Dialect words of the Russian language examples. The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S.

The Russian language is one of the most diverse, rich and multifaceted in the world. A large vocabulary, a variety of word forms and combinations - his distinctive features. What varieties of dialects does the Russian language contain?

What is a dialect

Dialect is a language system that is a means of communication between people united by living in the same territory. For the most part, dialect speakers are representatives countryside who live in one or more nearby communities. A synonym for the word "dialect" is the more familiar word "dialect".

Types of dialects

There are social and territorial dialects. Social are used by a group of people united general conditions, interests, skills. Bright option are professional terms or thieves Fenya. Such variants of the language arise due to the isolation of a group of people who communicate with each other. Social dialects have mostly lexical features.

Territorial dialects - varieties historically formed in a particular territory spoken language. They have a number of features - in meaning, sound, grammar.

The Russian language includes two large communities of dialects - northern and southern dialects. There are also a number of Central Russian dialects that occupy an intermediate position.

northern dialect

It occurs in areas located north of the line connecting the borders of St. Petersburg - Novgorod - Borovichi - Bezhetsk - Kalyazin - Rostov. Here there is a division into the Ladoga-Tikhvin, Kostroma, Vologda dialect communities.

The northern dialect has a number of special features. The most characteristic of them is okaniye: the inhabitants of these places clearly say the sound "o" in an unstressed position. Also characteristic are the stop “g”, the pronunciation “mm” instead of “bm” (“deception” - “omman”), the replacement of the combination “st” with the sound “s” at the end of the words - “mos”, “tail” instead of “bridge” , "tail". In a significant number of words of the northern dialect, a clatter is heard - “tsashka”, “tsai”. Plural often implies the same word forms in instrumental and dative cases.

For speakers of the northern dialect, interrogative intonation is characteristic in sentences that imply a narrative. This feature gives speech conciseness and melodiousness.

In the conversation of the inhabitants of the northern cities, the words “ladle” are heard - the dishes that are scooped up; "frying pan" - what holds the pans; "unsteady" - a cradle for babies. In this group, there are often words that came from the Finno-Ugric group.

Southern dialect

It occurs on the southern side of the trajectory passing along the borders of Sebezh - Velikiye Luki - Rzhev - Naro-Fominsk - Kolomna - Kasimov. It is divided into groups of dialects: Western, Upper Dnieper, Kursk-Oryol, Upper Desninsk, Eastern.

Southerners are characterized by akaniye, the pronunciation of the sound "g" with aspiration, smoothed out. Speakers of this dialect speak soft sound"t" at the end of verbs - he "go", she "sing". In the dialects of this group, the disappearance of words in the middle gender and their partial replacement to feminine words - “large” herd, milk “spilled”.

Southerners use the words "korets" - what they scoop; "chaplya" - a device for holding pans; "cradle" - a cradle. In conversations, words and expressions borrowed from Turkic languages ​​are used.

Central Russian dialects

Geographically, they are found in the space located between the territories of the northern and southern dialects. They can be heard in the speech of Novgorodians, Pskovians, Muscovites, residents of Tver, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod.

In this group, there is isolation and unification of Western ok and ok dialects; eastern akayuschih Central Russian and okayuschie Central Russian.

Intermediate dialects appeared due to the formation of close communication between the speakers of the northern and southern dialects. This happened in the 14th century after the emergence of a centralized Moscow state. This is how transitional dialects appeared, combining the linguistic features of both dialects. The Moscow dialect, which became the basis of the language of Russian literature, originates in transitional variants.

The Central Russian dialects are characterized by the alternation of a voiced “g” with a dull sound “k” in the endings, the widespread use of the words “grab”, “kvashnya”, “caftan”.

Dialects in our time

And now dialects exist within their territorial communities. A city dweller, once in the village, will hear a number of words and expressions, the meanings of which he will not understand.

Most often these are words denoting the realities of rural life. But there are also dialects relating to all known subjects. A vivid example of this is the word "mittens". In the regions of Smolensk, Bryansk, Kaluga, Kursk, Belgorod they are called "vyazenki", and in the villages of Pskov, Novgorod - "dyanki".

One dialect word can have several meanings and be used in different contexts. In general, there is now a downward trend in the number of dialects. This is due, first of all, to the widespread spread of literacy, the introduction of mass media - radio, television, and the print press.

Most often, dialect words are used by the older generation, while young people rarely use them in their speech. Adverbs also penetrate the literary language, many authors use them to give their works original folk features. Researchers of the Russian language believe that it is precisely such works that will help descendants learn about the existence of dialect words.

The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It contains many original words known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology, they are called limited in use and are classified into special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter are most often heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in live colloquial speech and usually reflect the realities existing there. Moreover, for the name of the same object, residents can equally use different options: both “local”, commonly used.

Dialect word - what is it?

"Selets graze behind the house." Not many, having heard this phrase, will understand what is at stake. It is understandable. A foal is sometimes called a foal in a Russian village.

Dialectisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain area and are not included in any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution may be limited to a few settlements or an entire region.

Interest in the "local" word in Russia arose in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dahl, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have done a lot of work in this direction. They considered various options and examples of the use of the word dialect. In the literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (specific vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social status of speakers of local dialects are taken into account).

Groups of dialects in Russian

In Russia, there are several variants of dialects. The basic principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation and therefore are closest to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used ones): house - hut (northern) - hut (southern); to speak - to bait (northern) - to gutarit (southern).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect usually has its own features. In addition, it is customary in science to distinguish several groups, which include dialect words of different ways of formation (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

1. Actually lexical. They either have no connection with words in the literary language at all (for example, a squirrel in the Pskov region is a veksha, a basket in the Voronezh region is a sapetka), or they are formed from an existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe means to bathe).
2. Lexical and derivational. They differ from commonly used words in only one affix: poor man - troubled on the Don, talkative - talkative in Ryazan, etc.
3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pakhmurny - i.e. cloudy.
4. Osemantic. They are completely identical to common words in sound, spelling and form, but differ in lexical meaning: running in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in the Ryazan region - the name of chicken pox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many territories have their own peculiarities of life, customs, relations between people, which are most often expressed in speech. It is possible to recreate a complete picture of life in such cases precisely through dialect words. highlighting individual details in the general way of everyday life:

• ways of laying sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small laying, odonok - large;
• the name of a foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year old - suckling, from 1 to 2 years old - strigun, from 2 to 3 years old - uchka.

Designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option is when dialects and their meaning always arouse interest among “strangers”) help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north it is customary to build a house and all outbuildings under one roof. From here a large number of"local" words denoting different parts of the same building: bridge - canopy and porch, hut - living room, ceiling - attic, tower - living room in the attic, lead - hayloft, fat - a place in the barn for cattle.

In the Meshchersky Territory, the main economic sector is forestry. Associated with her large group names, which form dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, needles - needles, cut down places in the forest - cutting, a person involved in uprooting stumps - peneshnik.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on a work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. Dialects play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers whose childhood passed in the countryside turn to dialect words. As a rule, the authors themselves provide footnotes containing the interpretation of words and the place of their use.

The function of dialectisms in work of art may be different. But in any case, they give the text originality and help to realize the author's idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet for whom Ryazan dialect words are the main means of recreating rural life. Examples of their use: “in an old-fashioned dilapidated shushun” - a type of women's clothing, “at the threshold in a bowl of kvass” - for the test.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating a landscape sketch: “I look ... at the padi” - the gorge. Or I. Turgenev: "the last ... squares (large thickets of bushes) will disappear."

For the so-called "village" writers, one of the ways to create a literary image is the hero's speech, which includes dialect words. Examples: “God (God) helped (helped) you” by V. Astafiev, “they (they) ... will spoil (spoil) the earth” - by V. Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory they will be marked region. - regional or dial. - dialect. The largest special dictionary is the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that a word that was once used only by a certain group of people passes into the category of general use. This is a long process, especially in the case of "local" words, but it also takes place in our time.

So, few people will come to mind that the rather well-known word "rustling" is dialectal in origin. This is indicated by a note by I.S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as we say,” i.e. in the writer the word is used for the first time as an onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - a petty tyrant, which in the time of A. Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it has found a second birth and today no one raises questions.

These are not isolated examples. The dialect words used to be owl, tues, tong.

The fate of dialect words in our time

Due to the increase in last years migration processes within the country, dialects are now spoken mainly by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in the individual was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialect words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study the ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and uniqueness. For the modern generation, this is a living memory of the past.

B
Babai- a terrible old man who frightened children.
tub, tub- wide low wooden bucket.
Buckwheat, beat the bucket- to mess around (originally: to break a log into buckwheat, i.e., chocks, for dressing small items).
Balda (bolda)- stupid, stupid a lanky and clumsy fool; stupid, stupid; gossip, gossip.
Batog- stick, staff, cane, whips, which were punished.
Bahar- storyteller, rhetorician, storyteller.
Bayat- speak, tell.
Bezmen- hand scales.
birdo- loom detail, comb type.
Bespyaty- from the word "heel" - tires on which the door is hung.
Biryuk- animal, wolf or bear.
biryulya- pipe, flute, decoration or toy.
Good, or bologo(from the word "ill") - good, much.
Reverend- a priest who is entrusted with managing several churches, clergy, parishes.
blissful- happier, more prosperous.
Cooper- A barrel maker.
Borushka- An old woman's headdress.
Bortnik- a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word "board" - a hollow tree in which bees live).
hawk hawk(from the word "braga") - a lover of drinking, feasting, a reveler, a drunkard.
Brasno- food, food, bread and salt, food.
Dragnet, or wanderer - a net, fishing tackle, a small net.
Gully- a small ravine.
Beeches - old name the letters B.
Burachok- box, small box, tuesok.
Burka(from the fabulous Sivka-burka) - horse, horse.

AT
Vakula(violent) - a deceiver, a rogue.
Lead is the old name for the letter B.
Bucket- good, clear weather.
highness- respect, courtesy, courtesy.
Veliy- great, vast, big.
Vereya- the pole on which the gate is hung.
Verst- Russian measure of length, equal to 1.06 km.
verti- an expression of rotation, turnover, such as swing, knock, break.
twirl- a hill, a dry place, a ridge between swamps.
Versha, or verse- a fishing projectile made from rods.
Vershok- Russian measure of length, equal to 4.4 cm.
Vekhotka- rags.
Party- evening gathering, meeting, feast.
Vespers- evening church service.
spring- spring.
uplift- raise.
Lord- the name of the bishop, bishop.
Volok- dense forest.
Volok- a road through a large forest; a path on the watershed, along which cargo and boats were dragged.
Volovoe window- a sliding window in chicken huts.
parish- in Ancient Russia, the territory subordinated to one authority, mainly princely; in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR before zoning 1929-1930. the lowest administrative-territorial unit.
opposing, counter- one who argues, argues.
vsukat(southern, western) - insert bitch, screw; impose.
shield- isolate, eliminate, separate.
Vyazenitsy- knitting, knitting.

G
Worsted- a kind of soft woolen yarn; a type of cotton fabric that feels like wool.
Gashnik, or gravel- belt, lace.
Ginut— disappear, disappear, collapse, die.
Voice- voice, sound, noise.
Govet- believers: to fast and go to church, preparing for confession and communion.
Golik- a broom without leaves, used for washing wooden floors and benches.
Golitsa- unlined leather glove.
Gol- poverty, poverty; often so called in the past and the poor themselves.
Grat(southern) - sing, play musical instruments; (east) - shout, make noise, have fun; croak.
Hryvnia- a monetary unit in Ancient Russia (a silver or gold ingot, originally weighing about 400 g); silver or gold neck decoration in Ancient Russia; ten cent coin.
penny- in past copper coin denomination of two kopecks.
pennies(southern) - money in general.
garden bed- crossbar.
Horn- an ancient musical instrument.
barn- a fenced-off place where compressed bread was stored in special buildings; cleared area for threshing, current.
Guna, or gunya- dilapidated, worn out clothes, rags.
Guska(southern) - goose.

D
giving- gift, alms.
Dvorka- joke, sharpness.
deja, or bowl- sourdough, a tub in which bread is kneaded.
Money- an old copper coin in half a kopeck.
Money- in the past, a coin with a denomination of half a kopeck or two half a penny.
Get- to get, to get, to acquire, to find, to catch.
Dokuka- bother, bother, bother, climb with requests.
Domovina- coffin.
Dubets(northern) - rod, rod; stick, staff.
clerk- in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries. official in state institutions.
Deacon- clergy, priest's assistant during worship and rituals.
sexton

E
hedgehog- food.
Yelan- a vast clearing in the forest; meadow or field plain.
Deer- deer.
Eliko- how much, how much.
endova- big open dishes with sock for drinking, pouring liquid.
Epancha, epancha- a wide sleeveless raincoat, cloak.
Yermolka- a small round hat without a band made of soft matter.

F
Gland- Fetters, shackles, chains.
stomachs- yolks.
Zheravl, zharavl- crane.
Foal- piece, segment, particle.
bellies- living creatures, wealth, wealth.
Zupan- an old semi-caftan (for Ukrainians and Poles).
crane, crane- lever, overweight for lifting weights, water from a well.

W
wrapping- leash shafts to the wagon.
Entice- entice, invite.
subdued- ceased to quarrel.
zaplot- fence, wooden fence.
Potion- drug, medicine.
Zemshchina- in the old days: the civilian population, as well as the part of the state allocated by Ivan the Terrible to the control of the boyars, mainly on the outskirts, in contrast to the oprichnina.
Zipun- old outerwear from coarse homemade cloth.
slanderous- slanderous, slanderous.
Sinister(northern, western) - difficult, troubled time; time of disaster, need, poverty, hunger.
spool- an old Russian measure of weight (about 4.26 g).
Zybka- cradle.

And
hegumen- abbot, head of the monastery.
Iconostasis- a wall covered with icons in the church, separating the altar from the common room.
Enoch- monk.
Underside- below, below.

To
Censer- a metal vessel for fumigation with incense during worship.
Kamenka- stove.
Damask- antique silk colored fabric with patterns.
Corporal - military rank junior commanders in the armies of some countries and in the Russian army from the 17th to the first half of XIX in.
Kvashnya- wooden or earthenware for sourdough dough; fermented dough, dough.
hood- headdress Orthodox monks in the form of a high cylindrical hat with a veil.
Koval- blacksmith.
Kokora- a tree with a root (fallen down by a hurricane, etc.).
Komolaia- hornless.
Bonfire- part of the plant unsuitable for yarn; upper part of the plant with seeds.
Kochet- rooster.
Croma- kraukha, outer slice, crust, slice of bread all over the carpet.
circled- rotating Potter's wheel; drinking house, tavern.
coarse- white flour highest quality.
Ridge- a log, a deck, a large wooden beam.
Kubra(novg.) - naughty, joker, prankster.
Tow- flax fiber for yarn; yarn.
Kus- a part of something, a piece.
Kutya- grain porridge (usually rice) with honey, raisins, which is eaten at the wake.
huddle(sev., vost.) - relentlessly ask, beg, solicit.

L
Lavra- the name of the largest and most important male Orthodox monasteries.
Incense- aromatic resin, in Christianity is used for incense during worship.
Lala- jocular conversation, chatter, idle talk.
Leza- lively, dexterous, daring.
Goblin- on folk beliefs, master of the forest, a monster that lives in the forest.
lodyga- bone bumps at the end of the leg.
babble(Novg., Tversk., Voronezh.) - chat smartly, indistinctly; clapping, clapping, splashing.
Bast, bast- the subcortical layer of linden and some other trees, going to the bast, from which baskets are made, bast shoes are weaved, etc.
Lutokha, lutokha- linden, from which the bark is removed.
Lyko - inner part young bark deciduous trees(mainly lindens).
fly- to avoid business, to spend time idly.

M
Mantle(archang.). - cape, zipun, used outerwear.
Maslenitsa- an old holiday of seeing off winter.
Matica- a beam, a bar across the entire hut, on which the ceiling boards are laid.
Lambskin- sheepskin.
bribe- reward or retribution, payment, retribution.
Mizgir- spider; (novg.) crybaby.
mundane- common, human, human.
Metropolitan- the highest rank of bishop.
Might- power, strength, power, wealth, wealth.
Moklok- "headed" bone.
prayer service- a short service (about health, well-being, etc.).
Monastery- possessions, property of the monastery; the work of the peasants at the monastery.
Muzzle- fishing equipment.
Bridge- plank flooring porch and large canopy in the hut.
Reel- a stick with a fork at one end for winding yarn from a spindle.
Motorno- vulgar, disgusting, disgusting, cloying.
Purse- purse, bag, cash bag.
Whorl- a specially carved stick, which is used to stir the liquid.
Myalitsa- a device for processing flax.
meat eater- days on which, in accordance with church regulations, it was allowed to eat meat.

H
navetki- hints, indirect accusation.
Navolok- floodplain, meadow, brought in during the spill by alluvium; cape, peninsula.
shingles- a kind of peasant stockings without socks and heels.
Namychka- from the word "bump", to cover something tightly.
lap- attacks, scolding.
Be named- to make a promise, vow.
Nast- platform, flooring.
frowning- gloomy, gloomy, gloomy.
Leak- run, run (with feet).
Nahvala- give preference, praise.
Heavenly, heavenly- beggar, wretched.
Unbelievable words- a lie, a lie.
Inadvertently- unintentionally, by chance, accidentally.
carry- obsolete. form of the word "no".
bat- a large bat.
Nicoli- obsolete. form of the word "never".
Nuzha- poverty, extreme, lack, need.

O
Mass- the main church service for Christians, performed in the morning or in the first half of the day.
everyday life- housekeeping or handicraft, trade.
Obmezh- a strip along the boundary.
Rim- a fence around arable land or, in general, a fenced area.
shawl- obtain, obtain.
Barn- a building for drying sheaves before threshing.
Single row- a long-brimmed single-breasted caftan without a collar.
Odonye- stack.
Okolnitsa- window.
Onucha- winding for a leg under a boot or bast shoes; footcloth.
Opara- fermented dough seasoned with yeast or sourdough.
Supports- Worn-out, worn-out boots.
settle down, or rest- sleep, fall asleep.
yell- plow.
Osek- fence, neighborhood.
Osmetok- rundown.
sow thistle- large weed prickly grass.
Ostozhye- a fence around a haystack; stack pad.
otvoloka- action from the verb "repel"; drag, pull, nail, drag.
Retraction, retraction- line, bracket, thicknesser.
Ohul- vices, shortcomings, swearing.
Ochep- overweight; a log or pole placed by a lever.

P
Peahen- female peacock; a woman with a proud posture and a smooth gait.
Parsnip- garden and wild plant used for food and livestock feed.
Shepherd- shepherd, priest.
Pace- the more, the more, especially, the better.
piebald- about the color of animals, most often about a horse: motley, spotted, in light spots on a dark background, or vice versa.
experience- forward, forward.
pestle- a short heavy rod with a rounded end for crushing something in a mortar.
pet- rooster.
Pishchal- An old firearm.
Pishchal- old cannon or heavy gun.
Film(from the word "weave") - a snare, a horsehair loop for catching birds.
underwater- liquefied, diluted with water.
Povoy- action from the verb "to twist"; Russian women's headdress, headband, veil.
Pogost- rural cemetery.
Gut (gut)- a joke, a joke.
clerk- in the old days: a servant, a scribe in court.
reap- stubble, meadow.
gimp- braid, usually embroidered with gold or silver.
Poklyapoe- crooked, bent.
Polaty- a flooring made of sleeping boards, arranged in a hut under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall.
Polushka- in the past, the smallest coin, equal to half a money or a quarter of a penny.
Sexton- inferior church minister in Orthodox Church.
Ports- trousers.
Poskonny- from homespun canvas made from male hemp (with a thinner stem); homegrown, rough.
Fimble- hemp.
Fast- abstinence from fast food (meat and dairy) prescribed by church rules; great post- the seven-week fast established by the church before Easter.
Promise(archang.) - promise, vow.
Podakovschik- one who indulges another in something.
Poyarkovy- woolen, from bright wool, the first shearing of a sheep.
pribaska- a red word, decoration in speech, sharpness.
orderly- in pre-revolutionary Russia, a clerk, a clerical servant, generally serving in an order, in a court, chamber, office.
prikalitok- a gate, a door in the gate.
Priluka- bait, bait.
Saying- hint.
tributary- an arm of the river.
Parable- proverb.
Prorukha- mistake, mistake, oversight, insensitivity.
Spinners- cakes baked in butter.
spinner- a device for spinning without a spindle.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from stake to stake, from post to post.
Psalm, psalm- a type of religious chant.
Birdie- bird.
Pud- an old Russian measure of weight, equal to 16.3 kg.
Puffer, fir, pechter- big basket.
Pyaden- a span, a measure of length equal to 1/4 arshin or 0.178 m.

R
Waste- scatter, lose.
ratay- warrior, warrior
Rvina- moat, ditch, pit, ravine.
Recruit- in pre-revolutionary Russia, a rookie soldier.
Rel- two pillars with a crossbar, a gallows.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rozno- separately, separately.
Ore- blood.
Rushalka(tamb.) - a crouper, a device for dressing cereals from grain.
cassock- upper long clothes in the waist with wide sleeves for the Orthodox clergy.

With
Sabina- property, wealth.
Shroud- a funeral robe for the dead made of white fabric.
fathom- an old Russian measure of length, equal to 2.134 m; oblique fathom - from the heel to the end of the arm raised up (“in the shoulders - oblique fathom”, that is, very strong, broad-shouldered).
Morocco- High quality goatskin leather.
Svetets- stand for a torch.
bend- a cake, usually bent, folded in half.
Sklyanica- glass vessel, bottle.
Skoben- a knife with two transverse handles at the ends for rough planing.
buffoon- in Ancient Russia: singer-musician, itinerant artist.
Smerd- in Ancient Russia: a peasant, a farmer.
to dress up- to do, to help, to promote.
Sopets- steering wheel, as a rule, helm.
soromitsya- be ashamed.
get dressed(Pskovsk., Tambovsk.) - hope, hope, wait.
Stavets- a common wooden bowl.
Mill- loom.
Elder- a monk, a hermit.
Staritsa- nun, hermit.
Become- to do something to oneself, to become.
stalk- black or handle, handle.
Vessel- dish, vessel, dishes, household utensils.
Adversary- the enemy, the robber.
antimony, antimony- metal, hair dye.
Surna- part of the head, face; (Persian) musical trumpet.
Antimony- dye for blackening hair.
Susek- close.
Suslon- stacked together sheaves on the field.
schema- the highest monastic degree in the Orthodox Church, requiring strict asceticism from those initiated into it.

T
Talan- luck, profit, fate, happiness.
ram- a small fish, a kind of roach.
Tat- thief, predator.
Tenet- a net for catching animals.
Pip- bird disease, cartilaginous growth on the tip of the tongue.
decay- rot, ashes, ashes.
Toldy(bonfire, Vladimirsk, Vyatsk) - then.
Toliko- so, so much.
torn, torn- generous, affable, quick.
interpret- handle, handle.
Refectory- dining room, hall (in a monastery, etc.).
wasted(tamb.) - terrified.
Treba- for believers: a liturgical rite performed at the request of the believers themselves (for example, christening, marriage, etc.).
trebnik- book with prayers for treb.
shaking- chills, fever.
Tuga- grief, sadness.
Turus- Fable, nonsense, chatter.
vane- diligent, diligent, generous.
Tyurya- the simplest food: bread or crackers, crusts, crumbled in salted water; bread okroshka on kvass, sometimes with onions.

At
Wretched- poor, indigent, indigent.
ugly- wretched, crippled
Umezhek- a strip along the boundary.
pack- please, please.
hope- firmly hope, wait with confidence, rely.
ducks- transverse threads of the fabric, intertwined with the longitudinal (warp) during weaving.
Weary, weary- frail, weak, thin.
Quirky- departed, fled.

F
firth- smug, swaggering and usually dandyish person.

X
haika(from the word "fault") - to condemn, to condemn.
Khlenut- take a sip.
clap, clap- yard, serf man.
Trunk(novg.) - hook, outskirts, ring road.
holly, holly- servant, footman, serf; (Vyatsk) rubbish, sediment from the spill.
Hosh(Tamb., Pskov.) - at least, at least.
Crack - crunch, crackle, knock.
hula(from the word "blame") - not to approve, to condemn.
Justa- a scarf, a piece of canvas.

C
tarsus- bobbin for weaving lace, a detail worn on a spindle.
celba, celba- wish.
Pillar - virgin, unplowed field.
flail- hand tool for threshing.
tsunak- dog.

H
Child- child, child, son, daughter; spiritual son or daughter.
Chalok, chalik- raw twig used for knitting.
to look forward to- to think, to believe, to conclude.
Chebotar- shoemaker.
Chernets- monk.
Chernitsa- a nun.
Chivy- generous, generous.
Chirks, Kiriks- shoes.
Sneezy, hellebore- perennial herbaceous plant lily family.
Chumichka- dirty, untidy.
Chumicka, chumic- ladle, ladle or large spoon.

W
Shabura- summer men's clothing like a robe.
shanga- a kind of cheesecake, flat cakes (with potatoes, with cottage cheese, etc.).
Shvets- tailor.
Shebala- talker, idler.
Sheleg, shelyag- a non-walking coin, a plaque in games.
Shelom- helmet.
Shemakhan (silk)- Eastern, from Shamakhi.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
make noise- talk loudly, shout.
brother-in-law- brother-in-law.

SCH
stingy- smart, smart.
Wood chips- chipped (wooden) dishes.
tickle- reproach, reproach.
Shield, shield- protect, guard.

I
eating- food, food, food, grub.
Jadren(from the word "vigorous") - large, good, big.
yaryshka, yaryshka- a drunkard, a swindler, a dissolute person.
Yatisya, yatisya- take, take, brag.
Yakhont- old name precious stones- ruby ​​and sapphire.

B agres cloths- fabric of purple color (from "crimson", "crimson").
bass- beauty, decoration; Basco is beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- the head of the fishing cooperative.
Bayat- speak, say.
Safely- boldly.
Safely- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Berchataya - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
birdo- affiliation of the weaving mill.
bloody- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, that is, forest beekeeping, the extraction of honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - position.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast arranged on holidays in clubbing .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal bowl for drinking.
Buoy wand- battle club.
Burzametsky (spear) - see: Murzametsky.
bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, food, meal, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit- a small net, which is used to fish together, fording.
Buyava, buyovo- cemetery, grave.
Former - like, like.
bylica- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Important- hard, hard.
Valyak, valyachny, valyashchaty - cast, chased, carved, chiselled, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on a mound, on a jew's harp”) - maybe from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Vereda - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(rope, rope, rope) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretier- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps the spindle is meant, i.e. the type of sucker - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, couple, couple.
Pounded miles - probably from "gverst" - coarse sand, crushed stone.
nativity scene- cave; hangout; big box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of a box in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played out.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead.
Evening- yesterday.
uplift- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, rod, long branch.
Water carrier - vessel for carrying and storing water, drinking.
Volzhanskaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Volokitnoy (bow) - ordinary, everyday, worn out.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Votchina - estate (hereditary, family); patronymic; "by patrimony" - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut serving as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
dress up- say something to yourself.
howl - food, eating; the amount of food at a time; meal hour.
Outputs - tribute, give.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, vyazinochka - club made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of skids, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viry, iry)- marvelous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- winter storm.

G ah- oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, naked, devoid of vegetation and stones.
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
Grenesh - you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes .
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
grenesh- you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
Gridenko, Gridnya, Grinya, Grynushka - reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness over the shafts.
Gusli, goslings, goslings- plucked string instrument.
fit- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
godina- good clear weather, bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
dutch- chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- a dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
garden bed- a shelf going from the oven to the wall.
Lip- gulf, bay.
Horn- a three-string violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

D eever- Brother husband.
Nine- Nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the lineage of the hero.
Del - share division of production ("share to divide").
Hold - spend; does not hold - is not spent, does not dry out.
Sufficient - befits, befits; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a ratovishe, i.e., a weapon, perhaps long-stinging - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got it? (enough?)- in the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“it does not enter the thought”).
Fool - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's estate - family estate, passed into possession by lateral inheritance.
deja- dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, old.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drola- dear, dear, beloved.

E ndova- a wide copper bowl with a spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless jacket, fur coat.
Ernishny- from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Yerofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Estva- food, meal.

Zhalnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; cattle.
Zhito- any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an old semi-caftan.

W complain- to complain, to cry.
Zagneta (zagneta)- the ash pan of the Russian stove.
conspiracy- the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch for damage or destruction of the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- soiled or contaminated something new clean; lightening the heart (from “renew”; take the soul to lighten the heart).
get excited- rejoice.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not a round masonry, but an oblong one.
Zasek- bin, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zinut- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Mature- ripe berries.

And sleep- praise, glory, thank you.

To the azak, the Cossack- employee. (worker), laborer, hired worker.
Damask- ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
loaves- wheat pancakes.
wire rod- boots.
cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
kitty- bag.
kitina- grass stem, pea stalk.
Kichka- an old Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
crate- room or pantry in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Kluka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- an egg bun.
Komel- thickened Bottom part spinning wheels; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, which went to the bedspread, veil.
kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house.
Kopyl- a short bar in the sledge runners, which serves as a support for the body.
Mower - big knife with a thick and wide blade.
Bonfire (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after their beating, scratching.
Skewed (skewed) window- a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods intertwined at an angle, typical of Russia until the 18th century.
cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- the corner in the hut where the icons hung.
the beauty- the bride's crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and girlish will.
Croma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma-big cream” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, that is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- manual weaving machine; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.
Krosenets- homespun shirts.
Krynitsa- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrowish and high.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- slovenly, untidy person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
smoke- make up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in the hut under the images or near the stove: "rotten kut" - northwest wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- a little fluff.
Ladom- well, as it should.
swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits of the shirt sleeves.
Lolden- ice cube.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in the lake protruding from the water.

Maina- polynya.
Mother, mother- average ceiling beam in the hut.
Intermediate (intermediate)- long, long, summer.
low water - middle level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, "by the whole world."
Molodik- young month.
Muzzle- braided wicker.
Morok- (haze) - a cloud, a cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
ant- glazed.
Myalitsa- a pulper, a projectile with which flax and hemp are crushed, cleaning the fibers from the bonfire.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, chagrin.
Nat- it is necessary (abbreviated from "put on" - it is necessary).
pull on- to stumble, attack.
Neblyzhny- real, real.
Unsatisfactory- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
novelty- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; new harvest grain.
Night- last night.

Oh attendants- mushroom, boletus.
to charm (to charm)- stipulate, jinx it.
deaf-eared- long-eared, eared, long-eared.
spin- dress; dress up (young after the crown in women's clothes); marry.
Omshanik- a felling frame for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- windings for a leg under a boot or bast shoes, footcloth.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn and tattered shoes.
yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year on the site of mowed.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in the hut, on which the cradle was hung.

to live- pasture, pasture.
pasma- part of a skein of thread, yarn.
pelchaty- with a fringe.
fallow- neglected arable land.
Tell me, tell me- barn, barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
undercut- “sleigh with undercuts” - with a shackled sledge rune.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an old small copper coin in a quarter of a kopeck.
Poppelunik (sprinkler)- from "peel": ashes, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
powder- falling snow layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
post- strip, field; plot, a section of a field occupied by reapers.
jaundiced- from wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- lingering, mournful.
span- the beginning of summer, June, it's time to petrovka.
Pryazhets- cake, pancakes in butter; black flour pancake with butter.
spinner- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from pole to pole; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which the fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoops.

Dress up- to try, to care, to assist. Get undressed - undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- splay, spread, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- a heart.
zealous, zealous- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- crossroads, crossing roads, where they say goodbye, part, part.
Rubel - wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, toss.
Row (rada)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction when buying, hiring, supplying, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freezing.
Scroll- top long clothes (usually for Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- Wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain, which the sower wears over his shoulder.
week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko north, north wind.
to give birth quickly- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
get bored- gather in a bunch, in one place.
funny- tasty.
Smychin- knotty, strong stick, going to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
in order- neighbor, fellow villager (from "row" - street).
Stavets- big cup, bowl.
flock- a stall, a barnyard, a paddock, a fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stamovik- hedge from a small forest.
Village inconvenient- the children of the deceased.
Surplice- clothes of a clergyman, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
fear- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
tie- poles, lay down, thick sticks to strengthen a haystack or cart with hay.
Sukoleno- knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
Adversary- rival.
Susek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Syta- honey broth; water sweetened with honey.

T alan- happiness, luck, destiny.
Talina- thawed earth, thawed earth.
tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- web.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one throw of a seine; a place where they fish.
Torok- a gust of wind, a squall.
Torok (torok)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo, a travel bag to it.
Torok- a bat, a torn road.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tuleley- tulle frill.
yablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

At timber- elegant headdress, Wedding Veil.
supper bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, the number of sheaves.
Shrink (of water)- to come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
steal- caulk in one fell swoop, prepare for the winter.

H alo- hoped, it seemed.
Chelo- the front of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Blackberry, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Thursday- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 any units (for example, a bag of 4 pounds).
Chuyka- a long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- braided ball; wooden ball; whip, whip, whip.
shanga- Cheesecake, juicy, simple cake.
scaly- with a convex hat.
Sherstobit- the one who beats, pats, pushes wool.
wool- hornets.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric in full width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

scherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barkingbarren (of cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a constant epithet for the harp.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectic words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine "Family and School" (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign languages ​​in depth. The article will discuss the features use of dialectisms will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.

Dialectisms: examples of words

Many of us, especially those who had to live in different areas countries, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.

Examples:

In Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region people “okayut” (pronounce the end, go, stop). At the same time, they put the stress correctly, but in an unstressed position, a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages, they “click” and “click” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions, you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“mustache” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of a shop, etc.).

Connoisseurs of Russian dialects, linguists, on the basis of characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, hardly noticeable - easily establish the region or even the village where the person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages ​​and form the basis of those unities that are called dialects or dialects in the science of language.

Modern dialects of the Russian language are divided into two main dialects.

Examples:

To the north of Moscow, there is a North Russian (or North Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including “okany”, the explosive quality of the sound “g” - mountain, arc - and the firm pronunciation of verb endings in the 3rd person singular. numbers: goes, carries, etc.

To the south of Moscow, the South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect is observed. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and the soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The language differences of these adverbs are supplemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, the originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).

North Great Russian dialects do not go directly into South Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects lie Central Russian (or Middle Great Russian) dialects, which arose as a result of interaction, "mixing" of North Russian and South Russian dialects in the border strip. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verbal endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akanie” (South Russian trait).

There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a "local irregular dialect". In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical-linguistic science of dialectology, on the basis of a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language, helps to reveal the internal laws of language development.

Russian literary language and dialects

In the era of the decomposition of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united in tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). The composition of these unions included tribes who spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the currently existing dialect differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.

In the 9th-10th centuries, a Old Russian people. This was due to the transition of the Eastern Slavs to a class society and the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. The language unit at this time becomes the dialect of a particular region, which gravitates economically and politically towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on the former land of Slovenes, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partially Vyatichi) . Subsequently, such a unit was the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct progenitor of modern Russian dialects.

Above the local dialects, uniting all those who speak Russian, stands the literary Russian language, which has developed as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Appearing on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language absorbed the best elements of folk dialects, was processed for centuries by masters of the word - writers and public figures - was fixed in writing, affirmed uniform and binding literary norms for all.

However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from the dialects. Even now it (albeit to a relatively small extent) is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “kosovitsa”, “farmer”, “plowing”, “steam”, “initiative”, “break wood” are dialectal words and expressions that have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “hut” is a North Russian word, and “hut” is South Russian. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.

From what has been said, it should be clear that it is impossible to evaluate dialects as "local distortions" of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (features of pronunciation, grammatical structure, vocabulary) is highly stable and, acting within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among the elderly) use it as familiar from childhood and by no means "distorted" Russian.

Russian dialectisms and related languages

Why, after all, dialectal speech is sometimes characterized as corrupted literary? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (with the exception of “untranslatable” dialectisms: the names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while the “external design” (sound, morphological) of ordinary words in this or that dialect is unusual. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “warped”) words in the first place attracts attention: “cucumber” or “igurec” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apples" (instead of ripe apple) etc. It is clear that in the literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.

Everyone who wants to master the correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which he lives, know his "deviations" from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,

In Russian dialects bordering on Ukrainian and Belarusian, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus), you can hear, for example, “I rush”, “I rush” instead of shave, I shave, “ladder” instead of a rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday language environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. elements are widely known Ukrainian language, the so-called Ukrainisms that penetrate into the speech of Russian people and often spread beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “mark” (tram number), “extreme” instead of the last, “where are you going?” instead of where are you going ?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of kuma, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “chicken” instead of chicken and others.

The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialect bilingualism

The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech because of such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?

There was no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that the literary Russian language, the guardian and collector of the linguistic values ​​of the people in all periods of its history, stands guard over speech culture. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed, dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming more widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have joined the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. A characteristic feature of this active process is a kind of literary-dialect "bilingualism". For example, at school, in the classroom, students speak, focusing on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversation with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in speech.

It is interesting that the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism”.

Examples:

“At the school at the Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, students of the 10th grade, bypassing the swampy place, said to each other:“ Come here ”or“ go there ”, or“ go for - on me." I asked them, "Will you write like that?" - "How?" - “Yes, like this - here, there, behind me?” - "No, - they answer, - we say so, but we will write - there, here, for me." A similar case is described by the reader P.N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovo district of the Ryazan region, high school students high school they say “he’s going” instead of he’s going, “our wires are buzzing” (i.e., they’re making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead of dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why do you say that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."

Literary and dialectal "bilingualism" is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, a linguistic community that has developed over the centuries subjugates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular locality. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to violate the usual speech skills, people are forced to speak in everyday life, in everyday life, in a dialect - the language of grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable balance: how much a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “in the city”, just as he is shy in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “according to - rustic.

HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR

“Bilingualism” is an important result of the universal education we have; it helps to quickly get rid of dialectal features in the conditions of literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that in dialect-literary bilingualism (and in general when mastering a literary language) people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but they do not notice smaller, “hidden” dialectal features behind them. First of all, this applies to pronunciation and stress. It is known, after all, that pronunciation skills are developed in a person at a relatively early age and usually remain for life. Therefore, having freed, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “blizzard” (blizzard), “beetroot” (beetroot), “bochka” (barrel), “brooky” (trousers), “mine” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.

In our time, local linguistic features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language seized all sections of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This is especially true for those areas where seasonal industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). At the same time, the influence of "urban" speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.

The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the stability of certain linguistic phenomena, dialect differences will persist for a long time to come. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to "extirpate" all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight against dialectal features, dialectisms, penetrating into literary Russian speech and clogging it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is an active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, a wide promotion of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to the rural school and its teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the speech of students.

Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech coloring. In the author's own narrative, they appear very rarely. And here it all depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The remarkable words of M. Gorky to the effect that “local dialects”, “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often clog it by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words, still remain in force.

Article from the magazine "Family and School", L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the department is headed by Professor A. Reformatsky

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