Why is Pierre Bezukhov dear to modern man. Pierre Bezukhov and officer Dolokhov (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

One of the main characters of the epic "Warrior and Peace" is Pierre Bezukhov. Characteristics of the character of the work is revealed through his actions. And also through the thoughts, spiritual searches of the main characters. The image of Pierre Bezukhov allowed Tolstoy to convey to the reader an understanding of the meaning of the era of that time, the whole life of a person.

Acquaintance of the reader with Pierre

The image of Pierre Bezukhov is very difficult to briefly describe and understand. The reader must go through with the hero all of his

Acquaintance with Pierre is referred in the novel to 1805. He appears at a secular reception with Anna Pavlovna Sherer, a Moscow high-ranking lady. By that time, the young man did not represent anything interesting for the secular public. He was the illegitimate son of one of the Moscow nobles. He received a good education abroad, but when he returned to Russia, he did not find a use for himself. An idle lifestyle, revelry, idleness, dubious companies led to the fact that Pierre was expelled from the capital. With this life baggage, he appears in Moscow. In turn, the high society also does not attract a young man. He does not share the pettiness of interests, selfishness, hypocrisy of his representatives. “Life is something deeper, more significant, but unknown to him,” Pierre Bezukhov reflects. "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy helps the reader to understand this.

Moscow life

The change of residence did not affect the image of Pierre Bezukhov. By nature, he is a very gentle person, easily falls under the influence of others, doubts about the correctness of his actions constantly haunt him. Unbeknownst to himself, he finds himself in captivity of the idle with her temptations, feasts and revelry.

After the death of Count Bezukhov, Pierre becomes the heir to the title and the entire fortune of his father. The attitude of society towards young people is changing dramatically. The eminent Moscow nobleman, in pursuit of the fortune of the young count, marries his beautiful daughter Helen to him. This marriage did not portend a happy family life. Very soon, Pierre understands the deceit, deceit of his wife, her debauchery becomes obvious to him. Thoughts of desecrated honor haunt him. In a state of rage, he commits an act that could be fatal. Fortunately, the duel with Dolokhov ended with the injury of the offender, and Pierre's life was out of danger.

The path of searching for Pierre Bezukhov

After the tragic events, the young count thinks more and more about how he spends the days of his life. Everything around is confusing, disgusting and meaningless. He understands that all secular rules and norms of behavior are insignificant in comparison with something great, mysterious, unknown to him. But Pierre does not have sufficient fortitude and knowledge to discover this great, to find the true purpose of human life. Thoughts did not leave the young man, making his life unbearable. A brief description of Pierre Bezukhov gives the right to say that he was a deep, thinking person.

Fascination with Freemasonry

After parting with Helen and giving her a large share of the fortune, Pierre decides to return to the capital. On the way from Moscow to St. Petersburg, during a short stop, he meets a man who talks about the existence of a brotherhood of Masons. Only they know the true path, they are subject to the laws of life. For Pierre's tormented soul and consciousness, this meeting, as he believed, was salvation.

Arriving in the capital, he, without hesitation, takes the rite and becomes a member of the Masonic Lodge. The rules of another world, its symbolism, views on life captivate Pierre. He unconditionally believes everything he hears at the meetings, although much of his new life seems gloomy and incomprehensible to him. The path of searching for Pierre Bezukhov continues. The soul is still rushing about and does not find peace.

How to make people's lives easier

New experiences and searches for the meaning of being lead Pierre Bezukhov to the understanding that the life of an individual cannot be happy when there are many destitute, deprived of any right people around.

He decides to take action to improve the lives of the peasants on his estates. Many do not understand Pierre. Even among the peasants, for whose sake all this was started, there is a misunderstanding, a rejection of the new way of life. This discourages Bezukhov, he is depressed, disappointed.

The disappointment was final when Pierre Bezukhov (whose characterization describes him as a gentle, trusting person) realized that he had been cruelly deceived by the manager, funds and efforts were wasted.

Napoleon

The disturbing events taking place in France at that time occupied the minds of the entire high society. stirred the minds of the young and the old. For many young people, the image of the great emperor has become an ideal. Pierre Bezukhov admired his successes, victories, he idolized the personality of Napoleon. I did not understand people who dared to resist the talented commander, the great revolution. There was a moment in Pierre's life when he was ready to swear allegiance to Napoleon and defend the gains of the revolution. But this was not destined to happen. Feats, achievements for the glory of the French Revolution remained only dreams.

And the events of 1812 will destroy all ideals. The adoration of Napoleon's personality will be replaced in Pierre's soul with contempt and hatred. There will be an irresistible desire to kill the tyrant, avenging all the troubles that he brought to his native land. Pierre was simply obsessed with the idea of ​​​​reprisal against Napoleon, he believed that this was a destiny, the mission of his life.

battle of Borodino

The Patriotic War of 1812 broke the established foundation, becoming a real test for the country and its citizens. This tragic event directly affected Pierre. The aimless life of wealth and convenience was left without hesitation by the count for the sake of serving the fatherland.

It is in the war that Pierre Bezukhov, whose characterization has not yet been flattering, begins to look at life differently, to understand what was unknown. Rapprochement with soldiers, representatives of the common people, helps to re-evaluate life.

The great Battle of Borodino played a special role in this. Pierre Bezukhov, being in the same ranks with the soldiers, saw their real patriotism without falsehood and pretense, their readiness to give their lives without hesitation for the sake of their homeland.

Destruction, blood, and related experiences give rise to the spiritual rebirth of the hero. Suddenly, unexpectedly for himself, Pierre begins to find answers to questions that have tormented him for so many years. Everything becomes extremely clear and simple. He begins to live not formally, but with all his heart, experiencing a feeling unfamiliar to him, an explanation for which at this moment he cannot yet give.

Captivity

Further events unfold in such a way that the trials that befell Pierre should temper and finally form his views.

Once in captivity, he goes through an interrogation procedure, after which he remains alive, but in front of his eyes several Russian soldiers are executed, who along with him fell to the French. The spectacle of the execution does not leave Pierre's imagination, bringing him to the brink of insanity.

And only a meeting and conversations with Platon Karataev again awaken a harmonious beginning in his soul. Being in a cramped barracks, experiencing physical pain and suffering, the hero begins to feel truly. The life path of Pierre Bezukhov helps to understand that being on earth is a great happiness.

However, the hero will have to reconsider his own and look for his place in it more than once.

Fate disposes so that Platon Karataev, who gave Pierre an understanding of life, was killed by the French, as he fell ill and could not move. The death of Karataev brings new suffering to the hero. Pierre himself was released from captivity by the partisans.

Native

Freed from captivity, Pierre, one after another, receives news from his relatives, about whom he knew nothing for a long time. He becomes aware of the death of his wife Helen. Best friend, Andrei Bolkonsky, is seriously wounded.

The death of Karataev, disturbing news from relatives again excite the soul of the hero. He begins to think that all the misfortunes that have occurred were his fault. He is the cause of the death of his loved ones.

And suddenly Pierre catches himself thinking that in difficult moments of spiritual experiences, the image of Natasha Rostova suddenly comes. She instills in him peace, gives strength and confidence.

Natasha Rostova

At subsequent meetings with her, he realizes that he has a feeling for this sincere, intelligent, spiritually rich woman. Natasha has a reciprocal feeling for Pierre. In 1813 they got married.

Rostova is capable of sincere love, she is ready to live in the interests of her husband, to understand, to feel him - this is the main advantage of a woman. Tolstoy showed the family as a way to save a person. The family is a small model of the world. The state of the whole society depends on the health of this cell.

Life goes on

The hero gained an understanding of life, happiness, harmony within himself. But the path to this was very difficult. The work of the inner development of the soul accompanied the hero all his life, and it gave its results.

But life does not stop, and Pierre Bezukhov, whose characterization as a seeker is given here, is again ready to move forward. In 1820, he informs his wife that he intends to become a member of a secret society.

Pierre Bezukhov was the illegitimate son of one of the richest people in Russia. In society, he was perceived as an eccentric, everyone laughed at his beliefs, aspirations and statements. No one reckoned with his opinion and did not take him seriously. But when Pierre received a huge inheritance, everyone began to curry favor with him, he became the desired groom for many secular coquettes ...

While living in France, he was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But soon he nevertheless became disillusioned with Freemasonry, although his desire for equality among people and justice in everything was ineradicable.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life and being in general, but, unfortunately, he comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to simply “burn through life”, spends his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen.

Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, the very first secular beauty, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart, a painted smile and a cruel hypocritical disposition. Marriage with Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in the female field.

Tired of a wild life and inaction, Pierre's soul is eager to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands, tries to give freedom to the serfs, but, which is very regrettable, people do not understand him, they are so accustomed to slavery that they cannot even imagine how one can live without it. People decide that Pierre is "quirky".

When the war of 1812 began, Pierre Bezukhov, although he was not a military man, went to the front to see how people were fighting for their Fatherland. Being on the fourth bastion, Pierre saw a real war, he saw how people suffer because of Napoleon. Bezukhov was struck and inspired by the patriotism, zeal and self-sacrifice of ordinary soldiers, he felt pain along with them, Pierre was imbued with a fierce hatred for Bonaparte, he wanted to personally kill him. Unfortunately, he did not succeed, and instead he was captured.

Bezukhov spent a month in prison. There he met a simple "soldier" Platon Karataev. This acquaintance and being in captivity played a significant role in Pierre's life search. He finally understood and realized the truth that he had been looking for for a long time: that every person has the right to happiness and should be happy. Pierre Bezukhov saw the true value of life.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova, she was not only his wife, mother of his children and beloved woman for him, she was great - she was a friend who supported him in everything.

Bezukhov, like all Decembrists, fought for truth, for the freedom of the people, for honor, it was these goals that caused him to join their ranks.

A long way of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth, which he had to understand, having passed the difficult trials of fate. We can say that, in spite of everything, the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he originally pursued. He tried to change this world for the better. And each of us should also strive for this goal, because the house consists of small bricks, and they are made of small grains of sand, and grains of sand are our good and fair deeds.

Secondary school No. 141

Topic: The theme of honor in the works of Russian writers
XIX century.

Class: 10 "B"

Head: Shulman Nina Nikolaevna

Moscow 2003

Issues of honor and morality are always a fundamental problem in the relationship of people in society. One of the important places is given to this topic in Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian writers of this significant period in the development of national history created works that not only fully reflected life, but also had a great moral and educational value, revealing the best that is in the people, on which this people should rely.

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens in the choice of an act, when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act honorably and take a blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice, and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor, is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, higher powers dispose of.

Moral decay, the fall of moral principles leads to the collapse of both the individual and the whole nation. Therefore, the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Bright images created by writers with love and vitality seem to acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of high worldly morality. His father had a negative view of the easy but dishonest ways to make a career at court. He did not want to send his young son to serve in St. Petersburg, in the guards
Petrush: “What will he learn by serving in St. Petersburg? To wind and hang out? - Andrey Petrovich says to his wife. - “No, let him serve in the army, yes, pull the strap, sniff gunpowder, yes
There will be a soldier, not a shamaton.” In parting words to his son, the father especially emphasizes the need to observe honor: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance, obey your superiors; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not dissuade from the service and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.
This parting word from his father remains with Grinev for life and helps him not to stray from the right path. Petrusha Grinev did not receive a good education, since his teacher was only the serf Savelich, who, however, considered it his duty to faithfully serve the master. His devotion to his master is far from slavish dependence. Savelich not only taught Petrush to read and write, but also gave him important life advice, which was dictated by his sincere love for the boy.

So in his family, Pyotr Grinev was brought up as a nobleman, true to his word and not considering it possible to change the oath for his own good.

Breaking away from home and parents, Pyotr Grinev gets involved in a card game and loses. Although Savelich persuaded him to evade the calculation, Grinev acted honorably and returned the gambling debt.

Grinev is kind and responsive. Despite Savelich's dissatisfaction, he did not regret giving his hare sheepskin coat to a tramp who showed him the way into the blizzard. Grinev could not help thanking the person who had rendered him a service. This act saved his life in the future. Good reciprocates good.

Moral trials awaited Grinev in his new military life. AT
Belogorod fortress, he became friends with the daughter of the commandant Masha Mironova.
Because of Masha, Pyotr Grinev quarreled with his comrade Shvabrin, who laughed at Grinev's tender feelings poured out in his poems.
Grinev entrusted Shvabrin with his poems, and the vile Shvabrin, guessing that they were addressed to Masha, began to speak obscenities about her. Later it turned out that he himself wooed Masha and, having received a refusal, wanted to discredit her name. Grinev challenged the offender to a duel, as he considered it his duty to protect the honor of the girl. Shvabrin's shamelessness was intolerable to him.

Shvabrin is mercenary and cowardly. His image, as it were, sets off the nobility
Grinev, for whom there is no other way but to act honorably, without thinking about his own benefit. Shvabrin is his complete opposite.

Even during the duel, having felt Grinev's strength, he took advantage of the fact that Grinev turned away, distracted by Savelich, who was hurrying to help, and struck him with a treacherous blow with a sword.

Then Grinev finds out that Shvabrin wrote a denunciation of him to his father.
Thus, the dishonorable behavior of Shvabrin arouses antipathy in the reader and thereby enhances the charm and attractiveness of Peter's character.
Andreevich Grinev.

The characters of Shvabrin and Grinev were especially evident during the Pugachev rebellion, when the issue of their life and death was being decided. At the same time, the behavior of the family of the commandant of the fortress is also remarkable. The concepts of honor and duty, loyalty to the oath were sacred to Masha's parents. They preferred death, but did not surrender to the rebels. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov was incapable of betrayal for the sake of his own well-being. His wife Vasilisa Egorovna was ready to share the fate of her husband so as not to surrender to the enemy.

Shvabrin is appreciative and indifferent to the suffering of these people. He treated ordinary people with contempt and thought only of how to save his own life at any cost. Feelings of duty and honor were not developed in him.
He broke the oath and went over to the side of the rebels, but not because he sympathized with them and shared their views, but only to save his life. And he also had a plan, having dealt with Grinev, to force Masha to marry him.

As for Grinev, it is quite clear that he preferred death. He could not change his oath and become an ally of Pugachev, the killer of Masha's parents.

Grinev would have been hanged if not for the desperate behavior of Savelich, who asked for his pardon and was ready to die instead of his master.
Savelich saved Grinev, showing devotion and fulfillment of his duty to protect Petrusha entrusted to him.

Pugachev appreciated Grinev as a man of honor. He himself set himself the noble goal of giving freedom and happiness to the serfs, and therefore he liked the nobility of the young officer. Grinev's morality influenced Pugachev. He released Masha and offered to be planted by their father at their wedding. Having received Grinev's polite refusal, Pugachev managed to understand him, since he also had mercy and honor.

Pugachev also understands that Shvabrin is dishonest and treats him with disdain.

Being arrested on a denunciation for his connection with the rebellious ataman, Grinev, for reasons of honor, does not name his beloved. But justice prevailed and the story had a happy ending.

So Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin showed an understanding of honor and duty from the standpoint of completely different people standing at different levels of society.
Moral qualities are brought up in a person, regardless of his education and social status.

An interesting remark by V. Belinsky, who said about Pushkin, that "by reading his works, one can educate a person in oneself in an excellent way."

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself was a "slave of honor", as another brilliant poet wrote about him in his poem "The Death of a Poet"
M.Yu.Lermontov. He fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who, with dubious behavior, could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander
Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

The shame of petty insults,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But the "wonderful genius" of Pushkin illuminates with his radiant light the lives of many and many generations of descendants, and the "empty heart" of Dantes did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also fought a duel, defending his honor. He was killed by Martynov. Still quite a young poet of genius, who created immortal works, caused irritation and anger of idle worthless envious people and, like Pushkin, accepted death for his honor.

The history of the Russian duel of the 19th century is the history of human tragedies, high impulses and passions. The concept of honor in the noble society of that time is connected with the dueling tradition. The readiness to pay with life for the inviolability of one's personal dignity implied a keen awareness of this dignity, a highly developed sense of honor. In addition, the underlying consciousness prompted duels, that the highest justice must be done and the right must win.

Often duels arose for the slightest provocation. So in Pushkin's poem "Eugene
Onegin ”Lensky challenged his friend Onegin to a duel because of unreasonable jealousy. Having "an ardent and rather strange spirit," "he was ignorant at heart." In love with the stupid and windy Olga, Lensky did not see her shortcomings. Onegin, not being a romantic, like Lensky, wanted to play a trick on him out of boredom. No bloodshed was inflicted. It was clear to everyone that it was a misunderstanding. However, Lensky did not want to give in.

Onegin reacted with annoyance and even contempt for the duel, in which he was involved against his own will. He was sincerely upset by the bloody outcome of the duel. Lensky died “in the bloom of joyful hopes”, offended by a friend, paying with his life for the insult: “A poet, a pensive dreamer, was killed by a friendly hand!”

Breters were not uncommon among the duelists. Breter is a man who flaunted his readiness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone. The risk of the breter was ostentatious, and the killing of the enemy was part of his calculations. It was a mixture of posturing and cruelty.

Negative options for a duel are also depicted by Pushkin in the story
"Shot". The hero of the story, Silvio, is looking for a pretext for a fight in order to assert his superiority in the hussar regiment; Bretersky habits are felt in it.

Talking about himself to Ivan Petrovich Belkin, he says: “I was the first brawler in the army ... Duels in our regiment happened every minute: I was either a witness or a protagonist for everyone.”

His opponent is a rich count, "the favorite of happiness", which caused irritation
Silvio with his superiority and luck. The count showed contempt for death: he ate cherries at gunpoint. Both opponents acted for the sake of their pride. Silvio's goal is not murder, but the desire to prove to himself and others that he is stronger and can rule over people. He was possessed by morbid pride and selfishness.

The murder did not happen, but Silvio left behind his shot. He devoted several years of his life to achieve triumph over the enemy and to avenge wounded pride. Limiting himself in everything, he practiced shooting every day and waited for the moment convenient to carry out his revenge.

Arriving at last to the count to fire back, Silvio did not kill him, but contented himself with making him tremble and witnessed his fright.

Pushkin describes the morals of young officers, "who usually see in courage the height of human virtues and an apology for all sorts of vices."

In M.Yu. Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time”, Pechorin kills Grushnitsky in a duel. Standing up for the honor of the lady, lowly slandered by Grushnitsky because of her inattention to him, Pechorin challenges the offender to a duel.
The cowardly Grushnitsky secretly agrees with his seconds to load only his pistol, leaving Pechorin a blank shot. Grushnitsky's immorality and cowardice are expressed in his dishonorable behavior towards the girl and towards his comrade, whom he envies.

Upon learning of the conspiracy, Pechorin offers Grushnitsky cruel conditions for a duel, or publicly renounce his slander and ask for his apology. Grushnitsky, in a fit of impotent hatred for the enemy, chooses to shoot without a chance for life and falls into the abyss, hit by a bullet
Pechorin.

Noteworthy is the duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described
LN Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace".

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian person, prone to philosophical reflection, far from worldly fuss and strife. He didn't know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel.
Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others.
He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks
God for not killing a man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen's guilt.

In Lermontov's drama "Masquerade", Arbenin, defending his honor, kills his beloved wife, believing in a skillfully woven intrigue.
Arbenin here acts as an egoist and a villain who ruined an innocent soul for the sake of his ambitions. Painful pride and a false idea of ​​honor made him a toy in the hands of crafty ill-wishers and pushed him to villainy.
Having poisoned his wife and learned that she was innocent before him, Arbenin repents terribly, but his life has already been broken.

So, the literary heroes of that era called offenders to the barrier and sometimes went to desperate deeds, defending their honor, the price of which was life itself.

In the grandiose in scale work "War and Peace"
LN Tolstoy pays the main attention to the problem of moral purity of the soul.

A sense of honor and duty, sincere generosity and purity are the guarantee of peace and happiness of people on earth. Showing what troubles the war brings to the world, Tolstoy concludes that only self-improvement, the desire of each person individually to become better, will save peoples from destruction and death more kindly.

Tolstoy's favorite heroes Andrei Bolkonsky and his relatives, Pierre Bezukhov, the Rostov family are sincere and noble people who understand their duty to their parents and the Fatherland, who live by honor and conscience.

Andrei Bolkonsky is a strong-willed and principled person. At the beginning of the novel, he dreams of military glory, waiting for a happy moment when "he will finally have to show everything that he can do", prove himself in battle.
“For this alone I live,” thought Prince Andrei.

Brought up by his father as General-in-Chief of Catherine's reign, who occupied a prominent position precisely because of his talents, and not because of his desire for a career, Prince Andrei learned the concepts of honor and duty to people and the fatherland. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky honestly served his fatherland and never served, as evidenced by his resignation and even exile under
Pavel.

The Bolkonskys are an old aristocratic family. They are rightfully proud of their services to the Fatherland. The high concept of honor, pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind, the old prince passed on to his son. Both despise upstarts and careerists like
Kuragin, for whom there is no concept of honor.

Prince Andrei dreams of a feat. He performs a feat in the battle of
Austerlitz, picking up the fallen banner and thereby inspiring the fleeing army

The image of Prince Andrei is given by Tolstoy in development. As a result of spiritual quest, he changes his idea of ​​the meaning of life. At the end of the book, having been mortally wounded in the battle of Borodino, the "divine love" for people became available to him - the love that should save the world from evil.

Prince Andrei never betrayed his duty and conscience. After breaking up with
Natasha Rostova, despite the mental pain inflicted on him, he does not challenge Kuragin to a duel, being above this. In this case, his nobility and sense of honor do not allow him to take offense at his own expense.
He leaves Natasha's betrayal on her conscience, because of which she suffers greatly.
Ultimately, Andrei Bolkonsky forgives Natasha her passion, understanding her inexperience and also realizing that he loves only her.

Andrei Bolkonsky is connected by friendship with Pierre Bezukhov. These two people distinguished each other among secular empty hypocrites, feeling the unity of views and guessing in each other a man of honor.

Pierre Bezukhov, like Prince Andrei, being in constant search for the meaning of life, never betrayed his honor and always acted like a decent person. He is infinitely kind and able to feel someone else's pain. Pierre's intense inner spiritual activity, his desire for self-improvement led him to an understanding of the infinity and beauty of being. He found his soul, which cannot be killed.

Pierre's observations of the behavior of ordinary people, their wisdom and naturalness taught him a lot. The moral purity of the people, the ability to sacrifice, spiritual nobility were a discovery for
Pierre Bezukhov and he gladly felt himself a part of this people, part of their spiritual strength.

On the example of the war of 1812, L.N. Tolstoy shows how the people heroically create history. The war of 1812 appears in the image of Tolstoy as a people's war. In a period of severe trials for the Fatherland, the defense of the Motherland becomes a “people's business”. The novel contains many images of ordinary men and soldiers. All of them are ready to die for their Motherland and are sure of victory. "They want to attack with all the people." The whole world is ready to defend the honor of their Fatherland and are unanimous in their decision not to give up their capital to the enemy. So that the "devils" did not get anything, it was decided to set fire to Moscow.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor, drawing images of two generals,
Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader.

An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else's, which does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination.

The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Deep patriotic feelings
Kutuzov, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people a source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who stand closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

In love for the Motherland, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the soldiers of his regiment are equal. In the regiment they called him "our prince", they were proud of him and loved him. Platon Karataev, a man from the people, became the spiritual teacher of Pierre Bezukhov. The soldiers called Pierre "our master."

Tolstoy opposes the false patriotism of the secular nobility to popular patriotism. The main goal of these people is to catch "crosses, rubles, ranks." The upper world was characterized by traits of duplicity and hypocrisy. Life in carefree luxury dulled the sense of honor and duty.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, a huge moral force was concluded, which cleansed and reborn Tolstoy's heroes. Their destinies followed the same path as the fate of the people. They came to the understanding that by defending the honor of their Fatherland, they preserve their honor.

List of used literature.

1. A. S. Pushkin:

"Captain's daughter"

"Eugene Onegin"

"Shot"

2. M. Yu. Lermontov

"Death of poet"

"Hero of our time"

"Masquerade"

3. L. N. Tolstoy.

In the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, a fat young man with glasses appears. This is Pierre Bezukhov. In the face of the hostess - anxiety and fear. What exactly scared her? The look of the young man - intelligent, timid, observant and - most importantly - natural, which, above all, distinguished him from everyone in the living room. A natural man among everything artificial, among dolls. And if you remember the massiveness of Pierre, will he not remind you of Gulliver among the Lilliputians? In any case, Andrei Bolkonsky had every reason to say to Pierre: "... you are one living person among our whole world."

Pierre is alive. This is his strength, but also his weakness: alive means vulnerable.

Not only for Prince Andrei, but also for Pierre, at first, the “Napoleonic complex” turns out to be characteristic. Pierre even saw the "greatness of the soul" of Napoleon in the fact that "for the common good, he could not stop before the life of one person." (Do you find in these arguments a certain similarity with the theories of Raskolnikov?)

In his quest, Pierre takes a different path than Prince Andrei. He refers not to the rational, but to the moral principle in man. This is a new type of hero in Russian literature, combining high intellectual culture, interest in philosophical problems with the integrity of nature, sincere democracy, natural kindness.

Pierre goes through sprees, freemasonry, philanthropy (charity, helping the needy), a passion for Napoleon, whom at first he considered "the greatest man in the world." Only the Patriotic War introduces him to the people's truth. Pierre finds peace of mind only by comprehending the people's view of life and renouncing the individualistic dualistic consciousness. In captivity, with direct, close communication with ordinary people, with Platon Karataev, a feeling of inner freedom comes to Pierre.

The image of Platon Karataev caused and causes conflicting opinions. It is widely believed that in this image the writer embodies the real, but weak side of the moral, psychological appearance of the Russian patriarchal peasant, his inherent humility, humility, non-resistance to evil by violence, etc. There is another point of view, according to which Karataev is the embodiment of the best folk traits - kindness, hard work, humanity. There is no doubt that Platon Karataev was very close to Tolstoy himself. Plato, the novel says, "remained forever in Pierre's soul the strongest and dearest memory and the personification of everything Russian, kind and round."

For Tolstoy round represented the ideal of perfection, inner harmony, but at the same time it contains the idea of ​​isolation and limitation. Pierre, on the other hand, built his life more broadly and more consciously than Karataev could have.

In this case, not only Tolstoy's heroes, but the author himself faced a most difficult problem. "People's thought", in the interpretation of Tolstoy, demanded the rejection not only of the individualistic, but also of the essence, and in general of the individual principle. The principle of “swarm” life was proclaimed, in which people, like bees, had to do one thing together, without standing out from the crowd. Pierre, accepting this principle, tries to be the same, "like everyone else." And Prince Andrei is trying to join the natural, folk elements (to find in himself what is "in every soldier"). It is significant that for them this movement is not downward (“towards the crowd”), but up, to the comprehension of the high people's truth, to the people, whose moral standards become a model for them. But they are not able to give up intellectual life, to continue the search for truth, because otherwise they would lose their human individuality.

In the works of a number of literary critics, it has already been noted that the truth for the author of "War and Peace" lies in the conjugation of universal values, embodied in the images of the main characters of the novel, with the leading principles of folk life.

It is felt that the writer does not approve of Pierre's new direction of activity. It so happened that the hero of the novel returns to the seemingly already overcome aspirations for the sole reorganization of society. Tolstoy writes: “It was a continuation of his self-satisfied reasoning about his success in Petersburg. It seemed to him at that moment that he was called upon to give a new direction to the whole of Russian society and to the whole world. material from the site

The writer is convinced that this cannot be done. Why does he bring Pierre back to those “self-satisfied” thoughts that should have remained in the past? Yes, because one of Tolstoy's favorite heroes is always on the road, he does not stop in his search and tirelessly seeks the truth - he fights, makes mistakes, starts and quits, starts again and quits again, and always fights ... Very I would like to recall once again the words of Tolstoy: "And calmness is spiritual meanness."

Pierre is enthusiastically listening to the son of Andrei Bolkonsky - fifteen-year-old Nikolenka. The dream of glory, of fame, which once possessed his father, manifests itself in him with unchildish strength. The thought of the heroes of ancient times inspires him: “I will do better. Everyone will know, everyone will love me, everyone will admire me. Truly, everything repeats itself in this life...

Pierre Bezukhov will undoubtedly face difficult life trials. A long, difficult path of research, "trial and error" opens up before Nikolenka Bolkonsky. The epilogue of the epic novel does not so much sum up the story as outlines new perspectives, which is quite natural for the genre in which War and Peace is written.

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The writer combined in him the best human qualities, showed through the prism of world-scale events the personal experiences of the character, the spiritual formation of the personality.

After finishing "War and Peace", Lev Nikolayevich said that he was ready to spend his whole life writing a novel, if only it would resonate in the hearts of his compatriots, so that the work would be addressed both after 20 years and after 30. The dreams of the author of the epic came true: after a century and a half The novel makes readers all over the world think about the meaning of life.

Novel "War and Peace"

Leo Tolstoy approached the creation of another imperishable work with inherent pedantry. "War and Peace" is five thousand sheets of drafts and seven years of hard work. The author, in an attempt to find the truth about the war, spent months studying documents, books and magazines about the events of 1812, even visited the battlefields in Borodino.

At first, the writer was going to create a novel about an exiled Decembrist, where the action takes place in the middle of the 19th century, then he changed his mind and returned 25 years ahead, then pushed back the framework to the beginning of the war with, and finally stopped at 1805.

The great artistic creation also went down in history as a new literary format. Lev Nikolayevich stubbornly searched for an unusual type of presentation, as a result he presented to the reading world a genre that had not yet existed - an epic novel that united dozens of destinies in the light of significant historical events.

Next to the central characters, the prose writer settled Pierre Bezukhov. The illegitimate son of Count Kirill Bezukhov, after 10 years spent abroad, returned to his native land. The reader meets the young man in the salon of Anna Scherer - this is Pierre's first appearance in the world. Society with disgust and irony looks at the naive bastad with his ridiculous appearance, manners and straightforward statements.

After the death of his father, Pierre Bezukhov inherits and acquires the status of an enviable groom, strikes in revelry and revelry. Soon he says goodbye to his bachelor life, taking Elena Kuragina, known as Helen, as his wife. The mistake in choosing a life partner is obvious - a stupid, prudent lady, moreover, is not distinguished by chastity, cheating on her husband right and left.

A shock for Pierre is the news of a love affair with a friend Fyodor Dorokhov. Only a duel can protect honor, in which the clumsy and harmless Bezukhov, forced by the laws of society to shoot himself, miraculously wounded his opponent. Living with Helen Kuragina is no longer bearable, and the young man is at odds with his wife.

From the very beginning, Lev Nikolayevich presents the character as a restless person who is trying to answer eternal questions about the meaning of life, purpose, love and hate. Spiritual quests are gaining momentum after treason and a duel, as a result, Pierre is fond of Freemasonry. But here, too, disappointment awaits: instead of higher motives, Bezukhov reveals the true goals of the movement - to rise in society, take possession of "uniforms and crosses", and have a good time in fashionable salons.

The events of 1812, which destroyed the ideals of the hero, help to recover from the experienced personal drama. Pierre Bezukhov sees the heroism of soldiers in the war and also follows their example, discovering courage, courage and the ability to sacrifice in his soul. The Battle of Borodino clearly shows Pierre how ordinary people defend their native land without much thought about the meaning of life.

Bezukhov decides to stay in the occupied capital, naively believing that he will kill Napoleon. But he is captured, where a fateful acquaintance with the peasant Platon Karataev happens.

The wisdom and high spirituality of a soldier changes Pierre's attitude to life and society. Surprisingly, only in captivity does the hero find peace, accept himself and the shortcomings of others: he understands “not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that a person was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs.”

However, a simple path to the complete acceptance of being is not for Pierre, he sees a way out in the moral renewal of society and decides to join the ranks of a secret organization. On the love front, fate presents Pierre with a gift - reciprocal feelings and a happy family life. Although before the couple reunited, years passed.

For the first time, Pierre saw a 13-year-old girl with an open and trusting soul visiting the Rostovs. For a very long time, Bezukhov treated her like a child, watching with interest the development and formation of a person. Natasha, betrothed to a close friend of Pierre, betrayed her fiancé, almost escaping with Kuragin, Helen's brother, who had seduced her. The betrayal shocks Bezukhov, besides, he feels some involvement in the fall of the heroine, because he was still married to Helen.

But soon the girl woke up from the spell of Kuragin and plunged into a pool of strong emotions. Bezukhov supported Natasha - and through these sufferings he examined the pure soul of the heroine. Feelings arose gradually, only after the death of Bolkonsky, communicating with Rostova, he realized that he was full of love for this pure, high being. At the end of the novel, Natasha Rostova accepts a marriage proposal from Pierre Bezukhov, and years later the couple raise four children.

Image

Leo Tolstoy could not decide on the name of one of the key characters in the novel. Before becoming Pyotr Kirillovich Bezukhov, his “passport data” changed three times: in the sketches he appeared as Prince Kushnev, then Pyotr Medynsky, then Arkady Bezukhy. And when the author conceived a work about the Decembrists, the hero bore the name Pyotr Lobazov. Moreover, Pierre does not have a specific prototype, as the writer admitted, the character is in many ways similar to himself.

In the appearance of the hero there is no aristocracy. Readers get acquainted with a well-fed young man with a cropped head and glasses - in a word, nothing remarkable. A sullen, somewhat stupid face, sometimes with the expression of a guilty person, is instantly changed by a smile - then Pierre even becomes handsome. The absurdity of the image, absent-mindedness causes ridicule from the environment. However, observant people notice a timid, but intelligent look.

Tolstoy concluded in the character all the best characteristics, making him a standard for all time. Brilliant education, kindness, willingness to rush to help, nobility, innocence and gullibility - from the first pages Bezukhov evokes sympathy. He doesn’t even hate his opponent in a duel, on the contrary, he justifies Dorokhov - who knows, perhaps Pierre could have been in the place of his wife’s lover.

The novel reflects the evolution of the character of Pierre Bezukhov. From a naive and driven person, he turns into a self-sufficient person. The character manages to come to inner harmony.

Screen adaptations

They tried to transfer the novel of the great Russian writer to the screen back in the era of silent films. The viewer saw the first picture directed by Pyotr Chardynin in 1913. By the middle of the century, the film version of the epic was successfully presented by the Americans - the film received three nominations for the Oscar and the Golden Globe Award.

The Soviet authorities decided to give an answer to foreigners, entrusting the director with a case of "national importance". It took six years and 18 million rubles to create the picture. As a result - the main prize of the Moscow International Film Festival and "Oscar".

"War and Peace" inspired the film industry to create two series. The first was released on the BBC channel in 1972, the script of which was written for 20 episodes. The production of the 2007 television version brought together several countries - Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Poland. And after almost 10 years, the BBC corporation again took up the matter, revealing to the world, which includes six episodes.

• 1913 - "War and Peace" (dir. Pyotr Chardynin)
• 1915 - "Natasha Rostova" (dir. Pyotr Chardynin)
• 1956 - "War and Peace" (dir. King Vidor)
• 1967 - "War and Peace" (dir. Sergei Bondarchuk)
• 1972 - "War and Peace" (dir. John Davis)
• 2007 - "War and Peace" (dir. Robert Dornhelm)
• 2016 - "War and Peace" (dir. Tom Harper)

actors

The magnificent picture of King Vidor, based on Tolstoy's novel, brought together brilliant actors. The role of Pierre Bezukhov went to Henry Fonda, although they planned to shoot. But the man flatly refused to join the company on the set in the image of Natasha Rostova. Later, the actress said that it was difficult to get used to such a difficult role.

Sergei Bondarchuk could not decide who to give the role of Countess Rostova to. The master of the cinema was brought a ballerina - a tender and fragile girl, but a blonde, while Tolstoy's heroine has dark hair. Lyudmila did not pass the audition, but got a second chance. On the screens, viewers see the actress in a wig. Bastard Bezukhov was performed by the director himself, and the charming friend of Andrei Bolkonsky played.

In the 1972 series, the restless hero was presented, so convincingly that the actor was awarded a BAFTA award.

The authors of the television series "War and Peace" in 2007 allowed themselves to deviate from the storyline of the work of the Russian classic, changing some points. So, Helen Kuragina died of a terrible disease (in the book, the consequences of an abortion led to death), and in the duel Nikolai Rostov acted as Pierre's second (in fact, he was an assistant to the enemy). Yes, and Natasha Rostova in performance is not similar to the image described in the novel.

(Andrey Bolkonsky) and (Natasha Rostova). And he demonstrated the evolution of the character of Pierre Bezukhov.

Quotes

"We all know what evil is for ourselves"

“How easy, how little effort is needed to do so much good,” thought Pierre, “and how little we care about it!”

“We can only know that we know nothing. And this is the highest degree of human wisdom.”

“A person cannot own anything while he is afraid of death. And whoever is not afraid of her, everything belongs to him.

“The main thing is to live, the main thing is to love, the main thing is to believe”

“You are the kind of people who come to people when they are happy to spoil their mood”