They make lumber. How lumber is made

To perform construction work of varying complexity, lumber is often in demand. However, this market is widely developed today and presents a wide range of products that are suitable for even the most difficult types of work. Bars and boards made of different types of wood will come in handy if you want to build a house or a gazebo. In this article, we will tell you about the main types of lumber and their performance characteristics.

Board

Most often, this material has a length of about 200 mm and a thickness of 100 mm. It is used in a wide variety of areas, including making furniture and containers for goods and drinks. Interestingly, this lumber has many varieties depending on the scope of its use. So allocate floorboards, oak, beech, edged and planed. As the name implies, floorboards are used to lay the floor in a country house. Interestingly, for better bonding, there are special grooves on their sides that guarantee better bonding. These boards are very durable and strong.

Planed boards are very smooth, so they are often purchased for the production of high-end furniture and windows. The edged board is used for finishing work in the house. They are most often made from larch or coniferous tree species. They also produce cabinet furniture of the middle price range.

The beech board is made of precious wood. It is distinguished by its beauty and durability, so tables and other furniture are often made from them. The same fate befell the oak boards. Unlike beech, they are still purchased for finishing and roofing work.

bar

If you do not use terms that are difficult to understand, then a beam is a log that has been cut from four sides. Most often it is purchased by builders for the construction
oyki country houses. It is perfect for both the main pillars of the building and is involved in the process of pouring the foundation. Sometimes boards are made from beams. We add that they are often used guided by the production technology used at the construction site, and its compliance with the glued subtype is also taken into account. For example, glued beams will last much longer than regular ones. It is made by gluing against the direction of the fibers. Not surprisingly, such a material is more stable and, accordingly, more expensive. Ordinary timber does not have such wear resistance.

croaker

This is the name of the waste that remains after processing one log. However, they are also sold and can be put to good use. Basically dividing them yut into two types: business and wood. The first option is used in construction work to make a rough version of the floor, which will later be reinforced and covered with more elite and attractive materials. The second type of wood is used as fuel for kindling the stove. Interestingly, these types of wood, for some reason, are often confused with boards. But as you already understood, their differences are striking. There is also such a subspecies of croaker as obapol, it is made from the side parts of logs and used in roofing, and also formwork is made from them.

Bar

Bars are made from boards, sawing them along. Then the bars are processed with special equipment. Everyone is divided for the type of this material: these are planed and calibrated bars. The latter is widely applicable in finishing works and construction, and the former is used for the manufacture of various types of furniture. However, the use of bars does not end there. They are widely applicable in the manufacture of containers, as well as various types of load-bearing structures.

Other types and uses of lumber

As we noted earlier, thanks to high-quality equipment, we produce various types of lumber. This article lists the main and most popular of them. However, the entire list of products from this area does not end there. Remember that before ordering any materials, think carefully about the type of your work. Then you can choose the material in accordance with all parameters.

In addition to the indicated lumber, we produce lining, plywood, block houses, imitation timber and many other lumber that will be appropriate during construction and finishing work in a country house.

Using plywood or clapboard, you can “sew up” the walls of the gazebo, which you will erect on your garden plot, or use it in the repair of an apartment.

It all depends solely on the type of construction work that you started, as well as the level of its complexity. Lumber purchased on our website can be an excellent component of your renovation or even the construction of a whole country house, where you plan to come with your family every weekend. All presented wood is tested and safe for health.

An interesting video about getting lumber:

Lumber is used for a variety of purposes in construction, including creating a load-bearing structure and finishing a finished building. But for each of them, the appropriate characteristics of wood are needed, which will withstand the transferred load and have a long life.

Therefore, to create lumber, we use different types of wood that are perfect for many tasks.

The main types of wood for lumber

For the production of sawn timber, two types of wood are used: coniferous and deciduous. They are used to create various blanks, including timber and lining, which depends on the individual qualities of the tree species.

More common is coniferous lumber, created on the basis of coniferous wood. The reason for this is their straight and long trunk, which ensures the straightness of the wood. This makes coniferous wood more convenient to process and increase their physical characteristics. A high proportion of resinous substances ensures the durability of such lumber.

Among softwoods for sawn timber is used:

• Larch
• Pine
• Fir

Their natural qualities make it possible to produce excellent wood, which is ideal for building houses and decorating them.

Deciduous trees are more often used for interior decoration of the house or the creation of load-bearing structures. They are more difficult to grow than conifers, and processing takes more time. Therefore, the cost of hardwood lumber is somewhat more expensive. But their special qualities (appearance, color, texture, strength) are superior to coniferous varieties.

The most valuable wood is oak. This is an extremely strong and durable tree, which is considered the best for lumber. But its strength is reflected by the low growth rate of the tree and the difficulties in processing it.

What material is better?

Each type of wood has its own characteristics and advantages. Softwood lumber is more commonly used to create load-bearing structures and building finishes due to its durability and strength. It is best to use larch for this.

Hardwood lumber is more prone to decay due to the lack of resins, but their texture variety is slightly higher. They are more often used for interior decoration of a building, where the choice of material depends on its color and texture.

The choice of wood also depends on financial capabilities. Durable and reliable types of wood, like oak, are expensive, but saving on lumber is not recommended.

Wood has long been known to mankind as one of the best building materials. Its characteristics allow it to be used in many areas of the national economy. This material is reliable, durable, endowed with aesthetic qualities. Also, wood is famous for its environmental friendliness. Therefore, its scope is very wide. Various lumber is created from wood, what is their purpose should be considered in more detail. A variety of types of such products makes it possible to use them on a variety of objects.

general characteristics

Today there are a huge number of different types of lumber. They are obtained by cutting along the fibers. Proper processing requires all lumber. GOST 8486-86 and 2695-83 are the main ones in the production of such products. However, this industry is regulated by many other standards. Their implementation is a necessary condition in the process of creating high-quality products.

In addition to its positive qualities, wood is also known for its shortcomings. It is subject to various destructions, decay, vital processes of insects and microorganisms. Also, this material can be deformed under the influence of environmental conditions. To avoid all these troubles, proper handling is required. To understand what lumber is, you need to familiarize yourself with the conditions for their preparation for processing.

Applicable breeds

Each has its own special properties. Both coniferous and deciduous varieties are used. Their cost depends on the inherent characteristics of the material.

Pine is considered one of the inexpensive ones. This material contains a large amount of resins. Therefore, it is not used at elevated ambient temperatures. Also, the strength characteristics of pine are quite low.

Larch has good resistance to fungus, microorganisms and insects. She is not afraid of moisture. It is actively used in almost all areas of construction.

Oak is famous for its beautiful texture. It is very durable, which makes it popular in construction and decoration. Ash is resistant to mechanical stress due to its elasticity. This type of wood, like birch, is easy to process. Therefore, various elements are made from it, even at home.

The properties of each type of material must be taken into account during processing.

Degree of processing

Before cutting, the wood is subjected to additional preparation. It is dried to a certain level. This depends on the scope of its application. If the moisture content of the wood after processing does not exceed 10%, it is dry lumber. Parquet, shields, etc. are made from it.

The universal material is dried up to 11-15% wood. Floor boards, platbands, skirting boards, etc. are made from it. If the material is characterized by a moisture level of 18%, it is used for exterior decoration, arranging the truss system, etc.

The drying process is carried out in natural conditions or in a chamber at elevated temperatures. Each of these processes requires the correct execution of each operation.

Processing method

There are two main ways to cut logs. It can be radial or tangential. In the first case, the incision runs towards the center of the growth rings. In this case, the bars are obtained in different sizes. Their width is limited by the diameter of the tree itself.

The tangential section is directed tangentially relative to the growth rings. This allows you to get at the output a lot of fragments of identical section shape and size.

All hardwood and softwood lumber is divided into unedged, planed or edged. In the first case, there are untreated zones on the product, which are only freed from bark and knots.

Edged materials have a saw cut parallel to each other. This is a rectangular product. Planed products from at least one surface do not have roughness. They are scruffy.

Cut type

According to the shape that the product acquires after processing, several types of lumber are distinguished. The area of ​​application depends on their dimensions. Features of the form have both softwood sawn timber and hardwood.

The first in the presented classification is a beam. Its thickness exceeds 100 mm. This is one of the most sought after lumber. Boards, on the contrary, are limited in thickness. This characteristic does not exceed 100 mm.

The bar has a thickness of not more than 100 mm. But for this product, another parameter is important. Its width must be less than twice the thickness.

Obapol has a saw cut on one side only. The width may vary. Also recently, for decorative purposes, such a type of lumber as slab has begun to be used. This is an intermediate option between the obapole and the board. It has only one flat plane. On the other hand, its surface is untreated and has a regular semicircular shape. Also, various types of sawing include lining, block house, planken and logs.

Varieties of cutting lumber

Studying what lumber is, one cannot but pay attention to the purpose of each variety. The beam can be glued, ordinary, window or imitated. There are wane products related to this type. Their cross section is at least 120 x 120 mm. They have a cut at the thin end. It is not less than 1/3 of the side of the beam.

The board is floor, deck, terraced. For each application, it is treated accordingly.

The bar can be ordinary or planed. The rest of the lumber differ in size, shape. The scope of their application may be different. They are used both indoors and outdoors.

It should also be noted that the length of sawn wood should not exceed 5 m for hardwoods, and 6.5 m for conifers. The scope in the construction business depends on their dimensions and features.

The use of softwood lumber

Coniferous wood, as a rule, is soft and light. But there are also quite strong, heavy representatives of this group (for example, yew). This material has resin passages and a fairly large number of knots. It's cheaper

Softwood lumber is used in carpentry and construction. But most often these materials are suitable for finishing dry rooms with normal temperature conditions. For outdoor use, such wood is treated with special impregnations.

Hardwood applications

Most often, hardwood lumber has a high hardness. They are denser, heavier than coniferous varieties. Such materials are less susceptible to adverse environmental influences. Therefore, their cost is quite high.

Hardwood lumber is used to create rafters, flights of stairs inside a private house, sheathing of walls and partitions in rooms, as well as for ceilings.

Linden, poplar or birch is not used for the manufacture of load-bearing structures or finished floors. They are soft and light.

Having become acquainted with the concept of what lumber is, what types of them are, you can navigate the purpose of products. Today there are a huge number of them.

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Lumber - what they are (wood species, types, varieties and types)

lumber types

Lumber can be divided by geometric parameters, quality and scope. They are made from several basic coniferous and hardwood species. Also, the home master can select the material according to the following criteria.

By the nature of the processing of the edges, lumber is:

• edged- with edges, sawn perpendicular to the layers, and wane;
• one-sided edged
• with one sawn edge and wane;
• unedged- with partially sawn or unsawn edges and wane;
• planed- having processing by planing of one layer or both edges;
• calibrated- dried and processed in accordance with the specified dimensions.

Explanation: the wane is the part of the bark of the tree that remains on the lumber after sawing it.

Assortment of lumber

Most often, buyers subdivide lumber according to the assortment or type of homogeneous products.

plates obtained by sawing a log lengthwise into two parts. The plates are sawn on only one side. They are used for the manufacture of sleepers, joinery, boards, bars.

quarter- a log sawn lengthwise into A parts. It is used for the manufacture of joinery, moldings and other small products. The dimensions depend on the dimensions of the logs or plates.

croaker- the side part of the log, this is a waste when sawing the log into boards. The slab has only one side sawn, on the other, the oval surface of the log is preserved. It is used for the device of the lathing under the roof, for the construction of temporary and ancillary buildings, for the manufacture of pickets.

Boards- a type of lumber, in which the width exceeds the thickness by two or more times. Board thickness - from 13 to 100 mm, width - from 50 to 260 mm. Boards with a thickness of 13 to 35 mm are called thin, the rest are thick. The wide sides of the boards are called layers, the narrow sides are called edges.

According to the processing of the side edges, the boards are divided into edged, in which the edges are sawn, and unedged, the edges of which are partially sawn off or not sawn at all.

Batten- lumber cut from above and below, on the sides of which there is a groove and a spike. It is thanks to this that the installation of floorboards does not require special construction skills and tools.

Bar- lumber, the width of which is not more than twice the thickness, and the thickness itself does not exceed 100 mm. Available in the same thickness, length and types as the boards. They are used for wall lathing, the manufacture of joinery, furniture, clean floors.

bars- lumber, the width and thickness of which exceed 100 mm. More often, coniferous and hard hardwoods are used for their production: pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, oak, hornbeam. The thickness of the beams is from 110 to 2D0 mm, the width is from 110 to 280 mm, the length is from 1 to 9.5 m. The frames of wooden buildings are erected from the beams.

Lining, or sheathing board, is a widely used material for interior and exterior decoration. The thickness of the lining according to GOST is set from 12 to 25 mm, the width is up to 150 mm, the length is up to 6 m. The lining is made of coniferous and aspen trees for the outer lining, and softwood and hardwood lining is used for the inner lining. Lining has a standard thickness of 13, 16 and 19 mm with a width of 80,100,110 and 120 mm, length up to 6 m.

Block house- a kind of eurolining with imitation of the surface of a rounded log. When sheathing flat walls with this board, a surface is obtained like that of a chopped wooden wall.

WOOD SPECIES

Tree species are divided into coniferous and deciduous. For construction it is better to use coniferous species, for decoration - deciduous.

The main tree species used in construction

Pine(Photo 1) - the most popular wood for construction, it lends itself well to processing, is quite durable and flexible at the same time. It is used in the construction of load-bearing structures and for the manufacture of joinery.

Larch(Photo 2) - this wood resembles pine in appearance, but has greater density and strength. Due to its high resin content, it has an increased resistance to decay in conditions of variable humidity. Good for building a bath or gazebo in the open air.

This is interesting: almost 400 thousand piles of Ural larch from the early Middle Ages and still are a reliable support for the buildings of Venice. When larch piles were examined, it was said in the conclusion about their strength that they seemed to be petrified.

Spruce(Photo 3) - a common coniferous species, the wood of which is characterized by low resin content. However, when used in damp places, spruce quickly rots. Building structures operated in dry conditions are made from spruce.

The main wood species used for decoration

Oak (Photo 4)- the most common wood for interior decoration and furniture production. Its wood is distinguished by high strength and hardness, resistance to decay, and flexibility. It has a noble beautiful texture and color, it is quite easy to process. Over time, the oak darkens a little, which gives the products a touch of noble antiquity. The strength and durability of oak makes it an excellent material for the manufacture of furniture, parquet, stairs, doors.

Beech (Photo 5) has a dense and durable wood, not inferior to oak, slightly pinkish in color with a reddish tint and characteristic strokes. It is relatively easy to machine, but quickly reacts to changes in humidity, for which experts attribute it to capricious breeds. Beech has become popular in recent years as an alternative to the more expensive oak.

Ash has a heavy, hard and durable wood, reminiscent of oak wood in appearance and structure. In terms of hardness, ash even surpasses oak, has high flexibility, and is well polished. Ideal for making stairs.

Walnut (Photo 6) somewhat inferior to oak in strength, but has a beautiful color, due to which it is widely used for interior decoration, for example, for the manufacture of door frames, arches or wall panels.

Cherry (Photo 7) not used as often, but because of the beautiful pinkish-brown color, it is used to make classic kitchen fronts.

exotic woods

wenge- durable solid wood of unusually rich color, from light brown to dark coffee with a purple tint. It is used for the manufacture of interior and decor items.

mahogany(Photo 11) (mahogany) has even more durable wood, from which ships were made in the 18th-19th centuries. Now it is a material for expensive furniture. Produced in the form of boards and a quarter cut. Works great under varnish.

Rosewood(Photo 9) - the most expressive type of wood. For the original pattern and high strength, designers all over the world fell in love with him. It lacquers well, but mirror polishing can be problematic due to the oils it contains. Holds screws and nails well, but requires pre-drilling of mounting holes.

Bubingo (Photo 10)- African breed of reddish-pink color with dark streaks. Well polished and painted. Dislikes water-based materials. Raw wood turns blue upon contact with metal. It is used for the production of furniture, panels, parquet and musical instruments.

Lacewood has wood of a pinkish or reddish-brown color. A clear sign of the breed is large core rays, which form a clearly visible silky pattern resembling snake skin. Wood hardly gives up moisture, so it takes a long time to dry. Lacewood is good for furniture, decorative items, knife handles and musical instruments.

lumber table

Probably, all of us have done something from timber and boards, but few people have seen how the sawing of logs takes place. Recently I visited a woodworking shop in the village of Sandovo, Tver region. I won't say that the enterprise is very large, there are probably the same ones in all other regions of our country. The production was based on the basis of Sandovskaya MTS. The enterprise had and does not have anything in common with a cellular operator, since in Soviet times MTS was deciphered a little differently, namely, the Machine and Tractor Station.

1. The company "Sandovskaya MTS" performs logging with subsequent removal, then a complex of forestry, reforestation and forest protection work is carried out. The main activity is sawing and planing of wood. Timber of different sections and grades are produced. I will show you this process.

2. Timber is being harvested on a forest plot leased for 49 years with an area of ​​26,571 hectares. And for processing, the timber is delivered to the enterprise in the form of unprocessed logs on such timber trucks.

3. Unloading and warehousing take place directly in the workshop, where the wood is processed.

4. A log is placed on a large sawing machine. From four sides, the so-called slab is cut off from it. A slab is a side part of a log that has one sawn and the other unsawn surface. The croaker is willingly bought by local residents for firewood for heating, since the Sandovsky district is not gasified. It's a shame, of course, but at least someone's "dreams come true" :).

5. After these manipulations, a beam is obtained, which can be sawn into boards or a smaller beam.

6. As a rule, both timber and boards are made from logs, depending on the diameter of the trunk.

7. The enterprise is small, the number of employees is about 50 people.

8. Log feeding mechanism.

9. Devices for fixing the log on the machine.

10. And this, in fact, is the main part of the machine - a circular saw.

11. Eh, I would not like to fall under the teeth of this monster.

12. The work is hard, but women also work at the enterprise.

13. Light operations are performed even by production veterans.

14. The territory of the Sadovsky MTS is huge and there is enough space for storing waste.

15. During the winter, all these mountains of wood will go to heating.

16. "Sandovskaya MTS" not only harvests timber, but also carries out reforestation work on a leased forest area.

16. I would like to show some more photos of the territory of the enterprise. It contains interesting artifacts.

17. In Moscow, such a fire engine is no longer to be found, but here this rarity is serving its purpose.

18. I myself do not know what it is. Most likely also left from MTS.

19. After inspecting the territory, General Director Igor Karpukhin treated us to buns with meat, which we washed down with local cranberry juice. I remember these pies from my childhood :).

20. That's it, it's time! Take care of the forest.