They make lumber. What tree is the best lumber

Probably, all of us have done something from timber and boards, but few people have seen how the sawing of logs takes place. Recently I visited a woodworking shop in the village of Sandovo, Tver region. I won't say that the enterprise is very large, there are probably the same ones in all other regions of our country. The production was based on the basis of Sandovskaya MTS. The enterprise had and does not have anything in common with a cellular operator, since in Soviet times MTS was deciphered a little differently, namely, the Machine and Tractor Station.

1. The Sandovskaya MTS Company performs logging with subsequent removal, then a complex of forestry, reforestation and forest protection work is carried out. The main activity is sawing and planing of wood. Timber of different sections and grades are produced. I will show you this process.

2. Timber is being harvested on a forest plot leased for 49 years with an area of ​​26,571 hectares. And for processing, the timber is delivered to the enterprise in the form of unprocessed logs on such timber trucks.

3. Unloading and warehousing take place directly in the workshop, where the wood is processed.

4. A log is placed on a large sawing machine. From four sides, the so-called slab is cut off from it. A slab is a side part of a log that has one sawn and the other unsawn surface. The croaker is willingly bought by local residents for firewood for heating, since the Sandovsky district is not gasified. It's a shame, of course, but at least someone's "dreams come true" :).

5. After these manipulations, a beam is obtained, which can be sawn into boards or a smaller beam.

6. As a rule, both timber and boards are made from logs, depending on the diameter of the trunk.

7. The enterprise is small, the number of employees is about 50 people.

8. Log feeding mechanism.

9. Devices for fixing the log on the machine.

10. And this, in fact, is the main part of the machine - a circular saw.

11. Eh, I would not like to fall under the teeth of this monster.

12. The work is hard, but women also work at the enterprise.

13. Light operations are performed even by production veterans.

14. The territory of the Sadovsky MTS is huge and there is enough space for storing waste.

15. During the winter, all these mountains of wood will go to heating.

16. Sandovskaya MTS not only harvests timber, but also carries out reforestation work on a leased forest area.

16. I would like to show some more photos of the territory of the enterprise. It contains interesting artifacts.

17. In Moscow, such a fire engine is no longer to be found, but here this rarity is serving its purpose.

18. I myself do not know what it is. Most likely also left from MTS.

19. After inspecting the territory, General Director Igor Karpukhin treated us to buns with meat, which we washed down with local cranberry juice. I remember these pies from my childhood :).

20. That's it, it's time! Take care of the forest.

Lumber is used for a variety of purposes in construction, including creating a load-bearing structure and finishing a finished building. But for each of them, the appropriate characteristics of wood are needed, which will withstand the transferred load and have a long life.

Therefore, to create lumber, we use different types of wood that are perfect for many tasks.

The main types of wood for lumber

For the production of sawn timber, two types of wood are used: coniferous and deciduous. They are used to create various blanks, including timber and lining, which depends on the individual qualities of the tree species.

More common is coniferous lumber, created on the basis of coniferous wood. The reason for this is their straight and long trunk, which ensures the straightness of the wood. This makes coniferous wood more convenient to process and increase their physical characteristics. A high proportion of resinous substances ensures the durability of such lumber.

Among softwoods for sawn timber is used:

• Larch
• Pine
• Fir

Their natural qualities make it possible to produce excellent wood, which is ideal for building houses and decorating them.

Deciduous trees are more often used for interior decoration of the house or the creation of load-bearing structures. They are more difficult to grow than conifers, and processing takes more time. Therefore, the cost of hardwood lumber is somewhat more expensive. But their special qualities (appearance, color, texture, strength) are superior to coniferous varieties.

The most valuable wood is oak. This is an extremely strong and durable tree, which is considered the best for lumber. But its strength is reflected by the low growth rate of the tree and the difficulties in processing it.

What material is better?

Each type of wood has its own characteristics and advantages. Softwood lumber is more commonly used to create load-bearing structures and building finishes due to its durability and strength. It is best to use larch for this.

Hardwood lumber is more prone to decay due to the lack of resins, but their texture variety is slightly higher. They are more often used for interior decoration of a building, where the choice of material depends on its color and texture.

The choice of wood also depends on financial capabilities. Durable and reliable types of wood, like oak, are expensive, but saving on lumber is not recommended.

Lumber types and purpose, as well as raw materials for production, varieties of lumber, varieties and derivatives of wood.

Lumber is a material obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs, followed by longitudinal and transverse (if necessary) division of the resulting parts. In the end, products of a certain shape and size are obtained, having at least two (front and back) parallel sides. This type of materials is produced at special enterprises equipped with band saws, circular saws and other equipment.

Raw materials for production

As a primary raw material for the manufacture of lumber, trunks of almost any tree, previously cleared of branches and bark, are used. Coniferous wood is usually used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Hardwoods are most often used for all kinds of finishing work. It should be noted that the waste obtained in the process of lumber production is used both in industry and in everyday life.

Poplar and birch are considered the most affordable wood for lumber production. Quite often, pine, spruce, linden, larch, ash and maple wood is used for these purposes. The wood of hornbeam, oak, and cedar is of great importance for industry.

The lightness of birch does not make the wood less durable, and the beautiful structure and affordable price have made it even more popular. Larch is considered to be very moisture resistant, resistant to fungus and mold. Ash wood boasts good elasticity and impact resistance.

Beech is indispensable for the manufacture of floors, stairs and furniture. Incredibly strong and unusually beautiful oak wood, despite the rather high price, is very much in demand. Pine contains a large amount of resins, so it is most prone to rapid ignition. Although spruce wood is less durable, it is quite flexible and soft, so it can be easily worked.

Varieties of lumber

The characteristics of finished lumber depend on the type of wood, the equipment used, compliance with the production and drying technology, as well as the sawing method. It is the latter factor that affects the texture of the board.

Sawing wood is carried out in several ways, differing in the direction of sawing:

• transverse (across the fibers);
• rustic (at an acute angle to the fibers);
• radial (radius to the center of the log);
• tangential (tangential).

Cross sawing is used for the production of artistic parquet, the rustic method is used for the manufacture of flooring. Sawn timber obtained by the method of radial sawing has a very attractive appearance, is durable, resistant to deformations and external influences. A tangential cut forms a beautiful pattern on the surface of the board in the form of interesting arches and rings.

However, on the surface of some boards, delaminations may form over time. The most popular and expensive are radial lumber, as their surface has a uniform texture, unchanged dimensions, good mechanical characteristics, and degree of shrinkage.

Drying of lumber is carried out both in the open air and with the help of special chambers, which are tightly closed rooms. The first type of product contains up to 20% moisture, the second can be additionally treated with protective agents, and the moisture content is up to 14%. Slices of lumber can be trimmed (cut along the entire length) and non-trimmed.

Depending on the degree of processing, sawn timber is:

• unedged (although there are no knots, there are unprocessed sections of logs);
• edged (the profile of the materials has a rectangular shape due to sawing off the defective side parts of the log);
• planed (there is no roughness of one or more faces).

Classification

The shape, size and mechanical characteristics determine the division of lumber into several types.

bar- This is a log, hewn on all sides, used in the construction of houses, as well as for the manufacture of individual large elements of windows, stairs and others. The thickness of the timber is 100 mm.

bars- this is a “bar in miniature”, less than 100 mm thick, they are raw, planed (at least one side is processed) and calibrated (fitted to a certain size). The scope of application is the production of furniture, the manufacture of lathing, decking, frames, arbors and other objects.

Boards made from logs or beams. They are unedged, edged (having a smooth edge) and edged on one side only. In addition, the boards are calibrated, that is, they have a given size.

Sleepers- a material with increased strength and minimal sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

croaker- these are boards obtained by sawing logs, having a flat and semicircular surface.

Lagging- lumber made from the side of a log, having only one flat side.

Advantages and disadvantages

Man has always been surrounded by objects and wood products. This material was used for the construction of houses and churches, baths and all kinds of outbuildings. The man was surrounded by wooden windows, doors, tables, chairs and other furniture. Wood has not lost its popularity even today. On the contrary, due to the positive qualities of wood, building and finishing materials made of wood are becoming even more in demand.

Advantages of lumber:

• have a high bearing capacity with a relatively small weight;
• despite sufficient strength, the material is simple and easy to process (it is malleable for drilling, easy to saw, allows you to produce figures of various shapes and complexity);
• ease and speed of installation;
• due to natural origin and environmental friendliness, the material is considered completely safe for human health and the environment, does not cause allergies;
• processing does not require expensive and time-consuming work;
• external attractiveness;
• the pleasant smell of wood creates a favorable microclimate in the room;
• variety of shapes and sizes of products;
• affordable price.

Minuses:

• the ability to quickly ignite, maintain combustion;
• are destroyed under the influence of fungus, mold, various insects;
• prolonged exposure to water and a humid environment often causes the wood to rot.

To protect lumber, to make them more wear-resistant and durable, they are treated with special protective substances that can significantly reduce the above disadvantages.

Lumber grades

The division into grades is carried out by evaluating the state of the worst side of the face, edge, and section.

Selected lumber should not have rot, mold, cancerous and fungal stains, overgrowth and other foreign inclusions, as well as shrinkage cracks on the surface. Admissibility of intergrown healthy knots - two per one meter of length, shallow edge and formation cracks - 16%, deep - no more than 10%. The scope of products is mainly shipbuilding and automotive industry.

The scope of first grade sawn timber is the wood manufacturing industry. This grade of materials should not have dry loose knots, healthy knots larger than 1 cm, through cracks and cracks larger than 1 cm, wounds overgrown with bark on wood, young active layers of wood, mold, mechanical damage, various foreign inclusions, rottenness.

The scope of materials of the fourth grade is the construction of change houses, outbuildings, gazebos, the manufacture of boxes, loess, pallets and construction formwork.

wood derivatives

A wonderful material for building a house is rounded log. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of locks, a completely even rounded shape of the material, quite strong and reliable structures are obtained. This material is considered the most expensive today, and buildings made of logs do not require additional finishing.

Another popular material is profiled timber. There are two ways to produce it: milling and planing. During the construction of houses, the elements are connected very firmly, providing a high degree of reliability of the building. In addition, such structures do not require powerful foundations. Structures made of this lumber do not require additional finishing work.

Glued laminated timber made from solid boards or individual pieces. The material consists of lamellas firmly fastened together. It is strong, durable and resistant to external influences.

Plywood- This is a material consisting of several thin layers of wood, tightly glued together. Due to its strength and good flexibility, this material is in demand in the manufacture of furniture, decorative elements and many other products.

fiberboard obtained by pressing waste wood at very high temperatures with the addition of a special binder. Sufficiently solid wood fiber boards are called hardboard. The sides of such sheets can be either smooth, or one of them is corrugated, the second is smooth.

Chipboard is a combination of fine wood particles and synthetic resins. MDF is produced from waste products from the woodworking industry, purified from all kinds of impurities. In the manufacture of this type of plates do not use adhesives. In this case, the binding element is lignin, which is released from wood under the influence of high temperatures. The scope of such lumber is construction and the furniture industry.

Block house represents the material received from the rounded log by sawing by the principle "square in a circle". Due to good noise and heat insulation, strength and attractiveness, this lumber is highly valued in the exterior decoration of houses.

clapboard- lumber used for all kinds of finishing work. Although the material has a small thickness, it is very durable, resistant to deformation, cracks and cracks. The external attractiveness of the lining, simplicity and ease of installation made it even more popular.

Lumber is a unique product of wood processing, which is indispensable in construction, furniture and other industries.

Today, the use of lumber is in great demand in the construction industry. This is not surprising, since wood is a durable and environmentally friendly material. And thanks to modern technologies and means of processing, the tree will last for decades.

Types of cut: 1-tangential, 2-radial.

Scope of lumber

In general, lumber is a log sawn along the fibers and has the following characteristics: moisture resistance, strength, ductility, low thermal conductivity and wood density.

Depending on the characteristics, the scope of a particular type is determined. Timber is widely demanded in the construction of houses. With their help, they make the construction of the foundation, temporary buildings, partitions and ceilings.

It is clear that the use of a particular type of lumber also depends on its aesthetic, physical and mechanical qualities. For example, the use of poorly processed wood for exterior finishes will result in rotting and subsequent destruction of the material. Also lumber is the main element in the production of furniture, without which the life of any person is unthinkable. In any case, the use of lumber primarily depends on the type of wood.

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The main types of lumber

There is a huge range of wood materials on the market, and all thanks to the popularity of its use in the construction industry. Timber can be classified according to several criteria:

• depending on the type of tree;
• according to the method of wood processing;
• in size and shape.

Depending on the grade, lumber is made from hardwood (beech, aspen, birch, poplar, maple, oak) or coniferous (cedar, pine, fir, spruce, larch) arrays. Softwoods are used more often as they are hard, resistant to moisture and easy to machine. But conifers have one minus, because of which they are subject to relatively rapid decay - resinous substances. Among the deciduous varieties, the most common is considered to be an unusually strong and hard oak.

There are also unedged and edged ones, depending on the method of wood processing. Edged ones are characterized by smooth edges and a planed surface, and their volume is 13-100 mm. In unedged, the edge is not processed or partially sawn, and the width can be varied. They are used less often than edged ones and mainly for sheathing structures and making decking.

Thanks to specialized equipment, today lumber is produced in various sizes and shapes.

1. The plates are a log sawn in half with one straight side. Their size directly depends on the size of the log used. Other lumber is made from plates: sleepers, boards or bars.
2. Boards are made from large logs or beams. The board can be unedged and edged, with a thickness of up to 100 mm and a width of 200 mm. It is perfect for finishing floors, walls and making furniture.
3. Quarters (opal) are created from the sidewalls of logs. One surface of the obal is sawn through, and the second remains in its original form. This type of lumber is popular in carpentry.
4. Bars. There are 2, 3 and 4-sided bars, depending on the number of processed sides. The thickness and width of the beam is about 100 mm. Due to their strength and ability to withstand significant loads, the beams are used in the construction of houses and load-bearing structures.
5. The sleepers are notable for their small length, but significant width and thickness. They are the same bars and differ in large cross sections. The main scope of application is the construction of railway tracks.
6. Slab - sidewall of a log. The material is a waste that is generated in the process of sawing logs. It is used in the construction of temporary buildings and auxiliary buildings.
7. Bars. This lumber differs from the timber in size. The thickness is 100 mm and the length does not exceed 200 mm. They are great for creating door frames and various crossbeams. Bars are also used in the manufacture of furniture, carpentry and other areas.

Regardless of the type of lumber, it is worth paying special attention to the quality characteristics of wood. If the humidity level exceeds the norm (10-15%), the material may crack, deform or dry out. In this case, the good quality of construction work is out of the question.