Letters that always represent soft consonants. How is the softness of consonants conveyed in writing? Soft sign and hard sign
- If there is a solid consonant after the consonant, then the sound being defined is solid (this is if assimilation is not taken into account, when sounds are likened to each other)
- there is an exception from this paragraph: the letter H softens before soft D, T And sounds Ch, Sch; and vice versa, D, T soften before the letter H. Z, C also soften before soft D, H, T.
- If there is a vowel after a consonant, hardness and softness are determined by these sounds.
- Softens consonants and a soft sign (its second function is to separate sounds).
By the method of elimination, we always remove solid f, w, c.
Only soft th, h, u.
We determine the softness of the agreed standing next to vowel. For example, in the word soft consonant sound (t), and in the word - hard consonant (k).
if the consonant is preceded by vowels I, E, I, Yu and a soft sign, then the consonants are soft.
See table. To make it easier for children to remember, we designate soft and hard commanders.
To answer this question, remember school years and lessons of the great Russian language. In the language, the softening of consonants during pronunciation is called palatalization, these sounds are produced by raising the middle part of the tongue to the palate. And these consonants are defined as follows:
If the consonant is followed by the following vowels: E, I, Yu, Ya.
Or soft sign b.
Also, the following are always soft: Y, Ch, Shch.
After Alexander's amazingly detailed answer, it would be inappropriate to write anything.
That's why I'll just add one.
This is the presence of hard and soft consonants in the Russian language, or rather the need to pronounce them depending on the presence of a particular vowel after the same letter, is a stumbling block for foreigners studying Russian.
With a combination of a consonant with e, u, i, and - blockage.
At best, they get this pronunciation: Tan-ya or Tanya it's already advanced. In this case, just I they speak quite easily.
Although a soft sign is a problem for some.
I love the old joke about bulka, bottle and stick, sour, mamzel and gizelquot ;.
Recently, the child went through this topic in pre-school training. They even drew sketches there, soft consonants in green, and the solid ones were highlighted in blue.
Here is their rule:
That is, there are consonants that will always be solid, these are: Zh, C and Sh.
And there are consonants that will always be soft, these are: Y, CH and SH.
And the rest depends on the vowel after and from bquot ;.
Soft consonants are scientifically called palatalized.
In the formation of soft consonants, in addition to the main articulation, the participation of a hard nba is added. In Latin hard nbo will be palatum, hence the name palatalized. The phenomenon of mitigation is called palatalizationquot ;.
How to determine which consonant is soft and which is hard?
As you know, consonants Ch, Shch, Y are always soft in Russian.
In other cases, a soft consonant can be determined by the letter following it.
Generally, a consonant letter will indicate a soft consonant if it is followed by one of the following six letters: E, I, Yu, I, b.
forest (L soft), ps (P soft), view (B soft), quilling (R soft), mint (M soft), horse (H soft).
But you need to be careful:
1) The consonants Zh, Sh, Ts are always solid! They will never soften, not even to Y or E.
2) In some foreign words consonants before the letter E are not softened. Unfortunately, universal rule on this account simply does not exist. For example, the text is pronounced, but test, temp; despot, however damper; nerv, however vonEma. So here you just have to cram and memorize every word.
3) If the consonant idt is followed by a soft consonant, then the preceding consonant may soften, but may remain hard. The following rules can be formulated:
a) the consonant H softens before soft T, D: bow, undine. In addition, the letter H always softens before H, W: lemon, racer.
b) consonants T, D soften before soft H: worker, rider.
c) consonants C, Z are softened before soft T, D, N: bridge, idleness, songs, fuss. (Before the rest of the soft consonants, the letters C and Z do not soften! C's laughter is hard, Z's vision is hard.)
In other cases, consonants before other consonants usually remain solid.
But my question is this .... For some reason, a rule pops up in my memory that a consonant sound will be soft if it is followed by a soft consonant sound, softened b. I remember this when I hear them say the name of my city: Perm. And they say: pe r m! Like, so they read the combination r and m . And it seems to me that the pronunciation: pe r m- correspond to the rules Russian language, and not just a historical pronunciation that only locals know about
The consonants are always soft - H, SH, Y, as well as consonants that come before vowels - I, Yu, E, I.
But the name of the city: PERM is pronounced as pe r m, but many who hear about Perm for the first time pronounce PE R M. For some reason, a rule pops up in my head that a consonant is soft if it is followed by a soft consonant. And that the correct pronunciation of Perm is not historically established, which the locals know about, but meets the rules of the Russian language, which everyone should know about. Is it so?
The softness of a consonant in Russian is indicated by a soft sign. For example, day, boy.
The softness of the consonant is always indicated by the vowels E, Yu, I, I, which come after the consonant. For example, warm, day, uncle.
The sounds CH, Y, Щ are always soft, they do not have a paired solid consonant.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the combination of some consonants, since consonants can soften under the influence of subsequent soft sounds. For example, a bow, n - soft under the influence of soft T.
It is necessary to build on the fact that in Russian all vowels are divided into soft and hard.
Soft vowels - E, I, I, Yu
Solid vowels - A, O, U, S, E
All consonants before soft vowels will be soft - RI, PYA, PI, ME, Le
All consonants before hard vowels will be hard - RA, RO, PU, WE, ME
b also softens consonants.
In Russian, there are always soft three consonants, these are Ch, Shch, Y. The rest of the consonants can be softened by some vowels, i.e. if they are followed by vowels I, Yu, I, E, and a soft sign.
For example, in the word rose, the sound r hard, but in the word riza, it is soft.
To indicate soft consonants in a word, and such a task is offered in tests about the Russian language ( Indicate words with all soft consonants), you must immediately discard always hard sounds well, w, c, for example:
in the word ginseng, despite the apparent softness (the presence of the letters e and ), in fact, there are two solid sounds. This word will not fit as a correct answer.
Also remember about always soft sounds: h, SCH, th.
And all other consonants can be both soft and hard. They immediately soften if there are letters behind them: e,, Yu, I, And, b,for example:
la n b, c m ena, R I, l n, l Yu l ka, l isa, ko R b.
And sometimes, despite the absence of a soft sign after a consonant, all the sounds in it are soft due to the interaction of sounds with each other, when one soft sound softens the previous one. This phonetic phenomenon is called softness assimilation.In the word nursequot ;, at first glance, you can’t immediately determine whether all sounds are soft. But listening to its sound, we hear this:
on nchi t, that is, all sounds are soft.
I would like to summarize the above answers. In Russian, there are consonants that are always hard (Ж, Ш, Ц), always soft (Ч, Ш, Г), while the rest can be both hard and soft, depending on what sounds are their neighborsquot ; on right.
In Russian, the hardness / softness of consonants is the main word-distinguishing factor. If in oral speech this is assimilated at the imitative level, then in writing you need to know and use certain rules.
Instruction
1. Hard and soft consonants articulatory are formed differently. Observe: pronouncing a soft consonant, you move the entire body of the tongue forward, lifting the middle part of the back to the hard palate. Pronouncing the same solid consonants, you move the body of the language back. Native speakers of languages in which the hardness / softness of consonants is not a semantic distinguishing sign face certain difficulties when comprehending the Russian language. Including those mentioned above - articulation. Remember in the famous joke: "Shmal is a big flies, and they say - these are flies in the closet!".
2. In writing, the softness of consonants is determined by their location in the word and the environment. In the middle of the word consonants soften in the arrangement before the so-called iot vowels or diphthongs. These are letters that represent two sounds: e (ye), yo (yo), yu (yu), i (ya). At the same time, in this case, iot e, e, u, i transmit only sounds<э>, <о>, <у>, <а>respectively. Let's say: gray, grater, loves, pulls. As in such words as: sir, congestion, splint, Tanya. And the use of the letters e, o, u, and iot instead is just intended to indicate the need to soften the previous consonant. The choice of vowels and / s also has power on the hardness / softness of the consonant. Before the letter AND, the consonant will certainly soften (writes), before the Y, the consonant is pronounced firmly (puffs).
3. The position at the end of the word in terms of hardness / softness of the consonant is also strong. The softness of the terminal consonant is conveyed in writing with the support of the letter b. Compare: horse - horse, they say - mole. The letter “b” is used to indicate the softness of the previous consonant before the next and in the middle of the word. Let's say: skates - skates, hemp - foam.
Note!
The positional softness of the consonants is also different, which is not indicated in any way in the letter (bridge, song). This, of course, creates certain difficulties in mastering the Russian written language.
Useful advice
It should be remembered that in Russian there are also unpaired only soft consonants. For the correct spelling of words with the letters h, u, there are special graphic rules. (“cha, shcha write with the letter a”, “chk, ch, nch, nsh - write without a soft sign”).
Phonetics is a capricious lady, albeit an interesting one. It's no secret that all sounds in Russian are divided into consonants and vowels. The first, in turn, are divided into voiced and deaf, soft and hard. This classification is based on the method of pronouncing sounds and the features of the work of our articulation apparatus. So how can you tell them all apart?
And what, exactly, is the point?
Soft and hard consonant sounds Grade 1 begins to study at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But in order to distinguish one phoneme from another, you must first understand what is the difference between them and vowels.
Vowel sounds are pronounced only with the help of the voice. They can be sung, extended - this is how teachers explain to kids at school. When the air at the exit from the lungs passes through the trachea, larynx, oral cavity, it does not encounter any obstacles. When we talk about consonants, then to pronounce them, you need to use lips, teeth and tongue - they are all involved in the process, so to speak.
Comparing consonants and vowels according to their sound, we notice the following tendency: when vowels, as mentioned above, sound only with one voice, then there is still noise in the consonants created by the interference that the air has to meet when pronouncing them. This is their main difference. Deaf sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, while in voiced sounds, a voice is also added to it. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words "grotto" and "mole" or "house" and "tom". In both cases, the first letters are solid consonants, voiced and voiceless, respectively.
"Let's go back to our sheep!"
Now that we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let's move on to our main topic.
The best way to learn is by example, right? And again, let's turn to the comparison: let's say the following pairs of words:
Racket-rake, bun-buro, mother - ball, vine - ice, tower - view.
There is some difference in how we pronounce consonants. Is not it? It is caused by vowels that come after consonants. The words are specially chosen so that the sounds we need are in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their diversity. Say it again, slowly. Do you feel how the language, in those words where the consonants sound softer, does not rest against the palate, but seems to relax, becomes flat? This can be considered main feature, which our hard consonants have during articulation.
Theory
Well, now let's move on to a specific theory. Solid consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. First of all, you need to remember that the hardness or softness of a sound is due to its neighboring vowel. When after the letter is a, o, u, s , then the sound that it denotes will definitely be solid (mittens, trampling, lips, played), and if there are e, yo, yu, i, and , the consonant will sound softer (blizzard, doggie, mint, Kyiv). Thus, we can say that there is no point in memorizing all hard consonants. Almost all of them are paired. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish between hard and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.
Unpaired consonants
Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. There are very few of them in Russian: w, w, c . No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to pronounce them softly. Even if they are followed by those vowels that are usually used with soft consonants: ramrod - rustle - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. Opposed to these consonants are unpaired h, w, y , which in all cases will sound soft: chock - thicket - cleaning, cheeks - squint - crushed stone, iot - yogurt.
Break the system!
In this situation, you need to understand that the rule of the subsequent vowel with them does not apply to unpaired solid consonants. The table that can be compiled for better assimilation of the material will in any case consist of two parts - paired parts, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowel, and unpaired ones, living by their own rules.
We remember
Now let's move on to the methods of learning and memorization. Solid consonants grade 1 remembers reluctantly - too boring. But there is always a way to increase efficiency by getting the student interested. unusual shape work even with such theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. Various pictures, diagrams, drawings and games with the choice of words will come to our aid.
Let's make some cards. You will need two sheets of colored paper or colored cardboard. The main thing is that they are contrasting. We cut out the same clouds, balls, figures - everything that comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue so that these very contrasting sides are outside. And then, with the participation of your little helper, on one side we write vowels that are friends with soft ones, and on the other - with hard consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can also place unpaired and paired ones side by side, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.
Next, draw something that can help create an association - a brick on a cardboard where hard sounds are written, and a feather with soft phonemes. Or something else like that. Having before my eyes specific example, the student will surely learn the information better. Later, for consolidation, you can ask your student to highlight hard and soft sounds in written words. different colors- in red and blue, for example, so you can easily check his homework.
improvised material
To prepare the tablets, which were mentioned just above, you still need to have some kind of material. Solid consonants - a table that you can rely on so as not to get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness. By the way, if we want to indicate the softness of a sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is placed after it.
In this table, all phonemes at the top are solid. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases where the sound does not have a pair. This means it is not soft.
We remember further
Let's keep practicing? Let's give more examples of words where the same consonant sounds in a hard or soft position. One more nuance. In addition to the very vowels that affect the consonant, it can be softened or hardened by a soft and hard sign, respectively. Let's not forget about it in our next task.
Beaver - white, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, entrance - clerk, giraffe, winter - teeth, whale-cat, horse - lemonade, harvest-sea, Neptune-rhinoceros, steamboat - break, decision-novel, owl - family, cake - theme, film-photography, halvah - scheme, chicken, hat.
Identify the words from the presented pair that demonstrate soft or hard consonants. As you can see, the letters for their designation are still used the same. Please note that in some words, hardness and softness are affected not only by vowels, but also by consonants that are next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask the child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants, so that he himself is convinced that they are only hard. Yet own experience much more striking evidence than any memorized theory.
One more game
To study the topic, soft and hard consonants can be offered to the student just such a game. She is very simple. In front of him are a number of words, from which only solid consonants need to be written out. And then, inserting vowels into them, come up with a word. For example, there are a number of words: pickle - footman - knives. Write out the consonants: s, l, n, add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is the short but capacious word "elephant". Shall we continue?
- Edit - will - scrap(issued pr, v, l ).
- Tomato - role - swamp(issued t, r, t ).
- Bittern - dormouse - hay(issued in, s, n ).
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in no case should you say “solid consonants”. These are just the sounds. And for their designations, they are absolutely the same as in the case of soft ones (this was evident from the table above). Now that you have all the material in your hands, it remains only to practice. On the net you can find a huge number various games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic “Solid consonant sounds” a few more times - the table presented in the article will help to systematize all our knowledge. It will be much easier to repeat with her.
Do not forget, for each pair and unpaired sound each time to give new examples, so that our student himself learns to compare the different sounds of consonant phonemes. It sometimes depends not only on the subsequent vowel or soft and hard sign, but also on neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can also affect the original sound. Everything is not as difficult as it seems. More games and practice - and everything will definitely work out.
No doubt when small child parents are sent to study in the first grade, the baby may face new and unforeseen difficulties. Most he receives knowledge from his teacher, but not everything can be assimilated and remain forever in the head. The problem may be that the child is still too small to have time to “grab” everything at once.
Such barriers can be given in many subjects and topics. And no, this is not only the exact sciences, such as mathematics and natural history. Russian can also be overwhelming for many children, because it is one of the most difficult languages in the world!
As you know, everything big starts small, and Russian, as a rule, begins to be studied with children from sounds, which in turn are classified into soft consonants or hard, stressed and unstressed consonants. This topic includes many aspects, the study of which is extremely necessary so that every child can perfectly know the basics of the Russian language.
First of all, in order for the student to begin to study sounds and their features, you need to familiarize yourself with the letters, which in their own way are divided into consonants and vowels. You also need to know that there are as many as 33 letters in the alphabet, of which only 21 are consonant sounds in Russian, which in pronunciation can give 36 different sound pronunciations.
Consonants are always classified. There are hard and soft consonants, deaf or voiced, sonorous and noisy, paired or unpaired. At the same time, the voiceless and voiced consonants of the word being defined depend on the pronunciation. They are made up of noise and voice. Thus, deaf sounds are formed with the help of noise and give only deafness, while the latter are distinguished by the presentation of sonority due to the voice.
Vowel sounds have a smaller number, there are only 10 of them in the alphabet, giving only six sounds. They can also be shock and unstressed. When the future first-grader has already familiarized himself and mastered this material well, we proceed to improve that skill, when the student could easily distinguish a soft consonant from a hard one.
At the same time, you need to learn how to distinguish using different signs, because simply memorizing does not always help. There are times when a consonant sound in a word can sound both soft and hard, but there are exceptions. Now let's start learning the rules.
Before what vowel?
Which vowels give softness and which hardness? Let's try to figure it out. The first rule sounds like this: “In the case when one of the following vowels comes after a consonant - a, o, y, e, s, then the sound will always be solid. And "e, u, i, e" always make consonants soft. As a result, they give the last all consonants soft words. Let's take the word "mom" as an example.
The consonant “m” is followed by the vowel “a”, which makes the sound hard, and in the word “uncle”, the sounds “ya - ya” give softness to the consonant “d”. If children learn this simple rule and learn how to use it, the subsequent determination of the softness or hardness of the sound will not be difficult for them.
To consolidate the material “Hard and soft consonants” even better, give children similar exercises that indicate the consolidation of these rules. We advise you to start with the simplest words.
Two consonants in a row
In the case of subsequent consonants, we figured it out without difficulty, but what to do when two consonants are in a row and how to determine the sound characteristic in this case? Here another rule applies. Such cases always mean that the consonant will always be hard. Only soft consonants do not appear in this rule.
- As an example, you can take the word "pen". After “h”, the sound “k” follows, and the child must understand that “h” will automatically become a solid sound, since the next “k” is a consonant.
- Take your time when you explain to your child these simple, but important and sometimes confusing rules. Make sure that the child understands, ask questions and do not be lazy to explain several times.
Designation of hardness and softness in writing
Traditionally, all sound recordings are made through transcription. So, in transcription, if the sound is soft, put an apostrophe after it, which looks like a comma on top. I show: `. Let's take the letter "b" for example. In the word "lamb" - the sound is solid, its sound recording is as follows: [b], and in the word "white" - already [b`]. In the word "icy" only "l" and "d" will be soft. That is, in fact, the child writes the same letter, but it, in turn, has different pronunciations.
In transcriptions and in writing, such a moment can be indicated in different ways, that is, in two ways.:
- In the case when soft consonants in Russian are at the end of a word or before another consonant (in most cases, hard), softness is indicated by a soft sign, transcription - an apostrophe. For example, “horse”, “ash”
- If a consonant is followed by a softening vowel (which one, see above in the rule), then it is with its help that the softness of consonant sounds is indicated. For example: “chalk”, “sang”, “hatch” - the first sounds are always soft.
It is important to know that you should not ignore the fact that any way of indicating the softness of the sound applies only to those who have a pair of hardness. This means that, for example, in the words “carcass” and “carcass”, the soft sign in the second case indicates only that the given object/phenomenon/creature belongs to feminine. Similar words are: “pike”, “sew”, “drink”, “thicket”.
Constant hardness and softness of the consonant sound
You need to know that there are sounds that, regardless of position, rule, or even exceptions, do not change their position. These are “zh, sh, ts” - they are always hard, and “h, u, d” are invariably soft, where zh, sh, h, u are hissing consonant sounds.
But it can be difficult for children to remember this aspect well, and then a parent can easily prepare a reminder in a notebook that will look something like this: w, w, c, h`, sh`, y`or just underline the last three letters.
"Soft" words
So you can call words in which all soft consonant sounds are soft. There are a huge number of them. For example: “hoarfrost”, “glasses”, “skullcaps”, “fun”, “predators”, “squint” - these are words with soft consonants.
- A very exciting and developing activity not only for the child, but also for the parent will be the search for such new words in which all consonants are soft.
- If you have any difficulties, please refer to our hint! “Pike”, “uncle”, “blizzard”, “aunt”, “rulers”, “fives”, “ten”, “lilac”, “dates”, “nannies”, “cherries”, “ten” - words, where all consonants are soft. Also play the other way around: we are looking for all the consonants in the words are now solid.
Learning by playing
Some sources and reference books recommend focusing on educational games. That is, a child who is carried away by such an activity does not notice how he grasps and learns difficult material. An example of such a game can be the familiar “Find a Pair”.
All that is needed is to give the child words with solid sounds, and he must come up with another answer, but with soft ones. This is how easily and naturally you can learn soft consonant sounds in grade 1!
In this chapter:
§one. Sound
Sound is the smallest unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell, consisting of sounds. The sound is related to the meaning of the word. At different words and forms of the word, the sound design is different. The sounds themselves don't matter, but they perform important role: they help us to distinguish:
- words: [house] - [volume], [volume] - [there], [m'el] - [m'el']
- word forms: [house] - [lady´] - [do´ ma].
Note:
words written in square brackets are given in transcription.
§2. Transcription
Transcription- this special system recording, displaying the sound. Symbols accepted in transcription:
Square brackets, which are the designation of transcription.
[ ´ ] - stress. The stress is placed if the word consists of more than one syllable.
[b '] - the icon next to the consonant indicates its softness.
[j] and [th] - different designations the same sound. Since this sound is soft, these symbols are often used with an additional softness designation:, [th ']. On this site, the designation [th ’] is adopted, which is more familiar to most guys. The soft icon will be used to get you used to the fact that this sound is soft.
There are other symbols as well. They will be introduced gradually, as you become familiar with the topic.
§3. Vowels and consonants
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
They have a different nature. They are pronounced and perceived differently, as well as behave differently in speech and play different roles in it.
Vowels- these are sounds, during the pronunciation of which air freely passes through the oral cavity, without encountering obstacles in its path. Pronunciation (articulation) is not focused in one place: the quality of vowels is determined by the shape of the oral cavity, which acts as a resonator. When articulating vowels, the vocal cords in the larynx work. They are close, tense and vibrate. Therefore, when pronouncing vowels, we hear a voice. Vowels can be drawn. They can be screamed at. And if you put your hand to your throat, then the work of the vocal cords when pronouncing vowels can be felt, felt with your hand. Vowels are the basis of the syllable, they organize it. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. For example: is he- 1 syllable, she- 2 syllables, guys- 3 syllables, etc. There are words that consist of one vowel sound. For example, unions: and, a and interjections: Oh!, Ah!, Woo! and others.
In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables.
stressed syllable one in which the vowel is pronounced clearly and appears in its basic form.
IN unstressed syllables vowels are modified, pronounced differently. Changing vowels in unstressed syllables is called reduction.
There are six stressed vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [y], [s], [i], [e].
Remember:
Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary.
There are many more consonants in Russian than vowels.
§4. Method of formation of consonants
Consonants- these are sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming consonants. The type of barrier determines the nature of the consonant sound.
gap is formed, for example, when pronouncing sounds: [s], [s], [w], [g]. The tip of the tongue only approaches the lower or upper teeth. Slotted consonants can be pulled: [s-s-s-s], [sh-sh-sh-sh] . As a result, you will hear the noise well: when pronouncing [c] - whistling, and when pronouncing [w] - hissing.
bow, The second type of articulation of consonants is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow abruptly overcomes this barrier, the sounds are short, energetic. That is why they are called explosive. You won't be able to pull them. These are, for example, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d] . Such articulation is easier to feel, feel.
So, when pronouncing consonants, noise is heard. The presence of noise hallmark consonants.
§five. Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf.
When pronouncing voiced consonants, both voice and noise are heard, and deaf- just noise.
Deaf people cannot be spoken loudly. They cannot be shouted.
Compare words: House And cat. Each word has 1 vowel and 2 consonants. The vowels are the same, but the consonants are different: [d] and [m] are voiced, and [k] and [t] are deaf. Voice-deafness is the most important feature consonants in Russian.
voiced-deafness pairs:[b] - [n], [h] - [c] and others. There are 11 such pairs.
Pairs for deafness-voicedness: [p] and [b], [p "] and [b"], [f] and [c], [f "] and [c"], [k] and [g], [k"] and [g"], [t] and [d], [t"] and [d"], [w] and [g], [s] and [h], [s "] and [ h"].
But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of sonority - deafness. For example, the sounds [p], [l], [n], [m], [th '] do not have a voiceless pair, but [c] and [h '] do not have a voiced pair.
Unpaired in deafness-voicedness
Voiced unpaired:[r], [l], [n], [m], [th "], [r"], [l"], [n"], [m"] . They are also called sonorous.
What does this term mean? This is a group of consonants (9 in total) that have pronunciation features: when they are pronounced, obstacles also arise in the oral cavity, but such that the air stream, passing through the barrier, forms only a slight noise; air passes freely through the opening in the nasal or oral cavity. Sonorants are pronounced with the help of a voice with the addition of a slight noise. Many teachers do not use this term, but everyone should know that these voiced unpaired sounds.
Sonorants have two important features:
1) they are not deafened, like paired voiced consonants, before deaf and at the end of a word;
2) there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants before them (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicedness, as well as before vowels). For more information about positional changes, see .
Deaf unpaired:[c], [h "], [w":], [x], [x "].
What is the easiest way to remember lists of voiced and voiceless consonants?
Phrases will help memorize the lists of voiced and deaf consonants:
Oh, we didn't forget each other!(Here only voiced consonants)
Foka, do you want to eat a soup?(Here only voiceless consonants)
True, these phrases do not include hardness-softness pairs. But usually people can easily figure out that not only hard [s] is voiced, but soft [s"] too, not only [b], but also [b"], etc.
§6. Hard and soft consonants
Consonants differ not only in deafness-voicedness, but also in hardness-softness.
Hardness-softness- the second most important sign of consonants in Russian.
Soft consonants differ from solid special position of the language. When pronouncing hard ones, the entire body of the tongue is pulled back, and when pronouncing soft ones, it is shifted forward, while the middle part of the tongue is raised. Compare: [m] - [m ’], [h] - [h ’]. Voiced soft ones sound higher than hard ones.
Many Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: [b] - [b '], [ c] - [ c '] and others. There are 15 such pairs.
Pairs by hardness-softness: [b] and [b "], [m] and [m"], [p] and [p "], [c] and [c"], [f] and [f"] , [h] and [h "], [s] and [s"], [d] and [d"], [t] and [t"], [n] and [n"], [l] and [l "], [p] and [p "], [k] and [k"], [g] and [g "], [x] and [x"].
But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness-softness. For example, the sounds [zh], [w], [c] do not have a soft pair, but [y '] and [h '] do not have a hard pair.
Unpaired in hardness-softness
Solid unpaired: [w], [w], [c] .
Soft unpaired: [th"], [h"], [w":].
§7. The designation of the softness of consonants in writing
Let's digress from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?
There are 36 consonants in Russian, including 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?
For this, different methods are used:
- iotized letters e, yo, yu, i after consonants except sh, w And c, unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: uncle- [t’o´ t’a], uncle -[Yes Yes] ;
- letter And after consonants except sh, w And c. Consonants denoted by letters sh, w And c, unpaired hard. Examples of words with a vowel And: no´ tki- [n’i´ tk’i], sheet- [l'ist], Cute- [Cute'] ;
- letter b, after consonants except sh, w, after which the soft sign is an indicator of the grammatical form. Examples of soft words : request- [proz'ba], stranded- [m'el'], distance- [gave '].
Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is transmitted not by special letters, but by combinations of consonant letters with letters i, e, e, u, i And b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to turn Special attention to adjacent letters after consonants.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
School textbooks say that [w] and [w ’] -
unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that the sound [w ’] is a soft analogue of the sound [w].
When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why? Then my son went to school. He had the same question. It appears in all the guys who are thoughtful about learning.
Bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound [w ’] is also long, but the hard [w] is not. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one feature. And [w] and [w ’] - two. Therefore, [w] and [w’] are not pairs.
For adults and high school students.
In order to maintain correctness, it is necessary to change the school tradition of transcribing the sound [sh ']. It seems that it is easier for children to use one more additional sign than to face an illogical, unclear and misleading statement. Everything is simple. So that generation after generation does not rack their brains, it is necessary, finally, to show that a soft hissing sound is long.
There are two icons for this in linguistic practice:
1) superscript above the sound;
2) colon.
The use of an accent mark is inconvenient because it is not provided by the character set that can be used in computer typing. This means that the following possibilities remain: the use of a colon [w':] or a grapheme denoting the letter [w'] . I think the first option is preferable. Firstly, at first, guys often mix sounds and letters. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such confusion, provoke an error. Secondly, the guys now start learning early foreign languages. And the [:] sign, when used to indicate the length of a sound, is already familiar to them. Thirdly, a transcription with a colon [:] for longitude will perfectly convey the features of the sound. [w ':] - soft and long, both features that make up its difference from the sound [w] are presented clearly, simply and unambiguously.
What advice would you give to children who are now studying according to generally accepted textbooks? You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact the sounds [w] and [w ':] do not form a pair of hardness-softness. And I advise you to transcribe them as your teacher requires.
§8. Place of formation of consonants
Consonants differ not only in the signs you already know:
- deafness-voicedness,
- hardness-softness,
- method of formation: bow-slit.
The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, its different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p '], [b], [b '], [m], [m '] are labial, [c], [c '], [f], [f ' ] - labio-dental, all the rest - lingual: front-lingual [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [s], [s '], [s ], [h '], [w], [g], [w ':], [h '], [c], [l], [l '], [p], [p '] ,
middle lingual [th '] and back lingual [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '].
§nine. Positional changes in sounds
1. Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional vowel changes. Reduction
People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, the stressed syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before the consonant - these are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.
Strong position one in which the sounds are not subject to positionally determined changes and appear in their main form. A strong position is distinguished for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is a position in stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position before vowels is strong.
For vowels, the strong position is stressed, and the weak position is unstressed.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. Due to reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong position.
Sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a], after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. Normative in the Russian language is recognized as "akanye", i.e. nondiscrimination ABOUT And BUT in an unstressed position after hard consonants.
- under stress: [house] - [lady] - [o] ≠ [a].
- without accent: [d but ma´] -at home´ - [d but la´] -dala´ - [a] = [a].
Sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e], after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. nondiscrimination E And BUT in unstressed position after soft consonants.
- under stress: [m'ech '] - [m'ach '] - [e] ≠ [a].
- without stress: [m'ich'o´ m] - sword´ m -[m'ich'o´ m] - ball´ m - [and] = [and].
- But what about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position undergo only quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolchild these vowels in an unstressed position do not represent a problem.
[ly´ zhy], [in _lu´ zhu], [n'i´ t'i] - both in strong and weak positions, the quality of vowels does not change. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear: [s], [y], [and] and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after hard consonants?
Performing phonetic analysis and transcribing words, many guys express bewilderment. In long polysyllabic words, after solid consonants, it is not the sound [a] that is pronounced, as school textbooks say, but something else.
They are right.
Compare the pronunciation of the words: Moscow - Muscovites. Repeat each word several times and listen for the vowel in the first syllable. With a word Moscow everything is simple. We pronounce: [maskva´] - the sound [a] is clearly audible. And the word Muscovites? In accordance with the literary norm, in all syllables, except for the first syllable before the stress, as well as the positions of the beginning and end of the word, we pronounce not [a], but a different sound: less distinct, less clear, more like [s] than [ a]. In the scientific tradition, this sound is denoted by the icon [ъ]. So, we really say: [malako´] - milk ,[harasho´ ] - Okay ,[kalbasa´] - sausage.
I understand that by giving this material in textbooks, the authors tried to simplify it. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who hear clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same. Actually:
[in but Yes ] - water´ -[in b d’other’] - water ´ th:[a]≠[b]
[dr but wa´ ] - firewood´ -[dr b v’ino´ th’] - wood fired:[a]≠[b]
A special subsystem is the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables after sibilants. But in the school course, this material is not presented at all in most textbooks.
What vowels are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after soft consonants?
I have the greatest sympathy for the guys who study from textbooks offered on the spot BUT,E, ABOUT after soft consonants, hear and translate the sound “and, prone to e” in transcription. I consider it fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as the only option the outdated pronunciation norm - “ekanye”, which is much less common today than “hiccups”, mainly among very elderly people. Guys, feel free to write in an unstressed position in the first syllable before the stress in place BUT And E- [And].
After soft consonants in other unstressed syllables, except for the position of the end of the word, we pronounce a short weak sound resembling [and] and denoted as [ь]. Say the words eight, nine and listen to yourself. We pronounce: [vo´ s'm '] - [b], [d'e´ v't '] - [b].
Do not confuse:
Transcription marks are one thing, but letters are quite another.
The transcription sign [ъ] denotes a vowel after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ъ is a solid sign.
The transcription sign [ь] denotes a vowel after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter b is a soft sign.
Transcription signs, unlike letters, are given in square brackets.
end of word- special position. It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. The system of unstressed endings is a special phonetic subsystem. In her E And BUT differ:
Building[heel n’i’e] - building[building´ n’i’a], me´ nie[mn’e´ n’iy’e] - me´ nia[mn’e´ n’iy’a], mo´ re[mo´ r'e] - seas[mo´ r'a], vo´ la[vo´ l'a] - at will[na_vo´ l'e]. Keep this in mind when doing phonetic parsing of words.
Check:
How does your teacher require you to designate unstressed vowels. If he uses a simplified transcription system, that's okay: it's widely accepted. Just do not be surprised that you really hear different sounds in an unstressed position.
2. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants
For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before a vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dacha] - country house,[t'l'iv'i´ zar] - television,[s’ino´ n’im] - synonyms,[b'ir'o´ zy] - birches,[karz "and´ us] - baskets. All consonants in these examples are before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.
Strong positions in voicelessness:
- before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - ladies,
- before unpaired voiced [r], [r '], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '], [d ']: [dl'a] - for,[tl'a] - aphid,
- Before [in], [in ']: [own'] - mine,[ringing] - ringing.
Remember:
In a strong position, voiced and deaf consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in deafness-voicedness:
- in front of pairs for deafness-voicedness: [weak tk’y] - sweet,[zu´ pk'i] - teeth.
- before deaf unpaired ones: [apkhva´ t] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.
- at the end of a word: [zoop] - tooth,[dup] - oak.
Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicedness
In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become deaf, i.e. deafened, and the deaf - voiced, i.e. voiced. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants.
Stunning-voicing of consonants
Voiced stunning occurs in positions:
- in front of paired deaf people: [fsta´ v’it’] - in become,
- at the end of a word: [clat] - treasure.
Voicing of the deaf happens in position:
- before paired voiced: [kaz'ba´] - to from bba´
Strong positions in hardness-softness:
- before vowels: [mat'] - mother,[m'at'] - crush,
- at the end of a word: [out] - out,[out'] - stink,
- before labial-labial: [b], [b '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '] and back-lingual: [k], [k '], [g], [g' ], [x[, [x'] for sounds [s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n ], [n'], [r], [r']: [sa´ n'k'i] - Sa´ nks(born pad.), [s´ ank'i] - sled,[bu´ lka] - bu´ lka,[bu´ l'kat'] - boo' lkat,
- all positions for sounds [l] and [l ’]: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - firing.
Remember:
In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.
- before soft [t '], [d'] for consonants [c], [h], which are necessarily softened:, [z'd'es'],
- before [h '] and [w ':] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [by´ n'h'ik] - donut,[ka´ m'n'sh': ik] - bricklayer.
Remember:
In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation is possible:
- before soft front lingual [n '], [l '] for front lingual consonants [c], [h]: snow -[s'n'ek] and, piss off -[z’l’it’] and [zl’it’]
- before soft anterior lingual, [h ’] for anterior lingual [t], [d] - lift -[pad’n’a´ t ’] and [padn’a´ t’] , take away -[at’n’a´ t’] and [atn’a´ t’]
- before soft anterior lingual [t "], [d"], [s "], [s"] for anterior lingual [n]: vi´ ntik -[v'i´ n "t" ik] and [v'i´ nt'ik], pension -[p’e´ n’s’iy’a] and [p’e´ ns’iy’a]
- before soft labials [c '], [f '], [b '], [n '], [m '] for labials: write in -[f "p" isa' t '] and [fp" is' at '], ri´ fme(dat. pad.) - [r'i´ f "m" e] and [r'i´ fm "e]
Remember:
In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible.
Writing a soft sign with positional softening of consonants is a mistake.
Positional changes of consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation
Naturally, in school tradition it is not customary to describe the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in full detail. But the general laws of phonetics need to be learned. It's hard to do without it phonetic parsing and complete tests. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation. This material is a tangible help for those who want to avoid errors in phonetic parsing.
Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the likeness of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are close.
Learn the list:
[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew
[h] and [g] → [g:] - compress
[s] and [h ’] - at the root of words →
[w':] - happiness, account
- at the junction of morphemes and words →
[w':h'] -
comb, dishonest, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced together, like one word)
[s] and [w':] → [w':] - split
[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [c:] - smiles
-at the junction prefixes and root →
[cs] - sleep
[t] and [ts] → [ts:] - unhook
[t] and [h’] → [h’:] - report
[t] and [t] and [w’:]←[c] and [h’] - Countdown
[d] and [w ':] ← [c] and [h '] - counting
Distinguishing consonants
Dissimilarity is the process of positional change, the opposite of likening.
[g] and [k '] → [x'k '] - easy
Simplifying consonant clusters
Learn the list:
vstv - [stv]: hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zdts - [sc] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: Sun
NDC -
[nc]: Dutch
ndsh -
[nsh:] landscape
ntg - [ng]: x-ray
RDC -
[rc]: a heart
rdch -
[rh']: heart
stl - [sl ']: happy
stn - [sn]: local
Pronunciation of groups of sounds:
In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles, there are letter combinations: wow, him. IN a place G they pronounce [in]: him, beautiful, blue.
Avoid spelling. say the words him, blue, beautiful right.
§10. Letters and sounds
Letters and sounds are different purpose And different nature. But these are comparable systems. Therefore, the types of relationships need to be known.
Types of ratio of letters and sounds:
- A letter denotes a sound, such as vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
- The letter has no sound value of its own, for example b And b: mouse
- The letter stands for two sounds, for example, iotized vowels e, yo, yu, i in positions:
- the beginning of a word
- after vowels,
- after the separation b And b.
- The letter may indicate the sound and quality of the preceding sound, such as iotized vowels and And after soft consonants.
- The letter may indicate the quality of the preceding sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, firing.
- Two letters can represent one sound, often a long one: sew, squeeze, rush
- Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - ts -[c:]
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What determines the quality of a vowel sound?
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
- From the barrier formed by the organs of speech at the moment of pronouncing the sound
What is called reduction?
- pronunciation of vowels under stress
- pronouncing unstressed vowels
- special pronunciation of consonants
At what sounds does the air stream encounter an obstacle in its path: a bow or a gap?
- Vowels
- Consonants
Can voiceless consonants be pronounced loudly?
Are the vocal cords involved in the pronunciation of voiceless consonants?
How many pairs form consonants according to deafness-voicedness?
How many consonants do not have a deafness-voiced pair?
How many pairs do Russian consonants form according to hardness-softness?
How many consonants do not have a pair of hardness-softness?
How is the softness of consonants conveyed in writing?
- Special icons
- Letter combinations
What is the name of the position of the sound in the flow of speech, in which it appears in its basic form, without undergoing positional changes?
- Strong position
- Weak position
What sounds have strong and weak positions?
- Vowels
- Consonants
- All: both vowels and consonants
Right answers:
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
- pronouncing unstressed vowels
- Consonants
- Letter combinations
- Strong position
- All: both vowels and consonants
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