The words are the same but different in meaning. Homonyms: examples of words
Of course, you guessed that the boys did not understand each other, because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.
Homonyms Words that are similar in sound and spelling but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: omos- the same onimo- name.
Consider examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.
In the sea, a land strip
It's called a braid
And the girl has a braid
Ripe oats.
There is dew on the grass
The scythe mows the grass.
I have one question:
How many braids are there in the world?
Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()
Spit- a narrow shoal running from the shore.
Spit- braided hair.
Spit- a tool for mowing grass.
The porridge ripened in the meadow.
Cow Masha eats porridge.
Masha likes lunch:
Nothing tastes better!
Kashka- white clover.
Kashka- a dish of grains boiled in water or milk.
Say "spring" -
And here arose
Runs in the green
Cheerful key murmuring.
And we call the spring the key
(The key to the door has nothing to do with it).
Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()
Key- spring.
Key- Locking device.
We are foxes
Friendly sisters.
Well, who are you?
We are foxes too!
How, with one paw?
No, even with a hat.
Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()
Chanterelles- mushrooms.
Chanterelles- animals.
Come learn to shoot with me
And look for me on the ridge.
I can hit the bird accurately
And also I get into cabbage soup.
Rice. 5. Homonyms: Bow ()
Onion- plant.
Polysemantic words and homonyms are spelled the same. The main difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in the lexical meaning (color, shape), while the lexical meanings of homonyms are completely different.
If you doubt the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Consider the difference in the entry of dictionary entries:
The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:
1. The underground part of plants.
2. The inner part of the hair, tooth.
3. Beginning, source of something (figurative).
4. Significant part of the word.
In the dictionary of a polysemantic word, each of its meanings is indicated by a number.
Consider how homonyms are represented in the dictionary. For example:
A faucet is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for the release of liquid or gas.
A crane is a machine for lifting and moving goods over short distances.
In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.
It is possible to determine the meaning of homonyms only when the word is used in a phrase or in a sentence.
Let's complete the task.
Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meanings.
1. Fluffy mink.
2. Deep mink.
Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()
1. We saw a picture with a predatory lynx.
2. The horse was trotting.
Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()
1. Do not pollute the environment.
2. Grandmother will arrive on Wednesday.
Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()
So, we learned that in Russian there are words that are spelled and pronounced the same way, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.
Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:
What fabric can not be used to sew a shirt?
From the railway.
What faucet can't drink from?
From the lift.
In which cage are birds and animals not kept?
In the chest.
Which forests do not have game?
In construction.
What kind of belt can not be girdled?
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
- Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
- toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
- Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. P2. Do ex. 33, 34 p. 25.
- Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to understand the meaning of the words.
Castle, foam, cream.
- * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with riddles or puzzles, where the answers are homonymous words.
hope. For example, hail as a type of precipitation and hail as a city: Show off, city of Petrov ... (Pushkin the Bronze Horseman)
Or a key - a spring and a key to a castle, a scythe - a type of hairstyle and a scythe - a tool, etc.
Along with incomplete homonyms, there are three types of incomplete ones: homophones, homographs, homoforms.
Homophones - words that are the same in sound, but different in spelling and meaning: fruit - raft, threshold - vice, breast - sadness, beg - belittle, oxen - shafts, ear - voice.
"He believed that friends ready
It's an honor to accept him fetter"
"Her pampered fingers did not know needles;
Leaning on hoop"
homographs - on the contrary, words identical in spelling, but different in sound and meaning: organ - organ, flour - flour, castle - castle.
And finally homoforms - these are words that coincide in sound and spelling in only one or several forms, and are completely different in others.
Usually these are different parts of speech: simple (n.) - a break in work and simple (adj.) - not difficult. They only coincide in the nominative case.
All these forms activate the play on words and therefore are widely used in poetry, in all kinds of puns. For example, in the epigraph to Eugene Onegin, Pushkin uses consonant phrases: a phrase from Garatsiya O rus! (O village! and Russian O Rus!)
So he gradually inspires the reader with the idea that true Russia is rural.
A homonymous pair of words greatly enlivens speech in poetry. Sometimes it's a witty rhyme:
But what does spouse
Alone, in the absence spouse?
(A.S. Pushkin Graf Nulin)
Or lines from Onegin:
Defender of Liberty and rights
In this place was completely not right
3. Additional lexical resources of the poetic language
The poetic language, in addition to the main lexical fund, includes special lexical resources , which, as a rule, are excluded from the literary language, but function spontaneously in the spoken language.
Fiction, using such words in poetic language, expands the circle of people who know them.
On the other hand, these words perform certain functions in poetic language.
Special lexical resources classified internally into 4 varieties:
1) historical: Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
2) national: barbarisms.
3) geographical: dialectisms.
4) social: vernacular and professionalisms.
1) Slavicisms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms
Over time, any national language changes, and the texts of ancient literatures have to be literally translated into modern languages (from ancient Russian to modern Russian, from ancient Greek to modern Greek, etc.)
Each word has its own history, competes with other words, sometimes completely changes its meaning and form. There are, however, words in the language whose historical confinement does not change.
These are Slavicisms - words of Old Slavonic origin: mouth, eyes, eyelids, cheeks, etc.
Slavicisms have Russian synonyms: enemy - enemy, shore - coast, night - night, etc.
Slavicisms have 3 functions in poetic language:
1. To give the story an archaic tone.
A.S. Pushkin used many Slavic words in Onegin:
1) Listen to my sad voice…
2) young delights first dream ...
3) B mouth tried to keep...
4) "Two-legged creatures millions
We have only one weapon...
"God's Creature" in Church Slavonicism means "a living being created by God.
5) "Alkalo fatal food ... "a word of Old Slavic origin, meaning" to passionately desire something.
2. Old Church Slavonic is still the professional language of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Therefore, in Pushkin's Boris Godunov, the speech of clergymen is replete with Slavicisms:
A great sin is coming
tongues of the earth...
3. The most important function of Slavisms is connected with a high calm. The use of Slavicisms gives solemnity to the speech.
This is well illustrated by Pushkin's poem The Prophet:
Arise, prophet, and see, and listen,
Do my will.
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn people's hearts with the verb
Artistic functions similar to Slavicisms are performed in the poetic language by archaisms and historicisms.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that were later forced out of the active dictionary by other words.
A large number of archaisms are found in Pushkin in Onegin:
1) What was for him from childhood…
2) Diana's chest, cheeks flora...
3) "The final thunders, it is empty hall..."
4) "How he described himself piit..."
5) "Enemies gathered and others"
It is necessary to distinguish from archaisms historicisms , words denoting phenomena of the distant historical past. For example: archers, guardsmen, boyars, dues, corvee, maids of honor.
In Onegin we read:
1) Yarem from corvee ancient
quitrent easy replaced
2) And finally updated
On cotton wool dressing gown and cap
- Full (absolute) homonyms are homonyms that have the same entire system of forms. For example, key (for a lock) - key (spring), forge (forge) - bugle (wind instrument).
- Partial homonyms - homonyms in which not all forms coincide in sound. For example, weasel (animal) And affection (show of affection) diverge in the genitive plural form ( weasels - caresses).
- Graphic homonyms. See homographs. (Graphic homonyms in the Wikipedia project are presented in the category of polysemantic terms)
- phonetic homonyms. See homophones.
- Homonymous morphemes. See homomorphemes.
- grammatical homonyms. See homoforms.
Examples
Words
- A scythe is on a girl’s head, a scythe is a mowing tool, a scythe is a geographical name (Curonian Spit)
- The key is a musical sign, the key is from the door, the key is a natural source of water.
- Onion is a plant, onion is a weapon.
- Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.), pen - human hand.
Phrases from homonyms
- Mowed with an oblique oblique oblique (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners):
see also
Homonymy in taxonomy
Links
- Homonym- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Homonyms" are in other dictionaries:
- (Greek) words that coincide with each other in their sound with a complete mismatch of meanings. Example "bow" (weapon) "bow" (plant). Usually, the appearance in the language of O. is explained by an accidental coincidence of once different stems as a result of a series ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (Greek homonymos, similar from homos, and onoma name). Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings or are spelled differently but pronounced the same. For example, a stove pipe and a musical trumpet, flour, like suffering, and ground flour ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Homonyms Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. For example, "swords" (from the word "sword") and "swords" (from the word "to throw"); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A punning game is built on homonyms (see Pun), and already with ... Dictionary of literary terms
- (from the Greek homos the same and onyma name), different in meaning, but the same sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, lynx running and lynx animal ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (from the Greek homos the same and onyma name) different, but the same sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HOMONYMS- (from the Greek homos - the same + onima - name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same but have different meanings. Distinguish O. full (in which the whole system of forms coincides), partial (in which they coincide in sound ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onoma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are spelled and pronounced the same way. For example, in English the language of O. are the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris and rainbow); in Russian language ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms … Technical Translator's Handbook
Homonyms- (from the Greek homos the same and onyma name), different in meaning, but the same sounding and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “lynx” running and “lynx” animal. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
homonyms- (other Greek ομος homos the same + onyma, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound, but different meanings: braid1 (girl's hairstyle), braid2 (tool), braid3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow shallow). Interlingual homonyms are found ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of homonyms in Russian dialectal speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. It belongs to the part-speech explanatory type of dictionaries. Called up…
Homonyms are words that sound and are spelled the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - "same", onima - "name". Let's say onion- plant and onion- weapons for throwing arrows, drown stove And sink ships.
Consider types of homonyms.
1. Some words are spelled the same but pronounced differently: lock And lock, p'arit(linen, vegetables) and steam(in the clouds), st`oit(bread in the store) and worth it(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which in Greek means "spelling the same way."
2. There are words that are pronounced the same way, but they need to be written differently. For example, pond And rod, metal And metal, five And span. This homophones , translated from Greek - "the same sounding".
Among the homophones there are many such pairs that do not coincide in all their forms, but in some or even one. If you start changing words by cases and numbers, then you immediately find a difference in their sound. Let's say by the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit with a rod. Word " three" can also be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and verb ( three strong!). But not all forms of these words will match: to rub, ter – three, three. The same forms of different words are called homoforms .
Homonyms can be a hindrance in linguistic communication, they are especially difficult for a translator. In this case, the context helps, because in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. From the context, it is easy enough to guess what meaning is meant: This is a very simple example. - Simple equipment is quite expensive.
§ 51. Homonymy and its types
The polysemy of words is a large and multifaceted problem, various issues of lexicology are associated with it, in particular, the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings. The relationship between polysemy and homonymy is historically conditioned. With the development of the language, “the same inner shell of the word is overgrown with shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V. V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in a number of cases arise from a polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist- hand with clenched fingers and fist- a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist - peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex; linguists offer various criteria for breeding these phenomena. There are several approaches.
O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, first of all, taking into account the nature of the relationship of the word with objective reality. If each of the meanings is an independent name of a certain object of the surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonymous words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); scythe (hairstyle), scythe (shallow) and scythe (tool).
E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be carried out by selecting synonyms. If the synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: boron (drill) - boron (coniferous forest) - boron (chemical element).
A number of scientists, without rejecting the named criteria, also suggested taking into account derivational features: for example, reaction as a term of different sciences has different derivational rows: reaction (biol., chem.) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction(polit.) - reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.
Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different forms of control: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan, but change homeland. However, these delimitation criteria are not universal, so sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are as follows:
Homonyms are a product of the breakdown of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (steering wheel).
Derivative homonyms: to buy (from the verb "buy") and (from the verb "to bathe").
The consequence of the historical change in the sound image of different words: IS (available) and ЂST (to eat) coincided in sound by the middle of the 18th century: the sound “ê” (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong “ye” (transmitted in writing by the letter Ђ “yat”) became pronounced like [e], so the pronunciation of words ceased to differ. In 1918, a spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound, but also in spelling. Let's take another example. Word Lynx(animal) in ancient times it sounded “ryd” and was the same root with the words blush, red; then "ds" was simplified into "s". Word Lynx how the running of a horse goes back to the Old Russian “rist” (cf. the lists), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the “r” hardened.
The richest source of homonymy are borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (flaw - from German) and others.
Homonyms are divided into full, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. TO proper lexical homonyms include, for example: English: flaw1 – crack; flaw2 – gust of wind; Russian: light1 - energy; light2 - the world, the universe. These words have the same sound, spelling and refer to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:
1. Homophones - words and forms of different meanings, coinciding in sound, but differing in spelling:
meadow (field) - bow (shooting tool), ball (dance party) - score (score).
2. homographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but the same in spelling:
atlas (fabric) - atlas (a collection of geographical maps), castle - castle.
3. homoforms (morphological homonyms) - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:
swarm (n.) of bees - swarm (vb.) pit, expensive (n.) - expensive (adj.), new saw (n.) - drank (vb.) coffee, tourniquet (v.) grass - medical tourniquet ( n.).
Adjacent to homonyms paronyms – words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: a subscription (the right to use something) and a subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (productive) and spectacular (conspicuous); a secretive (closed) person and a hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.
Homonyms are words that are different in meaning but have the same sound and spelling.
Word homonym came from the Greek homos - identical + onima - name.
Most homonyms are among nouns and verbs.
Example:
1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).
2. DEFEND - to stand (to stand in line).
3. DEFEND - to be at some distance from someone, something. (the airport is five kilometers away from the city).
Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language
random word match:
Example:
1. ONION - loans. Garden plant with a spicy taste.
2. ONION - claim.-rus. A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, resilient rod (usually wooden) tied into an arc with a bowstring.
coincidence in the formation of new words:
Example:
SEND - send with an order. The person doing the task 1. AMBASSADOR .
SALT - preserve something in a salt solution. Method of salting products - 2. AMBASSADOR .
loss of semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word.
Example:
This happened in ancient times with the word LIGHT :
LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) earth, world, universe.
These meanings have become so distant that they have lost their semantic connection. Now they are two different words.
1. LIGHT - radiant energy that makes the world around us visible.
2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.
Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. A single word GENUS unclear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it becomes clear what is at stake:
Example:
ancient genus , male genus .
Types of homonyms
Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.
Example:
You are NOT MINE this umbrella, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it MUMB.
Use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech should be very careful. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.
Example:
Yesterday I visited the Poetry DAY. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?
Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but the same sounding or spelling units of the language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and onyma- name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.
At full/absolute homonyms the whole system of forms coincides. For example, key(for the castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
At partial Not all forms are the same. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the form of the genitive plural - caresses - caresses.
Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek. homos- the same and grapho- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
healthy - healthy
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
inferno - inferno
pier - pier
forty - forty
already - already
Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and flying throat (in other forms - to fly and treat, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saws and drink, etc.).
Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that coincide in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and morphe- the form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning of the actor) and switch(value of the active subject); suffix -ets in words sage, male, incisor and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.
And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο
- "sound likeness".
Examples in Russian:
threshold - vice - park,
meadow - bow, fruit - raft,
ink - ink,
fall - fall
ball - score,
inert - bone,
betray - give
emit - imitate.
In Russian, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of stunning consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.
Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be exactly the same and the difference in spelling is only in the spacing:
in place, together
in everything - at all,
from mint - crumpled,
from the hatch - and evil,
not mine - mute.
In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designation of the same consonant or vowel in writing, for example:
whole hole,
knew - new.
In French, there are a whole series of homophones, consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not read.
Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Reference books