the surface, and then covered with an additional cement screed.

Application of plaster waterproofing

Most often, plaster waterproofing is used in places where a large amount of moisture is concentrated. For example, very often pools are waterproofed with this particular type. moisture protection. Such waterproofing is also very effective in the bathroom or other rooms with increased level humidity. In addition, it is used as an anti-filtration and anti-corrosion protection of inclined and vertical surfaces.

They also use plaster waterproofing on concrete, metal or brick surfaces. Layers of such protection are applied from the side where it comes from hydrostatic head. If such a pressure is variable, then waterproofing should be fixed between rigid load-bearing structures, for example, brickwork.

This type of waterproofing provides good water tightness. A feature of these waterproofing materials is that they can be used both at the beginning of the construction process and at the end. In the future, penetrating waterproofing can be used for restoration of lost properties water resistance building structures. The compositions are a structure that penetrates deeply into the surface with a porous structure.

In addition to penetrating properties into the surface and creating a barrier to moisture, this waterproofing has the ability to prevent corrosion processes in reinforcing structures. Also, penetrating agents can resist chemical attack and significantly increase the surface resistance. Significantly increases the service life of building structures that have been treated with penetrating waterproofing. This allows you to solve several problems at once when carrying out protection against moisture penetration.

Application of penetrating waterproofing

An example of waterproofing work using penetrating waterproofing is the application of a solution of Portland cement and finely ground sand, to which chemically active ingredients have been added that stimulate crack self-healing process and their avoidance. After applying this protective layer to