Withdrawal of surface and ground waters. Engineering preparation of the construction site

Since we are talking about arranging a drainage system, it means that our house is already standing (designed) and we are moving on to landscaping or landscape design. I am sincerely happy for you, Lord! Exactly how glad I am to the fact that you are interested in the question: "How to optimally implement water drainage from the site and from the house?". Having dealt with this, you will save a lot of time and money.

I'll start with what water drainage is a complex task and should include complementary systems:

1. Roof drainage system.
2. system surface drainage.
3. In case the level ground water(UGV) on the site is high, and the house has, for example, a basement or underground garage, there is a need to arrange a deep drainage system for the removal of groundwater.

The first two systems provide for the drainage of rainwater (to eliminate negative impact atmospheric precipitation), removal of melt water (melting snow) and, accordingly, prevent the appearance of the so-called. "overheads". Verkhovodka, along with groundwater, is a type of soil water, has a seasonal character and appears as a result of precipitation, snow melting, excessive watering, etc. As a rule, by the middle of summer it disappears altogether and can appear briefly only after heavy rains.

Verkhovodka is an unpleasant problem for houses with a foundation (basement), and is also the reason for the rapid filling of a leaky septic tank ( cesspool) in spring period and during heavy rainfall.

The task of the roof drainage system is to collect all the rainwater from the roof of buildings and bring it to the right catchment points. If you save on roof drains, the rains will gradually break your paths, blind area, steps and will splash the foundation of the building with an even layer of dirt to a height of up to 50 cm.

Well, if your basement is flooded, its walls are saturated with moisture, and the septic tank needs to be pumped out every 7-10 days, you cannot do without deep drainage.

1. What is the soil structure and groundwater level (hereinafter GWL) in your area? The answer to this question will clarify the need for underground (deep) drainage and basement waterproofing, if any. The carriers of this mysterious knowledge are usually the same people who drilled your well for water or specialized geodetic organizations.
2. Where will it be done diversion of surface and ground waters? This answer will help you figure out the point of water discharge (it can be one for both surface and groundwater) and simplify the preparation of a technical solution. I am familiar with the following options:
   • Storm sewer. As a rule, this concrete pipe large diameter. Ideally, it is buried below the freezing depth of the soil and equipped with collectors, i.e. connection points individual systems storm drainage, for example, from your site. Storm water is drained into natural reservoirs.
   • Mixed sewer. Disposes superficial and, actually, sewer drains. Also equipped with collectors. Provides for the arrangement of cleaning systems Wastewater before they are discharged, for example, into bodies of water.
   • Drainage field (infiltration system). Equipped in case of absence of the options indicated above. A system that provides a uniform and natural "absorption" of storm water into the ground directly at the site of their collection.
   • Neighborhood :). The simplest and fast way, which also allows you to "get closer" to your neighbors in the shortest possible time.
3. Will the water be drained by gravity or will a drainage well and pump be needed? To do this, you need to answer the previous questions, as well as determine the slopes of the site. The discharge point should be provided at the lowest part of the site.

If your site is located on a slope and you want to make an allotment surface water flowing down from the upstream site, then to intercept water you should provide in the upper part of the site a system of drainage trays perpendicular to the slope (then the site looks landscaped and has flat surface) or dig a drainage ditch along the upper boundary of the site and connect it to the side ditches (the site becomes like a medieval outpost).

4. What is the area of ​​the catchment area? It depends on it throughput and, consequently, the cost of water collection systems. Knowing the area of ​​your site, you can independently calculate the estimated flow of rainwater, which should be removed by drainage systems. Use the program for this.
5. What load (surface pressure) must withstand engineering structures for water drainage? Let me rephrase. Who will walk (ride) on them? The so-called. load class and all the same cost. The load class is important for both deep and surface drainage.

After you have answered the preparatory theoretical questions, should be taken for implementation. I strongly recommend to develop a project or just technical solution. To do this, you should either contact the design organization (water disposal and sewerage department), or draw a sketch yourself .... and find an imperturbable builder who will undertake to bring it to life.

Ask and delve into the details! Builders in most cases install a drainage system for water drainage from the roof, but at the same time they do not consider it necessary to divert this water far from the foundation. I know of cases when a contractor installed storm water inlets, but "discharged" the collected water through the bottom of the same storm water inlets into the ground near the foundation. In this case, there is no fundamental difference between if the water simply drains from the roof and wets the foundation, or flows through the drainage system (collects in a storm water inlet) and ... wets the foundation. The soil adjacent to the foundation, after construction works usually looser than natural soil, so rainwater accumulates in the sinuses and penetrates the concrete. In winter, water freezes and destroys concrete structures.

Therefore, in addition to the blind area around the house with a width of 80-100 cm, the assembled drainage system water must be diverted to storm sewer. This can be done with a system of drainage trays (Fig. 1) or a device with point storm water inlets (Fig. 2).

In the first case, we have less earthworks, the system will always be available for inspection and repair. In the second case, we can lay the pipe from the storm water inlets in the same trench with the drainage pipe.

In this case, in no case should the surface drainage system be connected to the drainage of the base of the house. Otherwise, rainwater will fall into the drainage and vice versa - wet the foundation!!!

From above, sand traps and drainage channels are closed with removable protective and decorative gratings that prevent debris, leaves from entering the system and do not impede the movement of pedestrians and vehicles. The linear drainage system is connected to the storm sewer through a system of vertical and horizontal outlets.

Important!!! When installing a surface drainage system, slopes (minimum 0.005, i.e. 5 mm per meter of length) must be provided for the movement of water by gravity! This can be done in two ways:

1. By using the slope of the surface.
2. Through the use of channels that inner surface with a slope (this function is provided in concrete channels of some manufacturers: Standartpark, Hauraton, ACO), as well as due to a stepped slope organized using channels of different heights.

The arrangement of an underground drainage system is most appropriate to combine with foundation work- It won't cost much. If, during the operation of the house, it turns out that the groundwater level is very high, and water drainage from the house is not organized, this will cost you a pretty penny.

underground drainage- this is a system of drainage pipes (drains, i.e. pipes with holes, covered with rubble and wrapped in geotextiles) and drainage wells. Geotextile protects drains from silting.

Drainage wells are designed for Maintenance drainage system, such as water jet cleaning. A drainage well is provided at every second bend of the pipe, so that both the inlet and outlet sections of the pipes can be serviced through it.

The wells are assembled from concrete rings diameter 400 mm and 700 mm. AT recent times more and more ready-made plastic wells with a diameter of 315 mm.

The water collected by the drainage pipes enters the collector well (water collected by the surface drainage can also be supplied here), equipped with check valve which prevents water from the well from flowing back into the drainage system. From common well water is removed (for example, pumped out) into a municipal storm sewer, an open drain, or it is absorbed into the soil through a specially poured layer of rubble (drainage field).

Well, in general, it’s enough for the first time (especially if you don’t have special education). Conclusion: The arrangement of surface, and if necessary, deep drainage is a feasible task, but ... if in doubt, entrust it to professionals. If you are going to secure basements, foundations, etc., and are faced with perched water (groundwater), then due to the complexity and complexity of the task, I advise you to choose one contractor who will be responsible for the development and installation of the entire system as a whole. This is important because individual works, performed by different contractors, as a rule, do not solve the problem as a whole, and the contractor always has the opportunity to say: “It's not me!”. Try to negotiate a warranty on drainage systems for at least a year. Only a full season will prove their viability!

Since you are paying money, do not entrust such a difficult task, for example, to tilers who pave paths for you! They can be performers - but they must be led by a professional.

Vladimir Polevoy.

The foundation of any building can be exposed to groundwater. They, in turn, include special components that can destroy the foundation. Even if the building is waterproofed inside and out and there are supporting walls, they are not able to protect in a similar situation. Ground and surface water can significantly damage a building, so you need to take care of drainage in your area.

Only a specialist can correctly assess the situation in a particular area. To do this, you need to study the composition of the soil, make a planned and high-altitude topographic survey, plan the location of structures. A hydrologist, architect, botanist and surveyor can help in these works. Only when integrated approach diversion of surface and groundwater will solve problems and give a positive result.

Types of systems

The construction of drainage systems can be carried out in two ways: surface and deep. The first method involves planning the territory and carrying out work, including the creation of special slopes from a specific structure, as well as the installation of a drainage network to intercept water. The second method involves the removal of water using special pipes and consumables.

When arranging modern adjoining plots used closed view drainage. It allows you to save appearance territory, but at the same time, you can use the soil above the system for further planting a garden or arranging flower beds.

A simple version of groundwater drainage involves the preparation of trenches, where sand is subsequently covered with the first layer, then crushed stone, and only after that drains can be installed. From above it will be necessary to fill up a layer of rubble, then sand. Outside it is necessary to overlay with turf.

It is necessary to carefully observe the entire sequence of layers, since next to the water there should be a layer of sand, not gravel. This gravel and sand cover at the very bottom will be used as a shock absorber, and will also allow you to create a slope where unnecessary water will drain. The filter is needed to pass water and prevent soil particles from entering. If you do not comply correct sequence, then the drainage holes will become unusable.

Protection of the site from surface water ingress: 1 - water runoff basin; 2 - upland ditch; 3 - construction site.

It can be used to drain ground or surface water from the site stone drainage. In this case, the cavity is filled with stone, not rubble.

Modern drainage systems involve the use of asbestos-cement or plastic pipes. This design is considered more reliable.

Often there are situations when different companies are invited to work on the installation of a pool on the site and for drainage. In such cases, penetration into the underground environment occurs, which again negatively affects the hydrogeological situation at the site. This can damage the drainage system.

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Installation standards

It will be technically competent to carry out deep drainage of water from the site. Such work is able to protect not only the foundation, but also basements and other underground structures from flooding by surface or groundwater. According to the norms, the groundwater level must be at least half a meter below the basement. Drainage pipes differ in their location. They can be single-line, two-line, area or contour.

The drainage system has its own basis - a pipe with special holes where the water will flow. A pillow of gravel and sand is poured around the perimeter of such a pipe. Pipes are divided into concrete, plastic, asbestos-cement and ceramic. The holes in such pipes must be of such a size that, together with water, they cannot get in there. bulk materials. They are located on the sides of the pipes.

Appearance modern pipes radically changed the whole situation in the installation of drainage systems. Such pipes in comparison with the previous generation have a number of advantages: flexibility, strength, reliability, durability, rigidity. Moreover, all these properties are successfully combined at the same time.

quality drainage pipes suggest a perforated structure. This is necessary so that groundwater completely enters the pipe. Also, the pipes must be corrugated. This makes them even stronger and allows them to withstand the heavy loads that are inevitable when draining water.

When carrying out drainage work to drain water, only clean gravel and crushed granite should be used. Do not use sand and gravel or crushed limestone, as they can clog voids in the ground. So drainage system won't have any effect.

An integral part of a private house or cottage is a storm sewer, which provides an aesthetic appearance of a residential building and the area adjacent to it. As well as preventing premature destruction of the foundation of buildings and the roots of plants growing on the site. An inexperienced person in the field of "water disposal" this moment may seem like a dark forest. In this article, we will analyze everything point by point: the removal of surface, storm and melt water, from buildings and the site.

To create a storm sewer, which is also a surface water drainage system, elementary knowledge in construction and data on the most landscaped area are required. Storm sewerage is gravity, i.e. arranged at an angle, and includes the following elements:

1. Roof drainage;
2. Drainage drainage;
3. Collector or place of discharge of drainage.

Roof drainage receives atmospheric precipitation at roof level, through trays, gutters, funnels and sends them to the surface drainage system.

Designing a surface water drainage system

To design, you need to know:

• the average amount of precipitation (both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, melt water), you can find out in SNiP 2.04.03-85;
• roof area;
• the presence of other communications and facilities in the area being developed.

For design, it is necessary to determine in what places will be located drainpipes and how many there will be. A diagram is drawn up, which displays the elevation differences in the surface of the site, the structure on it. The diagram indicates the places for laying all elements of storm sewers, including pipes, manholes and water discharge points. When designing, the amount of required materials and the cost of them are also calculated.

Roof drainage

The material of the roof drain is varied: steel, copper, steel with polymer coated, aluminum, etc. Plastic is especially popular. It is economical, resistant to damage, is a noise-insulating material, hermetic, light both in weight and in installation. For correct design roof drain you will need:

1. Metal bracket;
2. Stud with special nut;
3. Adjustable fastening;
4. Gutter bracket;
5. Tip;
6. Coupling;
7. Knee;
8. Funnel plug;
9. Gutter plug;
10. Corner element;
11. Funnel;
12. Gutter connector;
13. gutter;
14. Drainpipe.

The number and type of each element depends on the perimeter of the roof and the amount of liquid being pumped, because too powerful drainage is irrational in terms of financial costs, and a weak one will not cope with the task. Need to find best option. The figure shows required dimensions, characteristic for middle lane Russia.

Installation of a water drainage system from the roof of the house

Installation is carried out after the development of the project of the entire drainage system, familiarization with the instructions attached by the supplier store (each system has its own design features that must be taken into account). The general sequence of installation and work performed:

1. Installation begins with mounting the bracket on the side of the rafter wall or frontal board, taking into account the slope of the gutters.
2. Then the gutters themselves are laid using special plates and fastened to each other by cold welding or rubber seals. The cold welding method is preferred for joining gutters due to its resistance to warping.
3. An additional bracket is installed in corner and funnel connections.
4. Pipes are being installed, observing a distance of 3-4 cm from the wall. Brackets are vertically mounted at a distance of 1.5-2 m. The drain itself should be half a meter from the ground.

Tips from professionals:

• Gutters begin to be laid from the funnel so that the edges of the gutter are below the edge of the roof.
• If you use a pipe for collection from three directions of gutters (if the roof is of a non-standard shape), it is necessary to provide tees instead of standard funnels.
• The distance between the brackets should be no more than 0.50-0.60 m.
• It is recommended to pre-mark the slope of the gutters. For example, a rope stretched from the start to the end point can serve as a guide.
• Plastic drips are mounted at a temperature of + 5◦, otherwise the material will crack when cutting. Outflows from other materials can be mounted at any temperature environment.

The device of the surface water drainage system

Surface water diversion system or surface drainage consists of point drainage systems and linear channels.

Point drainage systems are small wells locally connected to the roof drain. Trays are laid below the freezing level of pipes. The installation of such drainage is similar to the installation of a roof drain. A trench is being prepared (lower than the freezing depth of pipes, you can find out everything in the same SNiP) at a slope to the collector. Sand is poured in a layer of 20 cm. Pipes are laid using fittings. If the sealing is observed, the pipes are filled up.

Linear channels are of two types - open or closed, equipped with gratings or nets to retain large debris. The gratings should be predominantly made of metal, as withstand heavy loads (especially in places at the entrance to the garage).

Advice from professionals. For efficient collection of surface water, it is necessary complex device storm and point drainage. In the event of heavy rainfall, the bulk of the water will be carried away by surface drainage..

You can see how the process of installing a surface water drainage system looks in the video:

Deep drainage system provided if the area where the site is located is prone to long rains. Such a system will protect the site from erosion, save trees from premature death (due to rotting roots), and protect the foundation from the destructive effects of water.

Groundwater drainage system

Groundwater drainage differs from the systems described above in that it is laid at a greater depth and in the case of groundwater close to the surface of the earth, which can flood a basement or underground garage. Drainage is combined with a storm drain, and the storm pipes are laid higher than the drainage. It is necessary to understand the difference between storm water and drainage. Stormwater for the removal of rain, melt water and floods, and deep drainage for the removal of groundwater and possible flooding. Surface and deep drainage are connected using special nodal connections for the accumulation of excess water in one place and its subsequent release, processing or reuse. Drains are mounted parallel to each other.

This is important: during heavy rainfall, water in large quantities behind a short time passes through the sewer. When such a water flow enters the groundwater drainage system, this water enters the soil from the pipes, thereby not draining it, but flooding it, that is, it begins to perform the opposite function. Therefore, the surface water drainage system should be connected to the groundwater drainage system not earlier than the places where the pipes pass for water drainage and not drainage, if you look at the direction of water flow into the systems. Soil drainage is carried out in places where perforated pipes are laid. Water is drained by sealed pipes.

According to the method of groundwater extraction, they are divided into vertical, horizontal and combined drainage. Vertical drainage consists of vertical ribbed wells lowered into the groundwater layer. They are equipped with pumps and filters, respectively, for cleaning and pumping groundwater outside the territory. Such a scheme is quite complicated both in installation and in operation.

Horizontal drainage consists of perforated pipes laid at the optimal depth of the pumping outlet in dug ditches sprinkled with gravel. Ditches are dug throughout the site in the form of a Christmas tree.

The drainage device, regardless of the type of site, begins with the arrangement of a drainage well in the farthest part of the site, away from the house. You can use ready-made plastic wells.

In places corner connections manholes are arranged to facilitate communication maintenance.

The depth of the drainage is selected based on its tasks: if the goal is to collect groundwater to protect the basement, then the depth should correspond to the level of the basement floor; if the goal is to drain abundant waters sinking into the ground, the depth corresponds to the depth of the foundation.

The pipes are wrapped with special material () to prevent sand and gravel from entering the pipes, with which the pipe is covered with a layer of 20-30 cm. After that, the pipe can be covered with ordinary soil. Unlike vertical drainage, water collected through holes in pipes is discharged by gravity under a slope, and not by pumps.

Horizontal drainage is more popular than vertical or even combined because of the cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.

You can read more about the device of the groundwater drainage system in the article:

Discharge of collected water

excess water is removed outside the site, into a ditch, reservoir. If this is not possible, then a well or reservoir is arranged within the site, from where water can be reused.

Advice:

It is recommended that drainage be laid in ditches with V-shaped walls with a wall slope of 30◦ in the cross section of the ditch. Width 50 cm Recommended ditch slope1-3 cm per meter of length. Wells can be equipped from any material that does not corrode.

Maintenance of drainage systems

Maintenance of the above systems is not difficult if they are properly designed and constructed. Key points in service:

1. Once every ten years, carry out a thorough flushing of pipes with a pump to prevent deposits on their walls.
2. Regular visual inspection wells, sewers and cleaning if necessary.

The shelf life of a properly calculated, laid, maintained drainage system is on average fifty, or even much more years.

Tips from professionals:

1. Be sure to check that the pipes are laid at a slope. The slope should be away from the house.
2. If it is impossible to install a gravity drainage system, a pressure ebb equipped with a pump is arranged.
3. Do not forget about the optimal design and compliance price = quality.Very often you want more, better, but the budget does not always allow you to implement your plan. So it is recommended to design, compare the project with prices, purchase and install in accordance with the recommendations given here.

surface water- which enter the site as a result of rains or streams permanently located on the site.

Ground- which are constantly underground at some level from the surface of the earth.

The groundwater level varies with the seasons. Groundwater is closest to the earth's surface in autumn and spring.

To drain surface water from the construction site, a system of drainage ditches (cuvettes) is arranged. The ditches are given slopes that ensure the drainage of water in a given direction.

Groundwater from the construction site can be diverted temporarily or permanently.

1. Temporary withdrawal consists in lowering the level of groundwater, as a rule, below the foundations (only for the duration of the work).

Dewatering is carried out using special installations - a system of wellpoints (pipe cuts of small diameter, pointed at the bottom and having holes in the walls), which are installed every 1.5 - 2m around the entire perimeter of the building. The wellpoints are connected by a common pipeline to which the pumps are connected.

2. Permanent retraction arrange with drainage.

Drainage- is a system of trenches located on the side of water inflow or along the perimeter of the structure.

The depth of the trenches is taken such that the bottom of the trench is slightly below the required groundwater level.

Groundwater, filtering through the soil, enters the gravel layer. A large number of voids in such a layer contributes to the further movement of water. Instead of gravel, can be laid on the bottom of the pipe.

Soil strengthening.

Soils are strengthened in various ways.

1. Cementing - are used in sandy soils. A cement mortar is pumped into the soil through wellpoints, which sets with sand to form a waterproof base.

2. Silicization - used in loamy and clay soils. Solutions of calcium chloride and sodium silicate are alternately pumped into the soil, which, interacting with the soil, form solid foundations.

3. Bitumization - used in wet sandy soils. Molten bitumen is pumped into the ground. It squeezes moisture out of the soil, and solidifying makes the soil more durable.

4. Roasting - used in various soils. At the ends of the wellpoints there is a bowl in which fuel is burned. With the help of a compressor, compressed air is supplied, which pumps hot gas into the ground. Under the influence high temperature the soil is sintered and hardened.

Questions for the test on the "Fundamentals of construction production"

1. The history of the development of building production.

2. Features of construction production in the Republic of Belarus. The role of construction production in the formation of a civil engineer.

3. Types of construction.

4. Construction work and organization of labor. General provisions.

5. Construction workers and their training.

6. Technical regulation and legislation in the construction industry.

7. Composition and content of normative and technical documentation.

8. Labor and environmental protection in the construction industry.

9. Buildings and structures. Types and classification.

10. The main structural elements of buildings.

11. Basic building materials.

12. Quality management of construction works.

13. Organizational and technical preparation for construction.

14. Types of technical documentation.

15. Technological maps and maps of labor processes.

16. General information about soils and land structures.

17. Organization of the construction site. General information about the methods of production of works.

18. Transport processes.

19. Requirements for design solutions.

20. Protection of structures from ground and atmospheric moisture.

21. Safety precautions in the production of waterproofing works.

A linear drainage system is a system of channels connected to each other in a line. Channels can be closed with gratings made of different materials depending on the load classes and the degree of water absorption.

Linear drainage is the most efficient and in a rational way organization of drainage in a large area, tk. does not require serious surface preparation, it is enough just to make a slope towards the channel line. This method reduces the likelihood of soil subsidence, increases the catchment area, reduces the length sewer pipes, which in turn reduces the volume land works.

The linear drainage system is easy to maintain. In order to clean it, you just need to remove the protective grids and remove the accumulated sand and small debris from the sand trap.

Another advantage of a linear drainage system is that it can be installed on an already finished site, at the very last stage of construction.

Point drainage - used for local collection of melt and rainwater. The main task of the point drainage system is to increase the service life of foundations and blind areas of buildings, to prevent basement flooding.
The point drainage system can consist of such elements as: cast-iron and plastic storm water inlets, ladders, storm collectors.

Point drainage features:

• sewer pipe system is included in the group engineering networks, therefore, it is optimal if the point drainage system is developed at the design stage;
• the surface requires a more complex slope compared to a linear drainage system;
• a significant amount of land work when laying sewer pipes;
• it is necessary to take into account the location of already existing underground engineering networks when designing and installing a point drainage system.

Do not forget that both drainage systems can be installed either separately from each other, or be combined into a single surface drainage system, if this is required by the conditions of the area being developed.

The lawn grating is used in cases where it is necessary to ensure the passage or parking of cars while maintaining a green zone.

For objects that can be applied lawn grills, include car parking in the yards of residential buildings, office areas, fire lanes, sports facilities, etc.

A plastic border is used to separate flower beds and lawns from the pedestrian zone.
Performs the function of waterproofing the green layer of the lawn, which keeps the boundary layer of grass from drying out.
Made from polyethylene high density, has high frost resistance (up to -40C). The border is installed along straight and curvilinear contours. To create smooth bends, you need to remove a thin jumper.