Ege Russian task 6. Plural formation

In task 6 you are asked to find an example with an error in the formation of the word form. Task 6 might look like this:

Indicate the variant with an error in the formation of the word form.

  • their coats
  • eloquent lecturers
  • the wind shakes the flags
  • both friends have

Below is a short list of rules and topics that you need to know in order to cope with task 6.

Errors in the forms of numerals

1. Declension of numbers. Here are the rules that are tested most often:

When declining numbers from 50 to 80, from 200 to 900 both roots change: seventy, seventy, seventy, seventy, about seventy; five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, five hundred, about five hundred.

When declining ordinal numerals only the last word is changed: in two thousand and fourteenth year (impossible: in two thousand and fourteenth year).

Numerals one and a halfanda hundred and fifty(150) have oblique forms one and a halfandone and a half hundred.

In order to learn how to decline numerals with the second root “hundred” (two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, etc.), you need to use the word “note”: four notes - four hundred, four notes - four hundred, four notes - four hundred, oh four notes - about four hundred. (See. Sluzhevskaya T.L. Lessons of Russian literature. Workshop on the culture of speech. St. Petersburg, 1999)

2. Collective numerals two, three, four, etc. are not used with feminine nouns. You can't say three friends. It is correct to say three girlfriends.

3. Both and both. The feminine form both is used with feminine nouns (both actresses, both palms) and with personal pronouns we, you, they, if these pronouns indicate two females (for example, two ballerinas can be said to be both of them).

Feminine nouns in oblique cases are combined with indirect cases from the form both, not both. You can’t say from both sides, to both daughters, with both hands, in both bags. Correct forms: on both sides, for both daughters, with both hands, in both bags.

Noun forms

1. Difficult cases of the nominative plural form Plural of nouns

Masculine words with a zero ending in the nominative plural have the endings -ы, -и (table - tables, computer - computers, translator - translators, ball - balls) or -а, -я (eye - eyes, voice - voices, chair - chairs). Some words have two plural forms (for example, years and years). There are no clear rules that would determine which ending the plural form of a word has.

Words that end in -s, - and(capital letter denotes percussive sound)

lecturer - lecturers - lecturers

engineer - engineers - engineers

chauffeur - chauffeurs - chauffeurs

accountant - accountants - accountants

inspector - inspectors - inspectors**

instructor – instructors – instructors**

locksmith - locksmiths - locksmiths**

turner - turners - turners **

groom - grooms - grooms

contract — contracts — contracts**

age - ages - ages

cream - creams - creams

soup - soups - soups

hospital - hospitals - hospitals and hospitals (equal options)

** In colloquial speech (not on the exam), the options are inspector A, instructor A, locksmith, turner, contract A.

Words that end in -a, - I

director - directora - directors

professor - professorA - professorOv

doctor - doctorA - doctorOv

fan - fanA - fanOv

black grouse - black grouseA - black grouse

ham - ham - ham

anchor - anchor - anchor

boat - boats - boats

The word omission in the meaning of "document" forms the plural of omissions, and in the meaning of "something omitted" - the plural - omissions.

Choose the row in which all the words are in the form im. case plural. numbers ending -s or -i:

agreement, driver, fan

lecturer, professor, inspector

accountant, engineer, age

director, instructor, doctor

2. Difficult cases of the genitive plural form

Genitive plural nouns

Try to answer the question. How to say correctly: fish have no teeth, fish have no teeth, or fish have no teeth?

There is a lot of truth in this joke: all three normative endings of the gender form are presented here. case pl. numbers:

ov (ev): tables, computers, dresses, logs,

her: seas, benches, mice, daughters,

zero: towers, cherries, clouds, gorges, fritters, splashes.

This form is very difficult, because although there are patterns in the choice of endings, there are a lot of them - and they are inconsistent.

So, one of the regularities is that if the ending in the initial form of a noun is non-zero, then in gender. case pl. numbers - zero and vice versa: an aunt and a lot of aunts, a melon - melons, an apple - apples, a window - windows, but a table - tables, an oven - stoves, a mother - mothers. However, this pattern is very often violated, compare: one sock and a pair of socks; but one stocking and a pair of stockings; dress - dresses, sea - seas.

Occasionally, there are variable cases when the norm allows two options for ending:
eggplant and eggplant, sneakers and sneakers, candles and candles, Turkmen and Turkmen, sheets and sheets, weekdays and weekdays, grams and grams.

Zero ending words

shoes and clothes worn on the feet: stockings (a pair of stockings), boots (a pair of boots), boots (a pair of boots), sandals (a pair of sandals), shoes (a pair of shoes); but a pair of socks

military: hussars (no hussars), partisans (many partisans), soldiers (many soldiers)

nationalities: Bashkirs (many Bashkirs), Armenians (Armenians), Bulgarians (Bulgarians), Ossetians (Ossetians), Gypsies (Gypsies)

words in -nya, -la: apple tree (no apple trees), kitchen (no kitchens), cherry (no cherries), waffle (no waffles)

words in -tsa: saucers (saucers), towels (towels), tentacles (tentacles)

other words: shoulder straps (no shoulder straps), pasta (no pasta), apple (no apples), sausage (no sausages, not sausages), Sunday (Sundays), gorge (gorges), fritters (fritters), craft (crafts) , earring (earrings), witch (witches), poker (poker)

Words that endov(orev)

socks (a pair of socks) - as opposed to a pair of stockings, a pair of boots and other things worn on the feet. In colloquial speech, a pair of socks is also possible.

fruits and vegetables: apricots, oranges, bananas, lemons, tangerines, tomatoes

canned food (canned food)

centners

Kazakhs, Croats

comments

Words that endher

manger (Nursery with emphasis on the first syllable); nostrils (nostrils), claws (claws), (dumplings) dumplings, cases (cases).

Some words do not have the gender form. case pl. numbers (for example, a dream, an ottoman). You can’t say: “She had many different dreams.”

Choose a row in which all words have a gender form. case plural. number of endings:

Mast, dream, mother, claw

Stocking, sock, elephant, jacket

Thief, orange, Croatian, tomato

Craft, fritter, saw, partisan

Choose a row in which all words have a gender form. case plural. numbers zero ending:

Witch, canned food, Armenian, Ossetian

Nostril, manger, tentacle, weekdays

Table, shoulder strap, pasta, hussars

Gypsy, sunday, eye, soldier

3. Several masculine nouns with a zero ending have two endings in the prepositional singular: -е and -у. In this case, the choice of ending depends on the preposition with which the word is used:

in the closet and on the closet, but about the closet

in the port and at the airport, but about the port and about the airport

in the side, but about the side

in the forest, but about the forest

on the bridge, but about the bridge.

Verb forms

1. Difficult verb forms Verbs with alternating stems

Some forms of the present tense with alternations at the base are difficult:

burn - burn, burn, burn, burn, burn, burn (wrong: burn, burn, burn)

flow - flow, flow, flow, flow, flow, flow

oven - bake, bake, bake, bake, bake, bake

grind - grind, grind, grind, grind, grind, grind

want - want, want, want, want, want, want

go - go, go, go, go, go, go (wrong: go)

sway - sway, sway, sway, sway, sway, sway (the variant sway, sway is also possible)

rinse - rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse (it is also possible to rinse, rinse)

climb - climb, climb, climb, climb, climb, climb (there is also a verb to climb with the forms I climb, climb, climb, etc.)

riddled - riddled, riddled, riddled, riddled, riddled, riddled, communion riddled.

waving - waving, waving, waving, waving, waving, waving (in colloquial speech, the option is waving, waving)

If there are variants of the literary norm in the language, when completing the USE tasks, only one should be indicated - the main (and not the colloquial) variant.

Mark the sentences with errors:

I climb rocks.

The wind shakes the grass.

Imperative mood

The formation of the imperative mood from some verbs can be difficult:

lie down - lie down, lie down

wave - wave

rinse - rinse

put - put (and the word lie does not exist)

put - put (and the word put does not exist)

get out - get out

straighten - straighten and straighten (both options are possible)

The verb to go does not have an imperative form. Wrong: go, go. The verb to ride also does not have an imperative form. Wrong: go. You can form the form of the imperative mood only from another verb - to go: go.

Mark the phrases with errors:

lie down on the grass

wave goodbye

go faster

rinse your mouth regularly

Non-existent verbs

Remember: the verbs climb out, climb in the Russian literary language do not exist! That's right: I'm getting out (not getting out), I'm climbing in.

There is no verb to lay down either! That's right: put (species pair put - put).

Other difficult cases

Some verbs do not have certain forms. In this case, one speaks of a defective paradigm of verbs. For example: the verbs to win, convince, dare, kink do not have the form of the 1st person singular. However, the verb to vacuum has it (vacuum cleaner), although it is rarely used.

The verb to crave forms thirst, crave, crave, etc. In colloquial speech, the option I crave, crave, crave is also possible.

The past tense forms of the verb get wet are wet, wet. Incorrect: wet.

2. Only perfect participles are formed from perfective verbs, and only imperfective participles are formed from imperfective verbs. For example, it is impossible to form a gerundial participle of replacing from a perfect verb to replace (the correct form is replacing), and from an imperfect verb to keep it is impossible to form a gerund participle of powers (the correct form is holding).

Forms of adjectives and adverbs

1. Ways of forming comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs.

The comparative degree of adjectives (and adverbs in -o, -e) can be formed in one of two ways:

using suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she: smarter, quieter, older

using more and less words: smarter, quieter, less loud, older.

These two methods are never used together. You can’t say he is smarter or speak more quietly.

The superlative degree of adjectives (and adverbs in -o, -e) can be formed in one of three ways:

with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-: smartest, quietest

using the words most, most, and least: smartest, most quiet, least interesting

with the help of the comparative degree of the adjective and the word of all: smarter than everyone, quieter than everyone.

These methods are also never used together. You can not say the smartest student. In addition, comparative and superlatives are not used together. This is not to say he runs the fastest or the hardest.

2. For adjectives in -ki, the forms of the comparative degree, as a rule, end in -che: louder (and not louder), harder, brighter, bitterer (and bitterer in the meaning of "sorrowful"), louder, hotter, stronger, sharper.

Pronoun forms

1. There is no pronoun theirs in literary Russian. speak correctly them: their cat, their cat, their kittens.

The use of pronouns

Pronounsthem, hisandher

Belonging to the 3rd person plural. number (that is, to them - parents, friends, colleagues, classmates, neighbors) is expressed by the pronoun them.

This pronoun is immutable. The word to which it refers can be of any gender and can be used in any number and case - in any case, their pronoun will remain unchanged.

their cat, their monkey, their surprise, their children

their cat, their cat, with their cat, about their cat

The pronoun theirs (theirs, theirs, theirs) refers to colloquial vocabulary. It is recommended to use it only for writers when describing scenes from folk life.

The same applies to the pronouns evony and eyny. These are gross colloquial errors, unacceptable either in oral or written speech. It is correct to say him and her.

pronoun declensionshe is

The pronoun she in the genitive case has the form of her, and with prepositions - her. The genitive form ney is a colloquial error and should not be used.

Please note that we are talking about the genitive, and not about the instrumental case. In the instrumental case, it is a literary norm. For example, the sentence “We are just friends with her” is fully consistent with the literary norm.

She has a lot of friends. You can’t: “She has many friends.”

In the 19th century, the genitive form was the literary norm, but gradually it acquired a colloquial connotation.

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
(F.I. Tyutchev, 1866)

And here is an example of the use of the word ney (instead of it) in a literary text - the author uses a stylization technique, since he writes on behalf of an “uneducated” character:

And she has a wide nature,
She has an open soul
And she has a great figure
And I don't have a penny in my pocket.
(V. Vysotsky)

Their opinion is of no interest to anyone here.

Nobody cares about her opinion either.

Mark all the sentences that correspond to the modern literary norm.

She has a great figure.

She has no shame or conscience.

Guests came to her.

This is probably the most “unpleasant” task: here you have to learn a lot by heart. Do as with task 4: work out those moments in which you doubt, gradually narrow the circle of mistakes. Console yourself with the fact that in the exam you will be given not dozens, but only 5 words.

Task 6

Task Formulation

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form

the words. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

STUNNING outfit

behind SEVEN locks

pack of PASTA

in the year 2000

TASTIER than cake

The variety of grammatical errors associated with the formation of the form of a word is great. There are no specific rules for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech; this is a matter of practice that has developed in the language. In working on task 6, memory, speech hearing, and patience will help you.

We offer you lists of words grouped by parts of speech. The tables are designed to make it easier for you to remember. Read the correct options aloud and memorize. Watch your speech. Here, as with task 4 on orthoepy, it is important to repeatedly refer to grammatical norms, get used to them, and after a while the correct formation of words will not cause you any difficulties.

Nouns in the nominative case

Nominative plural with ending -Ы -И Nominative plural with ending -А -Я
Accountants Addresses
Ages Bills
reprimands Heap
Dispatchers Directors
Treaties The doctors
Engineers boats
Instructors Kitel
Compressors bodywork
Constructors Domes
Containers Hedra
healers ham
Months Districts
Players cooks
policies cellars
Ports professors
handwriting Belts
poodles Varieties
rectors Haystacks
Locksmiths watchman
syllables Poplars
Snipers Farms
Joiners Cancellation
report cards Anchors
turners
Cakes
Trainers
Outbuildings
Fronts
Chauffeurs

Remember couples:

Hulls (trunks) – hulls (buildings)

Camps (political) - camps (tourist)

Husbands (state) - husbands (in families)

Teeth (in a person) - teeth (in a saw)

Gaps (spaces) – gaps (documents)

Images (literary) - images (icons)

Orders (knightly) - orders (awards)

Tones (sounds) - tones (shades of color)

Chicken - chickens

Log - logs

Vessel - ships

Nouns in the genitive case(Substitute the word A LOT)

Fruits and vegetables:

Clothes and shoes:

Shoe cover golf course
boot Jeans
Boots Lampasov
boots Noskov
Gaiter
sneaker
Moccasin
pantalon
Shoulder strap
Boot
sneaker
Shoe
Stocking
bloomer
Short
Epaulet

Nationalities:

Armenians Mongols
Bashkir Tajiks
Bulgarian Croats
Buryat Yakutov
Georgian
Lezgin
Ossetian
Romanian
Tatars
Turk
Turkmen
Gypsy

Groups of people by occupation:

Units:

We learn, we learn, we learn:

End of OB, EV

No end of OB, EV

Bronchov nesting
dahlias wrist
Zamorozkov Copies
canned food meals
nerves necklaces
rails Olady
Verkhoviev Cookies
Koreniev coasts
Comments believe
Lokhmotiev Dungeons
Nizoviev guns
dresses seats
Journeymen pickles
Mouths Gorges
Flakes grounds
mutilation

Ending HER

Zero ending

weekdays fables
Dumbbell spray
Skittles waffles
palms Del
Sheet (Sheet) Kocheryog
strife Kitchens
tablecloths Macaron
Chukchi cuff
manger Nian
LOOP
saber
Earrings
gossip
dusk
Herons
sprat

gender of nouns

Masculine, neuter Feminine
piano, grand piano Mezzanine
rail, rail parcel post
Tulle, tulle cello
shampoo, shampoo corn
Jam, jam Sneaker, sneaker
reserved seat, reserved seat
Slipper, slipper
shoes, shoes

Comparative and superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs

Attention! You can not mix a simple and compound form. More beautiful, most beautiful, most subtle is a grammatical error.

Decline numbers

40, 90, 100

R.P.D.P.T.P.P.P.

Forty, ninety, one hundred Forty, ninety, one hundred

50, 60, 70, 80

R.P. "no"

D. p. "give"

Etc. "proud"

P. p. "think about"

fifty fifty fifty fifty
sixty sixty sixty sixty
seventy seventy seventy seventy
eighty eighty eighty and eighty eighty

This is where the instrumental case comes into play. When declining, divide the numeral into two parts and pronounce separately: eight houses, ten houses.

200, 300, 400 and 500, 600, 700, 800, 900

When declining these numbers, divide them into two parts and instead of the word honeycomb substitute leg. Their endings match: two legs - two hundred; five feet - five hundred.

two hundred two hundred two hundred About two hundred
three hundred three hundred three hundred About three hundred
four hundred four hundred four hundred About four hundred
five hundred five hundred five hundred five hundred
six hundred Six hundred six hundred six hundred
Seven hundred seven hundred Seven hundred Seven hundred
eight hundred eight hundred eight hundred Eight hundred
nine hundred Nine hundred nine hundred Nine hundred

Differences in the declension of compound cardinal and ordinal numbers

For compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined, and for ordinal numbers, only the last. Compare:

There are no two thousand five hundred and forty-two words - there are no two thousand five hundred and forty suitcases;

Two thousand five hundred and forty words - two thousand five hundred and forty suitcase.

Ordinal numbers ending in -hundredth, -thousandth, millionth, -billionth are written in one word. They look like complex adjectives: the first part in such words is in the genitive case. Compare: three hundredth - three-headed; three hundredth - three-headed; about the four-thousandth - about the four-meter.

One and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred

Collective nouns (two, three, four etc.) are used

1) with nouns that call males, words children, people, guys: two friends, three brothers;

2) with nouns naming baby animals: seven kids;

3) with nouns that have only plural form: four, scissors, three trousers.

Both (both, both, both) used with masculine and neuter nouns : both brothers, both hearts.

Both (both, both, both) used with feminine nouns: both sisters, on both sides.

Pronouns

1. Not used in Russian theirs, theirs, theirs etc. You must use him, her, them.

2. After prepositions, personal pronouns have the letter H: with her, without him, for them.

Verbs

  1. 1. Imperative mood
lie down lie down lie down
drive go go
disperse leave go away
ride ride drive
put put put
touch touch touch
wave wave wave
put put your luggage put down
run away run run
pour out rashes pour out
rinse rinse rinse
  1. 2. Conjugation of verbs
ride I drive travels drive
climb get along climbs climb
wave waving waving waving
burn I burn Burning, burning tourniquet
bake bake will bake bake
guard guard guards watch over

3. Suffix -СЬ after vowels: met(not right met), agreed.

4. "Polite word" - Sorry (not right I'm sorry)

5. By get a haircut on slip, on hell, but under scribble, on the laugh

6. Get well - get well

to weaken - to weaken

7. Dry - dry

get wet - get wet

freeze - freeze

strengthen - strengthen

gerund

Imperfect gerunds (what are you doing?) have suffixes -А, -Я: speaking(not right saying), bored(not right bored).

Perfective gerunds (what have you done?) have the suffix -В, -ВШИ: reading, speaking(not right talking), offended ( not offended).

Back to the task. Analyze each answer, find in the explanation the part where this or a similar word was found. (Error: PASTA. Correct: PASTA.)

To complete the 6 task of the exam in the Russian language, you must:

    Learn Theory 6 tasks of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language on the topic "Lexical norms".

Lexical norms

Lexical norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for the use and combination of words in speech. The use of a word in speech is always determined by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning - the content in which our knowledge and understanding of an object, phenomenon, property or process is displayed. When using a word in speech, you must ensure that:

  • its lexical meaning was realized appropriately and correctly,
  • so that the word expresses our attitude, that is, it is expressive.

Accordingly, lexical norms have two aspects: accuracy and expressiveness.

Lexical norms in terms of accuracy

Accuracy- the quality of speech, which lies in the correspondence of the semantic side of speech to reality, in the ability to find the right words to express thoughts.

The use of a word in speech is determined by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning, and also depends on the context. An incorrectly chosen word can distort the meaning of the message, create the possibility of double interpretation, or give undesirable stylistic overtones.

expressiveness- the quality of speech, which involves the competent use of figurative means. We use the means of speech expressiveness in order to convey our emotions, impressions, evaluate or influence the feelings of the interlocutor. Lexical norms in the aspect of expressiveness regulate the regularities of the use of figurative means.

By means of speech expressiveness:

1.Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, close or identical in meaning. Synonyms are divided into the following groups:

  • semantic (semantic) - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning (other - comrade - friend, youth - youth, talisman - amulet, red - scarlet);
  • stylistic - synonyms that differ in stylistic coloring, subjective assessment, scope of use ( future - future, smart - intelligent - brainy, talk - chat - chatter, work - work hard).

2. Antonyms- words of one part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning ( cold - hot, friend - enemy). Antonyms can be of two types:

  • single-root (lexico-grammatical): friend - foe, arrival - departure, calm - restless;
  • heterogeneous (actually lexical): love - hate, old - young, work - idle.

3. Homonyms- words that coincide in form (in pronunciation, in writing), but different in meaning ( onion– plant / weapon, marriage- matrimony / low-quality products).
There are the following types of homonyms:

  • homographs - graphic homonyms that coincide in spelling, but differ in sound ( atlas, castle, fall);
  • Homophones are phonetic homonyms that sound the same but differ in spelling. gender - mouth, frequency - purity, belittle - beg);
  • homoforms - homonymous word forms, the same-sounding grammatical forms of different words ( oven, three, flying).

4. Polysemantic words- words that have several meanings, between which there is an associative relationship based on the similarity or adjacency of the designated phenomena ( sea – Black Sea, sea of ​​flowers; sweet- tea, smile, look).

5. - stable combinations of words reproduced in speech in finished form: do not lose face, lead by the nose, not at ease, like a fish in water etc.

Phraseologisms are non-free, related phrases: they have the lexical meaning of one word ( at any moment- soon lead by the nose- deceive, like a fish in water- freely). Such phrases are fixed in the language as a result of frequent and long, sometimes centuries-old, practice of use. The same combination can act either as free or as bound, depending on the context: He closed his eyes and fell asleep. The dean's office turned a blind eye to the misbehavior of the student.

Phraseological means also include linguistic aphorisms - proverbs, sayings, catchwords.

Typical lexical errors in terms of expressiveness

  1. Misuse of synonyms. Synonyms should be used carefully: they can not always replace each other in the context. For example: He managed to get< story > behind a like-minded people. Many animals in winter rush< fall into > dormant.
  2. An unjustified combination of words with an antonymous meaning. The collision of antonyms in speech often makes the phrase illogical: You ask how my hedgehog is doing. He lives bad, he died;
  3. Lexical ambiguity caused by the use of ambiguous words or homonyms. You listened to announcement(listen - "hear" or "miss"). draw meadow (onion). The boy was sent for grenades (Garnet and grenade).
  4. Errors in the use of phraseological units
    • Violation of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit is a change in the accepted grammatical form of words (gender, number, case, etc.) included in a phraseological unit. For example: He twisted in the shower < soul > .
    • The replacement of a phraseological unit component is a distortion of the composition of a phraseological phrase by replacing one of the words with a synonym. For example: He got the lion part <доля> earned.

Lexical norms in terms of language development

When using words, one should take into account whether it is included in the active dictionary of the modern language, whether it is new or obsolete.

obsolete words- words that have left the active stock of the language - depending on the reasons for obsolescence, they are divided into two groups:

  • historicisms - words that are obsolete for a non-linguistic reason. Pushkin: The coachman sits on the irradiation in a sheepskin coat, in a red sash;.
  • archaisms - words that are obsolete for a linguistic reason; they fell out of use as they were replaced by synonyms ( cheeks - cheeks, eyes - eyes, shuytsa - left hand, this - this). Sometimes a “native” word for a language becomes archaic due to the appearance of a foreign one ( architect - architect). Some words have changed meaning: shame is a spectacle, charm - deceit. It happens that a word that has passed into the category of obsolete returns to the language again.

Neologisms- new words or expressions, the freshness and unusualness of which is clearly felt by the native speakers of this language, as a result of which they are not yet perceived as the norm. If the word is in demand by the language, it “takes root” and begins to be actively used, after a while it passes into the active dictionary. So, for example, the word harvester- neologism of the 20s of the last century; astronaut, lunar rover- 60s; consensus, riot policeman, ruopovets, federal, credit card, dance floor - 90s, rebranding, sale, microvan, community (community), interview (interview), loft (loft- modern neologisms.

Foreign / borrowed words- words that came into the language from other languages.

Lexical norms prescribe not to abuse archaisms, neologisms or borrowed words, if possible, use a Russian literary analogue.

Lexical norms in terms of the scope of the use of words

The huge dictionary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of use can be divided into two large groups:

  1. vocabulary of an unlimited scope of use, or common vocabulary; it forms the basis of the vocabulary of the language, is understandable to every native speaker and can be used in any conditions;
  2. vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or any social group.

The vocabulary of a limited sphere of use includes dialectisms, colloquial words, professionalisms, jargonisms.

  • Dialectisms- words that belong to Russian dialects and are not included in the literary language. The use of dialectisms in artistic and journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters is justified. The inappropriate use of dialectisms leads to speech errors: In the summer in the countryside I get up with the kochet(roosters).
  • Spoken words- words that are used in oral speech in everyday communication and are included in the system of the literary language: I have plenty of time(lot).
  • vernacular- words of oral speech that are not included in the system of the literary language: run off, drift off, dunce, muddler and etc.
  • Professionalisms- colloquial synonyms of terms accepted in professional groups: steering wheel - bagel(in the speech of drivers), typo - blunder(in the speech of newspapermen).
  • The unmotivated transfer of professionalisms into general literary speech is undesirable. Unlike terms, which are official scientific names for special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. In terms of the limited use and the nature of the sound (joking, reduced), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of professional jargons.
  • jargon- words used in certain jargons. Jargon is a kind of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. This is a kind of social dialect characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slang of athletes, students).
  • know the rules for the formation of forms of various parts of speech;
  • choose a line with an error from five lines, write out the word in the correct form.

Theory

Noun

Plural formation:

Forms on Y - I:
engineers, designers, officers, lecturers, trainers, accountants, instructors, editors, locksmiths, contracts, containers, policies, spotlights, warehouses, ages, elections, ports, creams, cakes

Words starting with A - Z:
director, doctor, inspector, professor, cook, district, passport, cellar, variety

Formation of genitive plural forms:

Form on OB - EB:
several kilograms (kilogram), grams (grams), hectares, tomatoes, tomatoes, oranges, apricots, many dresses

Null-terminated form:
a couple of towels, stockings, boots, shoes, boots, slippers, galoshes, apples, a detachment of soldiers, a lot of saucers, pasta, towels, earrings, apple trees, a lot of pancakes

In a pair, you should remember: socks, but stockings ("socks" can be remembered as a surname).

The use of nouns of various kinds:

good shampoo, new subway, scarf, coat

Adjective

There are two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Each of them has two forms: simple (one word) and compound (two words).

Comparative simple: worse, better, less, more.
Comparative compound (more/less + the word in the initial form): more good, less bad, tastier, less hot.

Excellent simple: the best, the worst, the most beautiful, the most beautiful.
Excellent compound (most + word in the initial form): the best, the worst, the most beautiful, the hottest.

The confusion of these forms and degrees is erroneous: worse, most beautiful, less better, later.

Numeral

Formation and change of forms of compound numbers:

In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word: in the year two thousand and fifteen, after one thousand nine hundred and seventeen (it should be something ordinal, in the tasks of the exam, these are mainly years).

In compound cardinal numbers they decline all words: I paid with two thousand and fifty rubles, I overate with five thousand three hundred and seventy berries (we should be talking about the amount of something).

In complex numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts decline. If it’s difficult for you, split the number in half and ask yourself how would you decline the first part if you had, for example, not eighty, but eight, not four hundred, but four?

Declension of numbers from fifty to eighty:

I.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty
R.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty
D.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty
V.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty
etc. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty
P.p. (oh) fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty

Declension of numbers from two hundred to nine hundred:

I.p. two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred
R.p. two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred
D.p. two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred
V.p. two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred
etc. two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred
P.p. (o) two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred

Declension of numerals: forty, ninety, one hundred.

I.p. forty, ninety, one hundred
R.p. forty, ninety, one hundred
D.p. forty, ninety, one hundred
V.p. forty, ninety, one hundred
etc. forty, ninety, one hundred
P.p. (oh) forty, ninety, one hundred

Note: when the word "hundred" is one, then it has only two forms - "hundred" and "hundred", when it is part of the numeral (such as "five hundred"), it can turn into both "hundreds" and "stami", both in "stam", and in "stah".

Pay attention to the declension of numbers one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred, in which errors are often made:

I.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
R.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
D.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
V.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
etc. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
P.p. (o) one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)

The use of collective nouns:

1. With nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four guys.
2.
With nouns children, people: three children, four people.
3. With nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
4. With nouns that have only plural form. hours: five days.
5. With nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two points, two skis.
6. With pronouns: two of us, five of them.

The numeral "both" is for the masculine and neuter: both windows, both friends. The numeral "both" is for the feminine: both sisters, both paths.

Pronoun

Form formation:

False: was infatuated with her, with her; theirs; in the midst of him (her), among them; how many pens, how many guys.
Right: was carried away by her - T.p., she has - R.p.; them; in the middle * of him (her), among * them; how many pens, how many guys.

*In the middle, among- suggestions. If you say " of them", "from them", then speak and among them". After prepositions in personal pronouns he she They letter appears in oblique cases n.

Verb

Education of personal forms:

Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare and some others do not have a form of 1 person singular. h.
Wrong: I will win, I will run, I will win, I will convince, I will run away, I will convince, I will find myself, I am a miracle, a stranger, a stranger.
Right: do not use these verbs in the form of 1 l., singular.

note: the verb "to vacuum" has a form of 1 l. units h - "vacuum cleaner"!

Wrong: let's try, ride, climb, burn, bake, protect, guard, rinse, wave, want, vyzorovit.
Right: let's try, ride, climb, burn, bake, save, guard, rinse, wave, want, get well.

Formation of imperative mood forms:

Lie down - (you) lie down, (you) lie down
Ride - (you) go, (you) go
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Climb - (you) climb, (you) climb
Run - (you) run, (you) run

Formation of past tense forms:

Wrong: froze, got stronger, withered, dried out, got wet, got wet, and others like that.
No need to add "NULL" where you can do without it.
Right: frozen, strengthened, withered, dried up, dried up, wet, wet.

gerund

If the participle ends with "I", then it must be imperfective (most often without a prefix). If the participle ends in "ev", then it must be perfective (most often with a prefix). This rule does not apply to all gerunds, some of them still form a perfect form with the help of the suffix "a" ("I"), for example, "coming up."

Wrong: looking, adding, reading.
That's right: looking, adding, reading.

Exceptions: a stable combination of "arms folded".

Adverb

Formation of adverbs:

Wrong: from there, they open inward, I can hardly do it, we will divide it in half.
Right: from there, come off inside, I can hardly, we will divide in half.

Formation of the comparative degree of adverbs:

Wrong: bad - worse, beautiful - prettier and prettier, good - better and good.
Right: bad - worse, beautiful - beautiful, good - better.

Practice

Example 1

Most forms of word formation are acquired by us in childhood, so feel free to look for something that hurts your ears and eyes, something that looks and sounds strange.

several SCISSORS

skillful COOKS

RECOVERY quickly

in one and a half hours

FIVE ladies

At first glance, everything looks and sounds good, nothing is in doubt. But, if you look closely, it becomes clear that the mistake in the word "recover" because the correct word "recover".

Example 2

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

a pair of SHOES

RIGHTEN THE TEXT

a few TOWELS

old PROFESSORS

new ELECTIONS

The words "towels" and "saucers" can be remembered in pairs, they sound exactly like that in the genitive case. The word "elections" is on everyone's lips, and we do not doubt its correctness either. If you check the information above, it turns out that the "professor" is also true. The text can be "corrected", but "shoes" is an incorrect form. The correct answer is "shoes".

Example 3

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

goods CHEAPER

about the airport

at their direction

GO Hurry

Dear DIRECTORS

The answer immediately catches the eye: it is wrong to say and write "go", even "go" is wrong, only "go" is correct.

Task number 6 tests the ability of students to form various forms of words. It is necessary to find a word in it, the form of which is formed with an error, and write it correctly; for this you can get one primary point.

Theory for assignment No. 6 USE in the Russian language

Many graduates have problems with the formation of the plural forms of various words. In order to prevent them, we provide some theoretical information using the words encountered in the exam.

Grammatical norms of nouns

Nominative plural noun endings
Plural endings. case Y/IPlural ending im. case A/Z
AccountantThe address
Agebill of exchange
RebukeHeap
stylusDirector
DriverDoctor
Dispatcherboat
TreatyKitel
EngineerBody
InstructorDome
CompressorBell
ConstructorCoachman
ContainerOrder
healerHam
Monthcounty
PlayerCook
PolicyCellar
PortProfessor
HandwritingBelt
spotlightPassport
PoodleVariety
RectorStack
Editorwatchman
LocksmithTenor
SweaterTerem
TractorPoplar
SniperFarm
carpenterStamp
report cardAnchor
TurnerParamedic
CakeVacation
Trainer
Outbuilding
Front
Chauffeur
Genitive Plural Noun Endings

In the genitive plural of words denoting various fruits and vegetables, the ending "-ov" is almost always used:

  • a lot of pineapples, bananas, lemons, tomatoes.

It is important to remember the following exceptions: melons, plums, apples

In the genitive case of the plural of words denoting paired objects, there is often a zero ending:

  • a lot of shoe covers, boots, boots, sneakers, shorts, stockings, shoes.

Important to remember: a lot of breeches, golfs, socks

The null ending will also be in the genitive plural of words denoting nationalities:

  • many Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Romanians, Tatars

Important to remember: many Mongols, Tajiks, Croats, Yakuts

Also, the zero ending is used in the words of the genitive plural, denoting some military professions:

  • midshipman, grenadier, hussar, partisan, soldier

Important to remember: many sappers

The genitive plural of various units of measurement also has a zero ending:

  • ampere, arshin, byte, megabyte, volt, watt

But: grams, hectares, kilograms

The genitive plural for words ending in "-tse" is formed with the ending "-ets":

  • many saucers, mirrors, blankets, towels

However: many trees, windows

The ending "-y" will occur in the genitive plural of words ending in "-ya" or "-ye":

  • many nesting places, food, tombstones, necklaces, cookies, coasts, seats, mutilations.

Important to remember: many roots, rags, dresses, apprentices, lands, flakes, rooks, spears, guns

The ending "-ey" will be in the genitive case of the plural of words that end in "and" in the nominative case:

  • a lot of weekdays, dumbbells, tablecloths, mangers, palms

Declension of nouns

Declension of numerals also causes difficulties for some people. In the numerals "forty, ninety, one hundred" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the plural, the ending "-a" is added:

  • forty, ninety, one hundred

In the numerals "fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty" both parts of the words change, for example, fifty - fifty. Two parts also change in the words "two hundred, three hundred, four hundred", for example, three hundred - three hundred - three hundred - about three hundred. The words "five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred" are declined according to the following pattern: seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - about seven hundred. In the declension of compound numerals, all parts of the word must be changed: three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - about three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven.

It is very important to decline ordinal numbers correctly: only the last word before the noun changes in them, for example:

  • two thousand and seventeen - in two thousand and seventeen (you can't say "in two thousand and seventeen"!)

When using the words "both" and "both", you must always agree with the nouns:

  • on both streets (not both); in both houses (not both).

Morphological norms of verbs

You also need to remember the forms of the following imperative words:

lie downlie downlie down
drivedrivedrive
rideridedrive
looklooklook
wavewavewave
run awayrunrun
pour outrashespour out
putput your luggageput down

Both present and future tenses:

It is important to remember the correct spelling of words and combinations:

  • cut your hair, slip, emphasize, handwriting, mock, get off the bus (do not go), get wet, cold, get stronger, sit down

Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives

The comparative degree of adjectives can be simple and compound: warmer (simple), warmer (compound). Both of these forms cannot be combined: warmer is a grammatical error.

The superlative degree of adjectives can be simple and compound: the warmest (simple), the warmest (compound). Both of these forms cannot be combined: the warmest is a grammatical error.

Task execution algorithm

  1. Read the assignment carefully.
  2. We read the proposed words and phrases (preferably pronouncing them or using them in a sentence).
  3. We recall the grammatical nomes of the Russian language in the field of word formation (theory).
  4. Looking for the misspelled word.
  5. We write down the correct answer (the correct form of the word).

Analysis of typical options for task No. 6 USE in the Russian language

The sixth task of the demo 2018

  1. experienced TRAINERS
  2. on BOTH sides
  3. sounds less LOUD
  4. RIDE FORWARD
  5. no SHOES
Execution algorithm:
  1. Read the assignment carefully.
  2. Experienced trainers engaged in the preparation of the team. New alarm sounds less loud. Ride forward along the alley. She has no shoes for an evening out.
  3. Experienced trainers trainer. Sounds less loud- the correct form of the comparative degree of the adverb loud. Ride is the correct plural imperative form. H em shoes shoe.
  4. The word BOTH is misspelled. With a feminine noun, the word BOTH should be used - BOTH sides.

Answer: both

The first version of the assignment

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

  1. Ride straight
  2. white GOLF
  3. the best TRAINERS
  4. THREE FIFTH
  5. folded towels
Execution algorithm:
  1. Read the assignment carefully.
  2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: Ride straight on the way to. Our team the best coaches. Donate three-fifths all stocks. She packed her bag folded towels and underwear.
  3. Ride straight- correctly formed imperative mood of the verb drive. The best coaches- the correct plural form of the nominative case of a noun trainer. three-fifths- in compound numerals, all parts are declined. Folded towels- with a prefix we use a verb -lie-.
  4. The word GOLF is misspelled. This is one of the "exceptions" to the formation of the plural of words - designations of clothing items.

Answer: golf

The second version of the assignment

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

  1. wave hand
  2. LATER
  3. THREE inspectors
  4. our HOLIDAYS
  5. by TWO THOUSAND FIFTEENTH
Execution algorithm:
  1. Read the assignment carefully.
  2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: I wave my hand mom. later period of the artist's work. Three inspectors came to a unanimous decision. Our holidays have been approved.
  3. I wave my hand- correctly formed 1 person singular of the present tense from the verb wave. later- correctly formed superlative form of the verb late. Three inspectors- correctly educated R.p. plural of verb inspector. Our holidays- plural of noun vacation.
  4. This task illustrates a fairly common mistake in the declension of numerals. As mentioned above, only the word closest to the noun should be declined in them. Correct option: by the year two thousand and fifteen.

Answer: two thousand and fifteen.

The third version of the task

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

  1. LESS crisp
  2. aubergine caviar
  3. WAVE
  4. administrative DISTRICTS
  5. FIFTY tasks
Execution algorithm:
  1. Read the assignment carefully.
  2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: less clear picture. Eggplant caviar turned out to be a hit. Administrative districts reacted to the statement. Control presented fifty tasks.
  3. less clear- correctly formed comparative degree of the adjective clear. Eggplant caviar– correct plural form of the genitive case of a noun eggplant - REMEMBER. Administrative districts is the correct plural form of the nominative case of the noun okrug. Fifty tasks- in complex numerals, both parts decline .
  4. Here, no error was made in the declension of the numeral, but it can be found in combination at number 3. You need to remember once and for all that the correct option is wave.

What else to read