Who needs free land in the Far East: a free hectare from the state. Land free of charge from the state in the far east

Regarding the validity of the refusal, you can consult by calling the hotline at 8 800 200 32 51. This is a free phone for calls throughout Russia. You can also use the Viber messenger +7 977 8234 727 or fill out the feedback form on the NaFarVostok.rf website.

The exact dates for the start of all these measures are not yet known, as they are being discussed. According to the Far East Human Capital Development Agency, settlers to the Far North will also be able to use the existing guarantees and compensations for residents of these regions.

How to get a land plot in the Far East for free

The full name of the draft law is "On the Peculiarities of Provision of Land Plots on the Territory of the Far Eastern Federal District." In early September, it was submitted by the Ministry of Economy and Development for consideration. The bill is presidential, so all issues are practically resolved - it remains to agree on the formalities. The official website of NaFarVostok.rf is already working. It is expected that right on the online resource it will be possible to independently book a plot of one hectare without even leaving home.

Also, if you take a plot for construction, then for the 5th year you need register the rights to the capital construction object. At the same time, you can even build a barn - if in 5 years it “will benefit at least one person, then this is already good,” as Alexander Krutikov, deputy director of the department of territorial and socio-economic development of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for the Development of the Far East, said earlier in an interview. The meaning of the concept, according to him, is "to increase people's interest in the Far East, and not to get some economic benefit right here and now."

Who needs free land in the Far East: a free hectare from the state

The site can be used for any purpose (building a house, entrepreneurship, crop production, livestock breeding, etc.) for 5 years under a gratuitous use agreement. After 5 years, the site can be registered as a property or leased, but only if you somehow developed the land: you built something, planted it, grew it.

In other words, the land will be given the one that no one needs and has no value. No roads, no electricity, no people nearby, zero infrastructure. Who needs this land? Which, in addition, will not be registered as property, and in five years it will be necessary to prove that you really mastered it. The state decided to generously distribute to those who wish lands that have not been in demand for many years.

Land in the Far East: how to get 1 hectare of land for free in 2015

So, any citizen of Russia has the right to receive 1 hectare of land for development. The main goal of the program is precisely to reduce the area of ​​idle land, therefore, it is the beneficial use of the land provided that is the main condition for the transfer of land into ownership. A five-year period of gratuitous use serves as a kind of "probationary period", as a result of which a decision can be made to change the form of the right to own land or to alienate it.

Russian President Vladimir Putin approved an idea designed to stimulate the development of the Far East region. It is assumed that land plots in the Far East can be obtained both by residents of the federal district and citizens of the Russian Federation living in other regions.

Hectare in the Far East

To help those who decide to start their own business in the Far East, the official website contains standard solutions for the use of land. In particular, business plans for organizing farms, creating nurseries for growing various crops, and others are offered for review. The Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East notes that plans for registration of hunting farms and organization of other activities will soon appear on the portal.

Everyone who wants to get a plot can register on the website nadalniyvostok.rf and select a suitable plot online. At the same time, if its area is more than a hectare, or if it crosses the boundaries of previously selected areas, the system automatically signals this. Also, you can enter the site through the portal of the State Services.

Land in the Far East: how to get, map, conditions

If the layout of the land plot partially or completely coincides with the scheme submitted earlier by another person, the authorized body decides to suspend the consideration of the later submitted application for granting the land plot for gratuitous use and sends the decision to the applicant.

4. After a positive decision to allocate a plot for a period of 5 years, after which you will be able to lease or own the plot, the citizen must choose the method of signing the draft agreement. A signed draft agreement for the gratuitous use of a land plot is submitted or sent to the authorized body by a citizen of his choice personally or by mail on paper, or in the form of an electronic document using an information system within a period not exceeding 30 days from the date the citizen receives this draft agreement.

How to get a free hectare in the Far East

At the same time, applicants need to remember that they are provided with land without any buildings. In the future, in relation to the site, as well as the buildings, structures, premises and objects of construction in progress that appear on it, cadastral work will be required.

On February 1, the third stage of the implementation of the law on the “Far Eastern hectare” began: now all Russians, and not just residents of the Far East, can apply for free land. It is expected that by the end of 2017, 100 thousand people will take advantage of this opportunity. The Village found out under what conditions the plots are provided and how they can be used.

How to get land from the state for free

“We would like to propose the creation of a mechanism for the free allocation to each resident of the Far East and each person who would like to come to the Far East, one hectare of land that can be used for agriculture, for creating a business, forestry, hunting. We propose to allocate land for five years, in case of use, then assign this land to the owner, in case of no use - withdraw.

In 2015, Vladimir Putin approved the idea of ​​distributing land plots in the Far East. The main feature of the project is that the state will issue free plots to all interested citizens of the Russian Federation. IQR studied at what stage this initiative is, how, where exactly, and under what conditions it will be possible to obtain free land from the state.

Distribution of land in the Far East: benefits - yes, to foreigners

Academician Pavel Minakir recalls that during the Stolypin reform, landless peasants were resettled to the east, for whom the land was a source of life, and in Soviet times, people went for high wages, early pensions, the military - for seniority. People need similar meaningful results of their move now, he says.

In assessing the effectiveness of this measure as a way to attract people to the Far East, experts differed, and there are doubts about the impact on the region's economy. At the same time, the majority says that such a decision should have been made - perhaps even earlier, before the launch of the program for creating advanced development territories in the Far East, which require human resources.

Distribution of land in the Far East: why the Russians are less interested than the Chinese

such an opinion is another way to steal state property, first distributing it to the poor and then buying it for a pittance until there is stability in the country and they build tanks and submarines rockets and planes fly to mars and the moon and not equip the country nothing good will be another duck from our government, like, we want to solve the problem while people live in Moscow more comfortably than in the Far East and Siberia in the event of a war, they can all be destroyed with a couple of atomic bombs everything in the country is done through one place

Another utopia. To this hectare, a person needs more lifting money to move. Arrangement on the spot, the construction of at least a small housing. You have to sleep somewhere. And what exactly will a person do there. In the steppe? Or part of the hill? You will have to survive there for the first five years. I completely agree with Galina Nikulina!

About why the Russian authorities paid attention to the development of the eastern territories and what results were achieved in this direction, in his column, the science editor of EastRussia, Doctor of Political Science, Vice President of the Center for Political Technologies, Professor of the National Research University Higher School of Economics ROSTISLAV TUROVSKY.

The Far East remains a strategic priority in Russian regional policy, which has been repeatedly confirmed by presidential messages. So in the message of the president, sounded on December 1, the intentions of the state to pay special and emphasized attention to the development of its eastern outskirts were confirmed. There are a number of reasons for this, including the need to overcome the continuing lag in the development of these territories, and the intensification of efforts to include Russia in international relations in the Asia-Pacific region, which are of particular importance in the current geopolitical situation. In 2016, the state continued to work on the creation of special tax and economic regimes in the Far East designed to stimulate investment activity, made decisions on state support for various projects, paid attention to systemic measures designed to improve the business climate in the Far East, introduce new “rules of the game” in fishing industry, etc.

As in all of Russia, the Far East policy could not but be affected by the current financial restrictions. This year, an updated version of the state program for the socio-economic development of the Far East was approved, but the parameters of its financing became the subject of difficult battles. Ultimately, budget spending on this program, like many other regional development programs, was cut. However, a breakthrough was the decision on the obligatory presence of the Far Eastern sections in all state and federal targeted programs. Thus, the task of proportionally including the Far East in government programs has been solved. But in general, the state is moving further and further from direct financing of the Far East to creating a favorable business climate, which in the future will allow development without constant "injection" of budget money. From this point of view, the current stage can be called transitional. So far, the state and related structures are participating in the co-financing of projects in the Far East, as evidenced by the increased activity of the Far East Development Fund and a series of government decisions on the selection of projects that receive state support. Particular attention, given the specifics of the territory, is paid to raw materials and infrastructure projects, but in general, their list is diverse, it includes projects in the field of agriculture, tourism, etc.

The development of the Far East is impossible without overcoming infrastructural limitations. During the year, it was not without difficulty that the issue of equalizing Far Eastern energy tariffs, the magnitude of which hinders the development of business in the region, with the average Russian ones was resolved. Ultimately, a solution to this problem was found, and in the foreseeable future, the relevant federal law will come into force. The Far East is gradually turning into a center of international cooperation, where one of the important lines has become the diversification of Russian ties with various countries. The Second Eastern Economic Forum, held in Vladivostok, has become an even larger event than the first. For objective reasons, China remains Russia's main partner in the Far East. The construction of the Power of Siberia export gas pipeline continues, Chinese capital is included in the largest project of an oil refining complex in Primorye, decisions are being made to develop cross-border cooperation (a special intergovernmental commission has been created for this). At the same time, this year more attention is paid to relations with Japan, and companies from India are expanding their presence in the oil business. This ensures a more balanced interaction between Russia and various countries of the world. Despite the well-known difficulties, cooperation with Western countries is not curtailed. For example, this year the government gave permission to the American-Canadian company Amur Minerals to work at the Malmyzhskoye gold and copper deposit in the Khabarovsk Territory.

​​​​​​​The systemic measures of the state for the development of the Far East involve its transformation into a whole "scatter" of points of growth, represented in all subjects of the Federation.

As part of the implementation of last year's presidential address in 2016, a long-term plan for the socio-economic development of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the second largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory and a major industrial center, was approved. The expansion of the free port regime from Vladivostok to other territories began: free ports appeared in the Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Chukotka. The process of creating territories of advanced socio-economic development (TOSED) continues. This year, new TASEDs began to be created for large industrial projects - mining in South Yakutia, the Zvezda shipyard in Primorsky Krai. The first TASED appeared in the underdeveloped Jewish Autonomous Region and two TASEDs - agricultural and tourist - on Sakhalin.

An ambitious project of the state was the distribution of free hectares of Far Eastern land, designed to put vacant land into circulation and attract the population to work in the Far East. This program is partly connected with the solution of the demographic problems of the Far East, where the seemingly endless outflow of the population is slowing down. The resource potential of the Far East and the systemic measures of the state also allow us to talk about the emerging opportunity to ensure the transition of the Far Eastern Federal District to the desired model of advanced development. So far, there has been no breakthrough, which requires further action to overcome the backlog of the Far East. It is noteworthy that the advance of the Russian dynamics is still happening - in the field of mining, where in January-October the Far Eastern Federal District showed an increase of 3.2% against 2.2% in the country as a whole. The most powerful increase in production is associated with the launch of new fields in Kamchatka and the Jewish Autonomous Region, but due to its economic weight, oil and gas Sakhalin remains the main engine of growth. Another indirect evidence of the work of the state and business on new projects can be considered the preservation of the volume of construction work, which in the Far Eastern Federal District remained approximately at the same level, while in the country as a whole it fell by 5%.

Thus, in 2016, new results of the state policy began to appear, indicating the gradual formation of the potential for turning the Far East into a locomotive for the growth of the Russian economy and the deepening of Russia's integration into the Asia-Pacific region. However, reaching sustainable development, including its social component, will take a long time.

The territory occupied by the ancient Koreans in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. included modern Korea, South Manchuria, the Liaodong Peninsula. Farmers lived in the forests and valleys, hunters lived in the mountains. Already by the 7th c. BC. the ancient Koreans switched to making bronze tools; in the last centuries BC iron tools and weapons spread rapidly.

The first ancient Korean state of Joseon was formed in the 3rd century. BC.; its basis was a fairly developed agriculture. Joseon was located on the Liaodong Peninsula and modern North Korea.

In the 1st century BC. in the northwest, there was an unification of tribes around the Kogure tribe, as a result of which the state of Kogure was formed (the north of the Korean Peninsula and the south of Manchuria); in the south, such processes were going on around the Khan tribe - the state of Silla was formed. The most powerful was the state of Kogure, whose rulers successfully fought the Han Empire and achieved complete independence.

The society was divided into classes - to know, the ruling class headed by the monarch; slaves are known, replenished at the expense of prisoners of war, who were used mainly in the household. Legally free, but economically dependent on the state, the population - the "lower courts" - was the most numerous exploited class.

In 1-2 centuries. AD the ruler of Koguryeo already possessed all the power of the monarch. He relied on the military service nobility, divided into 12 ranks. The military nature of the organization of the state was due to frequent wars with the Han states. At this time, laws were issued that fixed the class division of society, the privileges of the ruling class. There were harsh penalties for crimes against property.

By the 4th century AD the unification of the southwestern part of the peninsula under the rule of Baekche ended; to 5c. in the southeastern part, the state of Silla was strengthened.

The main direction of foreign policy is the fight against Han China.

States of Southeast Asia in antiquity

Favorable environmental conditions in this region (high temperatures and humidity, rich flora) led to an increased role of gathering, and already in the Mesolithic (8 thousand BC), people switched to a productive economy (cultivation of legumes and melons). In the Neolithic, a type of rice-growing economy developed here, which was more or less the same for ancient Southeast Asia. The territory of this region in ancient times occupied the region of the Xijiang and Yangtze valleys with right tributaries, its periphery was the Ganges valley. The main ancient peoples are the Austroasiatics (Mons, Khmers) in its continental part, the Austronesians (Malays, Javanese) in the countryside. The most developed were the Autroasiatic regions of Southern Indochina, where already in 5 thousand BC. the population passed to the Eneolithic, and in 4 thousand. - to the Bronze Age. However, by 2 thousand BC. the economic development of this region began to lag behind neighboring ones. The difficult regime of the rivers made it difficult to create the irrigation systems necessary for the cultivation of rice. For a long time, the population lived in small rural communities engaged in rice cultivation.

Only in the late Bronze Age, during the Dong Son civilization (along the village of Dong Son in North Vietnam), fortified settlements began to appear and the first states began to take shape.

The oldest written sources, written in peculiar hieroglyphs, were discovered not so long ago, and their number is negligible. The main information is contained in the ancient epigraphic literature in Sanskrit. An important role is played by medieval chronicles (Viet, Mon), as well as the evidence of ancient Chinese, ancient Indian and ancient authors.

The early class states of this region can be divided into 4 groups:

States of Northeastern Indochina and the northern coast of the South China Sea.

States of Southern Indochina.

States of the ancient Indonesians on the Malay Peninsula and the Archipelago.

States of the central part of Northern Indochina and adjacent areas.

Of the states in North Vietnam, the more northern states were best known, primarily the kingdom of Yue (Viet). Own written sources have not been preserved, however, archaeological data indicate the presence in this region (Northern Vietnam, the lower reaches of the Hong River) of a very ancient and original state. The Kingdom of Yue arose in the 7th century. BC. in the lower reaches of the Yangtze. The main occupation of the population is irrigated rice growing. In the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. 5 states are known on this territory (they probably arose much earlier): Vanlang (then Aulac) in the lower reaches of Hong, further to the east Teiau, Nam Viet, etc.

The most developed in the 3rd century. BC. were the states of Au Lak and Nam Viet. the bulk of the exploited population are small community producers; there were also slaves, which is confirmed by the sources. The head of state is the vyong (monarch). The beliefs of the ancient Viet are based on the cult of ancestors, the spirits of the earth, they revered the crocodile-dragon and waterfowl.

In 221-214. BC. Au Lac, Teiau and Nam Viet fought against the Qin Empire, during which only Aulac retained its independence, annexing part of Teiau. Nam Viet regained its independence only after the fall of the Qin Empire; Both countries merged into one Nam Viet-Aulak. In the 2nd century BC. in East and Southeast Asia, this state was second in strength only to the Han Empire. The basis of the economy was rice-producing farms. There was a craft, trade played an important role, there were large cities. The social and class structure is becoming more complex, slavery is being further developed, and the state apparatus is becoming more complex. From the beginning of the 2nd c. BC. rulers strive to unite neighboring states under their rule, wage successful wars with the Han Empire. However, in 111g. BC. the country was captured by Emperor Wudi, but the establishment of Han domination was not accompanied by significant interference in internal life.

A special group of ancient states in Southeast Asia in the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC. made up the mountainous ancient Thai states of Dien and Elan. Animal husbandry plays a significant role here. The processes of formation of a class society led to the emergence of early slave-owning societies here. The class of slaves was replenished from among the subordinate ethnic groups.

At the beginning of the 1st century AD The administration of the Han Empire attempted mass assimilation of the population of North Vietnam, but ran into resistance. In 40-44 years. In the course of the uprising of the Two Sisters (led by the Chyng sisters), independence was restored within the boundaries of the ancient Aulak. However, attempts to restore political control continued and only in the 1st-2nd centuries. AD the Han Empire began the gradual transfer of power to the local nobility.

In 3-5 centuries. AD Buddhism spread here, which became the main religion until the 12th-13th centuries. In the same centuries, Chinese culture also spread.

At the turn of our era, class societies took shape in all the major river valleys of Indochina and Indonesia. The leading social unit is a small rural community. Each of the states (Aulak, Bapnom (Funan), Shrikshetra, the small Mon states in Southern Burma, the Malay states of the Malay Peninsula, the early Javanese states) were located around a certain political and economic core - a densely populated rice-growing region and its capital. As a rule, the capital was the largest city and port. Many states conducted maritime trade.

There is no division into varnas, castes or ranks in the structure of the ruling class. The class of small community members depended on the state or a particular landowner. The main branch of production is agriculture. The state was closely connected with the priesthood, which depended on the state. The supreme power appropriated many religious functions. The main form of exploitation was rent-tax in favor of the state or representatives of the highest aristocracy (with the consent of the state).

Most of the Mon and Khmer states arose around the 1st century. AD The largest one - Bapnom - united the entire southern Indochina in its heyday. At the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries. ancient Khmer monarchs (Kurungs) switched to wars of conquest. The most famous of the monarchs was Fanshiman, who built a strong fleet and captured a number of neighboring states and tribal territories. Bapnom increased to 4v. AD, irrigation and temple construction was carried out, Hinduism and Buddhism spread, the power of the monarch was strengthened. However, in the 5th - early 6th c. the state ceased to exist due to the strengthening of the northern groups.

In the island world in 1-4 centuries. AD 2 groups of states were formed: western (Malay) and eastern (Javanese). Western - Sumatran states and state formations of the Malacca Peninsula. Foreign trade (mainly spices) plays an important role in them. The most famous states are Lankasuka, Kataha and Tambralinga. Travelers noted the splendor of their courtyards, the strength of their armies. The level of culture was also high (Sanskrit literature, writing and language, Hindu and Buddhist beliefs).

Among the Javanese states, the most famous are Taruma in West Java and Mulavarman in Kalimantan (4th-5th centuries). Their social structure is similar to that of Bpnom.

On the eastern coast of the Indochinese peninsula, the state of Thiampa was located, which, in terms of agrarian structure, resembled the Vietnamese society. It is a maritime trading power with a strong navy and regular trade links. Culturally, it was part of the Indonesian world, and the Khmers influenced them in many ways. Relations with the Han Empire were characterized by alternating warfare with diplomatic missions and contacts.

MIGRATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN THE FAR EAST (1980s)

Larisa Alexandrovna KRUSHANOVA,

Candidate of Historical Sciences

The Russian government faces a difficult task - how to make the Far East a prosperous region, given the shortage of labor resources, including qualified personnel. To solve it, the developers of modern migration policy turned to the Soviet experience in resettlement of the population from one region to another. In 2007, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (No. 637 of June 22, 2007) “On Measures to Facilitate the Voluntary Resettlement to the Russian Federation of Compatriots Living Abroad” was issued, on the basis of which federal and regional programs were developed. However, her "success" is questionable. Already now we can say that the implementation of the program is in danger of failure.

In this regard, we turn to the final stage of the Soviet period. It seems necessary to analyze the migration policy of the 1980s, its specifics and features of implementation in the Far East in order to identify positive and negative aspects. This will help to determine in which direction the changes in modern migration policy should be carried out in order for it to be truly successful.

1980s - the final of the Soviet model of socio-economic relations. This period can be characterized in the first half of the decade as stable, because there were no changes in the system of state and economic management, even despite the growing crisis in the economy. But already in the second half of the 80s. in the bowels of the emerging economic crisis, the foundations of a new model for the development of the economy and the state were laid. Traditional Soviet values ​​began to be supplemented by the values ​​inherent in a capitalist society, especially in terms of income generation.

The role of scientists in this matter, who presented the results of their research to the authorities at all levels, is indisputable. Based on the results obtained, the managers made additions to the migration and socio-economic programs for the development of the Far East. Soviet economists developed migration theory, turning it into practical proposals. They drew attention to the dependence of the components of migration processes on social, demographic and economic factors, revealed that migration, like any phenomenon, has its own laws. For example, the vector of rural migration is directed to urban-type settlements or small and medium-sized cities; vector from small and medium-sized cities to large and largest.

Migration also has a reverse or continuing vector. In this case, the law of the relationship between the factors of housing availability, income level and climate applies. If two of the three factors coincide, the migrant stays in the region and over time can move into the category of permanent population. As a rule, the duration of this process is about 10 years. In the first three years after moving in, the most difficulties are associated with settling in, so the migrant receives the largest amount of benefits from the state during this period. In cases where only one of the three factors appeals to him or none of them appeals to him, then he either returns back or goes further1.

Having identified the laws of migration, scientists came close to the topic of migration policy. The first such work appeared in 1982. In his article, V. M. Moiseenko considers migration policy as the main element that forms migration processes2. The author highlights the goals and methods of managing migration processes, the relationship of movement with the natural and social movement of the population. A number of goals, for example, stimulating the movement of the population to the east, are of a national nature and require coordinated “migration” efforts on the part of the regions.

Migration processes that took place in the Far East in the 1970s-1980s became the object of study primarily by economists (E.A. Motrich, S.N. Leonov, etc.). Scientists from the Far East analyzed migration as a way of providing sectors of the national economy with labor resources, population formation, and also identified what factors influenced the consolidation of the population in the region, etc. national economy of the Far East.

V. M. Moiseenko paid special attention to the methods of migration regulation, highlighting administrative-planning, material and moral incentives. The planned regulation takes into account the balance of the labor resources of the regions and the availability of targeted comprehensive programs. In the methods of material incentives, the leading place was occupied by regional coefficients introduced to the wages of workers employed in the regions of development. Among the methods of material incentives were public consumption funds in the form of benefits, benefits in pensions, especially housing. Propaganda and agitation, for example, new buildings in the Far East, were methods of moral stimulation. Administrative methods of management were associated with the rules of registration and discharge of the population, conditions for employment, housing, distribution of specialists, etc.5

A great contribution to the study of migration processes in the Far East was made by L.L. Rybakovsky. He developed the structure of migration policy, expanding the range of goals. Among them, he named the attraction of migrants for temporary residence, the creation of a permanent composition of the population, the provision of industrial facilities with labor in poorly developed regions, the stabilization of the population in certain areas, the increase in the migration activity of indigenous people in a number of republics, the restriction on the entry of migrants into some settlements, etc. He proposed to achieve the goals set by using methods aimed at increasing migration mobility among the immobile, but rapidly growing population.

According to Rybakovsky, an important component of migration policy is the concept that unites the views of whom, from where and under what conditions.

should be attracted to the populated regions and what measures should be taken for this in the places of migrants' exit, along the way and in the areas of settlement. Moreover, it must have a scientific justification, since it represents a unified system of means and methods for implementing a particular migration policy. L. L. Rybakovsky repeated the idea of ​​other scientists that in order to increase the degree of survival of new settlers in the region, a better set of living conditions should be created in the populated areas6.

Along with solving economic problems (providing labor resources for sectors of the national economy), the government tried not to voice the problem of demographic strengthening of the territory bordering China, aimed at ensuring the security of the Far Eastern borders. Despite the existence of instructions, which indicated by what criteria and who could be accepted as organized migrants, officials sought to fulfill the resettlement plans, i.e. relocate based not on qualitative characteristics, but on quantitative indicators. In particular, it was pointed out that since the 1960s. in the structure of organized migrants who arrived in the agriculture of the Far East, the share of people with previous convictions, who had never worked in this industry, who constantly changed jobs, etc., increased. This also applied to the organizing committee. In case of dissatisfaction with working conditions and place of residence (which was quite common), such "organic workers" and "agricultural migrants" moved to other industries and moved, but often this happened within the region of settlement7.

Thus, the migration policy of the Soviet state in the Far East was based on such basic theoretical principles as the demographic strengthening of the border area and the provision of labor resources for the industries of the Far East, the relationship between the socio-economic and demographic development of the country.

In the 1960-1980s. in the region, the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the exhaustion of the extensive model of economic development gradually increased. Inherent in the USSR as a whole, in the Far East they were exacerbated by remoteness, underdevelopment, difficult natural and climatic conditions, which increased production costs, especially labor costs. At the same time, the quality of life was lower than the all-Russian indicators, as A.S. Vashchuk8.

In the second half of the 1950s-early 1970s. the country's leadership made an attempt to include the Far East in the "single national economic complex of the country." Its specialization, based on regional specifics, was the production of military products and the extraction of natural resources. By the end of the 1970s. in the Far East, the economy was formed as a resource-oriented one, taking into account the border position of the region. Energy, coal, oil, timber and mining industries, as well as the fishing industry and mechanical engineering, developed rapidly. In 1987, the Long-Term State Program for the Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for the period up to 2000 was adopted, but the economic and political crisis that led to the collapse of the USSR stopped its implementation9. But even in it a significant place was occupied by the extraction of minerals, fish, the development of forest resources, etc. The state needed to ensure the development of mainly these industries. Therefore, the state system of redistribution of labor resources in the country has undergone another restructuring.

In February 1967, the State Committee for the Use of Labor Resources was formed, which was directly subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. Its main tasks were: development and implementation of measures for the retraining of workers and their redistribution; employment and information; study of the composition of the working population; conducting organized recruitment of workers and planned resettlement. Now, when implementing the policy on the redistribution of labor resources, the state linked together two processes - the redistribution and employment of personnel with their retraining10.

In May 1969, city bureaus for employment and information of the population were created as grassroots bodies of the State Committee. The purpose of the employment service was to overcome the obvious consequences of the irrational use of workers in previous years, to ensure the consistency of supply and demand for labor, as well as to reduce the losses associated with excessive movement of personnel11. As an experiment, such bureaus opened in nine cities. In 1970, there were 134 of them, and in 1977 - 372, mainly in cities where the population was at least 100 thousand people.12 In the Far East, these are Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Ussuriysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, -Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. By the end of the 80s. such employment services operated in all cities and district centers with the status of an urban-type settlement.

Employees provided assistance in finding a job to those who applied to the bureau, they were given information about which enterprises, organizations and institutions of the city needed personnel. In the absence of suitable work, they were registered. Pensioners, schoolchildren and other categories of the population were involved in social production through these structures. The functions of the bureau also included the development of proposals for enterprises on the preparation, distribution and use of labor. The Bureau has become a real intermediary between the population and the enterprise in matters of employment. At the same time, the actual need of enterprises for personnel was revealed by comparing the planned and actual number of employees, assistance was provided in staffing, the importance of enterprises and organizations in the national economy system of a district, city, territory or region was taken into account13. The emergence of a new structure had a positive impact on the influx of migrants to the Far East. So, in 1966-1980. 4.3 million people arrived in the region14

The formation of the population of the pioneer regions took place under the influence of large reserves of labor resources of the European part of the country, not employed in the sectors of the national economy. In the 1970s about 15 million people were involved in social production from this sphere. This allowed large-scale (and at the same time irrational) development of the Northeast, the European North, the Arctic, in addition to Siberia and the Far East, which became in the 1980s. the cause of the tension in the balance of labor resources. Accordingly, the attraction of labor resources to the Far East to a greater extent began to depend on the socio-economic conditions of work. To this end, the government widely used a system of benefits that increased the nominal incomes of the population. The most common was the district allowance. It varied depending on climatic conditions and the degree of development of one or another part of the region (for example, in Primorsky Krai - 20%, and in Chukotka - 100%)15.

The introduction of wage increases and the attention of the state to the Far East led to an increase in the population. So, if in 1959 the population of the region was 4.8 million people, then in 1979 it was almost 5.9 million people. According to the 1989 census, more than 7.9 million people lived here, in 1991 - 8.06 million people, by 2005 the number of Far East residents should have increased to 9.7 million people.16 Traditionally, population growth country was due to a higher birth rate among rural residents. But since the 1950s its actual idol decline was observed. Moreover, since the second half of the 1960s. the annual reduction in the number of villagers in the RSFSR amounted to almost 700 thousand people,17 which was reflected both in the migration influx and in the quantitative growth in the number of Far Easterners.

In the 1970s a similar situation was observed in the Far East. For example, in the Khabarovsk Territory, natural growth decreased from 10.6 people. to 10 people, in the Kamchatka region - from 12 to 11.2 people, on Sakhalin - from 11.1 to 10.7 people.18 Population growth in the region was due to migration. Until the end of the 1970s. the rate of mechanical population growth in the Far East region was prosperous. The share of migrants in the total population growth, for example, in the Khabarovsk Territory for 1976-1980, amounted to 37.1%, in 1981-1985. - 39.7%. Migration remained at the same level in 1986 and 198719 (see Table 1).

Table 1

Growth rate of population decrease (annual average, %)

1981 -1985 1986-1990 1991 1992

Russian Federation 0.7 0.7 0.1 -0.1

Far East 1.6 1.3 -0.3 -1.7

Primorsky Krai 1.4 1.3 0.4 -0.3

Khabarovsk Territory 1.6 1.3 0.3 -0.8

Amur Region 1.2 1.1 0.1 -3.2

Source: Indicators of social development of the republics, territories and regions of the Russian Federation. M.: Goskomstat of Russia, 1992; The labor market in Russia in 1992: stat. collection. M .: Federal Service for Employment of the Population of Russia, 1993.

Analysis of the table shows that during 1981-1990. population growth in the Far East was higher than in the Russian Federation as a whole. In 1991, the growth in the Russian Federation was positive, and in the Far East there was already an outflow (mainly due to the departure of the population from Chukotka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions), although in the southern part of the region the growth remained positive. In the 1980s the tradition of the Soviet migratory movement to the east was inertially preserved. In the structure of movements, one can single out independent migrations, mobilization forms (organizational recruitment and its variety - public conscription, agricultural resettlement) and distribution-directive (sending specialists to the place of work after graduating from secondary and higher educational institutions).

Providing the agricultural regions of the Far East (mainly the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the Amur and Sakhalin Regions) with labor resources was one of the priority tasks of the state. planned system

staffing through resettlement continued into the 1980s. Thus, according to the plans for 1980, more than 2 thousand families were to come to the village for a permanent place of work and residence, and more than 1.2 thousand families to Khabarovsk Territory.20 In practice, migration provided no more than 30% of what was planned. But it was in the first half of the 1980s. the growth of the agrarian population of the Far East is 8-10% higher than the average for the RSFSR21, since the benefits guaranteed by the state (fare and lifting costs) significantly covered the costs of immigrants. For example, the amount of "lifting" for the head of the family was 150 rubles, for a family member - 50 rubles. However, even permanent migration to the villages of the Far East did not allow providing agriculture with labor resources. The number of the rural population, albeit slightly, increased: in the period from 1966 to 1984, it rose from 1.5 million people. up to 1.7 million, i.e. more than 200 thousand people. (15.2%). At the same time, the share of villagers in the total population decreased from 28% to 24, especially in Primorye (from 28% to 22) and the Amur Region (from 38% to 33)22.

The reasons for the shortage of labor resources lay in their high outflow from the agricultural sector. Historically, agricultural work in the USSR was not prestigious due to the low technical equipment of production, a busy work schedule, especially in the spring and summer, the lack of a specialty and qualifications, etc. Therefore, replenishment occurred at the expense of other regions of the country. So, from those who arrived at the state farms of the Khabarovsk Territory in 1983-1985. only one in six was previously employed in agriculture, the remaining 77.5% are former workers in industry, construction and other industries23.

Speaking about the reasons for the weak fixation of migrants in agriculture, it should be noted that along with incentives, there were also “anti-incentives”. These are the remoteness of the Far East from the central regions of the country, climatic features, and the low standard of living of the population compared to the central regions. What the state offered to potential migrants no longer met the requirements of the time. The situation was complicated by the widespread shortage of agricultural personnel. The intensive involvement of residents of cities and urban-type settlements who lived in the edges (regions) of the recruitment had a negative effect. Since the late 1970s over 30% of the total number of agricultural migrants were recruited through intra-krai/intra-regional resettlement*24.

The shortage of labor resources forced managers to pay attention to specific categories of the population - persons who had a criminal record, dismissed for absenteeism and / or drunkenness and "flyers" under Article 33 of the Labor Code of the RSFSR, paragraph 425. Thus, among agricultural migrants who arrived in the first half of the 1980s gg. in the Khabarovsk Territory, 10-11% had previously been convicted, and of those dismissed from their previous jobs - every third26. Not lingering long in the state farms, this "contingent" soon replenished the detachment of the working class in other labor-deficient sectors of the region.

An important aspect in changing the place of work and residence was the level of income. The introduction of wage increments also differed by industry. So, in the agriculture of Primorsky Krai, they did not exceed 15-20%, in the transport and construction industries 40-50%, and in the forestry and fisheries, up to

* In previous decades, the share of agricultural migrants in intra-regional (intra-regional) exchange did not exceed 20-22%.

60%. These branches of the national economy of the Far East also needed an influx of labor resources. To provide them with personnel, the Soviet state made extensive use of mobilization forms - an organized recruitment of workers and public conscription. In the Soviet system of redistribution of labor resources, these forms were called "organized". For travel to the place of work, "travel", daily allowances were issued, which fully covered the costs. At the place of work they were given lifting. Depending on the ministry whose enterprises were recruited, they ranged from 30 to 200 rubles27.

The geography of the organizational recruitment was quite wide - Kursk, Chelyabinsk, Fergana, etc. The "agitators" used various arguments to attract organized workers. So, the construction industry was "lured" by the opportunity to get an apartment in the city, the fish industry - with high earnings, for some the work schedule played a role - 6 months at sea, and 6 on the shore. Most of the migrant workers were recruited in the region itself. For example, the territories and regions of the Far East in 1985 provided for the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur up to 37% of all labor workers, the European part of the RSFSR - up to 17%, Ukraine and Belarus - up to 14%, Siberia - 12.4% , Central Asia-7.4%. For the organizing recruitment system, it was traditional to attract single men. This was primarily due to the shortage of housing. Gender imbalance among organizational workers also had a negative impact on their transition to the category of permanent workers. An analysis of labor resources carried out by a number of research institutions showed that those who were not burdened by families adapted worse, more often expressed dissatisfaction with wages, and so on.

Another category of organizational workers, who arrived with a desire to work, also did not stay long. For example, in 1985 it was recorded that 6.4% worked for less than 3 months, and 35.6% for less than a year. In addition to the reasons mentioned above, there were also those that can be considered from the point of view of inefficient management, including the workers were incorrectly oriented to the climate, working and living conditions, and income. They hid from them the real working and living conditions, as well as the level of income and the “cost” of living. Acquaintance with the Far Eastern reality further pushed this category of migrants to return to places of exit or move to other industries and/or further migration. Most of these migrants were from Central Asia.

The constant outflow of workers from the extractive industries and construction contributed to the fact that since the 1960s. the state has provided an opportunity to use the organizational recruitment system to persons with the status of "parole". Such “organizers”, who accounted for up to 20% of the total number, left work after a few days or did not start it at all28.

Since the late 1970s there has been a trend of outflow of indigenous people from the region. The qualitative characteristics of the standard of living come first. District coefficients and seniority allowances in many territories of the Far East did not cover the cost of living. For example, in Primorsky Krai, the cost of living index was 126%, and the fixed wage was 109%. A similar situation was in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region29. In Kamchatka, Chukotka, and the Magadan region, the situation was aggravated by the climate, which was more severe than in the southern part of the Far East.

In order to consolidate the population and labor resources in the region, since 1973, the government began to transfer workers in the manufacturing sector to new tariff conditions, which made it possible to reduce its outflow. But the unjustified increase in wages in the early 1980s. led to differentiation both between workers and between enterprises of the city, region, there was a decrease in interest in work. At some enterprises, the introduction of seniority allowances made it possible to reduce the outflow of personnel, while at others, the turnover only increased30. Natives of the Far East began to be involved in migration, which was a moral disincentive for those who remained in the region. For example, in 1985, 14.5% of its natives left Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and 25.8% lived in the city for at least 10 years.

Despite these difficulties, the state by the end of the 1970s. in the Far East managed to create a stable population. According to the 1979 census, the share of those who lived in the Far East for more than 10 years was about 50% in its southern part, 34.1% lived from birth, including 35-36% in the southern part, 22-36% in the northern part %31.

Since the late 1980s the trend towards a decrease in the role of migration in the reproduction of the population of the Far East began to acquire the features of a crisis. More and more people who lived in the region for more than 10 years or natives dropped out. However, crisis phenomena manifested themselves throughout the country, which also affected migration. The last organized migrants arrived in agriculture in the Far East in 1990, in industry and construction in 1991. This category was replaced by migrants with refugee status (forced migrants). Since the late 1980s in Primorye and the Khabarovsk Territory, the number of Russian Koreans who arrived from Central Asia began to grow.

The collapse of the USSR into independent states led to the emergence of guest workers. The economic crisis in the post-Soviet space forced people, mostly from the North Caucasian and Central Asian republics, to look for a better life, including in the Far East.

Thus, at the final stage of the Soviet period, the implementation of migration policy in the Far East took place in the conditions of a shortage of labor resources, which the state made up for in the traditional way - through mobilization forms and the involvement of a specific category of migrants in labor relations. The massive outflow of the population was partially offset by new migrants who received the status of refugees or guest workers. The new migration policy began to rely not on its own population, but on external labor flows.

1 Migration of the population of the RSFSR: Sat. articles. M.: "Statistics", 1973.

2 Moiseenko V.M. The content and trend of development of migration policy in the USSR // Second All-Union Scientific School-Seminar "Problems of managing the development of population in a socialist society." M.: MSU, 1982. S. 1-8.

3 Motrich E. L. Settlement of the southern zone of the Far East at the present stage of development of productive forces: dissertation .... cand. economy Sciences. Khabarovsk, 1973; Leonov S.N. Improving the forms of providing labor resources to the industry of pioneer areas: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences. Khabarovsk, 1985.

4 Koltunov L. A. The qualification level of labor resources employed in the agriculture of Primorye // The use of labor resources in the regions of the Far East.

Khabarovsk: Khabar. book. publishing house, 1965; His own. Reserves of state farms of the Far East. Vladivostok, 1974.

5 Moiseenko V.M. The content and development trend of migration policy... P. 4.

6 Rybakovsky L.L. Population migration: forecasts, factors, policy. Moscow: Nauka, 1987.

7 Krushanova L.A. Migration policy of the USSR and its implementation in the Far East in the mid-1940s-1960s: dis. ... cand. ist. Sciences. Vladivostok, 2007.

8 Vashchuk A. S. Social policy of the USSR and its implementation in the Far East (mid-1940s-80s). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998, p.

9 Popovicheva Yu. N. Programs for the development of the Far East in a historical perspective (the second half of the 19th-beginning of the 21st centuries.// The history of the development of the Amur region by Russia and the current socio-economic state of the Asia-Pacific countries. Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 2007. Part 2. C 216; History of the Far East of the USSR: (From the era of primitive communal relations to the present day.) In 4 volumes, Book 11. The Soviet Far East in the period of further development and improvement of a mature socialist society in the USSR (1971-1979). (Layout), Vladivostok, 1979, pp. 99-124.

10 GARF. F. 10.005. Op. 1. L. 1-2.

11 The system of employment of the population in the USSR and ways to improve it. Vladivostok: Dalnevost Publishing House. un-ta, 1989. S. 83, 89.

12 Kotlyar A.E., Trubin V.V. The problem of regulating the redistribution of labor. M., 1978. S. 39.

13 The system of employment of the population. S. 87.

14 Archive of the Institute for Economic Research (IEI) FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1716. L. 422.

15 Denisenko M.B. Migration. M., 1989. S. 56; Vashchuk A.S. Social policy of the USSR and its implementation in the Far East. Popovicheva Yu.E. Programs for the development of the Far East. S. 216.

16 Archive of IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1716. L. 422.

17 The population of the USSR for 70 years. M., 1988. S. 64-65.

18 History of the Far East of the USSR. Book. 11. S. 67.

19 Archive of the IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1727. L. 79.

20 GAPC. F. 510. Op. 3. D. 822. L. 51; GAHC. F. 904. Op. 10. D. 1539. L. 116; Archive of IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1716. L. 422.

22 Archive of the IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1716. L. 423.

23 GAHC. F. 904. Op. 10. D. 1201. L. 41.

24 GAPK. F. 510. Op. 3. D. 822. L. 51; GAHC. F. 904. Op. 10. D. 1539. L. 116.

25 Koltunov L. A. Qualification level of labor resources.; His own. Reserves of state farms of the Far East.

26 Archive of IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1717. L. 45.

27 Migration of the population of the RSFSR. S. 75-76.

28 Archive of the IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1719. L. 124; Ethnomigration processes in Primorye in the XX century. Vladivostok, 2002, p. 138.

29 Archive of IEI FEB RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1717. L. 17.

30 Ibid. Final Report “Social and Economic Problems of the Population and Labor Resources of the Far East. In 2 volumes. Inv. No. 6381. Book. 5: Problems of improving the socio-economic management of labor force reproduction in the Far East. L. 565, 588, 576. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1717. L. 17.

31 Ibid. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 1716. L. 397; D. 1719. L. 112-113.

SUMMARY: The article by Candidate of Historical Sciences Larisa A. Krushanova “Migration policy of the Soviet State in the Far East (1980s)” studies migration policy in the Far East of the USSR in the 1980s. The author analyzes organizations of migrants from the USSR and foreign workers from Vietnam, China and North Korea.

In 2015, Vladimir Putin approved the idea of ​​distributing land plots in the Far East. The main feature of the project is that the state will issue free plots to all interested citizens of the Russian Federation. IQR studied at what stage this initiative is, how, where exactly, and under what conditions it will be possible to obtain free land from the state.

Lake in the Far East

Lately we have become accustomed to expecting only prohibitive laws from the State Duma, but the authorities can not only prohibit. This initiative was transformed from the proposals of the LDPR party for the development of the Far East. There were many offers.

• Give exemption from conscription to the army to all young male migrants.
• Automatically issue citizenship under a simplified procedure to Russians from the countries of the former USSR who wish to move to Russia for permanent residence (namely, to the Far East).
• Free this area from taxes.
• Issue free housing or loans for its construction.

In addition, several years ago, Vladimir Zhirinovsky proposed at the federal level to distribute land free of charge to all Russians for housekeeping. Then many considered the idea populist. But, as time shows, even the most daring ideas sometimes reach the stage of implementation.

In its final form, the idea of ​​distributing land plots for free in the Far East was proposed by the plenipotentiary in the Far Eastern Federal District, Yuri Trutnev:

“We would like to propose the creation of a mechanism for the free allocation to each resident of the Far East and each person who would like to come to the Far East, one hectare of land that can be used for agriculture, for creating a business, forestry, hunting. We propose to allocate land for five years, in case of use, then assign this land to the owner, in case of no use - withdraw.

The President supported the idea, and at the moment the project is already being implemented.

Law on the distribution of land in the Far East

Law « On the peculiarities of granting land plots in the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District On September 2, it was submitted by the Ministry of Economic Development (together with the Ministry for the Development of the Far East) for consideration by the Government. If approved, the project will be submitted to the State Duma. Since this is a presidential bill, everything has actually already been decided, technical issues are being coordinated.

So, the official site NaFarVostok.rf has already been created, which is currently (September 2015) is in the pre-launch stage - the site can be viewed, but it is not yet possible to book a site, general information is posted on the site. Yes, it will be possible to book a free hectare site in the Far East directly from home via the Internet in 10 minutes! It is planned that it will be possible to choose a site to your liking directly on the interactive map of the region.

Who has the right to a free land plot in the Far East

In its current form, the law assumes that it will be possible to obtain land for free use for 5 years. The maximum size of the plot is based on 1 hectare per 1 family member, including minors. So, a family with two children can count on a plot of 4 hectares.

Registration will take place through the portal "Gosuslugi" in electronic form (it will also be possible to receive the service at any multifunctional center). The authorities promise that the execution of all documents for the land will take no more than one month.

Current restrictions

The only restriction declared by the authorities is that one must be a citizen of the Russian Federation. But in fact there are pitfalls.

It must be understood that the main task of the state in this program is the development of the Far East, and not the distribution of "extra" land. Therefore, the plots will be issued for free use for 5 years, and after that the fact of using each plot will be assessed by the state commission, which will be able to withdraw ownerless lands. So, in order to get land in the Far East for free, namely in perpetual ownership with the right to transfer by inheritance, you will have to deal with the site- that is, at least temporarily move there.

After a 5-year period, with proper use of the land, it will be possible to register the land as a property. During the entire five-year term of the gratuitous lease, no land tax is levied.

You can take a plot for any legal purpose - agriculture or business. You can choose any place where the provision of land is not prohibited by law. As for the quality of land, according to Kommersant, areas remote from settlements will be allocated- at least 10 km from settlements with a population of 50 thousand people or at least 20 km from settlements with 300 thousand people.

Free hectares in the Far East, registered to your family members, cannot be transferred to use by other citizens, as well as sold, transferred or donated to foreign individuals and legal entities.

Do people need free land at the end of the world?

It is expected that the distribution of land in the Far East will start in 2015. According to VTsIOM, about 20% of the country's population is interested in this program, they are ready to consider moving to the Far East. At the same time, this opportunity is most interesting for young people aged 18 to 24 years.

We conducted our own mini-survey among young people in Moscow, where residents traditionally do not want to leave for the periphery. Here's what people say:

Alexander, 27 years old:

“I would take, of course, you never know how things turn out in life. The kids need to leave something. It’s bad that they will take it away if you don’t live there. It's not entirely clear how to get there. Our tickets to the USA are cheaper than flying from Moscow to Lake Baikal. And if there really is 20 kilometers to the nearest road, then why is such land needed? In the suburbs of Vladik, I would take in any coastal area. And somewhere in the taiga near Yakutsk it will be more expensive for yourself to go to such a “cottage”. I don’t consider a final move from Moscow to a bare field.”

George, 26 years old:

“We must take. Give - take, hit - run. I will register the application. First, I’ll stake it, and then there will be 5 years time to think about why I need it. ”

Elizabeth, 27 years old:

“7 years ago I just settled down, bought an apartment in the region in a house that is about to be handed over. I don't need this kind of land. In a depressive hole where young people drink too much and there is no work, I have lived enough.