Means of language expressiveness table with examples. Artistic techniques in literature: types and examples

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used in figurative meaning for creating artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. art word- polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this is artistic possibilities word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider different types trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: There he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: wooden shelf- not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition here, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind well done, clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the object being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but in terms of the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in exaggerated form the most character traits depicted subject. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means artistic expressiveness"and completing assignments, pay special attention to the definitions of the given concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques, which are also based on the comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison.

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them), or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

The means of artistic expression are so numerous and varied that one cannot do without dry mathematical calculations.

Wandering through the back streets of the metropolis of literary theory, it is not surprising to get lost and not reach the most important and interesting. So, remember the number 2. Two sections need to be studied: the first is paths, and the second is stylistic figures. In turn, each of them branches into many lanes, and we don’t have the opportunity to go through all of them now. Trope - derived from Greek word"turn", denotes those words or phrases that have a different, "allegorical" meaning. And thirteen paths-lanes (the most basic). Or rather, almost fourteen, because here, too, art bypassed mathematics.

First section: trails

1. Metaphor. Find similarities and transfer the name of one object to another. For example: tram-worm, trolleybus-bug. Metaphors are often monosyllabic.

2. Metonymy. Also transfer of the name, but according to the principle of adjacency, for example: read Pushkin(instead of the name "book" we have "author", although the body of the poet was also read by many young ladies).

2a. Synecdoche. Suddenly - 2a. This is a kind of metonymy. Concept substitution. And by plural. "Save your penny"(Gogol) and" Sit down, light"(Mayakovsky) - this is according to concepts, instead of money and the sun." Retraining as a manager"(Ilf and Petrov) - this is by numbers, when the singular is replaced by the plural (and vice versa).

3. Epithet. Figurative definition of an object or phenomenon. Examples of a wagon (already an example - instead of "a lot"). It is expressed by almost any part of speech or phrase: leisurely spring, beautiful spring, smiled like spring etc. The means of artistic expression of many writers are completely exhausted by this path - varied, canal.

4. Comparison. Always binomial: the object of comparison is the image of similarity. The most commonly used conjunctions are "like", "as if", "as if", "exactly", as well as prepositions and other lexical means. Shout beluga; like lightning; silent like a fish.

5. Personification. When inanimate objects are endowed with a soul, when violins - sing, trees - whisper; Moreover, completely abstract concepts can also come to life: calm down, melancholy; even talk to me, seven-string guitar.

6. Hyperbole. Exaggeration. Forty thousand brothers.

7. Litota. Understatement. A drop in the sea.

8. Allegory. Through specifics - into abstraction. The train left It means that the past cannot be returned. Sometimes there are very, very long texts with one detailed allegory.

9. Paraphrase. Beating around the bush, describing the unnamed word. " Our everything", for example, or " Sun of Russian poetry". And just say - Pushkin, not everyone will be able to do it with such success.

10. Irony. Subtle mockery when words with the opposite meaning are used .

11. Antithesis. Contrast, opposition. Rich and poor. Winter and summer.

12. Oxymoron. A combination of incompatibilities: living corpse, hot snow, silver bast shoes.

13. Antonomasia. Similar to metonymy. Only here a proper name necessarily appears instead of a common noun. Croesus instead of "rich".

Second section: Stylistic figures, or Turns of speech, enhancing the expressiveness of the utterance

Here we memorize 12 branches from the main avenue:

1. Gradation. The arrangement of words is step by step - in importance, in ascending or descending order. Crescendo or diminuendo. Remember how Koreiko and Bender smiled at each other.

2. Inversion. A phrase that breaks the normal word order. Especially often adjacent to irony. " Where, smart, are you wandering your head"(Krylov) - there is also irony.

3. Ellipsis. From his inherent expressiveness, he "swallows" some words. For example: " I am going home instead of "I'm going home".

4. Parallelism. The same construction of two or more sentences. For example: " Now I go and sing, then I stand on the edge".

5. Anaphora. Monogamy. That is, each new construction begins with identical words. Remember Pushkin's "Green oak near the seashore", there is a lot of this goodness.

6. Epiphora. Repeating the same words already at the end of each construction, and not at the beginning. " If you go to the left, you will die, if you go to the right, you will die, and if you go straight, you will definitely die, but there is no turning back."

7. Non-union or asyndeton. Swede, Russian, it goes without saying that he cuts, stabs, cuts.

8. Polyunion or polysyndeton. Yes, it's also clear: and boring, you know, and sad, and no one.

9. Rhetorical question. A question that does not expect an answer, on the contrary, implies one. Have you heard?

10. Rhetorical exclamation. It greatly increases the emotional intensity of even written speech. The poet is dead!

11. Rhetorical appeal. Conversation not only with inanimate objects, but also with abstract concepts: " What are you standing, swinging...", "Hello joy!"

12. Parceling. Also very expressive syntax: Well, everything. I'm done, yes! This article.

Now about the topic

Subject artwork, as the basis of the object of knowledge, downright lives on the means of artistic expression, since the objects of creativity can be anything.

telescope of intuition

The main thing is that the artist must consider thoroughly, looking through the telescope of intuition, what he is going to tell the reader about. All phenomena lend themselves to the image human life and the life of nature, animal and flora as well as material culture. Fantasy is also a great subject for research, from there gnomes, elves and hobbits fly to the pages of the text. But the main theme is still a characteristic of the features of human life in its social entity, no matter what terminators and other monsters frolic in the open spaces of the work. And no matter how the artist runs away from actual public interests, he will not succeed in breaking ties with his time. The idea, for example, pure art"- also an idea, right? All the breaks throughout the life of society are necessarily reflected in the themes of the works. The rest depends on the author's intuition and dexterity - what means of artistic expression he will choose for the most complete disclosure of the chosen topic.

The concept of the Grand style and the style of the individual

Style is, first of all, a system that incorporates creative style, features of the verbal system, plus subject representation and composition (plot composition).

big style

The totality and unity of all pictorial and figurative means, the unity of content and form is the formula of style. Eclecticism does not convince to the end. Great style is the norm, expediency, traditions, it is the hit of the author's feeling during the Great Time. Such as the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Classicism.

According to Hegel: three types of Grand style

1. Strict - from harsh - with the highest functionality.

2. Ideal - from harmony - filled with balance.

3. Pleasant - from household - light and flirtatious. Hegel, by the way, wrote four thick volumes only about style. In a nutshell, it is simply impossible to describe such a topic.

Individual style

It is much easier to acquire an individual style. This is both a literary norm and deviations from it. The style of fiction is especially visible in its attention to detail, where all the components are poured into the system of images, and a poetic synthesis takes place (again, a silver bast shoe on the table of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov).

According to Aristotle: Three steps to style

1. Imitation of nature (discipleship).

2. Manner (we sacrifice truthfulness for the sake of artistry).

3. Style (fidelity to reality while maintaining all individual qualities). Perfection and completeness of style are distinguished by works that have historical truthfulness, ideological orientation, depth and clarity of problems. For creating perfect form, corresponding to the content, the writer needs talent, ingenuity, skill. He must rely on the achievements of his predecessors, choose forms that correspond to the originality of his artistic ideas, and for this he needs both literary and general cultural horizons. The classical criterion and the spiritual context are the best way and the main problem in acquiring style in current Russian literature.

Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines which expressivenesses a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, produce on him vivid impression through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate sounds real world- chirping, whistling, rain noise, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Examples of onomatopoeia contains most of literary lyrics: Balmont's "Sometimes midnight ..." is especially good here.

Almost all poets silver age used sound. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to trails, there are simple and effective means artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.

The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• the words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative subordinate clauses(golden foliage swirled in the pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, he serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, is less often personified object world- see Annensky "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

• content and content: eat three bowls;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
• object and material of the object: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:

• less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Paraphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or a descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or a combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• vividly evaluate the depicted;
• give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litote

With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given unusual shape, bright emotional coloring, the credibility of the assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.

irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: clever mind- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not exhausted by it. unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for more expressive power. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper flood, but genuinely fiction- brook. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy and boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound but have absolutely various meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used dexterously. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms, in the official and business styles are not used.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, lather the neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.

Visual means expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal imagery of the narrative: tropes, various forms instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figure.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a type of metaphor human qualities on inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawn wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", " Dead Souls».

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence, when all or almost all homogeneous members linked by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

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Epithet(Greek - attached, added) - this is a figurative definition that has a special artistic expressiveness, conveying the author's feeling for the depicted object, creating a vivid idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe object.

As a rule, the epithet is expressed by an adjective used in a figurative sense. From this point of view, for example, the adjectives blue, gray, blue in combination with the word sky cannot be called epithets, such are the adjectives lead, steel, amber.

Not every definition can be called an epithet (cf. iron bed and iron character, silver spoon and silver key (in the meaning of “spring”). Only in the phrases iron character and silver key do we have epithets that carry a semantic and expressive-emotional load in the statement.

In literary texts, there are rare (individual-author's) epithets. They are based on unexpected, often unique semantic associations: Marmeladova mood (L. Chekhov), cardboard love (N. Gogol), colorful joy (V. Shukshin).

Comparison - pictorial technique based on the comparison of the phenomenon or

concepts with another phenomenon. Most often, the comparison is made in speech and in the form of comparative turns. With this syntactic construction objects, actions, signs are compared. Comparative turnover consists of a word or phrase with one of the comparative conjunctions (as, exactly, as if, as if, as if, what): Briefness, like pearls, shines with content (L. Tolstoy). Wide shadows walk across the plain like clouds across the sky (A. Chekhov). Our river, as if in a fairy tale, was paved with frost overnight (S. Marshak)

The expressiveness of speech is also given by complex sentences with a comparative clause, which is attached to the main part with the help of the same comparative conjunctions like, exactly, as if, as if, as if, as if : It suddenly felt good in my soul, as if my childhood had returned (M. Gorky).

Comparison is also conveyed by other linguistic means, for example, by combining a verb with a noun in the instrumental case: Joy crawls like a snail (= crawls like a snail), In her chest she sang like a bird (= sang like a bird) joy (M Gorky), Chains of mountains stand like giants (I. Nikitin), Time flies sometimes like a bird, sometimes crawls like a worm. (I. Turgenev)

In addition, comparison is also transmitted by a combination of the comparative form of an adjective and a noun: Under it is a stream lighter than azure (M. Lermontov), ​​The truth is more precious than gold. (Proverb)

Metaphor -(Greek - transfer) is a transfer of the meaning of a word based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast: Nails would be made from these people: There would be no stronger nails in the world. (N. Tikhonov)

This means of expression is very close to comparison. Sometimes a metaphor is called a hidden comparison, since it is based on a comparison, but it is not formalized with the help of comparative conjunctions. : the sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok), the soaring tambourine of a blizzard (A. Blok), my words are dry leaves (V. Mayakovsky), the fire of the red mountain ash (S. Yesenin).

personification- an artistic technique, which consists in the fact that when describing animals or inanimate objects they are endowed with human feelings, thoughts, speech : The moon laughed like a clown (S. Yesenin), Everything around was tired: the color of the sky, and the wind, and the river, and the month that was born were tired (A. Fet), Midnight enters my city window with night gifts (A Tvardovsky ).

Hyperbola(Greek - exaggeration) - a pictorial technique built on a quantitative exaggeration of the signs of an object, phenomenon, action, in other words, this is an artistic exaggeration: It will pass - like the sun will shine! Look - the ruble will give! I saw how she mows: what a wave - then a mop is ready. (N. Nekrasov)

Litotes(Greek - simplicity) - as opposed to hyperbole, artistic understatement: Tom Thumb; the waist is in no way thinner than the neck of the bottle (N. Gogol)

Antithesis(Greek - opposition) - ego reception of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. As a rule, the antithesis is based on the use of antonyms: They came together: wave and stone, Poetry and prose, ice and fire. (A. Pushkin)) You are poor, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Russia!(N Nekrasov)

Alliteration - one of the types of sound writing based on the repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds: the echo roars over the mountains, Like thunder rumbling over thunders. (Derzhavin "Waterfall")

Assonance(lat. - sound in harmony) – repetition of the same vowel sounds in poetic speech: I'll put it in a tight bow, I'll bend an obedient bow into an arc, And then I'll send it at random, And woe to our enemy. (A. Pushkin)

Allegory - image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a specific image (heart is an allegory of love). In fables, under the guise of animals, certain persons or social phenomena are allegorically depicted.

Metonymy(Greek - to rename) - a phenomenon or object is denoted with the help of other words or concepts, while the signs or connections that bring these phenomena or concepts together are preserved: Mayakovsky about a revolver - "a steel speaker dozing in a holster"

gradation(lat - gradual elevation) - the arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance: Glowing, burning, shone huge blue eyes.(V. Soloukhin) I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend.(A. Blok)

Inversion(lat. - permutation) - a violation of the sequence of speech, giving the phrase a new expressive connotation: He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps. (A. Pushkin)

Chiasmus(Greek - cruciform) - a peculiar construction of a sentence, when in its first half the words are located in the same sequence, and in the second - in the reverse order (inversion): Reason contrary, contrary to the elements (A. Griboyedov)

Pun(French - pun) - humorous use of the polysemy of the word ( Nozdryov was in some way historical man. Not a single meeting where he was could do without history ... (N. Gogol), homonyms or sound similarity of words ( Defender of liberty and rights In this case, not right. (A. Pushkin) But who will explain to me why all these cattle, all these charistocrats are brought on earth ..? (R. Roland)

Oxymoron, or oxymoron (Greek - witty-silly), - a combination of words opposite in meaning: an optimistic tragedy (v. Vishnevsky). Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his smart sadness.(M. Lermontov) But I soon comprehended the mystery of their ugly beauty(M. Lermontov) Live, keeping the joy of grief, remembering the joy of past springs.. (V. Bryusov) // the impossible is possible, the road is long and easy. (BUT. Block) Out of hateful love, out of crimes, out of frenzy, righteous Russia will arise.(M. Voloshin)

Syntax parallelism(Greek - walking side by side, parallel) - a technique consisting in a similar construction of adjacent sentences of the prose text of poetic lines or stanzas: Diamond is polished with diamond. Line dictated by line

Lexical repetition- intentional repetition of the same word in the text. As a rule, using this technique, a keyword is highlighted in the text, the meaning of which should be drawn to the reader's attention: Not in vain did the winds blow, not in vain did the thunderstorm go. (WITH. Yesenin)
rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal(Greek - oratory) - special techniques that are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Rhetorical question can express interrogative content, but it is set not with the aim of giving or receiving an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader.

Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of feelings in the text.

Rhetorical address directed not to a real interlocutor, but to the subject of an artistic image. Dreams Dreams! Where is your sweetness! (A. Pushkin) Familiar clouds! How do you live? Who do you intend to threaten now?(M. Svetlov)

The role of figurative and expressive means can also be such syntactic constructions as homogeneous members of a sentence(often used are sentences with several rows of homogeneous

Sonorant sounds - m, l, n, p, d