Wooden kitchen utensils with their own hands. How to open the production of wooden utensils - a return to basics

A variety of utensils are often not only essentials, but also the pride of the hostess and the decoration of the kitchen. There are a great many materials from which it is made: metal and ceramics, porcelain, glass and wood. The latter is used quite rarely and is most often associated with antiquities. However, in recent times the fashion for eco-friendly and unique things that can emphasize the individuality of the owner is gaining momentum. And on this wave, utensils are becoming more and more popular. With your own hands, you can make both a unique piece of kitchen utensils and an original gift.

Below we will try to figure out how to make utensils with our own hands, what tools and machines will be required for this, as well as how to cover and impregnate ready product so that it lasts for many years.

Tree selection

An ordinary wooden spoon can be given an exclusive look.

First of all, it is worth deciding on the material for the future workpiece. When choosing a wood species, it is worth paying attention to such characteristics as strength and resistance to temperature changes, as well as medicinal properties , because many breeds are able to have a slight therapeutic effect with prolonged contact with human body. Of course, such utensils cannot be a full-fledged medicine, but still it has its positive effect on a person.

The most commonly used breeds are:

• Linden;
• bamboo;
• juniper.

Equipment and tools

Household appliances will organically fit into both a country house and a modern city apartment.

In order to start making dishes, regardless of the volume of its production, you will need a number of tools for working with wood. Basic set includes a planer and a chisel. All kinds of cutters, jigsaws and saws will vary depending on the skill of the manufacturer and how he sees the future creation.

If we are talking about the manufacture of large volumes of dishes for sale, then you will need a turning and grinding machines. To make a piece, you can also use the machine, or you can rely only on your own hands.

So, for those who want to make utensils with their own hands, you will need:

• plane;
• chisel;
• a set of cutters;
• jigsaw;
• saws of various calibers;
• sandpaper.

The process of making dishes

First of all, a blank is formed from a piece of wood, which will subsequently turn into a plate, bowl or other kitchen utensils.

The process of making a wooden spoon. As in the old days, they are made by hand.

Then the workpiece with the applied markup is fixed with a vise and little by little they begin to remove the excess. Experienced craftsmen do not use a vice, hold the workpiece in their hands and easily process it from all sides.

Traditional utensils, especially spoons and decorative plates, are richly carved. Here there are several secrets, which will provide a durable and beautiful pattern. It is extremely important that blanks for future carvings be prepared in the fall, when the tree gives off excess moisture.

Of the tools for decorating dishes with a beautiful ornament, you need a chisel, a chisel, a rasp and sandpaper. chisel used for general adjustment shape of the future product. The cutter will be required in order to cut the ornament itself, and with the help of sandpaper gives smoothness and expressiveness to the resulting pattern.

In the vastness of the global network, you can find many videos that show in sufficient detail the process of making items such as spoons, plates and bowls.

Finished product coating

The relative unpopularity of wood as a material for kitchen utensils due to the fact that it does not tolerate extreme temperatures and chemical influences quite well. In order for it to last as long as possible, it should be covered with a protective coating.

After creating the product on a special machine, it is coated with a special varnish

There are many industrial varnishes and impregnations that will perfectly protect against impacts. external environment, but they absolutely not suitable for the utensils that will be used in cooking. However, for decorative plate on the wall, such processing is perfect.

For utensils that will come into contact with food, the safest option is to cover them with linseed oil. The oil is heated for processing. in a water bath to about 70 degrees, then the finished product is immersed in it. After a couple of minutes, the dishes should be taken out and left to cool and dry.

In addition, you can use sea buckthorn oil, which is sold in a pharmacy. It will give the spoon or plate not only strength properties, but also a pleasant honey hue.

Decoration

The finished inventory can be decorated with traditional carving, but painting can also be done. The most simple methods, accessible even to beginners, are gouache and acrylic painting.

To apply the drawing, carefully treat the surface with sandpaper, and then draw the outline of the drawing with an ordinary pencil.

To perform such a design, no special training is required. But the beautiful and spectacular Khokhloma painting requires a certain experience and skill level, this process takes a long time.

Summing up, we can say that wooden utensils are still a rather rare guest in an ordinary kitchen. At one time, it was successfully replaced by products made of ceramics, metal and glass. However, the fashion for eco-products and handicrafts returns popularity of wood products. In addition, even a person who does not have special professional training is quite capable, guided by a video from the Internet, to learn how to make a plate out of wood. This item would make a great gift or original decoration own home.

The philosophy of natural tableware is supported by the general passion for eco-style. Wooden tableware with food looks more appetizing, and this style of cutlery reminds us of the history of our ancestors. warm tone and natural roughness of unpainted wood do not require additional decor. The main charm of eco-ware is that in such products there is a tribute to traditions, supported by a modern desire for simplicity.

History of wooden utensils

In Russia, the manufacture of wooden utensils has been common for centuries. The evolution of man was reflected in the ways of processing wood and the quality of tableware. Primitive bowls were replaced by chiseled dishes. Artistic painting elevated household items to the rank of works of art. The origins of Petrikovskaya, Khokhloma dishes, Mezen painting are rooted in the times of the formation of the Slavic tribes. Pursuit modern people making your life more environmentally friendly created the conditions for the popularity of wooden utensils.

Manufacturing technology

Crockery gives new life to cut trees. Wood blanks go through a series of operations before reaching consumers. The original shape is achieved on a woodworking lathe. After grinding and polishing, the product is covered with a layer of oil impregnation. Finished wooden utensils are covered protective varnish and sent to future consumers. Small cutlery is cut by hand. The structure of natural material in duet with healthy food creates real holiday music on your table.

Advantages and disadvantages of wooden utensils

Environmental friendliness is the undeniable quality of natural carved utensils. The mere mention of naturalness makes the product more attractive to the consumer. maintenance national traditions wood processing is another important argument. But besides aesthetic factors, there are also functional parameters. The advantages include:

• unique anti-inflammatory or antibacterial properties different breeds tree;
• the presence of special enzymes that give food a special taste and aroma when setting the table or storing food;
• zero thermal conductivity does not allow bowls and plates to heat up, food temperature remains longer;
• they are light, strong, falling on the floor will not lead to sad consequences.
• the harmlessness of dishes will make it possible to use it for children from a very young age;
• kitchen utensils made of wood are combined with porcelain, glass or metal products.

The disadvantages of wooden utensils include:

• the porosity of the wood structure makes it difficult to thoroughly wash the cutlery;
• discoloration of wood, darkening with active everyday use;
• plates made of wood are more expensive than those made of porcelain.

Wooden utensils

Environmental friendliness, simplicity and the ability to use as a decor make wooden dishes attractive. Wood does not heat up even at high temperatures; wooden ladles are safe for bath procedures. Precious woods smell good after heating. Pour hot stones in a bath from a wooden bucket, using the original ladle, and then drink cold kvass from a beautiful wooden cup very nice.

You can buy wooden utensils for food in the economic departments of supermarkets in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other cities of Russia. Active Internet users can find out how much it costs, choose from a photo, order by promotions, sales, discounts, make a purchase in online stores. With the current level of service development, the task of delivering all goods will be to provide your address upon purchase. Many stores have their own cargo services, they will deliver a set of dishes courier companies or cheaper by mail.

Plate

Wooden plates are often used as decorative coasters. The presented version of turning utensils from natural wood decorate the kitchen classical style:

• model name: Plate 14cm;
• price: 153 rubles;
• characteristics: made of solid linden, has a characteristic smell;
• pluses: suitable for eating;
• cons: not marked.

Restaurants use original dishes for serving and to create a stylish minimalist interior. The wooden plates for food in the national style offered by TM Taova will find their place on modern kitchen:

• model name: Taowa;
• price: 352 rubles;
• characteristics: wooden plate, diameter - 150 mm, depth - 15 mm;
• pluses: suitable for painting with paints;
• cons: not noticed.

Ladle

Light carved scoops support the authentic interior. The long handle of the presented model will not allow you to get burned hot water:

• model name: pouring ladle;
• price: 600 rubles;
• characteristics: functional bucket made of Altai cedar with a long handle; bowl diameter 10 cm;
• pros: natural wood, strong handle made from a single piece of wood;
• cons: high cost.

Wooden ladles are used for pouring soups, compotes, water. The proposed version of the bucket will be a great gift for those who like to take a steam bath with a broom:

• model name: Scoop bucket with horizontal handle;
• price: 279 rubles;
• characteristics: capacity 0.6 l, convenient handle for collecting water from a deep barrel and pouring over hot stones;
• pluses: the metal braid of the bucket gives strength;
• cons: not marked.

A bowl

Wooden bowls are versatile and easy to use. The proposed model of the bowl will decorate the table decoration:

• model name: bowl-bowl made of linden;
• price: 170 rubles;
• characteristics: a deep bowl with a diameter of 12 cm from a solid massif of linden;
• pluses: harvesting from whole round timber of linden;
• cons: simple design.

Bowls are decorative, decorated with carvings or patterns, and kitchen bowls, which can be used in Everyday life. The presented sample can be applied every day:

• Model Name: GreenWay Soup Bowl;
• price: 296 rubles;
• characteristics: soup bowl made of a single piece of wood coated with non-toxic food varnish, does not absorb moisture, suitable for serving liquid dishes;
• pros: original design with an underlined structure of natural material;
• cons: not noticed.

Cup

Glasses made of wood are rarely found in the kitchen. Such glasses do not heat up, which makes it possible to use glasses in the bath without the risk of burns:

• model name: wooden glass for diabetics;
• price: 490 rubles;
• characteristics: a tall glass made of Indian Vijaysar wood, healing wood helps regulate blood sugar levels;
• pros: natural material;
• cons: not noticed.

Hot drinks in wooden mug cool slowly, and cold ones do not heat up. The presented glass does not break, it is pleasant to hold it in hands:

• model name: Faceted cedar glass;
• price: 320 rubles;
• characteristics: a glass with a capacity of 250 ml;
• pluses: not afraid of moisture;
• cons: not noted.

Cutlery

Wooden spoons are convenient in everyday life, and are suitable as a gift. The tree lends itself perfectly to processing, from it you can turn not only practical, but also beautiful appliances. The proposed version of the spoon will appeal to many:

• model name: Teaspoon with Khokhloma painting;
• price: 149 rubles;
• characteristics: product length 14 cm, lacquer coating according to the drawing;
• pluses: beautiful antique decor;
• cons: an exclusively decorative item.

Cedar as a material is pleasant to the touch and retains its original smell in the product. Lipa - kind and soft material, cheap and easy to process. We present a gift version of the spoon, unsuitable for everyday use:

• model name: Painted fisherman's spoon with long handle;
• price: 249 rubles;
• characteristics: spoon with artistic Khokhloma painting, length 41 cm;
• pluses: beautiful picture;
• cons: not marked.

How to choose wooden utensils

The offers of online stores are full of loud promises of environmental friendliness and naturalness. You need to figure out how among the variety to choose not only beautiful, but also useful thing. The dishes you are going to use should not only be pleasing to the eye, but also meet safety requirements. It is necessary to provide for the possibility heat treatment or disinfection that won't harm your dishes.

Criterias of choice:

• Country of origin - give preference to Russian craftsmen, for whom the manufacture of wooden utensils is not only a business, but a tribute to the centuries-old traditions of woodcarving. In addition, domestic products are environmentally friendly and quality tested.
• Fibers and impregnation - pay attention to the integrity of the lacquer coating, which is only allowed for decorative items. Lacquered wooden utensils are not suitable for eating.
• No deformation - the tree does not tolerate moisture. Any deformation indicates improper storage or low-quality materials.
• Variety of wood - experts advise looking for dishes made of alder, aspen, cedar or juniper.

Video

The business idea for the production of wooden utensils is easy to organize at home. But in order to develop from it profitable business with short terms payback should increase productivity and reduce costs. This effect can only be achieved with special equipment. This business idea considers the rapid production of wooden utensils with a hemispherical shape.

An inexpensive woodworking lathe allows you to produce wooden utensils for a whole set of one piece. The unique operating principle of the machine saves expendable materials and at times reduces the time for the production of wooden bowls, plates, bowls, etc.

Wooden tableware has many advantages, which makes it attractive to the consumer. It has a place in every kitchen.

Benefits in wooden utensils

Wooden utensils are in demand due to their irreplaceable advantages:

1. Allows you to keep food hot for a longer time. At the same time, it does not burn your hands when serving hot dishes.
2. Improves the taste of food.
3. It has tonic bactericidal properties.
4. Absolutely eco-friendly.
5. Unbreakable, strong and durable.
6. Can be used for heating microwave oven (only for the microwave for a time of no more than 20 minutes, otherwise it will dry out, but for the grill it is impossible!).
7. Care of wooden utensils does not require high costs. If over time the tree has darkened, it can be wiped with hydrogen peroxide to restore its original appearance (after which it must be rinsed).

Retail prices for wooden utensils depend on the complexity of the product, the size and type of wood. Comparative prices for pine wood tableware:

Using a special woodworking lathe, one medium sized bowl takes less than 20 minutes to produce, along with sanding and polishing. You can sell wooden utensils through an online store, at fairs and markets, or to friends. Depending on the volume of home production.

Unique equipment for the manufacture of wooden utensils

Woodworking equipment for the production of wooden utensils depends on:

• quality of finished products;
• home production productivity;
• business profitability.

For the economical production of wooden bowls, which are in good demand, a special machine is needed. Its peculiarity lies in the unique principle of action.

The base is no different from a standard woodworking lathe. The advantage lies in special arcuate cutters, which are hinged and upgraded with compressed air. There are adjusting screws in the swivel points that allow you to adjust the exact movement of the cutters along the required trajectory. The compressed air supply nozzle is aimed at the place of work of the cutters, which allows not only to remove chips from the cut channels, but also to cool the cutter itself for its high-quality work. The advantage of the principle of operation of such a device is clearly displayed in the process of processing workpieces.

The principle of operation of a unique woodworking machine

Before starting work, you should adjust the radius of movement of the arcuate cutter around its axis. Adjusting screws set the arc of the outline of the trajectory of the cutter. In fact, we set the shape of our future bowl.

Next, firmly fix the workpiece in the chuck. lathe and fill the compressor reservoir with compressed air. Then turn on the machine to rotate the workpiece. We bring the end of the arcuate cutter to the workpiece, slowly moving it around its axis on a hinge. At the moment of contact of the cutter with the workpiece, we turn on the supply of compressed air.

Further, the cutter passes the radius along the trajectory in the nutria of the workpiece. Thus, the spherical bottom of the first wooden bowl is formed from its outer side. In the process of deepening the cutter, a deep internal roll is formed, from which chips are constantly removed due to compressed air. The cutter at this time does not overheat and smoothly cuts out the shape of the product.

The next step is to move the cutter to its initial position and retreat the required distance to form the wall thickness of the bowl. Already at the second stage, the cutter simultaneously cuts out the inner spherical surface of the bottom for the first bowl, and the outer surface for the second. After turning, the finished dishes are ground and polished.

Innovation makes business profitable

This unique principle of wood processing allows you to significantly:

1. Save wood consumption for making bowls.
2. Increase production productivity.
3. Easy to create complex and sphero-objects in wooden utensils different forms.
4. Receive wide range of hemispherical utensils.
5. Quickly make sets of bowls with already suitable nesting nesting molds (one inside the other).

A wide variety of shapes can be cut with an arcuate cutter (as shown in the figure). To do this, settings for the trajectories of movement of the cutters are provided. Or you can replace the cutter itself with another one with a different arc shape. Depending on what shape of wood you need to cut:

• bowls;
• plates;
• cauldrons;
• bowls.

All these types of dishes on this machine can be made in whole sets from 2-5 pieces. in one (depending on the shape).

This is a great equipment for quickly creating a business at home without a lot of investment. Some craftsmen may even try to make such a machine with their own hands. Its principle of operation is simple and clear. And the manufacture of such a machine does not require large investments. Produced wooden crafts on it will be sold and of course useful for personal use.

In our life there are things without which we cannot imagine it. In every house, for example, there are dishes. You can not only eat from it. She helps in cooking the most different dishes. Among readers there can be admirers of wooden utensils and its opponents. However, everyone, without exception, will agree that the environmental friendliness of such a material as wood makes any thing desirable in your home. Do-it-yourself wooden utensils can become a source of income for the craftsman. This business can be regarded as a home business, since it can be organized in a small area.. This format of your business allows you to get additional income to the main income, and eventually to increase production volumes. Your own small mini workshop in which wooden utensils are made is an opportunity to become a financially independent person.

• How to start a woodworking business
• What equipment to choose for the manufacture of wooden dishes
• Manufacturing technology of wooden utensils
• Decorating wooden utensils
• Features of marketing in the niche of wooden utensils
• How much can you earn
• How much money do you need to start a business
• What OKVED must be specified for the manufacture of wooden utensils
• What documents are needed to open
• What taxation system to choose for the manufacture of wooden utensils
• Do I need permission to open

How to start a woodworking business

Masters who have gone this way are advised to choose one or two items of products to begin with. Only by bringing the technology of their manufacture to the ideal, it is possible to expand the range further. All stages of wood processing for household utensils have been known for a long time. Since time immemorial, on the territory of our country, it has been used in the economy. Even our ancestors noticed that it is durable, comfortable, and the dishes in it acquire a special taste.

Wood is inexpensive. To start a business, you do not need large sums for the purchase of material. Small items of utensils can generally be cut from the waste that remains after the manufacture of other products. Such blanks can be picked up at the factory for free. The cost of a beam ranges from 5 to 15 thousand rubles. The price is mainly determined by the type of wood. In addition, it plays a role from which part of the tree the blanks are cut. They usually take into production burl, rhizome and lower part trunk. There should be no shells on the material. Stale material is not suitable, as it can affect the taste of finished dishes. In general, it has been proven that the taste of dishes in dishes from different wood may differ. The most the best dishes from wood, made by hand, is obtained from cedar, aspen, juniper, birch and bamboo.

Wood is an easily processed material. However, working with it requires certain skills, tools and equipment.

What equipment to choose for the manufacture of wooden dishes

In the process of work, wood craftsmen use cutters, wood saws, chisels, planers. Often in mass production using a desktop lathe. More is certainly appreciated handmade. In the arsenal of the master should be: chasers, rasps, brushes, scrapers of various profiles, scrapers and staples, knives for spoons. You can buy all this for a tree for about 40 thousand rubles.

Manufacturing technology of wooden utensils

The manufacturing technology of wooden utensils consists of the following steps:

Finished wooden utensils are often varnished. For this, a special nutritional composition. Sometimes varnish is replaced with wood oil. It is made from linen, especially for artistic painting. Each school of painting uses its own compositions.

Decorating wooden utensils

Do-it-yourself painting dishes is not only an art. It used to be that properly decorated utensils drive away evil spirits from the house. Paints were made from those materials that were enough in a certain area, and therefore entire schools and crafts were created. In addition, each region has its own symbols. From the drawings, you can determine where the wooden utensils are made. Today, along with old technologies, new ones are used, for example, decoupage.

The main stages that the product goes through:

Paints can be used acrylic, gouache or tempera. PVA is added to gouache to give it brightness. Paint products with brushes from the column. They should be soft and elastic. Brushes are distinguished by numbers from 1 to 10. The higher the number, the thicker the tool. Usually the drawing itself is applied with brushes numbered from 3 to 5.

Features of marketing in the niche of wooden utensils

Usually wooden utensils are sold in souvenir shops, markets and fairs. More modern way is to create an online store. To advertise products, experts advise using not only the properties of practicality and safety.

Buyers can be interested interesting facts about the fact that each food in dishes made of different wood acquires certain taste qualities. So, sauerkraut is better to cook in a barrel of them conifers, potatoes and other vegetables are tastier to eat from a bowl of hardwood, and mushrooms will get a special taste when stored in a bowl of juniper, aspen or larch.

It is difficult to say from what time the manufacture of chiseled wooden utensils began in Russia. Archaeological finds on the territory of Novgorod and on the site of Bulgarian settlements in the Volga region indicate that the lathe was known as early as the 12th century. In Kyiv, in hiding places tithe church, during excavations, a chiseled bowl was found. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the installation of the simplest, so-called beam, lathe was available to every ordinary artisan.

On the places of production and markets for turning wooden utensils in the 16th - early XVII in. give great material income-expenditure books, customs books, acts and inventories of property of monasteries. It can be seen from them that the quitrent peasants of the Volokolamsk, Trinity-Sergius, Kirilo-Belozersky monasteries, artisans of the Kaluga and Tver provinces, townsmen of Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas were engaged in the development of wooden turning utensils. By the end of the XVIII century. the production of wooden turning utensils became massive. Russian artisans created truly perfect forms: staves, stavers, brothers, dishes, bowls, goblets, cups, glasses (Fig. 1). The craftsmanship, passed on by inheritance, was improved by the creativity of each generation.

Rice. 1. Common forms of Russian turning utensils. XV-XVIII centuries: 1 - brother; 2 - bowl; 3, 4 - dishes; 5, 6 - cups; 7 - glass; 8 - cup; 9 - staker; 10 - stake.

Of the individual dishes, the most common was a stavets - a deep vessel like a bowl with a flat tray and a three-dimensional lid. Some of them had curly handles. Stavits were different sizes: stavy, stavy and stavy. Stavets and stavchiki were used as dinnerware. Large stakes served as storage for smaller dishes and bread products. The festive table was decorated with brothers, dishes, plates, goblets, cups, feet. A bratina - a medium-sized spherical vessel with a small neck on top and a rim slightly bent outward - was always made on a pallet. Bratina served to serve drinks on the table. On dishes and plates with wide edges, flat sides and round trays or reliefs, pies, meat, fish, and sweets were served on the table. The diameter of dishes reached 45 cm. The most common type of dishes among the peasants was a bowl - a hemispherical vessel with a straight rim, a flat low tray or a small round relief. These bowls often had a ratio of height to diameter of 1:3. For stability, the diameter of the pallet was made equal to the height bowls. The diameter of running bowls is 14-19 cm. Large bowls reached a diameter of 30 cm, and burlatsky ones - even 50 cm. A salt shaker was an indispensable accessory of each table. Turned salt shakers are small, capacious vessels with a low, stable base, with or without a lid. Great popularity since the 19th century. Khokhloma dishes began to be used, which were made in in large numbers in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province (Gorky region). It could be found not only in Russia, but also in the countries of the East.

Industrial exhibitions contributed to the popularity of Khokhloma dishes: in 1853 it was first shown at a domestic exhibition, and in 1857 at a foreign one. At the end of the last century, it was exported to France, Germany, England, North America. Over the centuries, certain types of wooden utensils have been developed and improved in this craft, distinguished by the noble simplicity of the silhouette, the severity of proportions, and the absence of pretentious details that crush the shape. Modern masters using best traditions of the past, they continue the manufacture of wooden utensils, which are both household items and a magnificent decoration of the home.

In the Gorky region, there are two historical centers of fishing - in the village of Semin, Koverninsky district and in the city of Semenov. Semin products - massive bowls and ladles - are made in the traditions of peasant wooden utensils. Semyonov crockery is distinguished by greater sophistication, it is characterized by improved forms, intricate lids and handles. The search for new types of products led to the creation of previously unknown sets and sets of dishes. Dining and fishing sets, sets for coffee (Fig. 2) and tea, sets for salad, berries and jam, and spices have received wide recognition. Sets, as well as services, usually include several items - up to six cups, piles, glasses, saucers, a large brother or tureen with a lid, a coffee pot or kvass pot, a sugar bowl, a creamer, a salt shaker and a pepper pot. Often sets are complemented by large plates - trays. Each set necessarily includes spoons - tablespoons or teaspoons, for salad, ladles. Fundamentally utilitarian, Khokhloma utensils are distinguished by their plastic expressiveness of forms, favorably emphasizing the artistic merits of the murals that adorn them.

Rice. 2. Set for coffee. Linden, oil, turning, carving, painting “Kudrin”. N. I. Ivanova, N. P. Salnikova, 1970s, Semenov, Khokhloma painting association.

The most ancient spoon (Fig. 1), which apparently had a ritual purpose, was found in the Gorbunovsky peat bog in the Urals. It has an elongated, egg-shaped scoop and a curved handle ending in a bird's head, which gives it the image of a floating bird.

Rice. 1. Spoon. Wood, carving. II millennium BC. e., Nizhny Tagil, Gorbunovsky peat bog. Historical Museum.

In Novgorod the Great, there were many varieties of wooden spoons (Fig. 2). Particularly noteworthy are spoons with a small, as if raised on a scallop, flat handle. Novgorod craftsmen decorated them with carvings and paintings. Ornament - braid, made in the technique of contour carving, was applied with belts to the handle and framed the blade. In the Russian North in the XVII century. Vologda onion spoons were known, made in the Vologda Territory, as well as shadra spoons with bones, indigenous ones with bones or spoons with a sea tooth addition, i.e., inlaid with bone, walrus tusk.

Rice. 2. Spoons. Maple, carving. Novgorod the Great: 1, 2 - simple spoons. XIII centuries; 3, 4, 5 - travel spoons, X, XI, XVI centuries.

Each nationality of our country has its own forms of spoons, but the most famous are spoons made in the Volga-Vyatka region (Fig. 3). There are over forty varieties of them, only in the Gorky region they made and are making ladles, a rubbing spoon, salad, fishing, thin, mezheumok, half-bass, Siberian, children's, mustard, a spoon for jam, etc. The scoop of Gorky spoons is more often spherical in shape, and rounded or the faceted handle-handle ends with a forging - a thickening in the form of a cut pyramid. The Kirov spoon has an egg-shaped scoop and a flat, slightly curved handle. The manufacture of spoons has already been a well-established, branched production in the past. In some villages, blanks were made, the so-called fragments or buckwheat. In a small stump with slightly hewn edges, expanding in the part that should become a scoop, a spoon was hardly guessed. In other villages, lozhkars used an adze to gouge out a recess, which was then completely removed with a hook-chisel. With a confident movement of the knife, they cut off the excess from the handle, giving it a slight bend, and the spoon was ready. Russian masters have worked out the methods of carving a spoon so much that it takes 15-20 minutes to make it.

Rice. 3. Russian spoons of the XIX-XX centuries. GIM.

In Russia, wooden utensils of various shapes, sizes and purposes have long been cut: ladles, skopkari, valleys and others. Today, several types of traditional Russian ladles are known: Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma, Vologda, Severodvinsk, etc. (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Russian holiday dishes. XVII-XIX centuries: 1 - burl boat-shaped Moscow ladle; 2 - a large Kozmodemyansky ladle; 3 - Kozmodemyansk buckets-scoops; 4 - Tver bucket "groom"; 5 - ladle of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma type; 6 - Vologda ladle; 7 - Severodvinsk skopkar; 8 - Tver valley; 9 - Severodvinsk valley.

For Moscow ladles made from burl with beautiful pattern textures, bowls of a clear, even exquisite boat-shaped shape with flat bottom, pointed spout and short horizontal handle. Due to the density and strength of the material, the walls of such vessels were often as thick as a nutshell. Burlap dishes were often made in a silver frame. Buckets of the 18th century are known, reaching a diameter of 60 cm. Kozmodemyansk ladles were hollowed out of linden. Their shape is boat-shaped and very close to the shape of Moscow ladles, but they are much deeper and larger in volume. Some of them reached the capacity of two or three, and sometimes four buckets. The handle is flat horizontal with a constructive addition of a purely local nature - a slotted loop at the bottom. Kozmodemyansk is also characterized by small scoops, which served to scoop drinks from large bucket ladles. They are predominantly boat-shaped, with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom. Almost vertically set, running from the bottom, a multi-tiered handle in the form of an architectural structure is decorated with a through carving, ending with the image of a horse, less often a bird.

Tver ladles are noticeably different from Moscow and Kozmodemyansk ones. Their originality lies in the fact that they are hollowed out from the root of a tree. Keeping basically the shape of a rook, they are more elongated in width than in length, which makes them appear flattened. bow ladle, as usual with boat-shaped vessels, is raised up and ends with two or three horse heads, for which the Tver ladles were called "grooms". The handle of the bucket is straight faceted, the upper face, as a rule, is decorated with ornamental carvings. The dippers of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma group have a deep rounded, sometimes flattened boat-shaped bowl, the edges of which are slightly bent inwards. In earlier ladles, the bowl is raised on a low pallet. Their handles are carved in the form of a figured loop, the nose is in the form of a cock's head with a sharp beak and beard. Vologda scoops are designed for scooping up drinks from large scoops. They are characterized by a boat-shaped shape and a round spherical bottom; as a rule, they were hung on a large ladle. Hook-shaped handles were decorated with carved ornaments in the form of ducks.

In the Russian North, skopkari ladles were carved from the root of a tree. Skopkar is a boat-shaped vessel, similar to a ladle, but having two handles, one of which is necessarily in the form of a bird's or horse's head. According to domestic purposes, skopkari are divided into large, medium and small. Large and medium - for serving drinks on the table, small - for individual use, like small cups. Severodvinsk skopkari were also cut from the root. They have a clear boat-shaped shape, handles, processed in the form of a head and tail of a waterfowl, and in all their appearance they resemble a waterfowl.

Along with ladles and skopkars, valleys or "yands" were decorations of the festive table. Endova - a low bowl with a sock for draining. Large valleys held up to a bucket of liquid. Tver and Severodvinsk variants are known. The best Tver valleys are carved from burl. They are a bowl on an oval or cubic pallet with a spout in the form of a trough and a handle. The endova of the Severodvinsk type has the shape of a round bowl on a low base, with slightly bent edges, with a half-open toe in the form of a groove, sometimes figuratively carved. The handle is very rare. The initial processing of the described objects was carried out with an ax, the depth of the vessel was hollowed out (selected) with an adze, then leveled with a scraper. The final external processing was carried out with a cutter and a knife. Samples of Russian wooden utensils demonstrate high craftsmanship developed by more than one generation of folk craftsmen.

Rice. 2. Bucket. Linden, Kudrinskaya carving. 1970s, Khotkovo, carved factory art products.

It is difficult to say when the manufacture of wooden carved dishes began on the territory of Russia. The earliest find of a ladle dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. e. Archaeological excavations on the territory of Kievan Rus and Novgorod the Great indicate that the production of wooden utensils was developed already in the 10th - 12th centuries. In the XVI - XVII centuries. wooden utensils were made by serf landowners and monastic peasants or archers. The production of wooden utensils and spoons was widely developed in the 17th century, when the demand for them increased both in the city and in the countryside. In the 19th century with the development of industry and the advent of metal, porcelain, faience and glassware the need for wooden utensils is sharply reduced. Its production is preserved mainly in the fishing areas of the Volga region.

Currently, scoop buckets and table buckets are one of the favorite types of artistic wood products. Arkhangelsk craftsmen, preserving the traditional basis of the North Russian ladle, prefer not to lacquer the velvety wood surface, slightly tinted in silver or light brown tones. The masters of the Khotkovo craft near Moscow created their own image of a modern ladle, ladle-bowl, ladle-vase, decorating the festive table (Fig. 2). They are characterized by powerful plasticity of forms, unusual, gleaming inner light, pleasant tone surface. A ladle-sail with a highly raised straightened sail-handle has become traditional for fishing, on which, as a rule, a bush of the famous Kudrin ornament is carved.