What is the natural sciences. Development of natural science and natural sciences

SUBJECT AND STRUCTURE OF NATURAL SCIENCE

The term "natural science" comes from a combination of the words of Latin origin "nature", that is, nature, and "knowledge". Thus, the literal interpretation of the term is knowledge about nature.

natural science in the modern sense - a science, which is a complex of sciences about nature, taken in their relationship. At the same time, nature is understood as everything that exists, the whole world in the variety of its forms.

Natural science - a complex of natural sciences

natural science in the modern sense - a set of sciences about nature, taken in their relationship.

However this definition does not fully reflect the essence of natural science, since nature acts as a single whole. This unity is not revealed by any particular science, nor by their entire sum. Many special natural science disciplines do not exhaust everything that we mean by nature with their content: nature is deeper and richer than all the existing theories.

The concept of " nature' is interpreted in different ways.

In the broadest sense, nature means everything that exists, the whole world in the variety of its forms. Nature in this sense is on a par with the concepts of matter, the universe.

The most common interpretation of the concept of "nature" as a set of natural conditions for the existence of human society. This interpretation characterizes the place and role of nature in the system of historically changing attitudes towards it of man and society.

In a narrower sense, nature is understood as the object of science, or rather, the total object of natural science.

Modern natural science is developing new approaches to understanding nature as a whole. This is expressed in ideas about the development of nature, about various forms of the movement of matter and different structural levels of the organization of nature, in an expanding understanding of the types of causal relationships. For example, with the creation of the theory of relativity, views on the spatiotemporal organization of objects of nature have significantly changed, the development of modern cosmology enriches ideas about the direction of natural processes, the progress of ecology has led to an understanding of the deep principles of the integrity of nature as a single system

At present, natural science is understood as exact natural science, that is, such knowledge about nature, which is based on a scientific experiment, is characterized by a developed theoretical form and mathematical design.

The development of special sciences requires a general knowledge of nature, a comprehensive understanding of its objects and phenomena. In order to obtain such general ideas, each historical era develops an appropriate natural-science picture of the world.

The structure of modern natural science

Modern natural science is a branch of science based on the reproducible empirical testing of hypotheses and the creation of theories or empirical generalizations that describe natural phenomena.

Total object of natural science- nature.

The subject of natural science- facts and phenomena of nature that are perceived by our senses directly or indirectly, with the help of instruments.

The task of the scientist is to identify these facts, generalize them and create a theoretical model that includes the laws that govern natural phenomena. For example, the phenomenon of gravitation is a concrete fact established through experience; the law of universal gravitation is a variant of the explanation of this phenomenon. At the same time, empirical facts and generalizations, once established, retain their original meaning. Laws can be changed in the course of the development of science. Thus, the law of universal gravitation was corrected after the creation of the theory of relativity.

The basic principle of natural science is: knowledge of nature must beempirical verification. This means that the truth in science is that position, which is confirmed by reproducible experience. Thus, experience is the decisive argument for the adoption of a particular theory.

Modern natural science is a complex set of natural sciences. It includes such sciences as biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, ecology, etc.

Natural Sciences differ in their subject matter. For example, the subject of biology is living organisms, chemistry - substances and their transformations. Astronomy studies celestial bodies, geography - a special (geographical) shell of the Earth, ecology - the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment.

Each natural science is itself a complex of sciences that have arisen at different stages of the development of natural science. Thus, biology includes botany, zoology, microbiology, genetics, cytology, and other sciences. In this case, the subject of botany is plants, zoology - animals, microbiology - microorganisms. Genetics studies the laws of heredity and variability of organisms, cytology - a living cell.

Chemistry is also subdivided into a number of narrower sciences, for example: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry. Geographical sciences include geology, geography, geomorphology, climatology, physical geography.

The differentiation of sciences has led to the allocation of even smaller areas of scientific knowledge.

For example, the biological science of zoology includes ornithology, entomology, herpetology, ethology, ichthyology, etc. Ornithology is the study of birds, entomology is the study of insects, and herpetology is the study of reptiles. Ethology is the study of animal behavior; ichthyology is the study of fish.

The field of chemistry - organic chemistry is divided into polymer chemistry, petrochemistry and other sciences. The composition of inorganic chemistry includes, for example, the chemistry of metals, the chemistry of halogens, and coordination chemistry.

The current trend in the development of natural science is such that, simultaneously with the differentiation of scientific knowledge, opposite processes are going on - the combination of separate areas of knowledge, the creation of synthetic scientific disciplines. At the same time, it is important that the unification of scientific disciplines occurs both within different areas of natural science and between them. Thus, in chemical science, at the junction of organic chemistry with inorganic and biochemistry, the chemistry of organometallic compounds and bioorganic chemistry, respectively, arose. Examples of interscientific synthetic disciplines in natural science are such disciplines as physical chemistry, chemical physics, biochemistry, biophysics, physical and chemical biology.

However, the current stage in the development of natural science - integral natural science - is characterized not so much by the ongoing processes of synthesis of two or three related sciences, but by a large-scale unification of different disciplines and areas of scientific research, and the trend towards large-scale integration of scientific knowledge is steadily increasing.

In natural science, fundamental and applied sciences are distinguished. Fundamental sciences - physics, chemistry, astronomy - study the basic structures of the world, while applied sciences are engaged in applying the results of fundamental research to solve both cognitive and socio-practical problems. For example, metal physics, semiconductor physics are theoretical applied disciplines, and metal science, semiconductor technology are practical applied sciences.

Thus, the knowledge of the laws of nature and the construction of a picture of the world on this basis is the immediate, immediate goal of natural science. Promoting the practical use of these laws is the ultimate goal.

Natural science differs from the social and technical sciences in its subject matter, goals, and research methodology.

At the same time, natural science is considered as the standard of scientific objectivity, since this field of knowledge reveals generally valid truths accepted by all people. For example, another large complex of sciences - social science - has always been associated with group values ​​and interests that both the scientist himself and the subject of study have. Therefore, in the methodology of social science, along with objective research methods, the experience of the event under study, the subjective attitude towards it, is of great importance.

Natural science also has significant methodological differences from technical sciences, due to the fact that the goal of natural science is the knowledge of nature, and the goal of technical sciences is to solve problems. practical issues associated with the transformation of the world.

However, it is impossible to draw a clear line between the natural, social and technical sciences at the current level of their development, since there are a number of disciplines that occupy an intermediate position or are complex. So, at the junction of natural and social sciences is economic geography, at the junction of natural and technical - bionics. An integrated discipline that includes natural, social, and technical sections is social ecology.

Thus, modern natural science is a vast developing complex of natural sciences, characterized by simultaneous processes of scientific differentiation and the creation of synthetic disciplines and oriented towards integration scientific knowledge.

Natural science is the basis for the formation scientific picture of the world.

The scientific picture of the world is understood as an integral system of ideas about the world, its general properties and regularities arising from the generalization of the main natural science theories.

The scientific picture of the world is in constant development. In the course of scientific revolutions, qualitative transformations are carried out in it, the old picture of the world is replaced by a new one. Each historical epoch forms its own scientific picture of the world.

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What is natural sciences? Natural science methods

AT modern world there are thousands of different sciences, educational disciplines, sections and other structural links. However, a special place among all is occupied by those that relate directly to a person and everything that surrounds him. This is the system of natural sciences. Of course, all other disciplines are also important. But it is this group that has the most ancient origin, and therefore of particular importance in people's lives.

The answer to this question is simple. These are disciplines that study a person, his health, as well as the entire environment: soil, atmosphere, the Earth as a whole, space, nature, substances that make up all living and non-living bodies, their transformations.

The study of natural sciences has been interesting to people since antiquity. How to get rid of the disease, what the body consists of from the inside, why the stars shine and what they are, as well as millions of similar questions - this is what interested humanity from the very beginning of its occurrence. The disciplines under consideration give answers to them.

Therefore, to the question of what the natural sciences are, the answer is unequivocal. These are disciplines that study nature and all living things.

There are several main groups that relate to the natural sciences:

1. Chemical (analytical, organic, inorganic, quantum, physico-colloid chemistry, chemistry of organoelement compounds).
2. Biological (anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, genetics).
3. Physical (physics, physical chemistry, physical and mathematical sciences).
4. Earth sciences (astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, astrochemistry, space biology).
5. Earth shell sciences (hydrology, meteorology, mineralogy, paleontology, physical geography, geology).

Only the basic natural sciences are represented here. However, it should be understood that each of them has its own subsections, branches, subsidiary and child disciplines. And if you combine all of them into a single whole, then you can get a whole natural complex of sciences, numbering in hundreds of units.

However, it can be divided into three large groups disciplines:

Interaction of disciplines among themselves

Of course, no discipline can exist in isolation from others. All of them are in close harmonious interaction with each other, forming a single complex. So, for example, knowledge of biology would be impossible without the use of technical means constructed on the basis of physics.

At the same time, transformations inside living beings cannot be studied without knowledge of chemistry, because each organism is a whole factory of reactions occurring at an enormous speed.

The relationship of the natural sciences has always been traced. Historically, the development of one of them entailed intensive growth and accumulation of knowledge in the other. As soon as new lands began to be developed, islands, land areas were discovered, both zoology and botany immediately developed. After all, new habitats were inhabited (albeit not all) by previously unknown representatives of the human race. Thus, geography and biology were closely linked together.

If we talk about astronomy and related disciplines, it is impossible not to note the fact that they developed thanks to scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry. The design of the telescope largely determined the success in this area.

There are many such examples. All of them illustrate the close relationship between all natural disciplines that make up one huge group. Below we consider the methods of natural sciences.

Before dwelling on the research methods used by the sciences in question, it is necessary to identify the objects of their study. They are:

Each of these objects has its own characteristics, and for their study it is necessary to select one or another method. Among these, as a rule, the following are distinguished:

1. Observation is one of the simplest, most effective and ancient ways to know the world.
2. Experiment is the basis of the chemical sciences, most of the biological and physical disciplines. Allows you to get the result and on it to draw a conclusion about the theoretical basis.
3. Comparison - this method is based on the use of historically accumulated knowledge on a particular issue and comparing them with the results obtained. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is made about the innovation, quality and other characteristics of the object.
4. Analysis. This method may include mathematical modeling, systematics, generalization, performance. Most often it is final after a number of other studies.
5. Measurement - used to assess the parameters of specific objects of living and inanimate nature.

There are also the latest modern methods research that is applied in physics, chemistry, medicine, biochemistry and genetic engineering, genetics and other important sciences. This is:

Of course, this is far from full list. There are many most various devices for work in every field of scientific knowledge. Everything requires an individual approach, which means that a set of methods is formed, equipment and equipment are selected.

Modern problems of natural science

The main problems of the natural sciences on present stage development is a search new information, the accumulation of a theoretical knowledge base in a more in-depth, rich format. Before the beginning of the 20th century main problem of the disciplines under consideration was opposition to the humanities.

However, today this obstacle is no longer relevant, since humanity has realized the importance of interdisciplinary integration in mastering knowledge about man, nature, space and other things.

Now the disciplines of the natural science cycle face a different task: how to preserve nature and protect it from the influence of man himself and his economic activity? And here are the most pressing issues:

• acid rain;
• the greenhouse effect;
• destruction of the ozone layer;
• extinction of plant and animal species;
• air pollution and others.

In most cases, in response to the question "What is the natural sciences?" One word comes to mind: biology. This is the opinion of most people who are not connected with science. And this is absolutely correct opinion. After all, what, if not biology, directly and very closely links nature and man?

All disciplines that make up this science, are aimed at studying living systems, their interaction with each other and with environment. Therefore, it is quite normal that biology is considered the founder of the natural sciences.

In addition, it is also one of the oldest. After all, people's interest in themselves, their bodies, surrounding plants and animals originated with man. Genetics, medicine, botany, zoology, and anatomy are closely related to the same discipline. All these branches make up biology as a whole. They also give us a complete picture of nature, and of man, and of all living systems and organisms.

These fundamental sciences in the development of knowledge about bodies, substances and natural phenomena are no less ancient than biology. They also developed along with the development of man, his formation in the social environment. The main tasks of these sciences are the study of all bodies of inanimate and living nature from the point of view of the processes occurring in them, their connection with the environment.

So, physics considers natural phenomena, mechanisms and causes of their occurrence. Chemistry is based on the knowledge of substances and their mutual transformations into each other.

That's what the natural sciences are.

And finally, we list the disciplines that allow you to learn more about our home, whose name is Earth. These include:

In total there are about 35 different disciplines. Together they study our planet, its structure, properties and features, which is so necessary for the life of people and the development of the economy.

Natural Sciences. What sciences are called natural?

Natural sciences are called sciences about nature, that is, about nature. Inanimate nature and its development are studied by astronomy, geology, physics, chemistry, meteorology, volcanology, seismology, oceanology, geophysics, astrophysics, geochemistry, and a number of others. Live nature being studied biological sciences(paleontology studies extinct organisms, systematics - species and their classification, arachnology - spiders, ornithology - birds, entomology - insects).

The natural sciences include those that study nature and all its manifestations, that is, it is physics, biology, chemistry, geography, ecology, astronomy.

Opposite to natural will be humanitarian sciences which study a person, his activity, consciousness and manifestation in various areas. These include history, psychology and others.

Natural is a word that, by itself and by its presence, tells us that something must happen in nature. Well, science, of course, is that field of activity, which, all this business, thoroughly and scrupulously, studies and reveals general, but at the same time fundamental, regularities.

In the modern world, there are thousands of different sciences, educational disciplines, sections and other structural links. However, a special place among all is occupied by those that relate directly to a person and everything that surrounds him. This is the system of natural sciences. Of course, all other disciplines are also important. But it is this group that has the most ancient origin, and therefore of particular importance in people's lives.

What is natural sciences?

The answer to this question is simple. These are disciplines that study a person, his health, as well as the entire environment: soil, in general, space, nature, substances that make up all living and inanimate bodies, their transformations.

The study of natural sciences has been interesting to people since antiquity. How to get rid of the disease, what the body consists of from the inside, and what they are, as well as millions of similar questions - this is what interested humanity from the very beginning of its occurrence. The disciplines under consideration give answers to them.

Therefore, to the question of what the natural sciences are, the answer is unequivocal. These are disciplines that study nature and all living things.

Classification

There are several main groups that relate to the natural sciences:

1. Chemical (analytical, organic, inorganic, quantum, organoelement compounds).
2. Biological (anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, genetics).
3. chemistry, physical and mathematical sciences).
4. Earth sciences (astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, astrochemistry,
5. Earth shell sciences (hydrology, meteorology, mineralogy, paleontology, physical geography, geology).

Only the basic natural sciences are represented here. However, it should be understood that each of them has its own subsections, branches, subsidiary and child disciplines. And if you combine all of them into a single whole, then you can get a whole natural complex of sciences, numbering in hundreds of units.

At the same time, it can be divided into three large groups of disciplines:

• applied;
• descriptive;
• accurate.

Interaction of disciplines among themselves

Of course, no discipline can exist in isolation from others. All of them are in close harmonious interaction with each other, forming a single complex. So, for example, knowledge of biology would be impossible without the use of technical means designed on the basis of physics.

At the same time, transformations inside living beings cannot be studied without knowledge of chemistry, because each organism is a whole factory of reactions occurring at an enormous speed.

The relationship of the natural sciences has always been traced. Historically, the development of one of them entailed intensive growth and accumulation of knowledge in the other. As soon as new lands began to be developed, islands, land areas were discovered, both zoology and botany immediately developed. After all, new habitats were inhabited (albeit not all) by previously unknown representatives of the human race. Thus, geography and biology were closely linked together.

If we talk about astronomy and related disciplines, it is impossible not to note the fact that they developed thanks to scientific discoveries in the field of physics and chemistry. The design of the telescope largely determined the success in this area.

There are many such examples. All of them illustrate the close relationship between all natural disciplines that make up one huge group. Below we consider the methods of natural sciences.

Research methods

Before dwelling on the research methods used by the sciences in question, it is necessary to identify the objects of their study. They are:

• Human;
• a life;
• Universe;
• matter;
• Earth.

Each of these objects has its own characteristics, and for their study it is necessary to select one or another method. Among these, as a rule, the following are distinguished:

1. Observation is one of the simplest, most effective and ancient ways to know the world.
2. Experiment is the basis of the chemical sciences, most of the biological and physical disciplines. Allows you to get the result and on it to draw a conclusion about
3. Comparison - this method is based on the use of historically accumulated knowledge on a particular issue and comparing them with the results obtained. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is made about the innovation, quality and other characteristics of the object.
4. Analysis. This method may include mathematical modeling, systematics, generalization, effectiveness. Most often it is final after a number of other studies.
5. Measurement - used to assess the parameters of specific objects of living and inanimate nature.

There are also the latest, modern research methods that are used in physics, chemistry, medicine, biochemistry and genetic engineering, genetics and other important sciences. This is:

• electron and laser microscopy;
• centrifugation;
• biochemical analysis;
• x-ray structural analysis;
• spectrometry;
• chromatography and others.

Of course, this is not a complete list. There are many different devices for working in every field of scientific knowledge. Everything requires an individual approach, which means that a set of methods is formed, equipment and equipment are selected.

Modern problems of natural science

The main problems of the natural sciences at the present stage of development are the search for new information, the accumulation of a theoretical knowledge base in a more in-depth, rich format. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the main problem of the disciplines under consideration was opposition to the humanities.

However, today this obstacle is no longer relevant, since humanity has realized the importance of interdisciplinary integration in mastering knowledge about man, nature, space and other things.

Now the disciplines of the natural science cycle face a different task: how to preserve nature and protect it from the impact of man himself and his economic activity? And here are the most pressing issues:

• acid rain;
• the greenhouse effect;
• destruction of the ozone layer;
• extinction of plant and animal species;
• air pollution and others.

Biology

In most cases, in response to the question "What is the natural sciences?" One word comes to mind: biology. This is the opinion of most people who are not connected with science. And this is absolutely correct opinion. After all, what, if not biology, directly and very closely links nature and man?

All disciplines that make up this science are aimed at studying living systems, their interaction with each other and with the environment. Therefore, it is quite normal that biology is considered the founder of the natural sciences.

In addition, it is also one of the oldest. After all, to himself, his body, the surrounding plants and animals was born together with man. Genetics, medicine, botany, zoology, and anatomy are closely related to the same discipline. All these branches make up biology as a whole. They also give us a complete picture of nature, and of man, and of all living systems and organisms.

Chemistry and physics

These fundamental sciences in the development of knowledge about bodies, substances and natural phenomena are no less ancient than biology. They also developed along with the development of man, his formation in the social environment. The main tasks of these sciences are the study of all bodies of inanimate and living nature from the point of view of the processes occurring in them, their connection with the environment.

So, physics considers natural phenomena, mechanisms and causes of their occurrence. Chemistry is based on the knowledge of substances and their mutual transformations into each other.

That's what the natural sciences are.

Earth sciences

And finally, we list the disciplines that allow you to learn more about our home, whose name is Earth. These include:

• geology;
• meteorology;
• climatology;
• geodesy;
• hydrochemistry;
• cartography;
• mineralogy;
• seismology;
• soil science;
• paleontology;
• tectonics and others.

In total there are about 35 different disciplines. Together they study our planet, its structure, properties and features, which is so necessary for the life of people and the development of the economy.

natural science

In the broadest and most correct sense, under the name E. should understand the science of the structure of the universe and the laws that govern it. The aspiration and goal of E. lies in the mechanical explanation of the structure of the cosmos in all its details, within the limits of the cognizable, with the techniques and methods characteristic of the exact sciences, that is, through observation, experience and mathematical calculation. Thus, everything transcendental is not included in the area of ​​E., because his philosophy revolves within a mechanical, therefore, strictly defined and delimited circle. From this point of view, all branches of E. represent 2 main departments or 2 main groups, namely:

I. General natural science explores such properties of bodies that are assigned to them all indifferently, and therefore can be called common. This includes mechanics, physics and chemistry, sufficiently characterized in further relevant articles. Calculation (mathematics) and experience are the main techniques in these branches of knowledge.

II. private natural science investigates the forms, structure and movement peculiar exclusively to those diverse and innumerable bodies that we call natural, with the aim of explaining the phenomena they represent with the help of the laws and conclusions of the general E. Calculation can also be applied here, but comparatively only in rare cases, although the achievement of a possible accuracy, and here it consists in the desire to reduce everything to calculation and to the solution of problems in a synthetic way. The latter has already been achieved by one of the branches of private E., namely astronomy in its department called celestial mechanics, while physical astronomy can be developed mainly with the help of observation and experience (spectral analysis), as is characteristic of all branches of private E. Thus, the following sciences belong here: astronomy (see), mineralogy in the broad sense of this expression, i.e. with the inclusion of geology (see), botany and zoology. The three finally named sciences are still named in most cases natural history, this outdated expression should be eliminated or applied only to their purely descriptive part, which, in turn, received more rational names, depending on what is actually described: minerals, plants or animals. Each of the branches of private mathematics is subdivided into several departments that have acquired independent significance because of their vastness, and most importantly, because the subjects studied have to be considered from different points of view, which, moreover, require unique techniques and methods. Each of the branches of private E. has a side morphological and dynamic. The task of morphology is the knowledge of the forms and structure of all natural bodies, the task of dynamics is the knowledge of those movements that, by their activity, caused the formation of these bodies and support their existence. Morphology through accurate descriptions and classifications receives conclusions that are considered laws, or rather morphological rules. These rules may be more or less general, i.e., for example, apply to plants and animals, or only to one of the kingdoms of nature. General rules with respect to all three kingdoms, no, and therefore botany and zoology constitute one common branch of E., called biology. Mineralogy, therefore, constitutes a more isolated doctrine. Morphological laws or rules become more and more specific as one goes deeper into the study of the structure and form of bodies. Thus, the presence of a bony skeleton is a law that applies only to vertebrates, the presence of seeds is a rule only regarding seed plants, etc. The dynamics of the quotient E. consists of geology in an inorganic environment and from physiology- in biology. In these branches experience is mainly applied, and partly even calculation. Thus, private natural sciences can be represented in the following classification:

The degree of development, as well as the properties of the objects of study of the listed sciences themselves, were the reason that, as already mentioned, the methods used by them are very different. As a result, each of them breaks up into many separate specialties, often representing significant integrity and independence. So, in physics - optics, acoustics, etc. are studied independently, although the movements that make up the essence of these phenomena are performed according to homogeneous laws. Among the particular sciences, the oldest of them, namely, celestial mechanics, which until recently constituted almost all of astronomy, has been reduced almost exclusively to mathematics, while the physical part of this science calls for chemical (spectral) analysis to its aid. The rest of the private sciences are growing with such rapidity and have reached such an extraordinary expansion that their division into specialties is intensifying with almost every decade. Yes, in

Science is a sphere of human activity, which is aimed at the theoretical systematization of knowledge about reality, which is of an objective nature.

Science and scientific knowledge

The basis of any science is the collection of facts, their processing, systematization, as well as critical analysis, which allows you to build a causal relationship.

Hypotheses and theories, which are confirmed by facts or experiments, are formulated in the form of the laws of society or the laws of nature.

Scientific knowledge is a system of knowledge about the laws of society, nature, thinking. It is scientific knowledge that reflects the laws of the development of the world and constitutes its scientific picture.

Scientific knowledge arises as a result of comprehension of human activity and the surrounding reality. Scientific knowledge has various types reliability.

System of sciences

In its subject matter, science is not homogeneous; it forms many separate systems of sciences. In the period of antiquity, all scientific knowledge was united by philosophy - that is, there was a single scientific system.

Over time, mathematics, medicine and astrology separated from philosophy. During the Renaissance separate systems steel sciences chemistry and physics.

At the end of the 19th century, sociology, psychology and biology acquired the status of independent scientific knowledge. Conventionally, all sciences, according to their subject of study, can be divided into three large systems:

Social sciences (sociology, history, religious studies, social studies);

Engineering sciences (agronomy, mechanics, construction and architecture);

Natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics)

Natural Sciences

Natural sciences are a system of sciences that study the influence of external natural phenomena on human life. The basis of the natural sciences is the correlation of the laws of nature with the laws that man has deduced in the course of his activities.

At the heart of all natural sciences is natural science - a science that directly studies natural phenomena. The most significant contribution to the development of the natural sciences was made by such great scientists as Isaac Newton, Blaise Pascal and Mikhail Lomonosov.

Social Sciences

Social sciences are a system of sciences, the main subject of study of which is the study of the laws governing the functioning of society, as well as its main components. Humanity has been interested in the problems of society since antiquity.

It was then that questions began to be raised for the first time about what is the role of the individual in public life, what should be the state, what is needed in order to create a welfare society.

The founders of modern social sciences are Rousseau, Locke and Hobbes. They were the first to formulate philosophical basis community development.

Research methods

AT modern science there are two main research methods: theoretical and empirical. The empirical method of research is the accumulation of facts, the observation of a phenomenon and the search for a logical connection between the fact and the phenomenon.