Moscow Psychological Society. Russian Psychological Society

Moscow Psychological Society (MPO) was created on January 24, 1885 with Moscow University with the aim of uniting all scientific forces to develop ways of development psychological research and dissemination of psychological knowledge in Russia.

MPO arose at a time when domestic psychological thought in Russia and in particular at Moscow University had not yet emerged as an independent field. scientific knowledge, but developed as component philosophy - along with logic and the history of philosophy and in connection with the fate of philosophy in Russia.
The MPO was dominated by philosophers - N.Ya. Grot, L.M. Lopatin, Vl. Solovyov, G.G. Shpet, I.A. Ilyin and other prominent figures of Russian philosophy.

Professor of Moscow University, sociologist and jurist, founder of the natural law school V.M. Khvostov included questions of free will in connection with the consideration of the phenomena of social life. Professor of Criminal Law D.A. Dril made a great contribution to the formation of domestic legal psychology, considered it necessary to know psychology in practical work with juvenile delinquents. Research in the field natural sciences and in medicine they also demanded philosophical and psychological foundations. Professors of Moscow University, biologist K.F. Ruler, physiologist I.M. Sechenov, naturalist and prominent historian of science V.I. Vernadsky, psychiatrists S.S. Korsakov, A.A. Tokarsky, V.P. Serbian, P.B. Gannushkin, N.N. Bazhenov, S.A. Sukhanov.

All this prompted the consolidation of the forces of both people professionally engaged in philosophy and scientists interested in the problems of psychology in connection with their professional interests. The actual convergence of philosophy and sciences on the basis of psychological issues and was an objective prerequisite and reason for their unification.

The creation of the Psychological Society became a form of their organizational association. The society was created on the initiative of M.M. Troitsky and supported by 14 professors from all faculties of the university, who acted as its founders. At their first meeting on January 24, 1885, the founding members elected the Council of the Society. The founder of the Society, philosopher and psychologist Matvei Mikhailovich Troitsky, was elected chairman, Deputy Chairman - Doctor of Medicine V.A. Legonin, secretary - lawyer N.A. Zverev, assistant secretary - anthropologist and geographer D.N. Anuchin. The meeting place was determined - the new building of the university (now the building that houses the Faculty of Journalism), and public lectures and reports - the old one (the building that houses the Assembly Hall, and in its right wing - the Institute of Asian and African Countries). At the same meeting, the founding members proposed another 53 persons for election as full members of the Society.

They were elected at the next - public - meeting on March 14, 1885, and one of the new members N.A. apricots- was then elected treasurer. Subsequently, the number of members of the Society began to grow rapidly and reached more than 200 people.

The IGO was one of the many scientific societies that emerged and developed at the university, within its walls. Both founders and most of IGO members were professors at Moscow University. The most active part in its work was taken by N.Ya. Grot, L.M. Lopatin - both different years were the chairmen of the Society, as well as G.I. Chelpanov, Vl. Solovyov, S.S. Korsakov, V.A. Wagner, G.I. Rossolimo. They made presentations on the most different topics, participated in discussions on other reports.

When did the IGO start publishing its magazine "Questions of Philosophy and Psychology" (since 1889), they acted in it not only as authors of articles, but also gave reviews latest literature on psychology and philosophy, reviews on them. Their reviews were essentially small articles with a brief but very informative presentation and analysis of relevant publications. Such, for example, are the reviews of N.A. Berdyaev on the books of O. Weininger "Sex and Character" and W. James "Variety of Religious Experience", reviews by P.P. Blonsky and others.

Through the IPO, the university scientists were connected with other scientific centers of Russia. The members of the IGO and the authors of its publications were philosophers, psychologists and psychiatrists from St. Petersburg - N.O. Lossky, A.I. Vvedensky, I.I. Lapshin, from Kazan University - V.N. Ivanovsky, Lviv University - Yu.L. Okhorovich, Yuriev University - V.F. Chizh.

The IGO had extensive connections with world science.

Many prominent foreign philosophers and scientists were honorary members of the IGO. Among them are A. Bain, W. Wundt, G. Helmholtz, E. Dubois Reymond, T. Ribot, C. Richet, E. Zeller, W. Windelband, G. Spencer, W. James, G. Gefding, E. Titchener , E. Hartman. Through them, materials about the work of the IGO were transmitted to foreign scientific journals, so that its activities became known to the world community of psychologists.

Members of the IGO participated in the organization and holding of international psychological congresses, in international congresses of psychiatrists and other international forums.

Detailed reports about them were published in the journal Questions of Philosophy and Psychology.

In addition to the purely scientific, there was another very important aspect in the activities of the Society.

His activities influenced the spiritual life of Russia as a whole.
IGO relations with the general public were facilitated by holding public meetings, usually devoted to the most significant topics, the activities of prominent figures of the Society, the memory of outstanding thinkers of the past - J. Bruno, R. Descartes, etc. The topics of a number of his other meetings also included issues that worried not only specialists , but aroused sympathy and interest among the general public.

Here are some of those topics:
- what is hypnosis;
- what are the foundations of moral life and activity as opposed to immoral behavior;
How do moral duty and happiness relate?
- how to understand determinism and free will in connection with issues of law, morality, phenomena of public life;
- What is the meaning of life?
- what is the psychology of a woman;
- is it possible to talk about human progress;
- what are the national features of Russian philosophical self-consciousness, etc.

Speaking at the solemn (hundredth) meeting of the Society on February 21, 1893, N.Ya. Grot, as chairman of the IGO, said with good reason that it had never "... set itself any other goals, how modestly and to the best of its ability to contribute to the enlightenment of the motherland, the rise of the Russian spirit, the development of Russian thought and self-consciousness."

Communication with society was also facilitated by the fact that not only outstanding philosophers and scientists were members of the IGO, but also writers - L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet, P.D. Boborykin, Professor of the Moscow Conservatory A.N. Scriabin, cultural figures - V.N. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Yu.I. Aikhenvald and other famous public and cultural figures. In their presentations at the meetings, they drew attention to life problems, important for Russian society, meeting its spiritual needs and mindsets, directly appealed to feeling and common sense thinking people.

Public events were performances
L.N. Tolstoy about the concept of life and about the moral tasks of a person,
Vl. Solovyov about the essence of the true Christian ideal and the deviation from it in the activities of the church.

The Psychological Society enjoyed support from its wealthy members in the form of donations.

In December 1888, competing members of the IGO A.A. and N.A. Abrikosov spoke the publishers of the project conceived by the chairman of the Society N.Ya. Grot of the journal "Issues of Philosophy and Psychology", while setting the following conditions: the journal should be published under the editorship of N.Ya. Grot and with the participation of the Psychological Society.

When the magazine stopped needing financial assistance, A.A. apricots transferred the rights to publish it to the ownership of the Society, and from 1893 to 1918 (the last year the journal was published), the journal was published under the heading of the Psychological Society.

In the same 1888, a full member of the Society D.A. Stolypin donated 2,000 rubles for the establishment of a prize for an essay on the philosophy of O. Comte at the Society and 1,000 rubles for the costs of publishing a journal or other possible publications. The prize was established; in 1891, it was awarded to the work of B.N. Chicherin "Positive Philosophy and the Unity of Science". This fact is also known. A peasant from the Tambov province transferred his savings to the MPO fund and at the same time asked to be considered a member of it.

In general, it can be said with full right that the Moscow Psychological Society, together with other scientific societies of the university (with some of them, the IPO held joint meetings - for example, on February 10, 1885, a public joint meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and the Psychological Society in memory of J. Bruno), as well as museums organized at the university (such as the Museum of Fine Arts, founded in 1912 by Moscow University professor I. Tsvetaev, the Historical Museum - 1883, the Polytechnic - 1877, the Anthropological Museum - 1879, etc.), were created around the university cultural environment, contributing to the transformation of the university into a true center of Moscow philosophical education, cultural and spiritual life of Moscow.

In 1922, the Psychological Society, like others learned societies, was closed.

http://rl-online.ru/articles/1-05/284.html
Moscow Psychological Society - 120 years
Antonina Zhdan, Alexander Dontsov

    The specificity of the determination of the psychology of society.

    Psychology of social changes in society.

    Possibilities of Regulatory Influence on the Psychology of Society

In sociology society understood as a relatively stable system of social ties and relations in the community of people, determined in the process of the historical development of mankind, supported by the power of customs, traditions, laws, social institutions etc., based on a certain method of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and spiritual goods.

Society is a unity of objective and subjective, material and spiritual, social being and social consciousness. Objective - it is a certain territory, economy, acting personalities, social actions and interactions, social institutions, various state bodies. Subjective - everything related to the spiritual, cultural and historical characteristics of society, life in it, public consciousness, social values ​​of the people, their aspirations, expectations, aspirations, public opinion, public sentiments, traditions, customs, etc.

The forces and laws of this reality manifest themselves through the actions of conscious people. In the history of the development of knowledge about society, the extremes were subjected to fair criticism: excessive “materialization” of the life of society (explanation of everything and everything by material conditions, the economy) and excessive “subjectivization” (explanation of everything only by the state of the spiritual sphere of society), one of the varieties of which is “psychologization” (reducing everything to psychology). However, the latter does not mean that psychological factors can be underestimated.

Productive research on the problems of the psychology of society has been carried out social psychologists A.A. Bodalev, G.G. Diligensky, E.S. Kuzmin, B.D. Parygin, B.F. Porshnev, S.K. Roschin, V.A. Sosnin, A.N. Sukhov and others. However, the scope of such studies is now disproportionate to the significance and complexity of the turbulent and controversial social changes in the post-Soviet space, and the number of specialists included in them is unjustifiably small. Therefore, it is more correct to consider the judgments presented below as preliminary and insufficiently complete, although they give ground for discussion.

Psychology of society (social psychology)- a holistic, systemic set of socio-psychological phenomena, inherent in the population living in a certain territory, the organization of life on which is carried out by the state.

By its very nature, it is a subjective image of the world, life, society that exists among the population, characterizing it psychologically and formed in the conditions of a common history and joint life activity. As a psychological phenomenon, this image includes not only cognitive components, but also axiological (value, evaluating), need-motivational (incentive) and behavioral-volitional (mastered and habitual ways of action). Therefore, the psychology of society is not only understanding, a “picture of the environment”, but also subjective regulator life of the population and its socially significant activity.

In cognitive terms, social psychology is a specific, holistic, interconnected system of knowledge, ideas, views, feelings, value orientations, norms of behavior, motives, needs, aspirations, habits of behavior, relationships and other things that have developed among the people, characterizing its history, manifesting and affecting its modern life and in a certain way influencing its near future.

The psychology of society is a unity public consciousness And subconscious. The first is a set of socio-psychological phenomena that characterize what is perceived by the people, finds expression in the views, ideas, beliefs, public opinion of the people, as well as in the achievements of science, teachings, theories, ideology, law, doctrines, scientific literature, etc. Second - the unconscious, not taking shape in clear judgments and justifications, but affecting the consciousness, attitude and behavior of people in society. The psychology of society combines elements of scientific and ordinary (empiricism), reliable and erroneous, conscious and unconscious.

The specificity of causality in the psychology of society is in its trinity : integrated influence objective conditions of life of people, contacts between them, jointactivities. However, a single activity as such, which is the main determinant of the psychology of small groups, is absent in society. Her place is taken by vital activity of the population in all its diversity, and the common features in it are set mainly by the type of socio-economic structure of society and real events his history. An increased role in influencing it is acquired by the dominant in the life of the population and prevailing in the past. social realities, type of social relations, economics, politics. Therefore, the main sources of difficulties in changing social psychology, which do not always contribute to the development of social life, are due to the difficulties of objective changes. in the lives of citizens and historical experiences that may or may not coincide with real change.

Common to the entire population are only contacts with the media and the press. The development of the latter in modern conditions has acquired a total, systematic, long-term nature of penetration into the immediate environment of almost all citizens, into every apartment. They became important factors in the social environment and contacts with it.

In the psychology of society, the most fully represented all kinds of socio-psychological phenomena , and above all bulk: motivational-need nature (public goals, needs, interests, values, aspirations, hopes and expectations, aspirations, intentions, attitudes, orientations), predominantly cognitive in nature (public opinions on various issues of society and the activities of the state, public views, beliefs, ideas , perceptions, memory, beliefs, superstitions, prejudices, rumors), predominantly emotional in nature (public moods, feelings, experiences, affects, panic), predominantly behavioral-volitional nature (social movements, actions, behavior, norms, customs, traditions, tastes , fashion) and relationship between large social communities, groups, citizens.

The psychology of society, as the most complex systemic socio-psychological reality, has hierarchical structure. This is expressed by the presence of layers(strata, subsystems within which various socio-psychological phenomena are detected and interact.

At the first approximation, two socio-psychological layers. First - backbone, stable (in other terminology "deep"). This layer includes social interests, needs, beliefs, ideals, memory, beliefs, traditions, customs, and other more complex ones, which are discussed below, from the already mentioned socio-psychological phenomena.

The second socio-psychological layer system-dynamic. This is a layer of constantly emerging and disappearing manifestations of the psychology of society, caused by changes in the complex of causes that affect it. It includes most of the above types of socio-psychological phenomena, especially clearly manifested in the emergence and changes in public opinion, moods, expectations, decisions.

At the level of social psychology, a general psychological pattern is expressed: external causes act through internal conditions.

TO backbone, basic The components of the psychology of society include the following.

public consciousness - psychologically characterized by the self-identification of the population as a society, its awareness of its integrity and originality, its difference from the population of other states, the commonality of its life and destiny, the need to live together, its "mirror" - "We" (vision and assessment of oneself, as it were, through the eyes of other peoples) , self-assessment of their strengths and weaknesses, public interests and needs.

Public consciousness - a meaningful understanding and attitude to the world around, primarily to social reality, being both in one's own society and in humanity. It is expressed in the system of basic concepts, the specifics of their meanings and meanings, criteria for understanding and evaluating what is happening, axiomatic judgments (including proverbs, sayings, parables), beliefs, social ideals, recognized norms of behavior, public opinion, ideology, scientific achievements, etc. .

Spiritual and psychological culture - a historically determined level (degree) of development of the spiritual forces and capabilities of the people, the system of spiritual values ​​dominating in it. Usually, it distinguishes the culture of values, attitudes, norms of behavior, thinking, morality, good breeding, language, national symbols (coats of arms, flags, hymns, traditions, customs, rituals), culture of art, social, political, legal, etc. Accurate measurement criteria there is no level of development. It is evaluated by comparison with the achievements of modern human civilization, the trends of its development, with the level of culture of the peoples of other countries.

The mentality of the people - historically developed psychological way of thinking, way of thinking, assessments, spiritual attitudes, habitual social preferences and tastes. This is sometimes referred to as "social (folk) character". It presents the national uniqueness of the psychology of this society.

Socio-psychological climate in society - manifestation of social psychology as favorable or unfavorable for the life and activities of the population, its groups and citizens. It is most clearly expressed in satisfaction - the dissatisfaction of people, groups, communities with life in society and the social changes and processes taking place in it, the activities of the state apparatus. It manifests itself in public opinion and moods, in the socio-psychological well-being of citizens.

Public activity - real practice of the behavior of the population, assessed from social positions and focus on balancing the interests of the individual. Particular importance is attached to the mass activity of citizens and groups, initiatively and voluntarily directed to the creation of non-state public institutions, participation in their activities, independent of the state mechanism and aimed at improving life in society and self-realization of citizens in it (this is what is now associated with the concept "civil society".

All the basic components of the psychology of society are interconnected, penetrate each other, mutually determine the characteristics and systemic characteristics of each.

Social psychology is not a monolithic unity, and one can speak of its characteristic features only by the prevailing features. The features of the various social communities that form the main groups of the population discussed above confirm the diversity of social psychology, but do not exclude the presence in it of certain common, both system-forming and system-dynamic phenomena.

The study and evaluation of the totality of the basic characteristics of the psychology of society will help to holistically understand and evaluate its state, much of what is happening in society, in communities and small groups, in the socialization of the personality of citizens.

Society, like everything else in the world, is subject to continuous changes in structure, relationships, norms, properties, state, etc. These changes are called social. They influence the life of society and the people in it. One type of social change is socio-psychological, occurring in the psychology of society, groups, citizens. They can occur in all structural elements of the psychology of society and in it as a whole.

Sociocultural sociological theories assign a priority role to socio-psychological changes. Studies of social psychologists have established that they naturally precede, accompany or are the result of objective ones, influencing them and their results.

All social changes, especially radical ones, inevitably affect the interests of society, people, change the conditions and plans of their life, fate, naturally giving rise to a whole ensemble of personal and group socio-psychological changes. At the level of social psychology, each of the changes in social life that has at least some significance for the population is reflected in socio-psychological reaction (change), acting, figuratively speaking, as a socio-psychological "response", "echo", "shadow" of it. Features of socio-psychological changes (reactions), their varieties are determined on socially significant grounds.

scale(mass character, prevalence among the population) of socio-psychological reactions is determined by the number of social communities and groups whose interests are affected by objective social changes. They can be national or local. Thus, the psychological response to information about a change in the structure of local self-government in some rural area and the introduction of a new tax on the entire population of the country, at least in scale, will, of course, be different.

Socially important sign - degree of generality socio-psychological reactions. It is found in the similarity or differences of psychological changes in groups and social communities caused by the same circumstances. The greater the social stratification of a society, the more the psychology of the social communities and groups included in it differs, the less the commonality of socio-psychological reactions. Differences in reactions reveal and activate social contradictions and tensions within society.

According to socio-psychological fullness(saturation), the reaction can manifest itself in a change in one of the mass socio-psychological phenomena mentioned above, or in their entire complex.

Strength socio-psychological reaction is expressed in its different scale, fullness and severity. The reaction is the stronger, the more tangible (psychologically "more painful") the interests of large and small groups of people are affected.

Socio-psychological reactions differ in their depth. Most of them occur in the system-dynamic layer of the psychology of society and are in the nature of processes and states. They are dynamic, changeable, transient. For changes in the system-forming sphere, reasons that are more solid in terms of strength, duration, and repeatability are needed.

Sign is also important consequences changes taking place in the psychology of society. They can be direct and secondary, foreseen and unforeseen, immediate and delayed.

By adequacy a specific socio-psychological reaction can correspond in all respects to the one that caused it objective reason(to be regular, natural, "organic", justified), or maybe not: excessively strong or weak, deliberately expressed or unreasonably hidden, etc. Objective changes, affecting, for example, the interests of the entire population, can cause protests only from a part of it. It depends on the degree of understanding by the population of the ongoing objective changes, their approval or disapproval, the peculiarities of social psychology, or on special efforts to contain or, on the contrary, “inflate” reactions.

Not only research, but also simple observations of surrounding life reveal its saturation with socio-psychological reactions, processes of socio-psychological changes in social psychology, its actual state - a consequence of these changes and their undoubted influence on events in society.

special view socio-psychological changes advocated socio-psychological tension - increase in loads and expenditures of forces to maintain the balance of the psychological system during internal and external changes. Socio-psychological tension is a universal reaction that accompanies all other changes and ensures them. The more significant the goal, the greater the change, the more difficult the conditions, the less prepared people are for change, the higher the tension. Therefore, it is wrong to assess socio-psychological tension only negatively.

Socio-psychological stress is sometimes referred to as group stress and evaluate it negatively. However, socio-psychological tensions have their own characteristics and are divided into subspecies (varieties), depending on which the nature of their influence on behavior, people's lives and social changes is also located.

By system targeting socio-psychological tensions are characterized by those structures of socio-psychological reality that are undergoing changes. On this basis, they are local and systemic (that is, covering the entire psychology of society). Local ones are differentiated with greater accuracy: the socio-psychological tension of mentality, public opinion, moods, ideals, values, traditions, etc.

Sign of inconsistency expresses the presence, place, nature of contradictions between ongoing changes and other systemic phenomena. So, socio-psychological tensions in society can arise due to different interests in changes in the government and the people, property and national communities, contradictions between the ongoing changes and the experience of the people, between the promulgated promises and the real situation in society, etc.

sign intensity- the degree of tension and the costs of forces caused by this. There are optimal socio-psychological stresses, increased, overvoltages (high, extreme) and transcendental (causing mass affects, the dominance of feelings over the mind: a socio-psychological breakdown, shock, panic, hysteria, explosion, aggression, confusion). The intensity depends on the nature, extent and speed of the changes taking place. For example, changes that affect the main vital interests, values, traditions, mentality of the people, its main groups, are potentially “psychologically painful” and can cause significant tensions, conflicts, and fashion changes are smaller. There is another kind of tension associated with the exhaustion of forces and is called "psychological fatigue." It contains the potency of two polar manifestations - mass affects and mass apathy, anomie (complete indifference to what is happening; "the people are silent", but this is often more eloquent than outwardly expressed reactions).

With any socio-psychological changes, it is necessary to take into account the already existing socio-psychological tension, its changes (increase or decrease) and evaluate how it will affect the results of the planned changes.

Research and historical facts, modern Russian reality confirm that social development of society is more successful if among the ensuring changes is the corresponding development of the psychology of society. Victory will really come only when social innovations are organic, natural, if they ripe and psychologically those. correspond to the level of socio-psychological development of society, expected, understood, approved, accepted and implemented by the people. The history of any tyrannies, dictatorships, cliques, oligarchies testifies that their strength and apparent steadfastness are illusory.

It is reasonable somehow in the system aimed at ensuring the development of measures to provide for regulatory influences on the psychology of society.

With regard to psychological reality, targeted regulation is more effective not by pressure, command, command, order, coercion, violence (although they are not excluded in appropriate cases, especially at the level of individual psychology), but - motivation, persuasion, stimulation, motivation, encouragement, assistance, influence. This psychologically softer(not causing internal protest, rejection, resistance, counteraction in people) ways and means. In addition, they are designed for practically continuous and long action. The effectiveness of psychological influences is explained by the fact that they are focused mainly on the positive experiences of people, while the hard ones do not take into account feelings or are focused on fear, on the reaction of avoiding trouble. When it comes to the psychology of society, then only mild forms, means and methods of regulation with the help of influences, the creation of favorable conditions, the persuasion of the masses of people mainly through experience, are appropriate here, and psychological and other violence is contraindicated.

To the number basic socio-psychological conditions, taking into account the specifics of socio-psychological regulation at the level of society and the main patterns of its socio-psychological development, include the following.

1. Comprehensive and correct taking into account all the features of social psychology, changes occurring in it, contributing to developing socio-psychological changes in the interests of each individual, the entire population and society.

2. Social development can be successful, if it meets the basic, backbone, stable, historically established features of social psychology,- the mentality of the people, value orientations, social habits, traditions, customs, memory of the people, "folk psychology". Each of the cultures embodied the features of the originality of the centuries-old lessons of the history of peoples: the American one - five hundred years of cruel colonization, the African one - long-term slavery, the Japanese one - thousand years of isolation from the world and self-development on the islands, the Russian one - the extremes of feudal fragmentation and total centralization.

It is impossible to adjust the life of the masses to fit any social ideas, but ideas must be "derived" from the life, psychology, experience and memory of the people. This is how all the "velvet revolutions" of modern times (in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, etc.) were carried out, respecting the national dignity and uniqueness of their people.

3. Measures oriented towards social development can be successful, if they are timely, correspond to the achieved level of social development, the culture of society, including its socio-psychological sphere.

Socio-psychological development, as analysis of the historical experience of many peoples shows, proceeds along the path of unhurried and contradictory accumulation, an increase in the share of those signs of psychology that are characteristic of a more perfect future. When the latter become predominant, a new level of socio-psychological development arises.

4. The process of social development of society should to be in agreement with the real dynamic socio-psychological phenomena in society

The current level of achievements of human civilization corresponds to measures to create in society social and psychological support systems his life and development.

Best of all, it includes:

Large-scale and continuous study of the psychology of society in all its components, and especially public opinion, moods, social expectations, social assessments by the population of ongoing social changes;

Ensuring that the population understands the state ideology, the prospects for the development of society, the practice of managing state and public structures;

Providing the activities of state and public structures with information about the state of the psychology of society, large and small groups;

Participation of social psychologists in the preparation, consultation and examination of the prepared measures aimed at the implementation of social development;

Anticipation of important social measures by socio-psychological forecasting of immediate and long-term consequences, the possibility of unexpected and side socio-psychological consequences;

The participation of social psychologists in the preparation of public opinion for the planned significant social changes, excluding their rejection by the population, members of specific groups;

Social and psychological support of social changes, bringing to the population positive information about the measures being implemented in all branches of government and management, achieving their adequate understanding, tracking the socio-psychological phenomena that arise in the course of them among the population, conducting additional socio-psychological work, preventing side negative social -psychological consequences;

Implementation of socio-psychological counseling and provision of socio-psychological assistance to the population, citizens;

Identification of socio-psychological factors associated with the negative phenomena common among the population, in certain groups, and participation in the localization of their spread and gradual overcoming;

Organization of socio-psychological education, education, raising the level of socio-psychological literacy of the population, employees of government bodies, managers and other categories of people whose activities have a pronounced socio-psychological aspect.

The most essential feature modern society- its instability - excludes its analysis by methods and means formed for the analysis of stable situations. The term "crisis" is increasingly used to characterize the period being experienced. In the emerging new type of society, its norms - pluralism of opinions, the admissibility of various options for economic decisions, human rights - are perceived by many social groups rather hard. It is only possible to designate those processes which are faced mass consciousness in a situation of instability and which require close socio-psychological attention. First of all, it is a global breaking of established social stereotypes. Changing the value system is the second block of socio-psychological phenomena that require special attention researchers. This concerns the question of the relationship between group (primarily class) and universal human values. Under the conditions of radical transformations, the "old" values ​​were largely destroyed, and the "new" ones were not accepted. The loss of guidelines regarding the hierarchy of values ​​gives rise to moral lawlessness. The identity crisis is another example of significant changes in mass consciousness in an era of change: older people experience a loss of identity, young people have difficulty defining their identity. The list of problems that give rise to a special - also unstable - state of mass consciousness in the era of radical transformations can be continued. Thus, social psychology is faced with a new social reality and must comprehend it. It is necessary to search for new fundamental approaches to the analysis of socio-psychological phenomena in a changing world, a new strategy for socio-psychological research.

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Lecture 10 Professional community of psychologists.

1. World psychological societies and associations Russian professional psychological community.

2. Goals, tasks and functions of the Russian Psychological Society.

3. Regulatory requirements regulating the professional activities of psychologists in Russia.

4. Professionally significant qualities of a psychologist

5. Moral and ethical principles and rules in professional activity psychologist.

Representatives of any profession tend to unite in professional communities. This association takes place on the basis of the goals, objectives of the activity and the interests of professionals. Professional community You are made up of people who professionally perform psychological work.

The psychological community is a system of communication and interaction of psychologists, which is necessary for the successful performance of their professional activities. The most important aspects of the life of the psychological community are:

- composition of the psychological community;

- system of training professional psychologists;

- exchange of information and experience of activity;

- professional meetings of psychologists;

- professional community organizations.

To coordinate their activities, psychologists create professional public organizations. The main objectives of these organizations include:

Exchange of scientific information and experience practical activities;

Regulation of norms and standards of professional activity;

Professional development of professional psychologists;

Regulation of the status and norms of professional relations between psychologists and employers.

In all countries, as a rule, there are national psychological societies and associations. In Russia, such a society is - Russian Psychological Society, in USA - American Psychological Association, In Great Britain - British Psychological Society etc. The American Psychological Association is over 100 years old. It is the largest association of psychologists in the world and one of the most respected.

Within each such national organization, there are usually branches for the professional areas of activity and the interests of its members. In a number of countries there are separate associations for specific areas of professional psychological activity(for example, the association of school psychologists). In addition to RPO in Russia, there are such public organization how Russian Psychotherapeutic Association, Psychoanalytic Association of the Russian Federation, Association Humanistic psychology, Association of Perinatal Psychology and Medicine(Ivanovo), College family psychologists (St. Petersburg), International Academy of Psychological Sciences with the center in Yaroslavl, International Academy of Acmeological Sciences with the center in St. Petersburg, Psychophysiological Association, Association of Humanistic Psychology.



National psychological societies and associations unite in international. These types of organizations are European Federation of Associations of Professional Psychologists, International Union of Psychological Science, International Council of Psychologists.

In addition, there is a huge number of international societies and associations for certain branches of scientific or practical psychology. Among the most famous and authoritative are, for example, the International Association of Applied Psychology, the International Association of School Psychology, the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology, the Society for the Study of Stress and Anxiety, the International Association for Group Psychotherapy.

All psychological societies and associations hold regular meetings, congresses, and conferences. Some organizations hold such meetings every four years, others once every two years, and still others annually. At them, psychologists discuss scientific and practical problems of professional activity, organizational issues. Each society or association usually publishes regular newsletters, magazines.

IN last years in Russia The number of specialists in the field of psychology has increased many times over. If by the beginning of the 80s. It used to be 6-7 thousand, now it is 25-30 thousand.

Main places of work professional psychologists are scientific institutions, educational institutions, organizations and firms that use the services of psychologists, as well as psychologists work privately.

A survey conducted by the journal "Problems of Psychology" in 1993 gives an idea of ​​the places of work and areas of activity of psychologists in the CIS. 120 respondents answered the questions of the questionnaire. The most common specialties were developmental and educational psychology (51%) and social psychology (20%). 90% of the respondents work full-time, with 55% in one job, 30% in two, and 12.5% ​​in three jobs. The specific places of work of the respondents are very diverse: these are departments, laboratories, orphanages, general education and special schools. Approximately 35% of survey participants work in general education schools, 15% - in pedagogical institutes, 9% - in universities, 7% - in various structures of the Ministry of Education. Only 10% named research work as their main work, 22.5% - lecture and teaching, and 56% - work in the field of public education. Although Russian society gradually progressing along the path of development market economy, the number of psychologists whose work is connected with the sphere of production and management clearly lags behind the requirements of the day. Less than 2% put this area of ​​activity in first place. Only a few people indicated that they were engaged in medical and psychological services (including psychotherapy). At the same time, in another place of the questionnaire, 86% of respondents wrote that they gave advice on problems mental health and provided other medical and psychological services.

Thus, it turns out that the majority of Russian psychologists are employed in the system of education and upbringing. Only a few psychologists work in the field of labor psychology. Men are more employed in "scientific" fields, women - in "practical" ones

The most famous psychological research centers in Russia are considered the Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Faculty of Psychology of the Moscow State University, Faculty of Psychology, St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Psychology, Yaroslavl University, Research Psychoneurological Institute named after. V.M. Bekhtereva, St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Department of Psychotherapy. In recent years, there has been a significant increase research and in many others Russian universities. Psychological laboratories also operate as part of some other scientific institutes.

In the 90s. there were also institutes of practical psychology. Now the most famous centers of practical psychology, in addition to the universities and institutes mentioned above, are the State Enterprise "Imaton", the Institute of Psychotherapy and Counseling "Harmony", the Institute of Group and Family Psychotherapy, the Training Institute, the Center for Practical Psychology "Katharsis", the Scientific Center for Mental Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences .

State bodies and psychological organizations develop certain requirements for professional training and qualifications of psychologists. The training of psychologists in Russia is carried out in higher educational institutions licensed for such educational activities. The greatest experience in training psychologists is available in the oldest educational institutions of the country - Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Yaroslavl, Rostov-on-Don universities. At the same time, departments of psychology have been opened in many other universities in recent years. Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Kursk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk are becoming major psychological centers.

Full course higher education in the specialty "020400 - psychology" is the most desirable and gives sufficient qualifications to start psychological activity. However, as an exception, the work of specialists in certain areas psychology after short-term retraining courses. Expert commissions in the relevant departments assess the level of professional qualifications of specialists.

Licensing as the issuance of a certificate to a specialist on the right to conduct professional psychological activities in Russia does not yet exist.

An important part life of the psychological community is training psychologists. For this, in addition to scientific and practical conferences, various kinds of training seminars, trainings, courses in certain topical areas of psychology are held. The participation of psychologists in such events is necessary to deepen their knowledge and skills, to expand their practical experience.

The first psychological societies arose in Russia at the end 19th century. The largest of them was Moscow Psychological Society that was in effect from one year to the next. The initiator of its creation and the first chairman was Prof. M. M. Troitsky. The society had as its goal the development of psychological science and the dissemination of psychological knowledge; it held regular meetings and had two publications - "Proceedings of the Moscow Psychological Society" and the monthly magazine " Questions of philosophy and psychology» . After the death of Troitsky, the chairmen of the society were, in turn, professors N. Ya. Grotto , L. M. Lopatin And I. A. Ilyin. The Moscow Psychological Society was created not only as a psychological, but also as a philosophical society, and idealist philosophers played a key role in its activities. With the advent of Soviet power, society began to experience material and organizational difficulties, and after deportations abroad a number of its members, headed by chairman Ilyin, ceased to exist forever.

In addition to the Moscow one, other psychological societies existed in pre-revolutionary Russia, for example, the Russian Society experimental psychology, which arose in the 1890s in St. Petersburg under the guidance of Professor N. P. Wagner. IN 1914 professor G. I. Chelpanov was founded at Moscow University. Unlike the Moscow Psychological Society, the institute managed to survive the years of Soviet power, during which it changed many names. IN 1957 within the walls of the Psychological Institute, in those years it was called the Research Institute of Psychology Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, the Society (Union) of psychologists of the USSR was created. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Psychological Society formed on November 22, 1994 under the Presidium of the USSR became the successor of the Society of Psychologists of the USSR. Russian Academy of Sciences. As of January 2013, the number of members of the RPS is about 5,000 people. The structure of the RPS includes 62 regional departments and 16 scientific sections.

Organizational structure

Society leaders

Presidium

As of August 2014, the RPO Presidium includes:

RPS cooperation with international organizations

Participation of RPO in international organizations

The Russian Psychological Society is an official member of:

Printed publications

The Russian Psychological Society publishes / published the following journals and collections:

Honorary members of the society

Honorary members of the RPO are:

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An excerpt characterizing the Russian Psychological Society

“Oh my God, the people are like a beast, where can the living be!” was heard in the crowd. “And the fellow is young ... it must be from the merchants, then the people! .. they say, not that one ... how not that one ... Oh my God ... Another was beaten, they say, a little alive ... Eh, people ... Who is not afraid of sin ... - they said now the same people, with a painfully pitiful expression, looking at the dead body with a blue face, smeared with blood and dust and with a long, thin neck chopped.
A diligent police official, finding the presence of a corpse in His Excellency's courtyard indecent, ordered the dragoons to pull the body out into the street. Two dragoons took hold of the mutilated legs and dragged the body. A bloodied, dust-stained, dead, shaved head on a long neck, tucked up, dragged along the ground. The people huddled away from the corpse.
While Vereshchagin fell and the crowd, with a wild roar, hesitated and swayed over him, Rostopchin suddenly turned pale, and instead of going to the back porch, where the horses were waiting for him, he, not knowing where and why, lowered his head, with quick steps walked along the corridor leading to the rooms on the ground floor. The count's face was pale, and he could not stop his lower jaw shaking as if in a fever.
“Your Excellency, this way… where would you like to?.. this way, please,” his trembling, frightened voice said from behind. Count Rostopchin was unable to answer anything and, obediently turning around, went where he was directed. There was a carriage on the back porch. The distant rumble of the roaring crowd was heard here too. Count Rostopchin hurriedly got into the carriage and ordered to go to his Vacation home in Sokolniki. Having left for Myasnitskaya and not hearing the cries of the crowd anymore, the count began to repent. He now recalled with displeasure the excitement and fear he had shown to his subordinates. "La populace est terrible, elle est hideuse," he thought in French. - Ils sont sosh les loups qu "on ne peut apaiser qu" avec de la chair. [The crowd is terrible, it is disgusting. They are like wolves: you can't satisfy them with anything but meat.] “Count! one god is above us!' - he suddenly remembered the words of Vereshchagin, and an unpleasant feeling of cold ran down the back of Count Rostopchin. But this feeling was instantaneous, and Count Rostopchin smiled contemptuously over himself. "J" avais d "autres devoirs," he thought. – Il fallait apaiser le peuple. Bien d "autres victimes ont peri et perissent pour le bien publique“, [I had other duties. I had to satisfy the people. Many other victims died and are dying for the public good.] - and he began to think about the general duties that he had in relation to his family, his (entrusted to him) capital and himself - not as Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin (he believed that Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin sacrifices himself for the bien publique [public good]), but about himself as a commander in chief, about "If I were only Fyodor Vasilyevich, ma ligne de conduite aurait ete tout autrement tracee, [my path would have been drawn in a completely different way,] but I had to save both the life and dignity of the commander in chief."
Swaying slightly on the soft springs of the carriage and not hearing the more terrible sounds of the crowd, Rostopchin physically calmed down, and, as always happens, simultaneously with physical calming, the mind forged for him the reasons for moral calming. The thought that calmed Rostopchin was not new. Since the world has existed and people have been killing each other, not a single person has ever committed a crime against his own kind without comforting himself with this very thought. This thought is le bien publique [the public good], the supposed good of other people.
For a man who is not obsessed with passion, the good is never known; but a person who commits a crime always knows exactly what this good consists in. And Rostopchin now knew it.
He not only did not reproach himself in his reasoning for the act he had done, but found reasons for complacency in the fact that he was so successfully able to use this a propos [opportunity] - to punish the criminal and at the same time calm the crowd.
“Vereshchagin was tried and sentenced to death,” thought Rostopchin (although Vereshchagin was only sentenced to hard labor by the Senate). - He was a traitor and a traitor; I could not leave him unpunished, and then je faisais d "une pierre deux coups [did two blows with one stone]; I gave the victim to the people to calm down and executed the villain."
Arriving at his country house and busying himself with household arrangements, the count completely calmed down.
Half an hour later, the count was riding fast horses across the Sokolnichye field, no longer remembering what had happened, and thinking and thinking only about what would happen. He was now driving to the Yauza Bridge, where, he was told, Kutuzov was. Count Rostopchin prepared in his imagination those angry reproaches that he would express to Kutuzov for his deceit. He will let this old court fox feel that the responsibility for all the misfortunes that result from the abandonment of the capital, from the death of Russia (as Rostopchin thought), will fall on one of his old heads that has gone out of his mind. Thinking ahead about what he would say to him, Rostopchin angrily turned around in the carriage and looked angrily around.
The falconer field was deserted. Only at the end of it, at the almshouse and yellow house, one could see groups of people in white clothes and several lonely, the same people who were walking across the field, shouting something and waving their arms.
One of them ran across the carriage of Count Rostopchin. And Count Rostopchin himself, and his coachman, and the dragoons, all looked with a vague feeling of horror and curiosity at these released madmen, and especially at the one who ran up to them.
staggering on their long thin legs, in a fluttering dressing gown, this madman ran swiftly, keeping his eyes on Rostopchin, shouting something to him in a hoarse voice and making signs for him to stop. Overgrown with uneven patches of beard, the gloomy and solemn face of the madman was thin and yellow. His black agate pupils ran low and alarmingly over the saffron-yellow whites.
- Stop! Stop! I say! he shrieked piercingly, and again, gasping for breath, shouted something with impressive intonations in gestures.
He caught up with the carriage and ran beside it.
“Three times they killed me, three times I was raised from the dead. They stoned me, crucified me... I will rise... rise... rise. Ripped apart my body. The kingdom of God will be destroyed… I will destroy it three times and raise it three times,” he shouted, raising and raising his voice. Count Rostopchin suddenly turned as pale as he had turned pale when the crowd rushed at Vereshchagin. He turned away.
“Sh… go quick!” he shouted at the coachman in a trembling voice.
The carriage rushed at all the legs of the horses; but for a long time behind him Count Rostopchin heard a distant, insane, desperate cry, and before his eyes he saw one surprised, frightened, bloodied face of a traitor in a fur coat.
No matter how fresh this memory was, Rostopchin now felt that it was deeply, to the point of blood, cut into his heart. He clearly felt now that the bloody trace of this memory would never heal, but that, on the contrary, the further, the more wickedly, more painfully this terrible memory would live in his heart until the end of his life. He heard, it seemed to him now, the sounds of his own words:
“Chop it, you will answer me with your head!” Why did I say those words! Somehow I accidentally said ... I could not say them (he thought): then nothing would have happened. He saw the frightened and then suddenly hardened face of the striking dragoon and the look of silent, timid reproach that this boy in a fox coat threw at him ... “But I didn’t do it for myself. I should have done this. La plebe, le traitre… le bien publique,” ​​[Mob, villain… public good.] – he thought.
At the Yauza bridge, the army was still crowding. It was hot. Kutuzov, frowning and dejected, was sitting on a bench near the bridge, playing with his whip on the sand, when a carriage galloped up to him noisily. A man in a general's uniform, in a hat with a plume, with shifting eyes that were either angry or frightened, approached Kutuzov and began to say something to him in French. It was Count Rostopchin. He told Kutuzov that he had come here because Moscow and the capital were no more and there was only one army.
“It would have been different if your lordship had not told me that you would not surrender Moscow without even giving a battle: all this would not have happened! - he said.
Kutuzov looked at Rostopchin and, as if not understanding the meaning of the words addressed to him, diligently tried to read something special written at that moment on the face of the person speaking to him. Rastopchin, embarrassed, fell silent. Kutuzov shook his head slightly and, without taking his searching gaze off Rostopchin's face, said softly:
- Yes, I will not give up Moscow without giving a battle.
Whether Kutuzov was thinking about something completely different when he said these words, or on purpose, knowing their meaninglessness, he said them, but Count Rostopchin did not answer and hastily moved away from Kutuzov. And a strange thing! The commander-in-chief of Moscow, the proud Count Rostopchin, took a whip in his hands, went up to the bridge and began shouting to disperse the crowded wagons.

At four o'clock in the afternoon, Murat's troops entered Moscow. In front rode a detachment of Wirtemberg hussars, behind on horseback, with a large retinue, the Neapolitan king himself rode.
Near the middle of the Arbat, near Nikola Yavlenny, Murat stopped, waiting for news from the advance detachment about the situation in the city fortress "le Kremlin".

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