State bodies of the federal level. Federal executive authorities

Federal authorities are the authorities exercising power at the federal level.

Horizontally, the constitutional system of federal government bodies is formed by: a) the Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - a representative and legislative body of state power; b) the President, the Government and other executive bodies of the Russian Federation and c) federal courts (the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the system of arbitration courts of Russia and the system of courts of general jurisdiction, except for magistrates who belong to the courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation),

Legislative power in the Russian Federation is represented by the highest legislative body: the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers: the State Duma and the Federation Council. Power powers exercised by the adoption of laws binding on all in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Executive power in the Russian Federation is represented by a system of federal executive bodies. Authoritative powers are exercised by making decisions, resolutions, and other by-laws. In addition to the Government of the Russian Federation specified in the Constitution, there are other federal executive bodies - federal ministries, federal services, federal agencies, as well as their territorial bodies. The system of federal executive bodies directly subordinate to the Government of the Russian Federation is approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities. In the system of federal bodies, it is put in first place and is not directly related to any of the main branches of government.

As in any state, in the Russian Federation there are state authorities that are not included in any of the three powers - legislative, executive and judicial. At the same time, these bodies are created and operate in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws. By their status, they are independent bodies of state power. These bodies include the following federal government bodies:

1. The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. This is a unified federal centralized system of bodies exercising supervision on behalf of the Russian Federation over the implementation of laws in force on its territory. The prosecutor's office is regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 129, located in ch. 7 "Judicial power". However, this location in the Constitution is rather a tribute to the traditional approach, which considered the prosecutor's office in close connection with the activities of the judiciary. But the prosecutor's office is not a judicial body, and one of its main functions - supervision over the observance of human rights and freedoms, the implementation of laws, etc. - is not directly related to the activities of the judiciary. The prosecutor's office also takes part in law-making activities, coordinates the activities of law enforcement agencies in combating crime and criminal prosecution, as well as a number of other functions.

The Prosecutor's Office operates on the basis of the Federal Law "On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation" dated November 17, 1995, which, in particular, prohibits the interference of anyone in the implementation of prosecutorial activities. The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is appointed and dismissed by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. Financing and material and technical support of the bodies and institutions of the prosecutor's office are carried out at the expense of the federal budget. The prosecutor's office may not be entrusted with the performance of functions not provided for by federal laws. The Prosecutor General annually submits to the chambers of the Federal Assembly a report on the state of law and order in the Russian Federation and on the work done to strengthen them, which, however, cannot be considered as establishing the full accountability of the prosecutor's office.

2. Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The status of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution and the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" dated April 26, 1995 (as amended). The Constitution of the Russian Federation (parts 1 and 2 of article 75) establishes that the issue of money is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Its main function is to protect and ensure the stability of the ruble, and it performs this function independently of other state authorities. The Bank of Russia is not subordinate to the Government of the Russian Federation, although it acts in cooperation with it. He is accountable to the State Duma, which appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Bank, as well as members of the Board of Directors, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. The Bank submits to the State Duma for consideration an annual report, as well as an auditor's report.

At the same time, the Law states that, within the limits of its authority, the Bank of Russia is independent in its activities. Federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities do not have the right to interfere in the activities of the Bank in the implementation of its legally enshrined functions and powers. Regulations of the Bank of Russia are obligatory for federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, all legal entities and individuals.

All these norms create a unique status for the Bank of Russia. The bank is created and in certain forms controlled by the State Duma, but, of course, is not among the bodies of legislative power. It is also not an executive body. This is an autonomous body of state power, which, within its competence, does not depend on either the President of the Russian Federation, or the Federal Assembly, or the Government of the Russian Federation.

Only the Federal Law can amend the status of the Bank, which, in particular, was done by the Federal Law of June 20, 1996, which established the deadlines for submitting to the State Duma the draft main directions of the unified state monetary policy for the coming year and these main directions themselves. (respectively, no later than October 1 and December 2).

3. The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is a permanent body of state financial control formed by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and accountable to it. According to the Federal Law "On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation" dated January 11, 1995, within the framework of its tasks. The Accounts Chamber has organizational and functional independence. This body, provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, exercises control over the execution of revenue and expenditure items of the federal budget and the budgets of federal off-budget funds, determines the efficiency and expediency of spending state funds and federal property, etc. The Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of the auditors are appointed by the State Duma, and the Deputy Chairman and the second half of the auditors - the Federation Council. The functions of the Accounts Chamber are quite wide, no state authority has the right to refuse it the required information, audits and inspections. Its instructions are binding.

The Accounts Chamber regularly submits to the Federation Council and the State Duma information on the progress in the implementation of the federal budget and the results of control measures being taken. It interacts with the control bodies of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, without being, by its nature, a body of legislative or executive power.

It should be noted that the limits of interaction between the Accounts Chamber and the executive and judicial authorities have not been sufficiently clear so far. Due to the conflict of the federal laws themselves, the powers of the Accounts Chamber are in conflict with the independent status of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, based on the principle of separation of powers. Financial control and audits by the Accounts Chamber, not without reason, are perceived by these bodies as a violation of their independence and unacceptable, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, control of the legislature over its internal activities. As a result, a number of incidents arose that prompted the State Duma to protest against the Government of the Russian Federation ignoring the conclusions and recommendations of the Accounts Chamber based on the results of audits and inspections. However, there is no effective mechanism to ensure these conclusions and recommendations.

4. The Central Election Commission operates on a permanent basis in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Basic Guarantees of the Electoral Rights of Citizens of the Russian Federation" dated December 6, 1994. This body manages the activities of election commissions for the election of the President of the Russian Federation, deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and as well as holding referendums in the Russian Federation.

The Central Election Commission consists of 15 members appointed by the State Duma, the Federation Council and the President of the Russian Federation (5 members each of these bodies). The instructions and explanations issued by the commission are obligatory for all election commissions in the Russian Federation, and in essence they are of a normative nature, regulating almost all areas of preparation and conduct of elections.

The special status of the Central Election Commission is also manifested in the complete absence of control and accountability in relation to any state authority.

5. Commissioner for Human Rights. This body of state power is provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establishes that the Commissioner for Human Rights is appointed to and dismissed by the State Duma. The rights and tasks of this official are determined by the Federal Constitutional Law of February 26, 1997. The Commissioner is called upon to ensure state protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, from which it follows that in the exercise of functions he must remain independent and not accountable to any state bodies and officials .

6. Academy of Sciences. In accordance with the Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated August 23, 1996, the Russian Academy of Sciences, branch academies of sciences (Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering, The Russian Academy of Arts) have state status, are established by federal authorities, and are financed from the federal budget.

The Russian Academy of Sciences, branch academies of sciences include scientific organizations and other institutions and enterprises of scientific service and the social sphere.

The structure of the Russian Academy of Sciences and branch academies of sciences, the procedure for the activities and financing of their constituent scientific organizations in the field of scientific services are determined by them independently. The work of the academies is led by elected presidiums and presidents, the academies are created, reorganized and abolished on the proposal of the Government of the Russian Federation by the legislative bodies of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are recognized as self-governing organizations operating on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and their own charters. Academies submit to the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation reports on the conducted scientific researches and their results.

Numerous other academies, which are varieties of public associations, have nothing in common with academies that have state status.

Thus, the Constitutional system of federal bodies of state power is horizontally formed by: a) the Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - a representative and legislative body of state power; b) the President, the Government and other executive bodies of the Russian Federation and c) federal courts (the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the system of arbitration courts of Russia and the system of courts of general jurisdiction, except for magistrates who belong to the courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation),

The mechanism of the Russian state is a system of bodies endowed with power and performing the functions of the state. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is a federal state, its mechanism consists of federal bodies and bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, state power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.

State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the bodies of state power formed by them. The subjects of the Russian Federation are granted the right to independently establish a system of state authorities, the procedure for their organization and activities and their competence in accordance with the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the general principles of the organization of public authorities established by federal law. In this regard, various systems of organization of state power have developed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The interaction of federal government bodies and bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the subjects of jurisdiction, enshrined in Art. 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the federal executive body is allowed to create its own territorial bodies and appoint appropriate officials. In the course of their activities, the federal bodies of the Russian Federation have the right to make generally binding decisions on issues within the competence of the Russian Federation, and to ensure their execution with the help of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, on issues referred to the exclusive competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation make independent decisions, which may even contradict legal acts federal authorities.

The difference in the subjects of jurisdiction of federal bodies and bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation does not mean the simultaneous existence of two qualitatively different mechanisms of the state. The unity of the mechanism of the Russian state is ensured by the foundations of the constitutional system, which consolidate the power of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, the principles of legality, separation of powers, democracy, organic combination subordination and coordination.

The principle of legality ensures the creation of a unified political and legal regime in the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the consistency of their actions, the implementation of measures enshrined in regulatory legal acts of federal bodies on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their specifics and the interests of the population.

Consistent consolidation and implementation of the principle of separation of powers ensures the unity of the organizational basis of the federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The system of checks and balances applied at the federal level is taken into account by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, creatively applied by them when constituting their own system of state authorities. As experience is accumulated, the optimal version of the system of checks and balances at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation will be enshrined in a special federal law.

The democratic nature of the mechanism of the Russian state is expressed in the right of the people to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives, including electing and being elected to state authorities, participating in the administration of justice, applying personally, as well as directing individual and collective appeals to any state bodies.

The principle of subordination and coordination of the components of the system of the mechanism of the Russian state requires strict state discipline, vertical subordination to higher authorities and coordination of activities with authorities performing the same or common tasks. The negative attitude of individual bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to this principle, the desire to get out of subordination to the center on issues related to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, creates additional artificial obstacles to economic, social and other reforms, introduces disharmony into the activities of a single state mechanism .

The soloist role in the coordinated interaction of all components of the mechanism of the Russian state is played by federal bodies. Of particular importance is the activity of the President of the Russian Federation as the head of state, designed to ensure the coordinated interaction of all branches of government both at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation and endowed with special powers for this purpose.

President of Russian Federation

As head of state, the President plays a special role in the mechanism of the state. According to Art. 80 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he is:

1) the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;

2) takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation;

3) ensures the coordinated action of public authorities;

4) determines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy;

5) represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.

All the activities of the President, in whatever area they manifest themselves, are ultimately aimed at protecting the Constitution, ensuring its rigorous validity. Of particular importance is the task of creating such a legal regime in which not a single body of the state, not a single official would violate the Constitution, would not adopt legal acts that contradicted it, and would not violate the rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen.

To this end, the President is endowed with broad powers in the selection of candidates for key government posts. He appoints some of them independently, the other part - the State Duma or the Federation Council at his suggestion. The State Duma gives its consent to the appointment by the President of the Chairman of the Government and, at the proposal of the President, appoints the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation also submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the positions of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Independently, the President of the Russian Federation makes a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints deputy chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers, forms the Security Council, the Presidential Administration, appoints plenipotentiary representatives of the President in the subjects of the Federation, the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ambassadors of the Russian Federation in foreign states.

The Constitution provides the President of the Russian Federation with other ways of directly influencing the activities of state bodies. To ensure the effective operation of the federal legislative power, the President is endowed with the right of legislative initiative, i.e. may submit its bills for consideration by the State Duma. He also signs federal laws and has the right of suspensive veto, ie. may reject the law and send it for reconsideration, setting out the reasons for non-signing. The President calls the elections of the State Duma and, in the cases established by the Constitution, may dissolve it ahead of schedule.

The annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation, with which he addresses the Federal Assembly, have a great influence on the legislative body of the Russian Federation, other bodies of state power and the public of the country. Such messages contain a list of the main problems in society and the state and ways to solve them. Thus, the annual messages contribute to the coordination of the efforts of all state bodies in solving the most important tasks of society and the state.

The role of the President of the Russian Federation in ensuring the effective work of the Government of the Russian Federation and other bodies is very significant. executive power. Thus, the President has the right to preside and speak at meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation, to cancel the decisions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation in case they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In the event of disagreements between the state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as between the state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, the President of the Russian Federation uses conciliation procedures. The Constitution does not name specific forms of these procedures, leaving the right to determine them to the President himself, taking into account the specific conditions and essence of the conflict.

The President has the right to suspend acts of the executive authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation that contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws or violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Acts are suspended until they are considered by a competent court.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation exercises leadership of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, including on behalf of the state he negotiates and signs international treaties, ratifications, accepts letters of credence and revocable diplomatic representatives accredited to the President.

As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President of the Russian Federation approves the concept and plans for the construction and use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, approves plans for the deployment of the Armed Forces, deployment of military facilities, negotiates and signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation on issues of collective security and disarmament.

In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, the President introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas. The President of the Russian Federation also has the right to introduce a state of emergency throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation or its individual areas. As in the case of the introduction of martial and state of emergency, the President of the Russian Federation must immediately inform the Federation Council and the State Duma about this, i.e. both chambers of the Federal Assembly. The final decision on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency in the country or part of it is made by the Federation Council. In the event of a negative decision of the Federation Council regarding the decrees of the President on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency, the latter must be canceled or revised.

The President of the Russian Federation is also authorized to resolve a significant part of the issues related to the realization of the rights and freedoms of individuals - citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons. So, he solves the issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and granting political asylum, awarding state awards of the Russian Federation, conferring honorary titles of the Russian Federation, higher military and special ranks. The President also grants pardons to persons serving criminal sentences on the basis of a court verdict.

In the process of his multifaceted state-legal activities, the President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, acts adopted by the President must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

The President of the Russian Federation is elected on the basis of general equal direct elections and by secret ballot. A citizen of Russia not younger than 35 years old and permanently residing in Russia for at least 10 years can be elected President.

The exercise of powers by the President begins with the taking of an oath in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The powers of the President are limited to the expiration of his tenure in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath.

The Constitution provides for the possibility of early termination of the powers of the President on three grounds:

1) on the initiative of the President himself;

2) in case of permanent disability;

3) at the initiative of the Federal Assembly - in the event that it decides to remove the President from office.

The Constitution defines only the procedure for terminating the powers of the President in the event of his removal from office. The mechanism for the resignation of the President on the grounds of his persistent disability for health reasons remained unsettled in the Constitution. So far, it has not been resolved at the level of current legislation.

According to the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation can be removed from office by the Federation Council. However, the initiative in this matter should come from the State Duma. The basis for dismissal is the fact that the President has committed treason or another grave crime. The Criminal Code includes espionage, sabotage, sabotage, propaganda of war, calls for a violent change in the constitutional order, taking a bribe, abuse of power or official authority under aggravating circumstances, etc.

The procedure for removing the President from office is carried out in three stages:

The first stage is reduced to the nomination by the State Duma of an accusation that the President has committed a grave crime. The initiative in making such a decision may come from a group of deputies of the State Duma numbering at least 1/3 of the total
th number. To consider this issue at a meeting of the State Duma, the conclusion of a special commission formed by the State Duma itself is required. The decision is made by a qualified majority, i.e. by two-thirds of the votes of the total number of deputies of the chamber;

At the second stage, it is necessary to obtain the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation gives an opinion on the presence of signs of a serious crime in the actions of the President. The Constitutional Court gives an opinion that the established procedure for bringing charges against the President was observed;

The third stage of the procedure for removing the President of the Russian Federation from office includes the adoption by the Federation Council of a decision on this issue. The decision is made on the basis of consideration of all materials confirming the correctness of the decisions of the State Duma, the conclusions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The issue is considered to be resolved positively if at least two-thirds of the votes of the total number of members of the Federation Council vote in favor of the decision. However, this decision must be made within three months after the State Duma charges against the President. If a decision is not made within the specified period, then the charges against the President are considered dismissed.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation - it is the representative and legislative body of the country. It exercises legislative power - adopts federal laws, and also resolves other issues related to the competence of representative bodies of power.

The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation consists of two chambers - the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies elected by the population, and the Federation Council - of 178 members. This chamber includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation - the heads of its representative and executive bodies.

The Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately.

Joint sessions of the chambers according to Art. 100 of the Constitution can be held in three cases:

1) listening to the annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation;

2) hearing messages from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

3) listening to the speeches of the leaders of foreign states.

The most important activity of the Federal Assembly is the approval of the federal budget, prepared by the highest federal executive body - the Government of the Russian Federation. Initially, the budget is considered and approved in the form of a federal law by the State Duma, and then approved by the Federation Council. To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council and the State Duma form the Accounts Chamber, the composition and procedure for which is determined by federal law.

Each of the chambers of the Federal Assembly also has certain powers that are unique to it. The most important prerogative of the State Duma is the adoption of federal laws and the approval of the federal budget.

In accordance with the Regulations of the State Duma, the process of adopting a federal law is carried out, as a rule, in three readings. During the first reading, the main provisions of the concept and the draft law itself are discussed. The second reading is reduced to a detailed discussion of the draft law, each of its articles and amendments made following the results of the first reading of the draft law. The third reading of the bill is reduced to voting for or against the draft as a whole. It is not allowed to make any additions or changes to the draft law at this stage of lawmaking.

A federal law is considered adopted if more than half of the total number of deputies of the State Duma voted for it. For the adoption of federal constitutional laws, an absolute majority is required - at least 2/3 of the votes of deputies.

In order to ensure the effective operation of executive authorities, the State Duma has the right to take the following actions:

1) The State Duma gives consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

2) The State Duma passes a vote of no confidence in the Government, which is either accepted by the President or left without consequences. The president may disagree vote lack of confidence in the Government, dissolve the State Duma and call new elections;

3) The State Duma appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights;

4) The State Duma brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation in order to remove him from office.

A feature of the legislative competence of the Federation Council is that it cannot make changes and additions to federal laws, both those in force and those just adopted by the State Duma. For this is the prerogative of the State Duma. However, the Federation Council has the right of legislative initiative and can submit its own draft federal law, as well as a draft law, for consideration by the State Duma.

providing for the introduction of amendments and additions to the laws adopted by the State Duma.

For a federal law to come into force, it must be approved by the Federation Council, which serves as a serious barrier to populist and ill-conceived laws passed by the State Duma.

A federal law is considered approved if more than half of the total number of members of this chamber voted for it. The law is also considered approved if it has not been considered by the Federation Council within fourteen days. The exception is particularly important federal laws that directly affect the interests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which must be necessarily considered by the Federation Council. These are laws on the issues of the federal budget, federal taxes and fees, financial, currency, credit and customs regulation, money emission, ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation, war and peace, status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation.

In cases of rejection of a federal law, the Federation Council, together with the State Duma, may form a conciliation commission in order to develop a compromise version of legal regulation. However, the decisive word still remains with the State Duma. Only she can change the content of the federal law and make changes proposed by the Federation Council. However, it can also act in another way - to leave the federal law unchanged by voting for it with 2/3 of the votes of the total number of deputies of the State Duma.

The exclusive competence of the Federation Council includes, first of all, the dismissal of the President from office. On the basis of the President's accusation of committing a grave crime against the State, the Federation Council makes the final decision on this issue. The Federation Council also appoints judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. Appoints and dismisses the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

A significant part of the exclusive competence of the Federation Council consists of issues that directly affect the interests of all or most of the subjects of the Federation. Thus, this chamber approves changes in the borders between the subjects of the Russian Federation, provided that the subjects of the Federation, whose borders are changing, agreed to this decision. The Federation Council approves the decision of the subjects by adopting an appropriate act on this issue.

The Federation Council approves presidential decrees on the introduction of a state of war or a state of emergency and decides on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Since the implementation of foreign policy management is attributed to the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council can also consider the issue of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation both on its own initiative and on the proposal of the President.

The Federation Council also calls the election of the President of the Russian Federation upon the expiration of his term of office, as well as in cases of resignation, inability for health reasons to exercise the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, or removal from office.

Government of the Russian Federation

The government of the Russian Federation heads the executive branch and ensures its effective action. It consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Vice-Chairmen of the Russian Federation and federal ministers. Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation identifies seven main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation.

1. The government develops the federal budget, submits it to the State Duma and ensures execution. The federal budget is a set of expenses and incomes of the Russian Federation for the year and is the most important instrument of state policy. As the body responsible for the implementation of the budget, the Government has the right to issue opinions on draft laws that provide for additional expenditures from the federal budget. These are, in particular, draft laws providing for an increase in wages for employees of state enterprises.
ties and institutions, on changing the financial obligations of the state, abolishing taxes or granting tax breaks .

2. The Government of the Russian Federation pursues a unified financial, credit and monetary policy. The main guidelines for the state's activities in this area are defined in the Government's program "Development of reforms and stabilization of the Russian economy." The main
dachas decided by the Government come down to reducing the federal budget deficit, strengthening its revenue side, and preventing an uncontrolled increase in budget expenditures.

3. An important role is played by the Government in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and ecology. It ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in all these areas through their financing, as well as the adoption of effective measures for the organization and effective activities of the governing bodies of culture, science, education, and medicine. The main tasks of the Government are to provide quality education, both general and professional, to preserve and develop the national culture, stimulate its national diversity, provide effective medical care to the population, and further develop the scientific potential of the country.

4. The government manages federal property, which includes buildings, structures, enterprises that form the basis of the country's national wealth, defense production facilities, railways, communications and other objects of industries that ensure the vital activity of the country's national economy . The government decides on the creation and liquidation of federally owned enterprises, appoints representatives of the state in enterprises created with the participation of the state and other persons, etc.

5. Among the main measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense are equipping the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with weapons and military equipment, materiel, resources and services, determining the procedure for military registration, organizing control over the export of weapons and military equipment, ensuring military servicemen and members of their families with housing.

6. The government pays great attention to ensuring the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime.

It should be noted that the list of powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is not exhaustive. According to Art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government also exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In particular, it has the right of legislative initiative, establishes tariff benefits, etc.

The Government of the Russian Federation adopts resolutions and orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. After the appointment, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submits to the President of the Russian Federation his proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies, i.e. a list of central bodies of federal executive power subordinated to the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman also proposes to the President of the Russian Federation candidates for the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers. Candidates for the positions of heads of other federal executive bodies are presented in a similar manner. The final decision on all proposed candidates is made by the President of the Russian Federation.

The initiative for the resignation of the Government may come from the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation itself or the State Duma.

The government resigns in its entirety. It makes a decision on this at a meeting of the Government by a majority of votes in connection with any serious circumstances in the country: the economic crisis, the inability of the Government to ensure the implementation of federal laws, etc.

The decision of the State Duma on no confidence in the Government is adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The decision is adopted after hearing the statement of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and discussing the need and expediency of a vote of no confidence.

The President may disagree with the resolution of the State Duma on no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government will continue to work. The State Duma may re-express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. If she takes such an action within three months after the first vote of no confidence, then the President is obliged to make a choice: either he announces the resignation of the Government, or decides to dissolve the State Duma.

The President of the Russian Federation can take a decision on the resignation of the Government on his own initiative, as a rule, in the event of contradictions between him and the Government of the Russian Federation, unsatisfactory work of the Government and on other grounds.

The question of a vote of no confidence in the Government of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the State Duma can take on the initiative of the Government. As a rule, the Government decides to take such a step in cases of any serious disagreement with the State Duma on the most important bill, the federal budget, etc. If the State Duma refuses to trust the Government of the Russian Federation, then the President must either dismiss the Government or dissolve the State Duma and call new elections.

In the event of resignation or resignation, the Government of the Russian Federation continues to act until the formation of a new Government of the Russian Federation.

Justice authorities in the Russian Federation

The Constitution calls the court the only body competent to administer justice. At the same time, judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal justice. In accordance with the named types of legal proceedings, the judicial system of the Russian Federation is also determined. The constitution names only the upper level of the judiciary: Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. Other links of this system are established by federal laws.

Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. Judges of other federal courts are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution establishes three mandatory requirements for candidates for the position of a judge: reaching the age of 25, having a higher legal education and at least five years of work experience in the legal specialty. However, federal laws may establish other requirements for judges of the courts of the Russian Federation. In particular, a qualified lawyer with an impeccable reputation, at least 40 years of age and with at least 15 years of experience in the legal specialty, can become a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

The most important guarantees of justice are the principles enshrined in the Constitution:

1) the independence of judges and their subordination only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;

2) the irremovability of judges and a special procedure for the termination or suspension of powers;

3) the inviolability of judges and the possibility of bringing them to justice in the manner determined by federal law.

Consistent implementation of the principle of separation of powers by the Constitution of the Russian Federation implies the creation of real conditions for the judiciary, including all judges, to be truly independent of the legislative and executive authorities. The Constitution takes a decisive step in this direction, having fixed the principle of the irremovability of judges. This principle means, firstly, that there is no limitation on the powers of a judge by any term, with certain exceptions established by federal law, and secondly, that it is impossible to suspend or terminate the powers of a judge except on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law, and thirdly, a judge is not subject to transfer to another position or to another court without his consent.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the principle of inviolability of judges and the impossibility of bringing them to criminal responsibility otherwise than in the manner determined by federal law.

The most important guarantee of the full and independent administration of justice is the constitutional provision that the courts are financed only from the federal budget. The current legislation, which determines the procedure for compiling the state budget, provides for annual appropriations for the maintenance of courts. The provision of courts of general jurisdiction with personnel, material and other resources is entrusted to a special unit under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

A special place in the system of justice is occupied by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which exercises constitutional control in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, ensure the rule and direct effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation throughout the Russian Federation.

To fulfill the assigned tasks, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has the following powers:

1. Gives an opinion on the conformity of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with federal laws, regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation gives similar conclusions regarding the normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including the constitutions of the republics, charters, laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, issued on issues related to the jurisdiction of state authorities of the Russian Federation or jointly administered by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Constitutional Court also has the right to consider cases on the compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of agreements concluded by state authorities of the Russian Federation with state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as international treaties of the Russian Federation that have not entered into force.

The Constitutional Court gives its opinions at the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, one fifth of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as legislative and executive authorities. these subjects of the Russian Federation.

2. The jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation includes consideration of individual or collective complaints of citizens about the violation of their constitutional rights and freedoms through the application of non-constitutional laws and other regulatory legal acts. In the process of considering a complaint, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation checks the constitutionality of the law applied or to be applied in a particular case. Associations of citizens, courts and other bodies and persons specified in the constitutional federal law have the right to apply to the Constitutional Court.

3. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes on competence between the federal state authorities of the Russian Federation, between them and the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, between the highest state bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

4. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is vested with the right to interpret the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Interpretation acts are obligatory for all public authorities, officials, citizens and their associations.

5. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation participates in the procedure for removing the President of the Russian Federation from office and issues an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges of high treason or committing another serious crime.

Laws, other normative legal acts, their individual provisions, recognized as unconstitutional, lose their force immediately after the relevant decision is made by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and international treaties that do not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not subject to entry into force and application.

The foregoing indicates that at present there is a process of convergence of the functions and powers of the head of state with the functions and powers of the head of the executive branch.

The executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation. It is the highest executive body of state power of the Russian Federation, heading a unified system of executive power.

The legal basis for the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" of December 17, 1997, as amended and supplemented in the same year.

The Government of the Russian Federation is a collegial body consisting of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.

Prime Minister The Russian Federation is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Appointment to the post of Chairman of the Government is carried out with the consent of the State Duma. Dismissal from office is possible at the request of the Chairman of the resignation, as well as in case of impossibility of the Chairman of the Government to exercise his powers.

The candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is submitted no later than two weeks after the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes office or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, or within a week from the day the candidacy was rejected by the State Duma.

The State Duma considers the candidature of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submitted by the President of the Russian Federation within a week from the date of the proposal for a candidate.

After the State Duma rejects three nominees for the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections.

The Chairman of the Government, no later than one week after his appointment, submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies; proposes to the President of the Russian Federation the candidacies of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation and federal ministers; in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation determines the main areas of activity of the Government and organizes its work (Articles 112,113 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation coordinate the work of federal executive bodies, give them instructions and control their activities; preliminary consideration of proposals, draft resolutions and orders submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation.

federal ministers how members of the Government participate in the consideration and discussion of all issues at its meetings, while having the right to a decisive vote.

Powers of the Government of the Russian Federation enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 114), federal laws and Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

1. Government of the Russian Federation:

a) develops and submits to the State Duma the federal budget and ensures its execution; submits to the State Duma a report on the execution of the federal budget;

b) ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation;

in) ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology;

G) manages federal property;

e) carries out measures to ensure the defense of the country, state security, the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

e) takes measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, the fight against crime;

g) exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation is determined by federal constitutional laws.

The government is guided in its activities by a number of principles, to which in particular include:

The supremacy of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws;

The principle of democracy;

The principle of separation of powers;

The principle of responsibility;

The principle of publicity;

The principle of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues resolutions and orders and ensures their implementation.

The cases and procedure for the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation are provided for in Art. 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and art. 35 of the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation".

The Government of the Russian Federation resigns its powers before the newly elected President of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation may submit a resignation, which is accepted or rejected by the President of the Russian Federation.

The President of the Russian Federation may decide on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma may express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. A resolution of no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation is adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. After the State Duma expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to announce the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or disagree with the decision of the State Duma. If the State Duma repeatedly expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation within three months, the President of the Russian Federation announces the resignation of the Government or dissolves the State Duma.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation may raise the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation before the State Duma. If the State Duma refuses confidence, the President within seven days decides on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or on the dissolution of the State Duma and the appointment of new elections.

In the event of resignation or resignation of powers, the Government of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, continues to act until the formation of a new Government of the Russian Federation.

The dismissal of the Chairman of the Government at the same time entails the resignation of the Government.

With regard to executive authorities subjects of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure a combination of interests of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in matters of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, coordinates and controls the activities of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; submits proposals to the President of the Russian Federation on the suspension of the acts of the executive authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation in case they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, international obligations of the Russian Federation or violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The Government of the Russian Federation, within the limits of its authority, resolves disputes and eliminates disagreements between the federal executive authorities and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To resolve disputes and resolve disagreements, conciliation commissions are created from representatives of interested parties.

The main organizational form of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation is its meetings held at least once a month. Deputy Prime Ministers and federal ministers participate in meetings in person. If personal participation is not possible, the Chairman of the Government is informed.

Heads of the General Prosecutor's Office, the Central Bank, the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, representatives of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court, the Accounts Chamber and other persons may participate in the meetings of the Government in accordance with the law or in the manner established by the Government.

Certain issues may be considered by the Government at its closed meetings.

Preparation and holding of meetings is carried out in accordance with the Regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation, where the issues of forming the plan of the meetings of the Government, the procedure for submitting documents for their consideration at the meetings of the Government, the procedure for formalizing the decisions taken at the meetings are considered with the necessary detail.

The government informs citizens through the mass media about the issues discussed at the meetings, as well as about the decisions taken on these issues.

At the suggestion of the Prime Minister, to resolve operational issues, a Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation. Its meetings are held as needed. Decisions of the Presidium are taken by a majority of votes from the total number of its members and must not contradict the acts adopted at a meeting of the Government. The Government has the right to cancel any decision of the Presidium.

To ensure the activities of the Government and organize control over the implementation by the executive authorities of the decisions taken by the Government, the Government Apparatus is formed. It is headed by the Chief of Staff - Deputy Prime Minister or Federal Minister.

Government Office consists of a number of structural divisions - departments(for example, economics, finance, social development, public service and personnel, etc.), departments(for example, office work, legal, organizational and social security, protocol), secretariat Prime Minister and secretariats Deputy Prime Ministers.

Government of the Russian Federation and the legislative process.

The Government of the Russian Federation participates in legislative activity by introducing bills and amendments to bills under consideration in the Duma.

In addition to laws and amendments to bills under consideration, the Government gives written opinions on bills on the introduction or abolition of taxes, on exemption from their payment, on the issuance of state loans, etc.

Conclusions, amendments and official responses are signed by the Prime Minister or one of his deputies.

An official representative of the Government is appointed to present the bill introduced by the Government in the chambers of the Federal Assembly.

Members of the Government are obliged, at the invitation of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, to attend meetings and answer questions from members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma.

Committees and commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly have the right to send written appeals on issues within their jurisdiction to members of the Government and heads of federal executive bodies.

Answers on the results of consideration of written appeals and on the measures taken are reported within the terms agreed with the committees, commissions.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 14, 1996 "On the system of federal executive bodies" system of federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation now comprise ministries (federal ministries), state committees, federal commissions, federal services, Russian agencies, federal oversight bodies, and other bodies.

1. Federal ministries (ministries of the Russian Federation)- are the main link in the system of federal executive bodies, pursuing state policy and exercising control in the established field of activity, as well as coordinating the activities in this area of ​​other federal executive bodies.

The federal ministries manage the state enterprises and institutions directly under their jurisdiction.

The federal ministry is headed by the Minister of the Russian Federation (Federal Minister), who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation. Federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Deputy federal ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

2. State committees of the Russian Federation - these are federal executive bodies that carry out, on a collegiate basis, intersectoral coordination on issues within their jurisdiction, as well as functional regulation in a certain area of ​​activity. Their difference from the federal ministries is the collegial nature of the bodies and the emphasis of their main attention on the implementation of intersectoral coordination. However, by and large, the differences between them are not so significant. The State Committee of the Russian Federation is headed by a chairman who is appointed and dismissed (as well as his deputies) by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. Federal commissions of Russia. These are federal executive bodies, which, in terms of their administrative and legal status, are fully equated with state committees of the Russian Federation.

There are currently two federal commissions: the Federal Energy Commission of the Russian Federation and the Federal Commission for the Securities Market.

The Federal Energy Commission, for example, is called upon to regulate the activities of natural monopoly entities in the fuel and energy complex, as well as to carry out state regulation of prices and tariffs for electrical and thermal energy, etc.

The Federal Commission of Russia is headed by the Chairman of the Federal Commission of Russia.

4. Federal services.

These include the following federal agencies:

State courier;

foreign intelligence;

Archival;

Geodesy and cartography;

Railway Troops;

Land cadastre;

Hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring;

security;

Financial recovery and bankruptcy;

border;

Special construction.

The Federal Service of Russia is headed by the Head (Director) of the Federal Service of Russia.

5. Russian agencies. They are characterized as bodies similar to federal services, i.e. lacking the necessary functional definition.

The system of Russian agencies is as follows:

Russian Agency for Patents and Trademarks;

Russian Space Agency;

Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation;

For ammunition;

Patents and Trademarks;

For conventional weapons, etc.

Many of them actually act as line ministries, managing subordinate state enterprises.

6. Federal supervision of Russia.

Currently, there are two federal executive bodies of this type:

Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia (Gosgortekhnadzor);

- Federal Supervision of Russia for Nuclear and Radiation Safety (Gosatomnadzor). The functions and powers of federal supervision are associated with the implementation of specialized control and supervision, i.e. law enforcement activities.

7. Other federal executive authorities.

Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation;

State Technical Commission under the President of the Russian Federation;

Office of the President of the Russian Federation.

The Decree establishes a list of bodies, the management of which is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation:

1. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation;

2. Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters;

3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;

4. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation;

5. Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;

6. Federal Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation;

7. Federal Service of Railway Troops of the Russian Federation;

8. Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation;

9. Federal Security Service;

10. Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation;

11. Federal Service for Special Construction of the Russian Federation;

12. The Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation and bodies from the group "Other Federal Executive Authorities".

The President of the Russian Federation, on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, approves the regulations on these bodies, appoints and dismisses their heads.

• public character;
• the sovereignty of state power;
• legitimacy;
• unity;
• separation of powers;
• based on laws.

The competence of the Russian Federation includes, in particular, the following:

• regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms;
• resolving issues of citizenship in the Russian Federation;
• establishment of a system of federal authorities, the procedure for their organization and activities;
• establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, customs regulation;
• establishment;
• foreign policy and international relations of Russia;
• defense and security of the country;
• judiciary, prosecutor's office, criminal, civil, procedural legislation, as well as some other issues.

At the same time, the Constitution of Russia establishes the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

• ensuring law and order;
• issues of ownership, use and disposal of land;
• delimitation of state property;
• environmental issues;
• , family, housing, land legislation and some other issues.

Outside of these subjects of jurisdiction, the subjects of the Russian Federation have the full power of state power.

Some constituent entities of the Russian Federation have concluded special treaties with the Russian Federation on the delimitation of their competence, which supplement and clarify the provisions of the Constitution of Russia.

If the Russian Federation adopts a normative act that goes beyond its competence, then only the normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall apply. Conversely, the normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which go beyond the scope of their competence, have no legal force.

Government departments

Government body is a structural element of the mechanism of the state, which has power in certain areas and spheres of state activity.

• public authorities are formed in the legislative order;
• each body of the state is endowed with certain competencies;
• financed from the federal budget;
• in their activities reflect the tasks and.

• the principle of separation of powers (independent functioning of each branch of power in order to exclude the arbitrariness of arbitrariness in their activities);
• the principle of publicity (informing the population about the activities of state bodies);
• the principle of legality (strict observance of the Constitution and laws by all authorities);
• the principle of priority of human and civil rights and freedoms;
• the principle of professionalism (only professionals should work in state bodies).

Types of state bodies:

• head of state (monarch or president);
• legislative (representative) bodies of state power;
• executive bodies of state power;
• judicial bodies of state power.

head of state

President of Russian Federation is the head. He acts as a guarantor, takes measures to protect the sovereignty of Russia, its independence and territorial integrity. The President determines the main directions of the country's domestic and foreign policy.

The President is elected for 6 years by universal direct secret ballot. The same person cannot serve as president for more than two consecutive terms.

The President appoints the Chairman of the Government, forms and heads the Security Council, calls elections to the State Duma, signs and promulgates federal laws, signs Russia's international treaties. He is also the Supreme Commander of the country's Armed Forces.

The President issues decrees and orders. In some cases, he may be prematurely removed from office, for which a certain procedure is applied.

Federal Assembly

The Federal Assembly, or the Parliament of the Russian Federation, is the highest representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers − Federation Council and State Duma.

AT Council of the Federation includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one - from the representative body, the other - from the executive body of state power. Thus, the Federation Council has 178 members.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies, who are elected for a term of 4 years. Deputies of the State Duma work on a professional basis, they cannot be in the public service and engage in other paid activities (except for teaching, scientific and creative activities).

The Federation Council and the State Duma elect their chairmen from among their members.

The main function of the Federal Assembly is the adoption of federal laws.

The draft law goes first to the State Duma where it is adopted by a simple majority of the total number of deputies. Then the law goes to the Federation Council, which can consider it within 14 days and adopt it by a simple majority vote of the total number of members of this chamber. If the law is not considered by the Federation Council within the specified period, then it is usually considered adopted (with the exception of certain laws on the budget, taxes and finances, as well as laws relating to international treaties).

The law rejected by the Federation Council is returned to the State Duma, after which either a conciliation commission is formed from representatives of both chambers, or the State Duma re-adopts it, which requires 2/3 of the votes.

The adopted federal law is sent for signature to the President of the Russian Federation who must sign and publish it within 14 days.

A law rejected by the President can be reconsidered by the Federal Assembly. If, upon reconsideration, the federal law is approved in the previously adopted version by a majority of 2/3 votes in both one and the other chambers of parliament, then it must be signed by the president within 7 days.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation is implementing executive power of the Russian Federation. It consists of the President, his deputies and federal ministers.

The Chairman of the Government submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of the executive authorities.

The government develops and submits to the State Duma and ensures its implementation. The government also ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, a unified state policy in the field of culture, science, education, health and social security. It takes measures to ensure law and order, to combat crime.

On issues within its competence, the government adopts resolutions and orders. They are binding in the Russian Federation.

Judicial branch

Judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Justice in Russia is carried out only by the courts. Judges are independent. They only obey the law. Judges are irremovable and have immunity. The hearing of cases in all courts is open, except for cases provided for by federal law (for example, the need to maintain state secrets).

The system of courts consists of three parts: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; courts of general jurisdiction; arbitration courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation decides cases on compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation: federal laws and regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, chambers of the Federal Assembly and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court considers some disputes about competence arising between state authorities, as well as complaints about violations of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

The courts of general jurisdiction consist of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local (city and district) people's courts. They consider civil cases (with the participation of citizens), as well as criminal, administrative and some other cases.

Arbitration courts consist of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal district courts and arbitration courts of the subjects of the federation. They deal with economic disputes.

Supervision of legality in the country is carried out by the prosecution authorities of the Russian Federation.